SISTEM INFORMASI DALAM

PSIKOLOGI - 4

DEFINISI

SISTEM BERBASIS PENGETAHUAN

Sistem berbasis pengetahuan adalah sebuah sistem

yang memanfaatkan pengetahuan-pengetahuan

dalam basis pengetahuan untuk menyelesaikan

permasalahan.

SISTEM BERBASIS PENGETAHUAN

Sistem Berbasis

Pegetahuan

Sistem Pakar

Games

Robotik

Sistem

Komputer

DEFINISI SISTEM PAKAR

Sistem komputer yang dapat melakukan penalaran terhadap persoalan tertentu seperti penalaran yang dilakukan manusia (Michael P. Geografi)

Sistem Komputer yang bisa menyamai atau meniru kemampuan seorang pakar (Giarratano dan Riley)

Program komputer yang dimanfaatkan untuk meniru proses pengambilan keputusan seorang pakar dalam bidang tertentu (Michael W. Parks)

Etc.

TUJUAN DAN FUNGSI SISTEM PAKAR

Memasyarakatkan Pengetahuan dan Pengalaman seorang Pakar

Dapat digunakan non-expert untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecah- an masalah dan oleh expertsebagai knowledgeable assistant

Menyederhanakan pekerjaan dan memperbaiki kualitas

Memecahkan masalah (sederhana) tanpa kehadiran seorang pakar

EXPERTISE ATAU KEPAKARAN

Meliputi pengetahuan tentang :

Fakta-fakta dan teori-teori tentang bidang permasalahan

Aturan-aturan (heuristic) tentang apa yang harus dikerjakan dalam situasi tertentu

Strategi global untuk memecahkan perma-salahan semacam ini

Pengetahuan tentang pengetahuan (meta knowledge)

PAKAR

Melibatkan kegiatan :

Mengenali dan memformulasikan

permasa- lahan

Memecahkan permasalahan secara cepat

dan tepat

Menerangkan pemecahannya

Belajar dari pengalaman

Merestrukturisasi pengetahuan

Memecahkan aturan-aturan

Menentukan relevansi

KOMPONEN UTAMA SISTEM PAKAR

Use

r In

terf

ace

Knowledge Base

Inference Engine

Expertise

Expertise

Facts / Information

User

Developer

KOMPONEN UTAMA SISTEM PAKAR

User Interface

Interaksi dengan end-user

Pengembangan dan pemeliharaan sistem

Knowledge Base

Berisi informasi penting tentang domain permasalahan

Menyatakan fakta dan aturan

KOMPONEN UTAMA SISTEM PAKAR (2)

Inference Engine

Mekanisme untuk memunculkan pengetahuan baru

dari pengetahuan sistem dan informasi yang

diberikan oleh user

Berdasarkan penggunaan aturan

USER INTERFACE

Input expert system

Input dapat berbentuk menu, perintah (command),

bahasa alamiah, dialog box

Output expert system

Penjelasan dari pertanyaan

Penjelasan dari penyelesaian masalah

KNOWLEDGE BASE

Contoh aturan

Jika suhu 39 dan trombosit menurun tajam maka

demam berdarah (0.7)

Jaringan aturan

Kesimpulan

Kesimpulan Kesimpulan

Bukti Bukti Bukti Bukti

Bukti Bukti Bukti Bukti

INFERENCE ENGINE

Proses penalaran

Jika A

maka B

Jika C

maka D

Jika M

maka E

Jika K

maka F

Jika G

maka H

Jika I

maka J

Jika B atau D

maka K

Jika K dan L

maka N

Jika N atau O

maka P

Jika E

maka L

Jika (F dan H)

atau J

maka M

Jika M

maka O

THEORIES OF COUNSELING:

COMPUTER ASSISTED THERAPY

PowerPoint produced by Melinda Haley, M.S., New Mexico State University.

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

SEJARAH

Abad 21 komputer sudah digunakan sebagai asistan dalam prosesteurapeutik bahkan mungkin menjadi agen theurapeutic yg utama

ELIZA: Respon Rogerian untuk personal growth (humanistik – personal growth)

PLATO: Memberikan feedback untuk klien yang hadapi dilemma

Munculnya berbargai terapi kognitif yang dapat diterapkan daam program computer

Solution Focused Brief Therapy: Gingerich and de Shazer telahpengembangkan computer program pertama untuk konselor (Briefer I dan Briefer 2)

Pengembangan terapi lewat Internet dan virtual reality.

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

CBT berfungsi lebih efektif dalam cybercounselingdaripada psikoanalisa, meskipun ada keterbatasandalam mengekspolrasi relationship atauadjustment (karena tidak terjun langsung dalammasalah klien), namun harapannya bisa diatasidengan VR

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

Major Concepts

Mengintegrasikan Sistem Metaphor (e.g. psychoanalytic has literary metaphors, humanistic therapies have personal and idealistic metaphors).

What is an Intelligent Mind?

➢ Mentalist Theory: The mind is everything and is a spiritual entity.

➢ Materialist Theory: The mind is just a physical process.

➢ The Dualist Theory: The mind is separate from the body.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

The Counseling Process – KEUNTUNGAN

Menjangkau klien yang jauh

24j/7h – tidak ada libur atau cuti sakit

Diprogram untuk selalu merespon “positif” dan dengansabar selalu memberikan guide kepada klien untukmengajarkan ketrampilan baru

Meskipun tidak memiliki perasaan (feel) tapi klien dapatmemproyeksikan perasaan yg dipahami sistem(menulis dengan bold, memberikan icon, dst)

Dapat diprogram menjadi expert

Lebih Murah

Menyesuaikan kondisi klien

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

The Counseling Process (continued)

Emotional Bracketing: Used in cybercounseling or computer counseling to display underlying emotion. “Okay, I get it now [Relieved].” “Good, you had me going there for a minute [Worried].”

Descriptive Immediacy: This is a description of what is going on physically, emotionally and cognitively with the client and uses language that simulates a face-to-face encounter. “Great! You did it! If I could smile at you right now I would.”

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

The Counseling Process (continued)

Case Sensitive Writing, Pseudo-Words, Spacing and Emoticons:

➢ Attends not only to what is written but also how it is written by looking at font size, style, spacing, grammar etc.

➢ Emoticons: Keyboard symbols that when turned sideways look like

facial expressions e.g. ; ) or : ) and some computers will take the

last one and turn it into ☺ .

One benefit of the Internet is the abundance of chat room support groups available on just about any condition, issue or disorder.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

The Counseling Process (continued)

Currently, computer counseling can only achieve what has been written into the computer code.

Some people may be put off by computer counseling while others will thrive on it. Usually, it is a generational phenomenon. Older people dislike it and younger people love it.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

Advantages of Computer-Assisted Therapy or Cybercounseling

Relieves the human therapist of many tedious tasks such as taking a history, diagnosis, and case management or follow-up.

It can help the human therapist confirm his or her diagnosis.

The computer can handle many clients at the same time.

The computer could free up valuable time for the human therapist.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

Advantages of Computer-Assisted Therapy or Cybercounseling (continued)

The computer could field crisis calls and alert a human therapist or 911.

It can be a simulator to train new therapists.

Using virtual reality has real benefit in working with client’s with phobias.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

Disadvantages of Computer-Assisted Therapy or Cybercounseling

There is still a debate regarding ethical problems associated with using computers in counseling.

Confidentiality is harder to ensure online or on hard drives.

There has not been enough research done on computer counseling or counseling programs to ascertain validity of such programs.

There is no way to ascertain the credentials of the online therapist.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

of Computer-Assisted Therapy or Cybercounseling (continued)

It has not yet been determined in what ways liability and malpractice will be extended to Internet or cybercounseling.

Computer programs and computer counseling has not advanced far enough to view people phenomenologically.

Human touch cannot be given by a computer.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

COMPUTER-ASSISTED THERAPY

CYBERCOUNSELING

Computer-Assisted Therapy or Cybercounseling with Diverse Populations.

Cybercounseling or computer assisted counseling has tremendous advantages for people living in remote areas, for those who cannot afford traditional therapy or have physical disabilities that make it hard to travel.

It may make counseling easier for shy people, for people who feel their problem is socially unacceptable because the computer is nonjudgmental and nonthreatening.

It may not be as readily available in all cultures. Anglo-Americans are more likely than any other culture to own a computer.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”