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A motorcycle (also called a motorbike , bike , orcycle ) is a single-track,[ 1 ]

two-wheeled[ 2 ]

motor vehicle . Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are

designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic , cruising , sport andracing , or off-road conditions.

Motorcycles are one of the most affordable forms of motorised transport in many parts of theworld and, for most of the world's population, they are also the most common type of motorvehicle.

[ 3 ][ 4 ]

[ 5 ]

There are around 200 million motorcycles (including mopeds, motor scooters

and other powered two and three-wheelers) in use worldwide,[ 6 ]

or about 33 motorcycles per1000 people. This compares to around 590 million cars , or about 91 per 1000 people. Most of

the motorcycles, 58%, are in the developing countries of AsiaSouthern and Eastern Asia, andthe Asia Pacific countries, excluding Japanwhile 33% of the cars (195 million) are

concentrated in the United States and Japan. As of 2002 , India with an estimated 37 millionmotorcycles/mopeds was home to the largest number of motorised two wheelers in the world.

China came a close second with 34 million motorcycles/mopeds.[ 7 ]

[ 8 ]

Contents

[hide]

y 1 History

y 2 Technical aspectso 2.1 Construction

o 2.2 Fuel economy 2.2.1 Electric motorcycles

o 2.3 Dynamicso 2.4 Accessories

y 3 Social aspectso 3.1 Popularity

o 3.2 Subcultureso 3.3 Mobility

o 3.4 Safetyy 4 Types

y 5 Motorcycle rider posturesy 6 Legal definitions and restrictions

y 7 Environmental impacto 7.1 United States emissions limits

o 7.2 Europey 8 See alsoy 9 Referencesy 10 External links

History

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Main article:Motorcycle history

Replica of the Daimler-MaybachPetroleum Reitwagen .

The first internal combustion ,petroleum fueled motorcycle was thePetroleum Reitwagen . Itwas designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimlerand Wilhelm Maybach in BadCannstatt , Germany in 1885. [ 9 ] This vehicle was unlike either the safety bicycles or the

boneshakerbicycles of the era in that it had zero degrees ofsteering axis angle and no fork offset, and thus did not use the principles ofbicycle and motorcycle dynamics developed nearly 70

years earlier. Instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning.[ 10 ]

Theinventors called their invention theReitwagen ("riding car"). It was designed as an expedient

testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.[ 11 ]

[ 12 ]

Many authorities whoexclude steam powered , electric or diesel two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle,

credit the DaimlerReitwagen as the world's first motorcycle.[ 13 ]

[ 14 ]

[ 15 ]

If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam propulsion is considered a motorcycle, then the first wasthe French Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede of 1868.[ 11 ]

[ 12 ]

This was followed by the

American Roper steam velocipede of 1869, built by Sylvester H. RoperRoxbury, Massachusetts. [ 11 ][ 12 ] Roper demonstrated his machine at fairs and circuses in the eastern US in 1867, [ 9 ] and

built a total of 10 examples.[ 15 ]

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmllerbecame the first series production motorcycle, and the firstto be called a motorcycle ( German :Motorrad).

[ 11 ][ 12 ]

[ 15 ]

[ 16 ]

In the early period of

motorcycle history, many producers ofbicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the newinternal combustion engine. As the engines became more powerful and designs outgrew the

bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle producers increased.

Until World War I , the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world was Indian , [ 17 ][ 18 ]

producing over 20,000 bikes per year.[ 19 ]

By 1920, this honour went to Harley-Davidson ,[

citation needed]with their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.

[ 20 ][ 21 ]

By the late

1920s or early 1930s, DKW took over as the largest manufacturer. [ 22 ][ 23 ][ 24 ]

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AfterWorld War II , the BSA Group became the largest producer of motorcycles in the world,producing up to 75,000 bikes per year in the 1950s.

[ citation needed]The German companyNSU

held the position of largest manufacturer from 1955 until the 1970s.[ citation needed]

NSU Sportmax streamlined motorcycle, 250 cc class winner of the 1955 Grand Prix season

In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an increasing part in the development of racing

motorcycles and the "dustbin fairing" held out the possibility of radical changes to motorcycledesign. NSU and Moto Guzzi were in the vanguard of this development, both producing very

radical designs well ahead of their time. [ 25 ] NSU produced the most advanced design, but afterthe deaths of four NSU riders in the 19541956 seasons, they abandoned further development

and quit Grand Prix motorcycle racing .[ 26 ]

Moto Guzzi produced competitive race machines,and by 1957 nearly all the Grand Prix races were being won by streamlined machines.

[ citation

needed] The following year, 1958, full enclosure fairings were banned from racing by the FIM inthe light of the safety concerns.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide,partly as a result ofEast German Walter Kaaden's engine work in the 1950s.

[ 27 ]

Today, the motorcycle industry is mainly dominated by Japanese companies such as Honda ,

Kawasaki , Suzuki , and Yamaha , although Harley-Davidson and BMW continue to be popularand supply considerable markets. Other major manufacturers include Piaggio group of Italy,

KTM , Triumph and Ducati .

In addition to the large capacity motorcycles, there is a large market in smaller capacity (lessthan 300 cc) motorcycles, mostly concentrated in Asian and African countries. An example is

the 1958 Honda Super Cub , which went on to become the biggest selling vehicle of all time,with its 60 millionth unit produced in April 2008.

[ 28 ]Today, this area is dominated by mostly

Indian companies with Hero Honda emerging as the world's largest manufacturer of twowheelers. Other major producers are Bajaj and TVS Motors . [ 29 ] For example, its Splendor

model has sold more than 8.5 million to date.[ 30 ]

Technical aspects

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A Suzuki GS500 with a clearly visible frame (painted silver).

Construction

See also:Motorcycle construction andMotorcycle design

Motorcycle construction is the engineering, manufacturing, and assembly of components andsystems for a motorcycle which results in the performance, cost, and aesthetics desired by the

designer. With some exceptions, construction of modern mass-produced motorcycles hasstandardised on a steel oraluminiumframe , telescopic forks holding the front wheel, and disc

brakes . Some other body parts, designed for either aesthetic or performance reasons may beadded. A petrol powered engine typically consisting of between one and fourcylinders (and less

commonly, up to eight cylinders) coupled to a manual five- or six-speed sequential transmissiondrives the swingarm -mounted rear wheel by a chain, driveshaft orbelt .

Fuel economy

Motorcycle fuel economy varies greatly with engine displacement and riding style[ 31 ]

rangingfrom a low of 29 mpg -US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg -imp ) reported by a Honda VTR1000F rider,

[ 32 ]

to 107 mpg -US (2.20 L/100 km; 129 mpg -imp ) reported for the Verucci Nitro 50 cc Scooter.[ 33 ]

A

specially designed Matzu Matsuzawa Honda XL125 achieved 470 mpg -US (0.50 L/100 km; 560mpg -imp ) "on real highways - in real conditions."

[ 34 ]Due to low engine displacements (100 cc

200 cc), and high power-to-mass ratios, motorcycles offer good fuel economy. Under conditionsof fuel scarcity like 1950s Britain and modern developing nations, motorcycles claim large

shares of the vehicle market. In the Indian market, the second best selling company, Bajaj ,offers two models with superior fuel economy: XCD 125 and Platina . Both are 125 cc

motorbikes with a company-claimed fuel economy of 256 mpg -US (0.919 L/100 km; 307 mpg -imp) and 261 mpg -US (0.901 L/100 km; 313 mpg -imp ), respectively.

[ citation needed]

Electric motorcycles

Main article:Electric motorcycle

Very high fuel economy equivalents can be derived by electric motorcycles. Electric

motorcycles are nearly silent, zero-emission electric motor-driven vehicles. Operating range and

top speed suffer because of limitations of battery technology.[ citation needed]Fuel cells and

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petroleum-electric hybrids are also under development to extend the range and improveperformance of the electric motors.

Dynamics

Racing motorcycles leaning in a turn.Main article:Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics

Different types of motorcycles have different dynamics and these play a role in how a

motorcycle performs in given conditions. For example, one with a longer wheelbase providesthe feeling of more stability by responding less to disturbances. [ 35 ]Motorcycle tyres have a

large influence over handling.

Motorcycles must be leaned in order to make turns. This lean is induced by the method knownas countersteering , in which the rider momentarily steers the handlebars in the direction opposite

of the desired turn. Because it is counter-intuitive this practice is often very confusing tonovicesand even to many experienced motorcyclists. [ 36 ]

Short wheelbase motorcycles, such as sport bikes , can generate enough torque at the rear wheel,and enough stopping force at the front wheel, to lift the opposite wheel off the road. These

actions, if performed on purpose, are known as wheelies and stoppies respectively. If carriedpast the point of recovery the resulting upset is known as an "endo" (short for "end-over-end"),

or "looping" the vehicle.

Accessories

Main article:Motorcycle accessories

Various features and accessories may be attached to a motorcycle either as OEM (factory-fitted)

orafter-market . Such accessories are selected by the owner to enhance the motorcycle'sappearance, safety, performance, or comfort, and may include anything from mobile electronicsto sidecars and trailers .

Social aspects

Main article:Motorcycling

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Popularity

Motorbikes are the primary form of transportation in Vietnam.

In numerous cultures, motorcycles are the primary means of motorised transport. According to

the Taiwanese government, for example, "the number of automobiles per ten thousand

population is around 2,500, and the number of motorcycles is about 5,000."

[ 37 ]

In places such asVietnam, motorised traffic consist of mostly motorbikes[ 4 ]

due to a lack of public transport andlow income levels that put automobiles out of reach for many. [ 3 ]

The four largest motorcycle markets in the world are all in Asia: China, India, Indonesia, andVietnam. [ 3 ] The motorcycle is also popular in Brazil's frontier towns. [ 5 ] Amid the global

economic downturn of 2008 , the motorcycle market grew by 6.5%.[ 38 ]

Recent years have seen an increase in the popularity of motorcycles elsewhere. In the USA,registrations increased by 51% between 2000 and 2005.

[ 39 ]This is mainly attributed to

increasing fuel prices and urban congestion. [ 40 ] A Consumer Reports subscribers' survey of

mainly United States motorcycle and scooter owners reported that they rode an average of only1,000 miles (1,600 km) per year, 82% for recreation and 38% for commuting.[ 41 ]

Americans put10,00012,000 miles (16,00019,000 km) per year on their cars and light trucks.

[ 42 ]

Subcultures

Sunbeam motorcycle owners rally, 2008.

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A Hells Angels wall mural in Southampton, UK

See also:Motorcycle club , Outlaw motorcycle club , andCategory:Motorcycling subculture

Around the world, motorcycles have historically been associated with subcultures . Some of

these subcultures have been loose-knit social groups such as the cafe racers of 1950s Britain, and

the Mods and Rockers of the 1960s. A few are believed to be criminal gangs. Books about

motorcycle subcultures include Hunter S. Thompson 'sHells Angels (1966), Lee Gutkind 'sBikeFever(1974), and Daniel R. Wolf's The Rebels (1991).

Social motorcyclist organisations are popular and are sometimes organised geographically,

focus on individual makes, or even specific models. Example motorcycle clubs include:American Motorcyclist Association , Harley Owners Group and BMW MOA . Some

organisations hold large international motorcycle rallies in different parts of the world that areattended by many thousands of riders.

Whereas many social motorcycle organisations raise money for charities through organised

events and rides, some other motorcycle organisations exist only for the direct benefit of others.Bikers Against Child Abuse (BACA) is one example. BACA assigns members to individual

children to help them through difficult situations, or even stay with the child if the child is aloneor frightened.

[ 43 ]

In recent decades, motorcyclists have formed political lobbying organisations in order to

influence legislators to introduce motorcycle-friendly legislation. One of the oldest suchorganisations, the British Motorcycle Action Group, was founded in 1973 specifically in

response to helmet compulsion, introduced without public consultation.[ 44 ]

In addition, theBritish Motorcyclists Federation (BMF), originally founded in 1960 as a reaction to the public

perception of motorcyclists as leather-jacketed hooligans, has itself moved into politicallobbying. Likewise, the US has ABATE , which, like most such organisations, also works to

improve motorcycle safety , as well as running the usual charity fund-raising events and rallies,often for motorcycle-related political interests. [ 45 ]

At the other end of the spectrum from the charitable organisations and the motorcycle rightsactivists are the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. These are defined by the Provincial Court of

Manitoba as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment toband together and abide by their organisations' rigorous rules enforced by violence, who engage

in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".[ 46 ]

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The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Criminal Intelligence Service Canada havedesignated four MCs as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMGs), which are the Pagans , Hells Angels

, Outlaws MC , and Bandidos ,[ 47 ]

[ 48 ]

known as the "Big Four".[ 49 ]

Mobility

A couple ride on a motorcycle in Udaipur, India. Annual sales of motorcycles in India areexpected to exceed 10 million by 2010.

[ 50 ]

While people choose to ride motorcycles for various reasons, those reasons are increasingly

practical, with riders opting for a powered two-wheeler as a cost-efficient alternative toinfrequent and expensive public transport systems, or as a means of avoiding or reducing the

effects of urban congestion.[ 51 ]

In places where it is permitted, lane splitting , also known asfiltering, allows motorcycles to use the space between vehicles to move through stationary or

slow traffic.[ 52 ]

In the UK, motorcycles are exempt from the 8 per day London congestion charge other

vehicles must pay to enter the city during the day. Motorcycles are also exempt from tollcharges at some river crossings, such as the Severn Bridge , Dartford Crossing , and Mersey

Tunnels . Some cities, such as Bristol , allow motorcycles to usebus lanes and provide dedicatedfree parking. In the United States, those states that have high-occupancy vehicle lanes also allow

for motorcycle travel in them. Other countries have similar policies.

In New Zealand motorcycle riders are not required to pay for parking that is controlled by abarrier arm; [ 53 ] the arm does not occupy the entire width of the lane, and the motorcyclist

simply rides around it.[ 54 ]

Many car parks controlled in this way supply special areas formotorcycles to park, so as not to unnecessarily consume spaces.

In many cities that have serious parking challenges for cars, such as San Francisco, US and

Melbourne , Australia, motorcycles are generally permitted to park on the sidewalk, rather thanoccupy a space on the street which might otherwise be used by a car. [ citation needed]

Safety

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Main articles:Motorcycle safety andMotorcycle safety clothing

Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal accidents than automobiles. United States Department of

Transportation data for 2005 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System show that for

passenger cars, 18.62 fatal crashes occur per 100,000 registered vehicles. For motorcycles this

figure is higher at 75.19 per 100,000 registered vehicles four times higher than for cars.

[ 55 ]

The same data shows that 1.56 fatalities occur per 100 million vehicle miles travelled forpassenger cars, whereas for motorcycles the figure is 43.47 28 times higher than for cars (37

times more deaths per mile travelled in 2007).[ 56 ]

Furthermore for motorcycles the accidentrates have increased significantly since the end of the 1990s, while the rates have dropped for

passenger cars.

Wearing a motorcycle helmet reduces the chances of death or injury in a motorcycle crash

The two major causes of motorcycle accidents in the United States are: motorists pulling out or

turning in front of motorcyclists and violating their rights-of-way and motorcyclists running widethrough turns. The former is sometimes called a SMIDSY , an acronym formed from the

motorists' common response of "Sorry mate, I didn't see you". [ 57 ] The latter is more commonlycaused by operating a motorcycle while intoxicated.

[ 58 ]Motorcyclists can anticipate and avoid

some of these crashes with proper training, increasing their conspicuousness to other traffic, andseparating alcohol and riding.

The United Kingdom has several organisations which are dedicated to improving motorcycle

safety by providing advanced rider training over and above what is necessary to pass the basicmotorcycle test. These include the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) and the Royal Society

for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). Along with increased personal safety, riders withthese advanced qualifications often benefit from reduced insurance costs.

In South Africa, the Think Bike campaign is dedicated to increasing both motorcycle safety andthe awareness of motorcycles on the country's roads. The campaign, while strongest in the

Gauteng province, has representation in Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and the Free State. It hasdozens of trained marshals available for various events such as cycle races and is deeply

involved in numerous other projects such as the annual Motorcycle Toy Run. [ 59 ]

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An MSF rider course for novices

Motorcycle Safety Education is offered throughout the United States by organisations ranging

from state agencies to non-profit organisations to corporations. Most states use the courses

designed by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), while Oregon and Idaho developed theirown. All of the training programs include a Basic Rider Course, an Intermediate Rider Course

and an Advanced Rider Course.

In the UK (except Northern Ireland) and some Australian jurisdictions, such as Victoria ,New

South Wales , [ 60 ] the Australian Capital Territory , [ 61 ]Tasmania[ 62 ] and theNorthernTerritory ,

[ 63 ]it is compulsory to undertake a rider training course before being issued a

Learners Licence.

In Canada, motorcycle rider training is compulsory in Quebec and Manitoba only, but allprovinces and territories have Graduated Licensing programs which place restrictions on new

drivers until they have gained experience. Eligibility for a full motorcycle licence orendorsement for completing a Motorcycle Safety course varies by province. The Canada Safety

Council , a non-profit safety organisation, offers the Gearing Up program across Canada and isendorsed by the Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council.

[ 64 ]Training course graduates may

qualify for reduced insurance premiums.

Types

Main article: Types of motorcycles

A boulevard cruiser (front) and a sportbike (background)

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French police motorcyclist

There are three major types of motorcycle: street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these

types, there are many different sub-types of motorcycles for many different purposes.

Street bikes include cruisers , sportbikes , scooters and mopeds , and many other types. Off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross

and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the dual-sport style are madeto go off-road but include features to make them legal and comfortable on the street as well.

Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design

creates a different riding posture.

Motorcycle rider postures

The motorcyclist's riding position depends on rider body-geometry ( anthropometry ) combined

with the geometry of the motorcycle itself. These factors create a set of three basic postures.[ 65 ]

y Sport the rider leans forwards into the wind and the weight of the upper torso issupported by the riders arms (at low speed) and air pressure (at high speed, eg, above 50mph (80 km/h). The footpegs are below the rider or to the rear. The reduced frontal area

cuts wind resistance and allow higher speeds. At low-speed this position throws theweight of the rider onto the arms, and this can be tiring to the rider's wrists. The sports

position makes it more difficult for the rider to look around and foot through traffic.y Standard the rider sits upright or leans forwards slightly. The feet are below the

rider. These are motorcycles that are not specialised to one task, but may not excel in onearea either.

[ 66 ]The standard posture is used with touring and commuting as well as dirt

and dual-sport bikes, and is may offer advantages for beginners.[ 67 ]

The rider enjoys thebenefits of freedom of head movement, good visibility in all directions, and easier use of

the feet while moving through stationary traffic.y Cruiser the rider sits at a lower seat height with the upper torso upright or leaning

slightly rearwards. Legs are extended forwards, sometimes out of reach of the regularcontrols on cruiser pegs. The low seat heights can be a consideration for new or short

riders. Handlebars tend to be high, and wide. Harley-Davidsons are exemplars of thisstyle.

[ 68 ]The emphasis is on comfort, while compromising cornering ability because of

low ground clearance and the greater likelihood of scraping foot pegs, floor boards, orother parts if turns are taken at the speeds other types of motorcycles can do.

[ 69 ][ 70 ]

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Factors of a motorcycle's ergonomic geometry that determine the seating posture include theheight, angle and location of footpegs, seat and handlebars. Factors in a rider's physical

geometry that contribute to seating posture include torso, arm, thigh and leg length, and overallrider height.

Legal definitions and restrictions

Main article:Legal definition of motorcycle

A motorcycle is broadly defined by law in most countries for the purposes of registration,

taxation and rider licensing as a powered two-wheel motor vehicle. Most countries distinguish

between mopeds of 49 cc and the more powerful, larger, vehicles (scooters do not count as aseparate category). Many jurisdictions include some forms of three-wheelers as motorcycles.

Environmental impact

This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality

standards , as the dispute in the Europe section over LA Times citation up in the introsection is disjointed and confusing. See talk. You can help . The discussion page may

contain suggestions. (September 2009)

In 2007 and 2008, motorcycles and scooters, due to good fuel efficiency, attracted interest in the

United States from environmentalists and those affected by increased fuel prices. [ 71 ][ 72 ]Piaggio Group Americas supported this interest with the launch of a "Vespanomics" website and

platform, citing lower per-mile carbon emissions of 0.4 lb/mile (113 g/km) less than the averagecar, a 65% reduction, and better fuel economy.

[ 73 ]

Other sources, however, claim that while motorcycles produce much less pollution in terms of

greenhouse gases, a motorcycle can in some cases emit 1020 times the quantity of nitrogenoxides (NOx) when compared to the NOx emissions of a car.

[ 71 ][ 74 ]

This is because many

motorcycles lack a catalytic converterto reduce NOx emissions, and while catalytic convertershave been used in cars long enough that they are now commonplace, they are a relatively new

technology in motorcycles.[ 71 ]

Many newer motorcycles (such as later models of the YamahaR1 and Suzuki GSXR1000 , as well as most BMWs which have included catalytic converers

since the 1990s) now have factory fitted catalytic converters. Along with other technologies thathave taken longer to appear in motorcycles (eg fuel injection, anti-lock brake systems), [ citation

needed]catalytic converters are becoming increasingly commonplace.

United States Environmental Protection Agency 2007 certification result reports for all vehiclesversus on highway motorcycles (which also includes scooters),

[ 75 ]the average certified

emissions level for 12,327 vehicles tested was 0.734. The average "Nox+Co End-Of-Useful-Life-Emissions" for 3,863 motorcycles tested was 0.8531, for a difference of about 16%, not theclaimed 10X factor. Likewise, if one looks at how many of the 2007 motorcycles tested were

also catalytic equipped, 54% of them, 2,092, were equipped with a catalytic converter.

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United States emissions limits

The following table shows maximum acceptable legal emissions of the combination of

hydrocarbon and nitrous oxides, as well as carbon monoxide, for new Class III motorcycles (280cc or larger displacement) sold in the United States.

[ 76 ]

Tier Model year HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km)

Tier 1 20062009 1.4 12.0

Tier 2 2010 and later 0.8 12.0

The maximum acceptable legal emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide for new Class I

and II motorcycles (50 cc169 cc and 170 cc279 cc respectively) sold in the United States areas follows: [ 76 ]

Model year HC (g/km) CO (g/km)

2006 and later 1.0 12.0

Europe

European emission standards for motorcycles are similar to those for cars. New motorcyclesmust meet Euro III standards, [ 77 ] while cars must meet Euro V standards. Therefore, the

difference in total pollution between motorcycles and cars that pass European emission standardswould be small, certainly much smaller than the 10X factor claimed by the referencedLA Times

article. Motorcycle emissions controls are being updated and it has been proposed to update toEuro IV in 2012 and Euro V in 2015

[ 78 ]

A motorcycle (also called a motorbike , bike , orcycle ) is a single-track,[ 1 ]

two-wheeled[ 2 ]

motor vehicle . Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are

designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic , cruising , sport andracing , or off-road conditions.

Motorcycles are one of the most affordable forms of motorised transport in many parts of the

world and, for most of the world's population, they are also the most common type of motorvehicle.

[ 3 ][ 4 ]

[ 5 ]

There are around 200 million motorcycles (including mopeds, motor scooters

and other powered two and three-wheelers) in use worldwide,[ 6 ]

or about 33 motorcycles per

1000 people. This compares to around 590 million cars , or about 91 per 1000 people. Most ofthe motorcycles, 58%, are in the developing countries of AsiaSouthern and Eastern Asia, andthe Asia Pacific countries, excluding Japanwhile 33% of the cars (195 million) are

concentrated in the United States and Japan. As of 2002 , India with an estimated 37 millionmotorcycles/mopeds was home to the largest number of motorised two wheelers in the world.

China came a close second with 34 million motorcycles/mopeds. [ 7 ][ 8 ]

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Contents

[hide]

y 1 History

y 2 Technical aspects

o 2.1 Constructiono 2.2 Fuel economy

2.2.1 Electric motorcycleso 2.3 Dynamics

o 2.4 Accessoriesy 3 Social aspects

o 3.1 Popularityo 3.2 Subcultures

o 3.3 Mobilityo 3.4 Safety

y 4 Typesy 5 Motorcycle rider postures

y 6 Legal definitions and restrictionsy 7 Environmental impact

o 7.1 United States emissions limitso 7.2 Europe

y 8 See alsoy 9 References

y 10 External links

History

Main article:Motorcycle history

Replica of the Daimler-MaybachPetroleum Reitwagen .

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The first internal combustion ,petroleum fueled motorcycle was thePetroleum Reitwagen . Itwas designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimlerand Wilhelm Maybach in Bad

Cannstatt , Germany in 1885.[ 9 ]

This vehicle was unlike either the safety bicycles or theboneshakerbicycles of the era in that it had zero degrees ofsteering axis angle and no fork offset

, and thus did not use the principles ofbicycle and motorcycle dynamics developed nearly 70

years earlier. Instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning.

[ 10 ]

Theinventors called their invention theReitwagen ("riding car"). It was designed as an expedienttestbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.

[ 11 ][ 12 ]

Many authorities who

exclude steam powered , electric or diesel two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle,credit the DaimlerReitwagen as the world's first motorcycle.

[ 13 ][ 14 ]

[ 15 ]

If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam propulsion is considered a motorcycle, then the first was

the French Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede of 1868. [ 11 ][ 12 ] This was followed by theAmerican Roper steam velocipede of 1869, built by Sylvester H. RoperRoxbury, Massachusetts

.[ 11 ]

[ 12 ]

Roper demonstrated his machine at fairs and circuses in the eastern US in 1867,[ 9 ]

andbuilt a total of 10 examples.

[ 15 ]

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmllerbecame the first series production motorcycle, and the first

to be called a motorcycle ( German :Motorrad). [ 11 ][ 12 ][ 15 ][ 16 ] In the early period ofmotorcycle history, many producers ofbicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the new

internal combustion engine. As the engines became more powerful and designs outgrew thebicycle origins, the number of motorcycle producers increased.

Until World War I , the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world was Indian ,[ 17 ]

[ 18 ]

producing over 20,000 bikes per year. [ 19 ] By 1920, this honour went to Harley-Davidson , [

citation needed]with their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.

[ 20 ][ 21 ]

By the late1920s or early 1930s, DKW took over as the largest manufacturer.

[ 22 ][ 23 ]

[ 24 ]

AfterWorld War II , the BSA Group became the largest producer of motorcycles in the world,

producing up to 75,000 bikes per year in the 1950s.[ citation needed]

The German companyNSUheld the position of largest manufacturer from 1955 until the 1970s. [ citation needed]

NSU Sportmax streamlined motorcycle, 250 cc class winner of the 1955 Grand Prix season

In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an increasing part in the development of racing

motorcycles and the "dustbin fairing" held out the possibility of radical changes to motorcycle

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design. NSU and Moto Guzzi were in the vanguard of this development, both producing veryradical designs well ahead of their time.

[ 25 ]NSU produced the most advanced design, but after

the deaths of four NSU riders in the 19541956 seasons, they abandoned further developmentand quit Grand Prix motorcycle racing . [ 26 ] Moto Guzzi produced competitive race machines,

and by 1957 nearly all the Grand Prix races were being won by streamlined machines.[ citation

needed]

The following year, 1958, full enclosure fairings were banned from racing by the FIM inthe light of the safety concerns.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide,partly as a result ofEast German Walter Kaaden's engine work in the 1950s. [ 27 ]

Today, the motorcycle industry is mainly dominated by Japanese companies such as Honda ,

Kawasaki , Suzuki , and Yamaha , although Harley-Davidson and BMW continue to be popularand supply considerable markets. Other major manufacturers include Piaggio group of Italy,

KTM , Triumph and Ducati .

In addition to the large capacity motorcycles, there is a large market in smaller capacity (lessthan 300 cc) motorcycles, mostly concentrated in Asian and African countries. An example isthe 1958 Honda Super Cub , which went on to become the biggest selling vehicle of all time,

with its 60 millionth unit produced in April 2008.[ 28 ]

Today, this area is dominated by mostlyIndian companies with Hero Honda emerging as the world's largest manufacturer of two

wheelers. Other major producers are Bajaj and TVS Motors .[ 29 ]

For example, its Splendormodel has sold more than 8.5 million to date.

[ 30 ]

Technical aspects

A Suzuki GS500 with a clearly visible frame (painted silver).

Construction

See also:Motorcycle construction andMotorcycle design

Motorcycle construction is the engineering, manufacturing, and assembly of components and

systems for a motorcycle which results in the performance, cost, and aesthetics desired by the

designer. With some exceptions, construction of modern mass-produced motorcycles hasstandardised on a steel oraluminiumframe , telescopic forks holding the front wheel, and disc

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brakes . Some other body parts, designed for either aesthetic or performance reasons may beadded. A petrol powered engine typically consisting of between one and fourcylinders (and less

commonly, up to eight cylinders) coupled to a manual five- or six-speed sequential transmissiondrives the swingarm -mounted rear wheel by a chain, driveshaft orbelt .

Fuel economy

Motorcycle fuel economy varies greatly with engine displacement and riding style[ 31 ]

ranging

from a low of 29 mpg -US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg -imp ) reported by a Honda VTR1000F rider,[ 32 ]

to 107 mpg -US (2.20 L/100 km; 129 mpg -imp ) reported for the Verucci Nitro 50 cc Scooter.

[ 33 ]A

specially designed Matzu Matsuzawa Honda XL125 achieved 470 mpg -US (0.50 L/100 km; 560mpg -imp ) "on real highways - in real conditions."

[ 34 ]Due to low engine displacements (100 cc

200 cc), and high power-to-mass ratios, motorcycles offer good fuel economy. Under conditionsof fuel scarcity like 1950s Britain and modern developing nations, motorcycles claim large

shares of the vehicle market. In the Indian market, the second best selling company, Bajaj ,offers two models with superior fuel economy: XCD 125 and Platina . Both are 125 cc

motorbikes with a company-claimed fuel economy of 256 mpg -US (0.919 L/100 km; 307 mpg -imp) and 261 mpg -US (0.901 L/100 km; 313 mpg -imp ), respectively.[ citation needed]

Electric motorcycles

Main article:Electric motorcycle

Very high fuel economy equivalents can be derived by electric motorcycles. Electric

motorcycles are nearly silent, zero-emission electric motor-driven vehicles. Operating range and

top speed suffer because of limitations of battery technology.[ citation needed]

Fuel cells andpetroleum-electric hybrids are also under development to extend the range and improve

performance of the electric motors.

Dynamics

Racing motorcycles leaning in a turn.

Main article:Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics

Different types of motorcycles have different dynamics and these play a role in how a

motorcycle performs in given conditions. For example, one with a longer wheelbase provides

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the feeling of more stability by responding less to disturbances.[ 35 ]

Motorcycle tyres have alarge influence over handling.

Motorcycles must be leaned in order to make turns. This lean is induced by the method known

as countersteering , in which the rider momentarily steers the handlebars in the direction opposite

of the desired turn. Because it is counter-intuitive this practice is often very confusing tonovicesand even to many experienced motorcyclists.[ 36 ]

Short wheelbase motorcycles, such as sport bikes , can generate enough torque at the rear wheel,and enough stopping force at the front wheel, to lift the opposite wheel off the road. These

actions, if performed on purpose, are known as wheelies and stoppies respectively. If carriedpast the point of recovery the resulting upset is known as an "endo" (short for "end-over-end"),

or "looping" the vehicle.

Accessories

Main article:Motorcycle accessories

Various features and accessories may be attached to a motorcycle either as OEM (factory-fitted)

orafter-market . Such accessories are selected by the owner to enhance the motorcycle'sappearance, safety, performance, or comfort, and may include anything from mobile electronics

to sidecars and trailers .

Social aspects

Main article:Motorcycling

Popularity

Motorbikes are the primary form of transportation in Vietnam.

In numerous cultures, motorcycles are the primary means of motorised transport. According to

the Taiwanese government, for example, "the number of automobiles per ten thousandpopulation is around 2,500, and the number of motorcycles is about 5,000."

[ 37 ]In places such as

Vietnam, motorised traffic consist of mostly motorbikes[ 4 ]

due to a lack of public transport andlow income levels that put automobiles out of reach for many. [ 3 ]

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The four largest motorcycle markets in the world are all in Asia: China, India, Indonesia, andVietnam.

[ 3 ]The motorcycle is also popular in Brazil's frontier towns.

[ 5 ]Amid the global

economic downturn of 2008 , the motorcycle market grew by 6.5%.[ 38 ]

Recent years have seen an increase in the popularity of motorcycles elsewhere. In the USA,

registrations increased by 51% between 2000 and 2005.

[ 39 ]

This is mainly attributed toincreasing fuel prices and urban congestion.[ 40 ]

A Consumer Reports subscribers' survey ofmainly United States motorcycle and scooter owners reported that they rode an average of only

1,000 miles (1,600 km) per year, 82% for recreation and 38% for commuting.[ 41 ]

Americans put10,00012,000 miles (16,00019,000 km) per year on their cars and light trucks. [ 42 ]

Subcultures

Sunbeam motorcycle owners rally, 2008.

A Hells Angels wall mural in Southampton, UKSee also:Motorcycle club , Outlaw motorcycle club , andCategory:Motorcycling subculture

Around the world, motorcycles have historically been associated with subcultures . Some of

these subcultures have been loose-knit social groups such as the cafe racers of 1950s Britain, and

the Mods and Rockers of the 1960s. A few are believed to be criminal gangs. Books aboutmotorcycle subcultures include Hunter S. Thompson 'sHells Angels (1966), Lee Gutkind 'sBikeFever(1974), and Daniel R. Wolf's The Rebels (1991).

Social motorcyclist organisations are popular and are sometimes organised geographically,focus on individual makes, or even specific models. Example motorcycle clubs include:

American Motorcyclist Association , Harley Owners Group and BMW MOA . Some

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organisations hold large international motorcycle rallies in different parts of the world that areattended by many thousands of riders.

Whereas many social motorcycle organisations raise money for charities through organised

events and rides, some other motorcycle organisations exist only for the direct benefit of others.

Bikers Against Child Abuse (BACA) is one example. BACA assigns members to individualchildren to help them through difficult situations, or even stay with the child if the child is aloneor frightened.

[ 43 ]

In recent decades, motorcyclists have formed political lobbying organisations in order to

influence legislators to introduce motorcycle-friendly legislation. One of the oldest suchorganisations, the British Motorcycle Action Group, was founded in 1973 specifically in

response to helmet compulsion, introduced without public consultation.[ 44 ]

In addition, theBritish Motorcyclists Federation (BMF), originally founded in 1960 as a reaction to the public

perception of motorcyclists as leather-jacketed hooligans, has itself moved into politicallobbying. Likewise, the US has ABATE , which, like most such organisations, also works to

improve motorcycle safety , as well as running the usual charity fund-raising events and rallies,often for motorcycle-related political interests.[ 45 ]

At the other end of the spectrum from the charitable organisations and the motorcycle rightsactivists are the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs. These are defined by the Provincial Court of

Manitoba as: "Any group of motorcycle enthusiasts who have voluntarily made a commitment toband together and abide by their organisations' rigorous rules enforced by violence, who engage

in activities that bring them and their club into serious conflict with society and the law".[ 46 ]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Criminal Intelligence Service Canada have

designated four MCs as Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMGs), which are the Pagans , Hells Angels, Outlaws MC , and Bandidos ,

[ 47 ][ 48 ]

known as the "Big Four".[ 49 ]

Mobility

A couple ride on a motorcycle in Udaipur, India. Annual sales of motorcycles in India are

expected to exceed 10 million by 2010.[ 50 ]

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While people choose to ride motorcycles for various reasons, those reasons are increasinglypractical, with riders opting for a powered two-wheeler as a cost-efficient alternative to

infrequent and expensive public transport systems, or as a means of avoiding or reducing theeffects of urban congestion. [ 51 ] In places where it is permitted, lane splitting , also known as

filtering, allows motorcycles to use the space between vehicles to move through stationary or

slow traffic.

[ 52 ]

In the UK, motorcycles are exempt from the 8 per day London congestion charge other

vehicles must pay to enter the city during the day. Motorcycles are also exempt from tollcharges at some river crossings, such as the Severn Bridge , Dartford Crossing , and Mersey

Tunnels . Some cities, such as Bristol , allow motorcycles to usebus lanes and provide dedicatedfree parking. In the United States, those states that have high-occupancy vehicle lanes also allow

for motorcycle travel in them. Other countries have similar policies.

In New Zealand motorcycle riders are not required to pay for parking that is controlled by abarrier arm; [ 53 ] the arm does not occupy the entire width of the lane, and the motorcyclist

simply rides around it.

[ 54 ]

Many car parks controlled in this way supply special areas formotorcycles to park, so as not to unnecessarily consume spaces.

In many cities that have serious parking challenges for cars, such as San Francisco, US andMelbourne , Australia, motorcycles are generally permitted to park on the sidewalk, rather than

occupy a space on the street which might otherwise be used by a car.[ citation needed]

Safety

Main articles:Motorcycle safety andMotorcycle safety clothing

Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal accidents than automobiles. United States Department ofTransportation data for 2005 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System show that for

passenger cars, 18.62 fatal crashes occur per 100,000 registered vehicles. For motorcycles thisfigure is higher at 75.19 per 100,000 registered vehicles four times higher than for cars. [ 55 ]

The same data shows that 1.56 fatalities occur per 100 million vehicle miles travelled forpassenger cars, whereas for motorcycles the figure is 43.47 28 times higher than for cars (37

times more deaths per mile travelled in 2007). [ 56 ] Furthermore for motorcycles the accidentrates have increased significantly since the end of the 1990s, while the rates have dropped for

passenger cars.

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Wearing a motorcycle helmet reduces the chances of death or injury in a motorcycle crash

The two major causes of motorcycle accidents in the United States are: motorists pulling out or

turning in front of motorcyclists and violating their rights-of-way and motorcyclists running wide

through turns. The former is sometimes called a SMIDSY , an acronym formed from themotorists' common response of "Sorry mate, I didn't see you".[ 57 ]

The latter is more commonlycaused by operating a motorcycle while intoxicated.

[ 58 ]Motorcyclists can anticipate and avoid

some of these crashes with proper training, increasing their conspicuousness to other traffic, andseparating alcohol and riding.

The United Kingdom has several organisations which are dedicated to improving motorcycle

safety by providing advanced rider training over and above what is necessary to pass the basicmotorcycle test. These include the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) and the Royal Society

for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). Along with increased personal safety, riders withthese advanced qualifications often benefit from reduced insurance costs.

In South Africa, the Think Bike campaign is dedicated to increasing both motorcycle safety andthe awareness of motorcycles on the country's roads. The campaign, while strongest in the

Gauteng province, has representation in Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and the Free State. It hasdozens of trained marshals available for various events such as cycle races and is deeply

involved in numerous other projects such as the annual Motorcycle Toy Run.[ 59 ]

An MSF rider course for novices

Motorcycle Safety Education is offered throughout the United States by organisations ranging

from state agencies to non-profit organisations to corporations. Most states use the coursesdesigned by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), while Oregon and Idaho developed their

own. All of the training programs include a Basic Rider Course, an Intermediate Rider Courseand an Advanced Rider Course.

In the UK (except Northern Ireland) and some Australian jurisdictions, such as Victoria ,New

South Wales ,[ 60 ]

the Australian Capital Territory ,[ 61 ]

Tasmania[ 62 ]

and theNorthernTerritory , [ 63 ] it is compulsory to undertake a rider training course before being issued a

Learners Licence.

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In Canada, motorcycle rider training is compulsory in Quebec and Manitoba only, but allprovinces and territories have Graduated Licensing programs which place restrictions on new

drivers until they have gained experience. Eligibility for a full motorcycle licence orendorsement for completing a Motorcycle Safety course varies by province. The Canada Safety

Council , a non-profit safety organisation, offers the Gearing Up program across Canada and is

endorsed by the Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council.

[ 64 ]

Training course graduates mayqualify for reduced insurance premiums.

Types

Main article: Types of motorcycles

A boulevard cruiser (front) and a sportbike (background)

French police motorcyclist

There are three major types of motorcycle: street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these

types, there are many different sub-types of motorcycles for many different purposes.

Street bikes include cruisers , sportbikes , scooters and mopeds , and many other types. Off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross

and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the dual-sport style are madeto go off-road but include features to make them legal and comfortable on the street as well.

Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design

creates a different riding posture.

Motorcycle rider postures

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The motorcyclist's riding position depends on rider body-geometry ( anthropometry ) combinedwith the geometry of the motorcycle itself. These factors create a set of three basic postures.

[ 65 ]

y Sport the rider leans forwards into the wind and the weight of the upper torso is

supported by the riders arms (at low speed) and air pressure (at high speed, eg, above 50

mph (80 km/h). The footpegs are below the rider or to the rear. The reduced frontal areacuts wind resistance and allow higher speeds. At low-speed this position throws theweight of the rider onto the arms, and this can be tiring to the rider's wrists. The sports

position makes it more difficult for the rider to look around and foot through traffic.y Standard the rider sits upright or leans forwards slightly. The feet are below the

rider. These are motorcycles that are not specialised to one task, but may not excel in onearea either.

[ 66 ]The standard posture is used with touring and commuting as well as dirt

and dual-sport bikes, and is may offer advantages for beginners. [ 67 ] The rider enjoys thebenefits of freedom of head movement, good visibility in all directions, and easier use of

the feet while moving through stationary traffic.y Cruiser the rider sits at a lower seat height with the upper torso upright or leaning

slightly rearwards. Legs are extended forwards, sometimes out of reach of the regularcontrols on cruiser pegs. The low seat heights can be a consideration for new or short

riders. Handlebars tend to be high, and wide. Harley-Davidsons are exemplars of thisstyle. [ 68 ] The emphasis is on comfort, while compromising cornering ability because of

low ground clearance and the greater likelihood of scraping foot pegs, floor boards, orother parts if turns are taken at the speeds other types of motorcycles can do.

[ 69 ][ 70 ]

Factors of a motorcycle's ergonomic geometry that determine the seating posture include the

height, angle and location of footpegs, seat and handlebars. Factors in a rider's physicalgeometry that contribute to seating posture include torso, arm, thigh and leg length, and overall

rider height.

Legal definitions and restrictions

Main article:Legal definition of motorcycle

A motorcycle is broadly defined by law in most countries for the purposes of registration,

taxation and rider licensing as a powered two-wheel motor vehicle. Most countries distinguish

between mopeds of 49 cc and the more powerful, larger, vehicles (scooters do not count as aseparate category). Many jurisdictions include some forms of three-wheelers as motorcycles.

Environmental impactThis section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality

standards , as the dispute in the Europe section over LA Times citation up in the introsection is disjointed and confusing. See talk. You can help . The discussion page may

contain suggestions. (September 2009)

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In 2007 and 2008, motorcycles and scooters, due to good fuel efficiency, attracted interest in theUnited States from environmentalists and those affected by increased fuel prices.

[ 71 ][ 72 ]

Piaggio Group Americas supported this interest with the launch of a "Vespanomics" website andplatform, citing lower per-mile carbon emissions of 0.4 lb/mile (113 g/km) less than the average

car, a 65% reduction, and better fuel economy.[ 73 ]

Other sources, however, claim that while motorcycles produce much less pollution in terms ofgreenhouse gases, a motorcycle can in some cases emit 1020 times the quantity of nitrogen

oxides (NOx) when compared to the NOx emissions of a car.[ 71 ]

[ 74 ]

This is because manymotorcycles lack a catalytic converterto reduce NOx emissions, and while catalytic converters

have been used in cars long enough that they are now commonplace, they are a relatively newtechnology in motorcycles.

[ 71 ]Many newer motorcycles (such as later models of the Yamaha

R1 and Suzuki GSXR1000 , as well as most BMWs which have included catalytic convererssince the 1990s) now have factory fitted catalytic converters. Along with other technologies that

have taken longer to appear in motorcycles (eg fuel injection, anti-lock brake systems),[ citation

needed]catalytic converters are becoming increasingly commonplace.

United States Environmental Protection Agency 2007 certification result reports for all vehicles

versus on highway motorcycles (which also includes scooters), [ 75 ] the average certifiedemissions level for 12,327 vehicles tested was 0.734. The average "Nox+Co End-Of-Useful-

Life-Emissions" for 3,863 motorcycles tested was 0.8531, for a difference of about 16%, not theclaimed 10X factor. Likewise, if one looks at how many of the 2007 motorcycles tested were

also catalytic equipped, 54% of them, 2,092, were equipped with a catalytic converter.

United States emissions limits

The following table shows maximum acceptable legal emissions of the combination of

hydrocarbon and nitrous oxides, as well as carbon monoxide, for new Class III motorcycles (280cc or larger displacement) sold in the United States. [ 76 ]

Tier Model year HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km)

Tier 1 20062009 1.4 12.0

Tier 2 2010 and later 0.8 12.0

The maximum acceptable legal emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide for new Class I

and II motorcycles (50 cc169 cc and 170 cc279 cc respectively) sold in the United States are

as follows: [ 76 ]

Model year HC (g/km) CO (g/km)

2006 and later 1.0 12.0

Europe

European emission standards for motorcycles are similar to those for cars. New motorcycles

must meet Euro III standards, [ 77 ] while cars must meet Euro V standards. Therefore, the

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difference in total pollution between motorcycles and cars that pass European emission standardswould be small, certainly much smaller than the 10X factor claimed by the referencedLA Times

article. Motorcycle emissions controls are being updated and it has been proposed to update toEuro IV in 2012 and Euro V in 2015 [ 78 ]

sejarah

Sepeda motor kini mungkin menjadi salah satu alat trasportasi yang paling diminati di dunia

khususnya di Indonesia. Coba kalian perhatikan di jalan raya, begitu banyak sepeda motor yang

melintas atau yang sedang antre saat lampu merah sedang menyala.

Tahukah kalian darimana asalnya sepeda motor, siapa-siapa saja yang berperan dalam

perkembangan sepeda motor dan bagaimana sejarahnya hingga sepeda motor masuk ke

Indonesia?

Ada tiga orang yang diakui sebagai penemu sepeda motor yaitu, Ernest Michaux ( Perancis),

Edward Butler (Inggris), dan Gottlieb Daimler (Jerman). Sepeda motor pertama kali dirancang pada

tahun 1868 oleh Ernest Michaux berkebangsaan Perancis. Pada waktu itu,tenaga penggerak yang

direncanakannya adalah mesin uap namun proyek ini tidak berhasil. Kemudian pada tahun 1885

Edward Butler mencoba menyempurnakannya dengan membuat kendaraan lain yang

mempergunakan tiga roda dan digerakan dengan menggunakan motor dari jenis mesin pembakaran

dalam.

Pada tahun 1885 seorang ahli mesin Jerman Gottlieb Daimler dan mitranya, Wilhelm Maybach

menjadi perakit motor pertama kali di dunia. Daimler memasangkan mesin empat langkah berukuran

kecil pada sebuah sepeda kayu. Mesin diletakkan di tengah (di antara roda depan dan belakang)

dan dihubungkan dengan rantai ke roda belakang. Kemudian sepeda kayu bermesin itu diberi nama

Reitwagen (riding car).

Pada waktu itu jenis kendaraan ini belum dikenal masyarakat banyak. Sampai pada tahun 1892,

Henry Hilderband dari Munich, Jerman Barat memperkenalkan sepeda motor model baru. Dan

disusul lagi oleh Werner Brothers pada tahun 1897. Sepeda motor pertama yang dijual untuk umum

dibuat oleh pabrik sepeda motor Hildebrand und Wolfmller di Muenchen, Jerman pada tahun 1893.

Roda belakang sepeda motor ini digerakkan langsung oleh kruk as (crankshaft).

Pada tahun 1895 sepeda motor pertama kali masuk ke Amerika Serikat, tepatnya ke kota New York.

Pada tahun yang sama, seorang penemu Amerika Serikat, EJ Pennington, di Milwaukee,

mendemonstrasikan sepeda motor yang didesain sendiri. Pada akhirnya Pennington dianggap

sebagai orang pertama yang memperkenalkan istilah motorcycle (sepeda motor).

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Pada tahun yang sama, Triumph, sebuah perusahaan pembuat sepeda di Inggris memutuskan

untuk membuat sepeda motor. Empat tahun sesudahnya, 1902, perusahaan itu memproduksi

sepeda motornya yang pertama namun masih menggunakan mesin dari Belgia. Kemudian pada

tahun 1905, Triumph memproduksi sepeda motor secara utuh sendiri.

Tahun 1903, William S Harley dan sahabatnya, Arthur Davidson, memproduksi sepeda motor di

Milwaukee, Amerika Serikat, dan menamakan sepeda motor itu Harley Davidson. Tahun 1904,

perusahaan Amerika Serikat lain, Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company, yang berlokasi di

Springfield, Massachusetts, muncul dengan sepeda motor Indian Single.

Kemudian sampai Perang Dunia I (1914-1918), perusahaan ini menjadi pabrik sepeda motor

dengan produksi yang terbesar di dunia. Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company tutup pada

tahun 1953 dan merek Indian diambil alih oleh Royal Enfield.

Setelah Perang Dunia I sampai tahun 1928, perusahaan yang memproduksi sepeda motor terbesardi dunia adalah Harley Davidson. Pada tahun 1921, sepeda motor BMW hadir dengan roda

belakang yang digerakkan menggunakan koppel (shaft drive). Pada tahun 1930-an ada sekitar 80

merek sepeda motor di Inggris, di antaranya Norton, Triumph, AJS, dan merek-merek lainnya yang

tidak begitu terkenal, seperti New Gerrard, NUT, SOS, Chell, dan Whitwood.

Perkembangan sepeda motor di Eropa, juga dipicu oleh Perang Dunia II (1939-1945), di mana

sepeda motor dibuat untuk keperluan militer. Seusai Perang Dunia II, tahun 1946, desainer Italia,

Piaggio, memperkenalkan skuter Vespa dan langsung menarik perhatian dunia.

Pada tahun 1949, Honda memproduksi sepeda motor dengan mesin dua langkah. Namun, suaramesin dua langkah yang berisik dan asap yang berbau tajam yang keluar dari knalpot membuat

Honda mengembangkan mesin empat langkah.

Tahun 1951, BSA Group (Inggris) membeli Triumph Motorcycles dan menjadi produsen sepeda

motor terbesar di dunia. Kemudian kedudukan BSA diambil alih oleh NSU (Jerman) tahun 1955.

Namun, sejak tahun 1970-an hingga kini, Honda tercatat sebagai produsen sepeda motor terbesar

di dunia.

Tahun 1952, Honda memproduksi sepeda motor bebek yang dikenal dengan nama cub.

Kepopuleran sepeda motor jenis bebek ini membuat perusahaan sepeda motor asal Jepang lainnyaseperti Kawasaki, Yamaha, dan Suzuki meniru model sepeda motor jenis bebek ini.

Sosok yang menarik, mesin yang handal dan mudah dirawat, serta harga yang bersaing membuat

sepeda motor asal Jepang, yakni Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha, dan Kawasaki, sangat populer dan

sampai kini mendominasi pasar sepeda motor dunia. Namun, nama-nama Harley Davidson tetaplah

merupakan sepeda motor yang populer, terutama di Amerika Serikat. Demikian juga dengan BMW,

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Triumph, dan Ducati.

Sepeda motor pertama kali masuk ke Indonesia pada tahun 1893. Sepeda motor tersebut dibeli oleh

John C Potter, seorang masinis pertama pabrik gula Oemboel, Probolinggo, Jawa Timur. Ia

memesan sendiri sepeda motor itu langsung ke pabriknya di Muenchen.

Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/history/2075297-sejarah-ditemukannya-sepeda-

motor/#ixzz1M8uWptys

PERKEMBANGANPerkembangan sepeda Motor di era ini memang sangat fantastis, lihat saja sekarang

banyak alat alat yang mendukung sepeda motor untuk berlari lebih kencang sebagai media

yang digunakan untuk balap.kecanggihannyapun sudah tidaka diragukan lagi sejakditemukannya alat alat tambahan guna menyempurnakan akselerasi sepeda motor. Dizaman yang penuh dengan style sperti sekarang ini tidak sedikit orang mengubah tampilansepeda motornya guna mendapat simpati dari orang lain juga mendapatkan dana/keuntungan di saat mengikuti lomba atau kontes sepeda motor baik khusus yangmengubah tampilan luar saja istilahnya modifikasi fisik, mengubah tampilan dalam unutkmendapatkan kecepatan saat diadu dengan sepeda motor lain di ajang sepecial drag danbanyak lagi yang lainnya.Semula sepeda motor yang kegunaanya hanya untuk alattransportasi tapi sekarang tidak lagi karena sudah banyak orang menemukan berbagaikreasi yang digunakan unuk senang senang dam meraup untung banyak. Film film puntelah banyak menampilkan adegan adegan seru tentang kegunaan sepeda motor yangberagam, lihat saja film TORQUE yang menampilkan cerita beberapa geng yang berseteru

akibat daerah kekuasaan mereka mempunyai sepeda masing masing yang bercorakberbeda serta style yang menawan ,ketiga kubu yang berseteru tersebut suka melakukanbalapan guna unjuk gigi untuk memperoleh derajat tinggi dengan sepedanya. Motor2 yangdipakai diantaranya motor dengan kecepatan 1000cc yang menjadi andalan, ada jugaharley Davidson yang mempunyai kecepatan diatas 1000cc yang disebut sebut sebagaimoge. Dan akhir dari film ini yang menamplkan motor berkecepatan 5000cc yang tidakboleh sembrangan untuk digunakan .

Dampak dari perkembangan teknologi zaman sekarang juga sangat terlihat dari evolusi sepeda motor.

seperti kita tahu motor pada 10 tahun yang lalu mempunyai bentuk dan mesin seperti apa. Zaman

dahulu mesin yang ada hanya dapa berlari maksimal 60 km/jam dam mempunyai bentuk yang tidaksolid. Sangat berbeda dengan motor zaman sekarang yang sudah mempunyai teknologi mesin yang

sangat canggih dan mempunyai tenaga mesin yang luar biasa. Dari segi bentuk, motor zaman

sekarang sudah dirancang dengan bentuk yang aerodinamis, sehingga dapat memotong angin dengan

sempurna. Evolusi motor ini terjadi sangat cepat dam mempunyai perubahan yang sangat mencolok.

Bisa kita bayangkan seperti apa motor 10 tahu lagi? mungkin saja motor itu sudah tidak menapak ke

tanah.....

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Sepeda motor listrikadalah kendaraan tanpabahan bakar minyakyang digerakkan oleh dinamodan akumulator. Seiring dengan mencuatnya masalahpemanasan global dan kelangkaan BBM

maka kini produsen kendaraan berlomba-lomba menciptakan kendaraan hibrida, dan sepedamotor listrik termasuk salah satu di dalamnya. Sampai sekarang di Indonesia telah tersedia tipe

dengan kecepatan 60 km/jam, dilengkapi rem cakram, lampu penerangan dekat dan jauh, lampu

sein, lampu rem serta klakson.

Pihak Kepolisian dan Dinas Perhubungan menegaskan kendaraan ini tidak memerlukan STNK.

Disamping itu, Dinas Perhubungan menambahkan pernyataan juga tidak diperlukannya BPKB.[1]

Daftar isi

[sembunyikan]

1 Sumber tenaga

2 Kinerja kendaraan

3 Sejarah4 Pranala luar5 Catatan kaki

[sunting] Sumber tenaga

Secara umum sumber tenaga sebuah sepeda motor hibrida adalah akumulator, tapiperkembangan dalam sel bahan bakarmenyebabkan terciptanya beberapa prototipemenggunakannya. Beberapa contoh misalnya ENV dari Intelligent Energy memanfaatkan proses

Fuel Cell hidrogen, pada Honda teknologi ini diberi nama Honda FC Stack, dan FC-AQEL[2]

pada Yamaha. Terdapat pula sepeda motor listrik-hibrida berbahan bakar yang sedang

dikembangkan. Contoh jenis ini misalnya adalah Ecycle, dan Gen-RYU[3]

dari Yamaha. .

Dan kini banyak dilakukan inovasi dan terobosan baru dalam menciptakan jenisbaterai sebagaisumber energi yang dapat menunjang jarak tempuh kendaraan ini.

[sunting] Kinerja kendaraan

Jarak tempuh terjauh yang dapat dicapai oleh sepeda motor listrik di Indonesia pun telahmeningkat secara signifikan menjadi 80km dan untuk jarak tempuh sedemikian hanya perlu

mengeluarkan biaya Rp. 900.[4] Sedang untuk jalan menaik kendaraan mampu naik dengan sudutkemiringan sampai 30 derajat. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk mengisi penuh akumulator adalah 8

jam dan akumulator dapat diisi kapan saja tanpa menunggu habis. Dan ini semua terus bergulirseperti yg terangkum dalam uraian sejarah di bawah ini.

Sepeda motor listrik ini dapat dipakai melewati jalan yang tergenang air atau dicuci, yang

terpenting dinamo tidak tergenang air.

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Sepeda Motor

Sepeda Motor sepertinya menjadi sarana yang paling memenuhi kebutuhan

masyarakat. Dari segi biaya, cukup murah. Punya saya adalah Suzuki Tornado GS dua

tak tahun 1996 yang terkenal sangat boros. Tapi dari Halim ke Kuningan, rata-rata per

hari saya hanya mengeluarkan biaya BBM sekitar Rp. 5000 rupiah saja. Atau jika

ditambah biaya parkir menjadi sekitar Rp. 10.000 per hari (untung parkirnya dibayari

kantor :D ;)) ). Dari segi kenyamanan, tentu saja jauh lebih nyaman daripada mesti

berdesakan di metromini. Kita bisa ke mana saja, kapan saja.

Sepeda motor, juga kendaraan yang paling lincah dalam menembus kemacetan. Bisa

dikatakan, kemacetan lalu lintas hampir tidak dirasakan oleh pengendara sepeda

motor. Lincah memanfaatkan celah antara mobil, lincah dalam memanfaatkan ruang

kecil antara trotoar dan mobil. Hanya harus sedikit hati-hati agar tidak menyenggol

spion mobil-mobil mulus itu.

Namun demikian, bukan berarti sarana ini tidak memiliki kekurangan. Banyak hal

kelemahannya, antara lain:

Sepeda motor telah berkembang secara masif di Jakarta. Orang kini hanya dengan

membawa uang lima ratus ribu telah bisa membawa pulang sebuah motor baru dari

dealer. Hal itu membuat jalanan Jakarta semakin semrawut dengan konvoi sepeda

motor dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak. Ketidaktertiban ini tentunya sangat

berbahaya bagi keselamatan pengendara, apalagi sebagian besar pengendara tidak

melengkapi dirinya dengan peralatan untuk safety riding.

Ironisnya, sarana yang paling masuk akal ini diblack-list oleh pihak yang berwenang.

Adanya isu niat pemerintah untuk melarang kendaraan roda dua masuk Sudirman-

Thamrin adalah contoh dari black list ini. Kalaupun aturan ini diberlakukan, saya yakin

tidak akan mengatasi masalah. Akan muncul tempat parkir di sekitar daerah itu untuk

menampung para pengendara. Seperti halnya Setiabudi Building dan EX-Plaza

Indonesia yang tidak memiliki fasilitas parkir roda dua, penduduk sekitar membangun

tempat parkir roda dua.

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Bapak Polisi Lalu Lintas juga terkenal paling sensitif dengan kendaraan ini. Sejak

pemberlakuan lajur kiri untuk sepeda motor diterapkan dengan keras di sepanjang

Gatot Subroto, saya tidak berani lagi lewat Gatsu. Saya memilih lewat jalan tikus

Pancoran Tegal Parang, dan tembus di pertigaan Tendean/Gatot Subroto. Maklum,

plat nomor saya adalah AG (Kediri), bukan B (Jakarta). Sangat menarik perhatian. Dan

cepat atau lambat, saya pasti diberhentikan paksa untuk ditilang jika setiap hari saya

lewat situ. Entah melanggar lajur kiri atau entah melanggar apa.

Meskipun demikian, saya tetap merasa bahwa naik sepeda motor adalah sarana yang

paling masuk akal di Jakarta ini. Sekedar saran untuk pemerintah, mungkin pemerintah

harus mencari solusi transportasi yang bisa mengalahkan kelebihan sepeda motor

sehingga masyarakat akan lebih memilih sarana umum, yaitu: murah, nyaman, dan

aman.