S.MORRIS 2006

PENDAHULUANDefinisi• Atom adalah partikel terkecil dari suatu elemen.• Setiap elemen memiliki struktur atom yang unik.• Menurut model atom Bohr, atom terdiri dari inti atom

(nucleus) yang dikelilingi oleh elektron.• Nucleus terdiri dari proton (positif) dan neutron

(netral).• Elektron yang mengelilingi inti atom berupa negatif.Nomor Atom• Semua elemen diurutkan dalam tabel periodik sesuai

dengan nomor atomnya.Contoh : Hidrogen memiliki nomor atom 1

Helium memiliki nomor atom 2

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms

he pounded up materials in his pestle and

mortar until he had reduced them to smaller

and smaller particles which he called

ATOMA(greek for indivisible)

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1808 John Dalton

suggested that all matter was made up of

tiny spheres that were able to bounce around

with perfect elasticity and called them

ATOMS

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1898 Joseph John Thompson

found that atoms could sometimes eject a far

smaller negative particle which he called an

ELECTRON

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of

electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded

by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge

1904

like plums surrounded by pudding.

PLUM PUDDING

MODEL

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1910 Ernest Rutherford

oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his

famous experiment.

they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil

which was only a few atoms thick.

they found that although most of them

passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

gold foil

helium nuclei

They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed

through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their

surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.

helium nuclei

– Most of the positively charged “bullets” passed right through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil without changing course at all.

– Some of the positively charged “bullets,” however, did bounce away from the gold sheet as if they had hit something solid. He knew that positive charges repel positive charges.

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more

detailed model with a central nucleus.

He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central

nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical

attraction

However, this was not the end of the story.

HISTORY OF THE ATOM

1913 Niels Bohr

studied under Rutherford at the Victoria

University in Manchester.

Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding

that the electrons were in orbits. Rather

like planets orbiting the sun. With each

orbit only able to contain a set number of

electrons.

Bohr’s Atom

electrons in orbits

nucleus

HELIUM ATOM

+N

N

+-

-

proton

electron neutron

Shell

What do these particles consist of?

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Particle

proton

neutron

electron

Charge

+ ve charge

-ve charge

No charge

1

1

nil

Mass

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

the number of protons in an atom

the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

He2

4 Atomic mass

Atomic number

number of electrons = number of protons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or

Shells around the nucleus of an atom.

• first shell a maximum of 2 electrons

• second shell a maximum of 8 electrons

• third shell a maximum of 8 electrons

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

There are two ways to represent the atomic

structure of an element or compound;

1. Electronic Configuration

2. Dot & Cross Diagrams

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

With electronic configuration elements are represented

numerically by the number of electrons in their shells

and number of shells. For example;

NNitrogen

7

14

2 in 1st shell

5 in 2nd shell

configuration = 2 , 5

2 + 5 = 7

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Write the electronic configuration for the following elements;

Ca O

Cl Si

Na20

40

11

23

8

17

16

35

14

28B

11

5

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

2,8,8,2 2,8,1

2,8,7 2,8,4 2,3

2,6

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds

are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,

and circles to show the shells. For example;

Nitrogen N XX X

X

XX

X N7

14

DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS

Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following elements;

O Cl8 17

16 35a) b)

O

XX

X

X

X

X

X

X

Cl

X

X

X

X X

XX

X

X

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X

X

Wave Model

The Wave Model• Today’s atomic

model is based on the principles of wave mechanics.

• According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons do not move about an atom in a definite path, like the planets around the sun.

The Wave Model• In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact

location of an electron. The probable location of an electron is based on how much energy the electron has.

• According to the modern atomic model, at atom has a small positively charged nucleussurrounded by a large region in which there are enough electrons to make an atom neutral.

Electron Cloud:• A space in which

electrons are likely to be found.

• Electrons whirl about the nucleus billions of times in one second

• They are not moving around in randompatterns.

• Location of electrons depends upon how much energy the electron has.

Electron Cloud:

• Depending on their energy they are locked into a certain area in the cloud.

• Electrons with the lowest energy are found in the energy level closest to the nucleus

• Electrons with the highest energy are found in the outermost energy levels, farther from the nucleus.

Indivisible Electron Nucleus Orbit Electron Cloud

Greek X

Dalton X

Thomson X

Rutherford X X

Bohr X X X

Wave X X X

PARTIKEL BERMUATAN• Muatan negatif elektron yaitu 1.6 x 10-19 Coulomb• Massa elektron yaitu 9.11 x 10-31 kg• Muatan ion positif : suatu kelipatan dari muatan

elektron dengan tanda muatan yang berlawanan.• Partikel yang diionisasikan tunggal, besar

muatannya sama dengan muatan elektron.• Partikel yang diionisasikan rangkap, muatan ion

menjadi dua kali muatan elektron.• Massa suatu atom sama dengan berat atom

dikalikan dengan 1.66 x 10-27 kg.• Jari – jari elektron kira-kira 10-15 m , jari – jari atom

10-10 m

SIFAT DASAR ELEKTRON

• Elektron bergerak mengelilingi inti atom.• Elektron bermuatan negatif.• Elektron bergerak dengan arah yang sama

dan menghasilkan arus listrik.• Elektron direpresentasikan dengan e-.• Elektron yang letaknya jauh dari nucleus

memiliki energi yang lebih besar dibandingkan elektron yang berada dekat dengan nucleus.

SUMMARY1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of

protons in the nucleus.

2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.

3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.

4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.