PERANCANGAN TATA LETAK MESIN PADA LANTAI PRODUKSI UNTUK PRODUK SEPATU EKSPOR BERDASARKAN AREA...

8/2/2019 PERANCANGAN TATA LETAK MESIN PADA LANTAI PRODUKSI UNTUK PRODUK SEPATU EKSPOR BERDASARKAN AREA AL

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HKPANI CMQO[X LM@BAIK

OI XBK VTOH[@XAOI ECOOT EOT KRVOTX PBOKP VTOH[@X

NTO[IHKH OI MTKM MCCO@MXAOI HAMNTML "MMH!

AI VX) VTALMTAIHO MPAM AIETMPXT[@X[TK# Xdj)

X[NMP MJBAT

Jmtqm x{cap pkdmnma pmcmb pmx{ pqmtmx {ix{j lklvktockb nkcmt Pmtgmim Xkjiaj

Vtontml Px{ha Xkjiaj Aih{pxta

Hap{p{i ockb7

BKLVA T[UA QMIM

=)60)65)6=0

VTONTML PX[HA XKJIAJ AIH[PXTA

EMJ[CXMP XKJIAJ HMI ACL[ JOLV[XKT

[IAUKTPAXMP JOLV[XKT AIHOIKPAM

DMIH[IN

46==


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MDPXTMJ

Vktmi`minmi Xmxm Ckxmj Lkpai

Vmhm Cmixma Vtoh{jpa [ix{j Vtoh{j Pkvmx{ Kjpvot

Dkthmpmtjmi Mtkm Mco`mxaoi Hamntml "MMH!

Ha VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj)

Ockb7

Bklva T{ua Qmim

=)60)65)6=0

Vktmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp "emàcaxakp cmqo{x! lkt{vmjmi bmc qmin vkixain hmcml

vtopkp vtoh{jpa# halmim bmt{p hmvmx lklmh{jmi mixmtm mjxauaxmp lmxktamc hmta vtopkp

dmbmi dmj{ lm{v{i dmbmi pkxkinmb gmha bainnm vtopkp mjbat# lkpai hmi vktmcmxmi qmin

had{x{bjmi# `mtm vklaihmbmi lmxktamc hmta pmx{ vtopkp jk vtopkp qmin cmai# g{nm mjxauaxmp

cmai qmin lkiqminj{x vtopkp vtoh{jpa ha cmixma vtoh{jpa pkbainnm mjmi xktàvxm cmc{ caixmp

ha cmixma vtoh{jpa qmin xkvmx# dmaj hmi dkimt) Hkinmi hklajami# vktmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj

empacaxmp bmt{p hmvmx lkinmx{t vkiminmimi lmxktamc hmta pmx{ xklvmx jk xklvmx qmin cmai

hkinmi `mtm qmin pkp{ma hmi xkvmx n{im lkin{tmina vkldotopmi)

Cmqo{xvmdtaj lkt{vmjmi aixkntmpa xoxmc hmta pkc{t{b kcklki vtoh{jpa qmin lkigmha pmx{

{iax ovktmpa qmin dkpmt) Hkpmai cmqo{xvmdtaj had{mx pkdmaj l{injai {ix{j lkinbaihmta

jklm`kxmi "òinkpxaoi! hmi d{xxck ik`j# pkbainnm lmxktamc dapm xkt{p dktnktmj xmivm vktc{

mhm bmldmxmi) Pkhminjmi ~mjx{ hmi oinjop vtopkp vktvaihmbmi lmxktamc mixmt ovktmpa

dapm haj{tmina hkinmi gmcmi lkin{tmina gmtmj vktvaihmbmi xktpkd{x) Pklmjai hkjmx gmtmj

vktvaihmbmi lmjm mjmi pklmjai dmaj)

Vmhm cmixma vtoh{jpa VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{ x{tk# Xdj xktgmha jkpalvminpa{tmi

mcatmi qmin hamjadmxmi ockb vkiklvmxmi hkvmtxklki qmin xahmj xkvmx) Hkvmtxklki qmin

pkbmt{piqm pmcain dkthkjmxmi dkthmpmtjmi vtaotaxmpiqm lmpain,lmpain xktiqmxm xahmj

hklajami) Pkbainnm lkiald{cjmi vktlmpmcmbmi xktlmp{j lmpmcmb damqm lmxktamc

bmihcain) Hkinmi hklajami vktc{ mhmiqm {pmbm {ix{j lkcmj{jmi vktdmajmi xktbmhmv

cmqo{xcmixma vtoh{jpa)

Bmpac vkikcaxami lkinbmpacjmi hkpmai cmqo{x{p{cmi cmixma vtoh{jpa VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam

Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj hkinmi vkt{dmbmi ckxmj hmi c{mp cmixma hkvmtxklki qmin haxmldmbjmi

Mcco~mi`k hmi xocktmipa pkp{ma c{mp qmin had{x{bjmiqm) Vkt{dmbmi ckxmj qmin xktgmha

lkt{vmjmi bmpac hmta tkuapa oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain m~mc qmax{ OLB pkdkc{l

hacmj{jmi vkt{dmbmi cmqo{x) Hmta tkuapa OLB xktpkd{x# lkinbmpacjmi oinjop qmin ckdablaial{l qmin hapkdmdjmi jmtkim gmtmj mcatmi lmxktamc mixmt hkvmtxklki lkigmha hkjmx

hmi havacab caixmpmi xkthkjmx pkdmnma mcatmi lmxktamc ovxalmc) Pkbainnm xktgmha

vkin{tminmi damqm lmxktamc bmihcain hmcml pkbmta jktgm qmin pkl{cm pkdkpmt Tv)

0;4;8)80/ bmta# lkigmha Tv) 41;0=)56 / bmta) Hkinmi hklajami dkdmi vkt{pmbmmi hmi

jktgm jmtqm~mi mjmi ckdab tainmi hkinmi mhmiqm tmi`minmi cmqo{x qmin ha{p{cjmi

xktpkd{x)

Jmxm j{ià7 Cmqo{x# Mcatmi Lmxktamc# Oinjop Lmxktamc Bmihcain


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JMXM VKINMIXMT

Mcbmlh{caccmb hkinmi tmpm pq{j{t jkbmhatmx Mccmb Xmmcm qmin hkinmi tmblmx hmi

aimqmb,Iqm# vki{cap xkcmb hmvmx lkiqkckpmajmi Cmvotmi X{nmp Mjbat aia pklonm

kinjm{ `mxmx pkdmnma mlmcmi hagmcmi,l{ hmcml lki{ix{x acl{)

Hmcml jkpklvmxmi aia# hkinmi pknmcm jktkihmbmi bmxa vki{cap ainai lkiqmlvmajmi

vkinbmtnmmi qmin pkdkpmt,dkpmtiqm pktxm pk`mtm jb{p{p lkin{`mvjmi xktalm jmpab

jkvmhm7=) Jkh{m otmin x{m xktpmqmin dmvm hmi lmlmb qmin pkcmc{ lkiqmqmina hmi

lkiàixma hkinmi pmdmt hmi ajbcmp xktalmjmpab mxmp hom# daldainmi# hotoinmi#

dmaj pk`mtm lotac mxm{v{i lmxktac)

4) Dmvmj A Lmhk Mtqmixbm M# LX pkcmj{ jkx{m g{t{pmi xkjiaj aih{pxta {iauktpaxmpjolv{xkt Aihoikpam)

0) Ad{ G{cami Todk``m# LX pkcmj{ hopki vkldaldain hmi jothaimxot cmvotmi x{nmpmjbat ha g{t{pmi xkjiaj aih{pxta {iauktpaxmp jolv{xkt Aihoikpam)

8) Dmvmj Nmdtakc Pamix{ta# LX pkcmj{ ~mca jkcmp 65XA);) Pkc{t{b hopki g{t{pmi xkjiaj aih{pxta qmin xkcmb x{t{x lkihahaj pkcmlm vki{cap

lki{ix{x acl{)

5) Dmvmj Jmd{c Pmixopo# PX pkcmj{ valvaimi hkvmtxklki kinaikktain hmi dmvmjTaja T# PX pkcmj{ valvaimi hkvmtxklki vtoh{jpa hmi pkjmcan{p vkldaldain ha

vkt{pmbmmi qmin xkcmb dmiqmj lkldmix{ hmcml vkiqkckpmami cmvotmi x{nmp mjbat#

pktxm dmvmj L{bmllmh P{d{t pkcmj{ Jm) Hau BTH)

>) Jmjmjj{ Bkihta qmim hmi mhajj{ xktàixm Lkttq i Caim qmin pkcmc{ lkldkta pklminmxjkvmhm vki{cap)

2) Pvkàmc xbmijp d{mx ~miaxm qmin mj{ pmqmina Q{cam qmin xamhm bkixa,bkixaiqmlkldktajmi h{j{inmi pktxm jkx{c{pmi àixmiqm qmin lkldktajmi vki{cap jkj{mxmi hmcml

lkiqkckpmajmi x{nmp mjbat aia)


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1) Xklmi,xklmij{ qmin xmj mjmi vktimb xktc{vmjmi# jkc{mtnm dkpmt XA 4665 Mtqm# Ajmc#@ohox# O`bal# Gkinno# Padm# Dkttq iqain,iqain# Ol hmi qmin cmaiiqm lmme xahmj hmvmx

hapkd{xjmi pmx{,vktpmx{ xktalmjmpab dmiqmj mxmp pkl{m h{j{inmi hmi dmix{mi qmin

hadktajmi jkvmhm vki{cap)=6)Xklmi,xklmi 6># L{l{b# Mn{in# Ah{q# hmi pkl{m vabmj qmin xkcmb lkldmix{ pmqm

qmin xahmj pklvmx pmqm pkd{xjmi# xktalm jmpab pkdkpmt,dkpmtiqm)

Vkikcaxa lkiqmhmta cmvotmi X{nmp Mjbat aia lmpab dkc{l pklv{tim# {ix{j ax{ pknmcm pmtmi

hmi jtaxaj qmin paemxiqm lkldmin{i pkcmc{ vki{cap bmtmvjmi {ix{j jklmg{mi jaxm dktpmlm)

Mjbat jmxm# pklonm pkl{m jkdmajmi hmi dmix{mi qmin xkcmb hadktajmi jkvmhm vki{cap

lkihmvmxjmi aldmcmi hmta Mccmb P^X# hmi l{hmb,l{hmbmi cmvotmi x{nmp mjbat aia mjmi

dktlmiemmx dmna vki{cap jb{p{piqm hmi {ix{j pkl{m vabmj vmhm {l{liqm)

^mppmcml{mcmaj{l mtmblmx{ccmbba~mdmtmjmx{b)

Dmih{in# Mn{px{p 46==

Bklva T{ua Qmim


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Dmd =

Vkihmb{c{mi

=)=)Cmxmt Dkcmjmin LmpmcmbH{iam aih{pxta vmhm pmmx aia dktjkldmin hkinmi pminmx vkpmx hmi `kvmx#

vktpmainmivktpmainmi pklmjai jkxmx# vktpmainmi dapiap qmin pklmjai lkiainjmx#

lki{ix{x vmtm vkcmj{ dapiap {ix{j lkiainjmxjmi kekjxauaxmp hmi keeapakipa

hapknmcm dahmin) Vkt{pmbmmi hmvmx dktpmain hkinmi jk{inn{cmi qmin halacajaiqm#

jk{inn{cmi qmin halacaja vkt{pmbmmi dapm dktmpmc hmta emjxot vtoh{jpa vkt{pmbmmi

qmax{ p{ldkt hmqm "lmi{pam# {min/lohmc# lkpai hmi lmxktamc! qmin xktdmxmp pktxm

jkpklvmxmiqm jkpklvmxmiqm pminmx dktmnml# pkbainnm pkl{m vabmj dkt{pmbm

lkihmvmxjmi xkjiocona qmin pkp{ma hkinmi damqm qmin pktkihmb l{injai {ix{j

lklvktockb jk{ix{inmi)

Hk~mpm aia vktki`mimmi hmi vktmi`minmi empacaxmp lklv{iqma vktmimi qmin

`{j{v vkixain hmcml lmimgklki vkt{pmbmmi) Hmta pkjami dmiqmj lmpmcmb qmin

jktmv jmca l{i`{c pkdmnma vktlmpmcmbmi qmin xahmj pkhajax lkiqkdmdjmi

vkt{pmbmmi lkinmcmla jkt{nami hamixmtmiqm lmpmcmb vkiminmimi lmxktamc

"lmxktamc bmihcain! ha cmixma vtoh{jpa# vkiminmimi lmxktamc qmin xahmj lki{igmin

mjmi dkthmlvmj vmhm jkt{nami vkt{pmbmmi) Mcatmi vtopkp qmin vmigmin

lkinmjadmxjmi lmxktamc bmihcain ckdab lmbmc jmtkim mjxauaxmp vklaihmbmi

lmxktamc xktnmix{in vmhm lm`ml vtopkp mxm{ e{inpa jktgmiqm hmi xahmj xktnmix{in

vmhm {t{xmi vtopkp vtoh{jpa) Lmpmcmb xktpkd{x hamixmtmiqm hapkdmdjmi jmtkim

vklaihmbmi lmxktamc qmin xahmj keapaki qmin xktgmha hmta pmx{ pxmpa{i jktgm jk

pxmpa{i cmaiiqm) hkinmi jmxm cmai# xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp ha cmixma vtoh{jpa lkigmha bmc

vmcain {xmlm qmin bmt{p havktbmxajmi)

Vktmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp lkt{vmjmi bmc qmin vkixain hmcml vtopkp

vtoh{jpa# halmim bmt{p hmvmx lklmh{jmi mixmtm mjxauaxmp lmxktamc hmta vtopkp

m~mc qmax{ hmta dmbmi dmj{ lm{v{i dmbmi pkxkinmb gmha bainnm vtopkp mjbat#

lkpai hmi vktmcmxmi qmin had{x{bjmi# `mtm vklaihmbmi lmxktamc hmta pmx{ vtopkp


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jk vtopkp qmin cmai# g{nm mjxauaxmp cmai qmin lkiqminj{x vtopkp vtoh{jpa ha cmixma

vtoh{jpa pkbainnm mjmi xkt`avxm cmc{ caixmp ha cmixma vtoh{jpa qmin xkvmx# dmaj hmi

dkimt) Hkinmi hklajami# vktmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp bmt{p hmvmx lkinmx{t

vkiminmimi lmxktamc hmta pmx{ xklvmx jk xklvmx qmin cmai hkinmi `mtm qmin pkp{ma

hmi xkvmx n{im lkin{tmina vkldotopmi)

VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj) "Vkt{pmbmmi! hahatajmi ha Dmih{in

dkthmpmtjmi Mjxm Io) > xminnmc = G{ca =122 Pkp{ma hkinmi vmpmc 0 Minnmtmi

Hmpmt Vkt{pmbmmi# t{min cainj{v jknamxmi vkt{pmbmmi lkcav{xa dahmin {pmbm

aietmpxt{jx{t hmi aih{pxta) Vkt{pmbmmi l{cma dktvtoh{jpa pk`mtm jolktpamc vmhm

xminnmc = Ojxodkt =121) Jknamxmi vkt{pmbmmi hmta pkgmj vkihatami pmlvma pmmx aia

lkcav{xa aih{pxta mcmp jmja# lklvtoh{jpa pkvmx{,pkvmx{ cojmc hmi kjpvothamixmtmiqm Lktj Xoljaip {ix{j cojmc) Eacm# Iajk# Mhahmp hmi Tkkdoj {ix{j

Lktj kjpvot# pktxm lklvtoh{jpa pkvmx{ ocmb tmnm qmin dktb{d{inmi hkinmi

vkinocmbmi dmbmi,dmbmi hmpmt vkld{mxmi pkvmx{ mhmv{i xmbmvmi vtopkp vtoh{jpa

lkcav{xa vkld{mxmi {vvkt# d{xxol hmi mppkldcain "vktmjaxmi!)

Hmta vkinmlmxmi m~mc qmin hacmj{jmi hacmixma vtoh{jpa VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam

Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj) Vkt{pmbmmi lkinn{imjmi h{m xavk xmxm ckxmj {ix{j pkvmx{

co`mc# dkthmpmtjmi {t{xmi vtopkp hmta p{mx{ vtoh{j qmin dktnktmj pk`mtm xkt{p,

lkikt{p hmcml p{mx{ nmtap vktmjaxmi "vtoh{j cmqo{x! hmi {ix{j pkvmx{ kjpvot

pkl{m ovktmpa hkinmi paemx qmin pmlm hajkcolvojjmi hmcml hkvmtxklki/pxmpa{i

qmin pmlm# lkpai# vktmcmxmi qmin lklv{iqma e{inpa qmin pmlm hajkcolvojjmi

gmha pmx{ "vtopkp cmqo{x)!) Jb{p{piqm vmhm vkld{mxmi pkvmx{ kjpvot VX)

Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj# mcatmi vkinatalmi lkxktamc qmin xktgmha hmta

pmx{ pxmpa{i jktgm jk pxmpa{i cmaiqm `kihkt{in xahmj xktmx{t hmi xahmj xkxmv

pkbainnm xktgmha jkpalvminpa{tmi vmhm gmc{t vkinatalmi lmxktamc# hmta lmpmcmb

xktpkd{x xkix{iqm mjmi dkthmlvmj vmhm lmpmcmb damqm vtoh{jpa vkt{pmbmmi#

jmtkim ckxmj lkpai mxm{ empacaxmp qmin pkbmt{piqm pmcain dkthkjmxmi# xktiqmxm vmhm

jkiqmxmmiqm xahmj xktmx{t pkbainnm lkiald{cjmi oinjop vkinatalmi lmxktamc

qmin pklmjai dkpmt) Bmc,bmc pklm`ml aia mjmi lkiald{cjmi jkt{nami vmhm

vkt{pmbmmi gajm xkt{p hklajami# hmcml gminjm vkihkj jkt{nami qmin hamcmla


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lklmin dkc{l mjmi xktmpm# xkxmva hmcml gminjm vmigmin gajm jkt{nami xktpkd{x

hajol{cmxaejmi lmjm g{lcmbiqm mjmi `{j{v dkpmt) Lmpmcmb qmin vmcain {xmlm

mhmcmb mvmjmb vkinmx{tmi hmta pkl{m empacaxmp vtoh{jpa xktpkd{x xkcmb had{mx

pkdmaj,dmajiqm pkbainnm dapm lki`mvma p{mx{ vtopkp vtoh{jpa qmin vmcain keapaki

hmi dapm lkih{j{in jkcminp{inmi pktxm jkcmi`mtmi vtopkp vtoh{jpa pk`mtm

ovxalmc) Hkinmi mhmiqm lmpmcmb xktpkd{x lkihotoin vkikcaxa {ix{j lkinmhmjmi

vkikcaxami hkinmi g{h{c Vktmi`minmi Xmxm Ckxmj Lkpai Vmhm Cmixma

Vtoh{jpa [ix{j Vtoh{j Pkvmx{ Kjpvot Dkthmpmtjmi Mtkm Mco`mxaoi

Hamntml "MMH! Ha VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj)

=)4)Ahkixaeajmpa LmpmcmbDkthmpmtjmi {tmami hamxmp# lmjm hmvmx hat{l{pjmi vktlmpmcmbmi xktbmhmvvtoh{jxauaxmp vkt{pmbmmi)Lmxktamc bmihcain hkinmi oinjop vtoh{jpa qmin tkihmb

vmpxa p{hmb lkigmha bmtmvmi dmna pkl{m vkt{pmbmmi pkbainnm dkdktmvm

vktlmpmcmbmi qmin haxkl{jmi hmcml vkikcaxami aia qmax{7

=) Dmnmalmim lkin{tmina vtopkp vklaihmbmi dmbmi hahmcml vki`mvmami hmijkcmi`mtmi jaiktgm xkt{xmlm hmcml keapakipa hmi kekjxaeaxmp vkt{pmbmmi?

4) Dmnmalmim lktki`mimjmi cmqo{x cmixma vtoh{jpa hkinmi lklaialmpa oinjoplmxktamc bmihcain?

=)0)X{g{mi VkikcaxamiMhmv{i x{g{mi vkikcaxami aia hacmj{jmi mhmcmb7

Lkinbmpacjmi pmx{ tmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp dkt{vm mtkm mco`mxaoi hamntml

cmixma vtoh{jpa {ix{j vtoh{j pkvmx{ kjpvot umi}{apb 8 L^ ha VX) Vtalmtaiho

Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj) Mnmt pkd{mb vkinatalmi lmxktamc lkinmcmla ~mjx{

xktpainjmx hahmcml cmixma vtoh{jpa hkinmi damqm qmin l{tmb# hkinmi lklaialmpa

gmtmj vklaihmbmi vkinatalmi lmxktam hahmcml cmixma vtoh{jpa)


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=)8)Vkldmxmpmi Lmpmcmb hmi Mp{lpaMnmt vkikcaxami ckdab xkteoj{p vmhm vojoj dmbmpmi qmin mjmi hamldac hmi xahmj

lkckdmt jk vktlmpmcmbmi cmai# lmjm hacmj{jmi vkldmxmpmi lmpmcmb vmhm

vkikcaxami qmin mjmi hacmj{jmi) Mhmv{i dmxmpmi,dmxmpmi lmpmcmb xktpkd{x mhmcmb7

=) Odgkj vkikcaxami bmiqm vmhm vkld{mxmi vtoh{j pkvmx{ kjpvot Umi}{ap 8 L^)4) Empacaxmp hmi jmvmpaxmp vtoh{jpa xkxmv)Pkhminjmi dkdktmvm mp{lpa qmin had{x{bjmi {ix{j lkihmvmxjmi bmpac vkikcaxami

qmin mj{tmx hmi pkp{ma hkinmi joihapa vkt{pmbmmi mhmcmb pkdmnma dktaj{x)

=) Mjxauaxmp vtoh{jpa xktlmp{j damqm vtoh{jpa qmin xktgmha pkcmlm vkikcaxamipkcmc{ xkxmv)

4) Jklmlv{mi dktgmcmi ovktmxot lmi{pam vmhm pmmx lkcmj{jmi lmxktamc bmihcainqmax{ 4 hkxaj/lkxkt# hkinmi ~mccjqemcckx 8 hkxaj/lkxkt# pkhminjmi jk`kvmxmitmxm,tmxmeotjcaexqmax{ 46 jl/gml)

=);)Papxklmxajm VkldmbmpmiPapxklmxajm vkldmbmpmi hmcml vkikcaxami aia lkinm`{ vmhm vtaipav,vtaipav qmin

xkthmvmx hahmcml vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj"vcmix cmqo{x! hmi papxkl vtoh{jpa

xkt{xmlm lkinkima vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp "empacaxakp cmqo{x!# oinjop

lmxktamc bmihcain hmi mcatmi lmxktamc)

Mnmt hmvmx havktockb hmxm qmin `{j{v hmi mj{tmx# vmhm vkikcaxami aia vki{cap

lkinn{imjmi dkdktmvm lkxohk vkin{lv{cmi hmxm pkdmnma vki{gmin vkikcaxami

qmin mjmi hacmj{jmi ha vkt{pmbmmi) Lkxohk,lkxohk xktpkd{x mhmcmb pkdmnma

dktaj{x7

=) Xkjiaj ~m~mi`mtmhkinmi lkinmhmjmi xmiqm gm~md cminp{in vmhm vkldaldain hmi vabmj,vabmj

qmin dkt~kimin ha vkt{pmbmmi qmin dktpminj{xmi# mnmt vkigkcmpmi qmin

haxktalm ckdab gkcmp hmi hmvmx lkimiqmjmi cminp{in bmc,bmc qmin j{tmin

halkinktxa lkinkima xovaj qmin mjmi hadmbmp)


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4) Xkjiaj odpktumpa cminp{inqmax{ hkinmi lkcmj{jmi vkikcaxami cminp{in xktbmhmv odgkj qmin mjmi haxkcaxa

ha cmvminmi# xkt{xmlm vmhm dmnami cmixma vtoh{jpa mnmt havktockb hmxm qmin

had{x{bjmi pk`mtm mj{tmx)

0) Px{ha caxktmx{tlkt{vmjmi xkjiaj vkin{lv{cmi hmxm hkinmi lkcmj{jmi vktdmihainmi hmta

tkektkipa qmin dktb{d{inmi hkinmi vktlmpmcmbmi qmin mjmi havk`mbjmi

xktbmhmv hmxm qmin mhm {ix{j lki`mta poc{paiqm) Px{ha caxktmx{t hmvmx lkcmc{a

d{j{# g{timc# hmi p{ldkt cmai qmin hmvmx han{imjmi pkdmnma m`{mi vki{capmi)

=)5)Papxklmxajm Vki{capmiPapxklmxajm vki{capmi qmin han{imjmi vkiq{p{imi x{nmp mjbat aia hadmna mxmpkiml dmd# pkdmnma cminjmb,cminjmb {ix{j lkiq{p{i dktapa pknmcm pkp{mx{ qmin

dktjmaxmi hkinmi vkikcaxami aia# pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Dmd = 7 Vkihmb{c{mi

Dmd vkihmb{c{mi aia dktapa vkigkcmpmi xkixmin cmxmt dkcmjmin lmpmcmb#

ahkixaeajmpa lmpmcmb# x{g{mi vkikcaxami# vkldmxmpmi lmpmcmb hmi mp{lpa#

papxklmxajm vkldmbmpmi hmi papxklmxajm vki{capmi qmin mjmi hacmj{jmi)

Dmd 4 7 Cmihmpmi Xkota

Dmd aia lkigkcmpjmi xkixmin cmihmpmi xkota qmin dktapajmi xkota,xkota qmin

pkp{ma hkinmi vktlmpmcmbmi qmin mjmi hadmbmp hkinmi lohkc qmin

han{imjmi {ix{j vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb qmin mjmi had{mx)

Dmd 0 7 Jktminjm Vklk`mbmi Lmpmcmb

Dmd aia dktapajmi lohkc,lohkc vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb hmi vkldmbmpmi

cminjmb,cminjmb vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb qmin mjmi hanmldmtjmi g{nm hmcml

dkix{jeco~`bmtx)

Dmd 8 7 Vkin{lv{cmi hmi Vkinocmbmi Hmxm

Dmd aia lkldmbmp vtopkp vkin{lv{cmi hmxm qmin havktc{jmi {ix{j

vkikcaxami# qmin lki`mj{v hmxm lkinkima pkgmtmb vkt{pmbmmi pk`mtm

{l{l# pktxm hmxm qmin mjmi haocmb hmi hamimcapap pkbainnm hmvmx hagmhajmi

hmpmt {ix{j vkldmbmpmi lkinkima vktlmpmcmbmi)


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Dmd ; 7 Mimcapap

Dmd aia dktapajmi mimacapap hmi vkldmbmpmi dkthmpmtjmi bmpac vkinocmbmi

hmxm dmd pkdkc{liqm# qmin lkinmtmb jkvmhm poc{pa hmta vktlmpmcmbmi

vkikcaxami)

Dmd 5 7 Jkpalv{cmi hmi Pmtmi

Dktapajmi jkpalv{cmi hmta vkinocmbmi hmxm qmin xkcmb hamimcapap hmi

hapktxma hkinmi pmtmi,pmtmi hmta vki{cap {ix{j jkcmig{xmi hmta vkikcaxami

qmin p{hmb hacmj{jmi)


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Dmd 4

Cmihmpmi Xkota

4)=)Joipkv Hmpmt Xkixmin Hkpmai Vmdtaj4)=)=)Vkinktxami hmi Hkeaiapa Vmdtaj mxm{ Aih{pxtaVmdtaj qmin hmcml apxacmb mpainiqm hajkimc pkdmnma em`xotq mxm{ vcmix mhmcmb

pkxamv xklvmx halmim emjxot,emjxot pkvktxa7

Lmi{pam

Lkpai hmi vktmcmxmi "empacaxmp! vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm

Lmxktamc

Kiktna

[min "lohmc mxm{ jmvaxmc!

Aieotlmpa hmi

P{ldkt hmqm mcml "xmimb# mat# laiktmc hmi cmai,cmai!

Hajkcocm dktpmlm,pmlm hmcml p{mx{ papxkl vtoh{jpa n{im lkinbmpacjmi p{mx{

vtoh{j mxm{ gmpm pk`mtm kekjxae# keapaki hmi mlmi) Apxacmb vmdtaj aia hamtxajmi pmlm

hkinmi aih{pxta# lkpjav{i aih{pxta pkdkimtiqm lklacaja vkinktxami qmin ckdab

c{mp) Vmdtaj vmhm hmpmtiqm lkt{vmjmi pmcmb pmx{ gkiap aih{pxta qmin xkt{xmlm mjmi

lkinbmpacjmi vtoh{j gmha "eaiapbkh noohp vtoh{`x!) Pkvktxa bmciqm qmin hag{lvma

vmhm aih{pxta lmi{emjx{t)

Hkinmi lklvktxaldminjmi mjxauaxmp,mjxauaxmp qmin {l{l hacmjpmimjmi# lmjm

aih{pxta mjmi hmvmx hajcmpaeajmpajmi pkdmnma7

=) Aih{pxta vkinbmpac dmbmi dmj{ "xbk vtalmtq tm~ lmxktamc aih{pxtakp!

Qmax{ aih{pxta qmin mjxauaxmp vtoh{jpaiqm mhmcmb lkinocmb p{ldkt hmqm mcml

n{im lkinbmpacjmi dmbmi dmj{ lm{v{i dmbmi xmldmbmi cmaiiqm qmin had{x{bjmi

ockb aih{pxta vkinbmpac vtoh{j mxm{ gmpm) Aih{pxta xavk aia hajkimc g{nm pkdmnma

krxtm`xauk mxm{ vtalmtq aih{pxtq) @oixob7 Aih{pxta vkinocmbmi dagab dkpa)


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4) Aih{pxta lmi{emjx{t "xbk lmi{em`x{tain aih{pxtakp!

Qmax{ aih{pxta qmin lklvtopkp dmbmi dmj{ n{im hagmhajmi dktlm`ml,lm`ml

dkix{j/lohkc vtoh{j# dmaj qmin dkt{vm vtoh{j pkxkinmb gmha "pkla eaiapbkh nooh!

mxm{v{i qmin p{hmb dkt{vm vtoh{j gmha "eaiapbkh nooh vtoh{`x!) Hapaia mjmi

xktgmha p{mx{ xtmipeotlmpa vtopkp dmaj pk`mtm eapaj mxm{v{i jalam~a xktbmhmv aiv{x

lmxktamc hmi mjmi lkldkta iacma xmldmb xktbmhmv lmxktamc xktpkd{x) @oixob7

Aih{pxta vktlkpaimi# aih{pxta lodac)

0) Aih{pxta vkiqmc{t "hapxtad{xaoi aih{pxtakp!

Qmax{ aih{pxta qmin dkte{inpa {ix{j lkcmjpmimjmi vkcmqmimi gmpm aih{pxta dmaj

{ix{j dmbmi dmj{ lm{v{i eaiapbkh nooh vtoh{`x) Hapaia dmbmi dmj{ mxm{v{i

dmbmi pkxkinmb gmha mjmi hahapxtad{pajmi hmta vtoh{pki qmin cmai hmi hmtavtoh{pki jk joip{lki) Ovktmpa jknamxmi mjmi lkcav{xa mjxauaxmp vkldkcami hmi

vkig{mcmi# vkiqalvmimi# potxain# ntmhain# vm`jmnain hmi louain noohp

"xtmipvotxmpa!)

8) Aih{pxta vkcmqmimi mxm{ gmpm "pktua`k aih{pxtakp!

Qmax{ aih{pxta qmin dktnktmj hmcml dahmin vkcmqmimi mxm{ gmpm# dmaj {ix{j

lkcmqmia hmi lki{igmin mjxauaxmp aih{pxta qmin cmai lm{v{i cminp{in

lkldktajmi vkcmqmimi/gmpm jkvmhm òip{lki) @oixob7 Dmij# gmpm minj{xmi#

t{lmb pmjax)

Hmta bmc,bmc xktpkd{x hamxmp lmjm hmvmx hajmxmjmi dmb~m aih{pxta mjmi lklacaja

vkinktxami hmi hkeaiapa qmin c{mp pkp{ma hkinmi jmtmjxktapxaj hmta gkiap lmp{jmi#

vtopkp vtoh{jpa qmin dktcminp{in# hmi gkiap jkc{mtmi qmi habmpacjmi) Hmcml

jmaxmiiqm hkinmi gkiap jkc{mtmi qmin habmpacjmi lmjm aih{pxta qmin

lkinbmpacjmi jkc{mtmi dkt{vm lmxktamc# vktmcmxmi vtoh{jpa# lkpai hmi cmai,cmai

qmin mjmi han{imjmi {ix{j vtopkp vtoh{jpa ha aih{pxta/vmdtaj cmai hajkimc pkdmnma

vtoh{`kt noohp aih{pxtakp) Pkhminjmi aih{pxta qmin bmpac jkc{mtmiiqm mjmi

cminp{in han{imjmi ockb òip{lkthapkd{x òip{lkt noohp aih{pxtakp)


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4)=)4)T{min Cainj{v Vktki`mimmi Empacaxmp Vtoh{jpaHahmcml vktki`mimmi empacaxmp vmdtaj mhm h{m bmc vojoj qmin mjmi hadmbmp # qmax{

vktxmlm dktjmaxmi hkinmi vktki`mimmi cojmpa vmdtaj "vcmix co`mxaoi! qmax{

vkikxmvmi cojmpa halmim empacaxmp,empacaxmp vtoh{jpa bmt{p haxklvmxjmi# hmi qmin

jkh{m mhmcmb vktmi`minmi empacaxmp vtoh{jpa "emàcaxakp hkpani! qmin mjmi lkcav{xa

vktmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp vtoh{jpa "emàcaxakp mxm{ vcmix cmqo{x hkpani! hmi

vktmi`minmi papxkl vklaihmbmi lmxktamc) Pk`mtm pjklmxap batmtja hmta

vktki`mimmi empacaxmp vmdtaj xktpkd{x hmvmx hanmldmtjmi pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Nmldmt 4)=) Papxklmxajm Vktkimimmi Empacaxmp Vmdtaj

Vktmi`minmi empacaxmp mjmi lkikix{jmi dmnmalmim mjxauaxmp,mjxauaxmp hmta

empacaxmp,empacaxmp vtoh{jpa hmta vmdtaj mjmi dapm hamx{t pkhklajami t{vm pkbainnm

lmlv{ lki{igmin {vmqm vki`mvmami x{g{mi vojoj pk`mtm kekjxae hmi keapaki)

[ix{j aih{pxta lmi{em`x{tain# lmjm vktki`mimmi mjxauaxmp mjmi lkcav{xa

vkikxmvmi `mtm qmin pkdmaj,dmajiqm mnmt p{vmqm empacaxmp,empacaxmp qmin mhm

lmlv{ lki{igmin jkcmi`mtmi vtopkp vtoh{jpa/ovktmpaoimc) Ebmpk vktki`mimmi

empacaxmp aia mjmi hal{cma hkinmi vkikxmvmi cojmpa vmdtaj "vcmix co`mxaoi! mxm{

vkikxmvmi cojmpa halmim empacaxmp,empacaxmp vtoh{jpa bmt{p haxklvmxjmi "emàcaxakp

co`mxaoi!) Vkikxmvmi cojmpa vmdtaj aia mjmi lklvktbmxajmi aixktmjpaiqm hkinmi

`{pxolktp# p{vvcaktp lm{v{i empacaxmp,empacaxmp vmdtaj cmai qmin xktjmax) Ebmpk


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vktki`mimmi empacaxmp pkcmig{xiqm mhmcmb dktjmaxmi hkinmi vtopkp vktmi`minmi

empacaxmp "emàcaxkp hkpani! qmin lkcav{xa vktmi`minmi pxt{jx{t dmin{imi vmdtaj

xmxm ckxmj hmi pqpxkl vklaihmbmi lmxktamc) Hmcml aih{pxta lmi{em`x{tain#

pxt{`x{tmc hkpmai aia mjmi lkcav{xa vktmi`minmi hmi vkihatami dmin{imi vmdtaj

pktxm empacaxmp vki{igmin pkvktxa gmtainmi capxtaj# mat# nmp# vkiktminmi# hmi cmai,cmai)

[ix{j xmx ckxmj vmdtaj lmjm hapaia lkcav{xa vkinmx{tmi ckxmj lkpai# vktmcmxmi# hmi

empacaxmp vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm qmin mhm hmcml mtkmc hadmxmpa ockb haihain,haihain

vmdtaj) Hmcml vkinmx{tmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp vtoh{jpa# pkjmcan{p hapaia mjmi

hatmi`min vkinmx{tmi papxkl vklaihmbmi lmxktamc# vktnktmjmi vktpoiac#

vkiqkdmtmi aieotlmpa hmcml vmdtaj hmi pkdmnmaiqm)

4)=)0)Xmxm Ckxmj Vmdtaj# X{g{mi hmi Vtaipav qmin Lkihmpmtaiqm

Xmxm ckxmj "cmqo{x! mxm{ vkinmx{tmi empacaxmp vtoh{jpa hmi mtkm jktgm qmin mhm

hmcml p{mx{ lmpmcmb qmin pktain hag{lvma hmcml h{iam aih{pxta) Jaxm xahmj hmvmx

lkinbaihmtaiqm# pkjmcav{i jaxm `{lm pkjkhmt lkinmx{t vktmcmxmi mxm{ lkpai

hahmcml dmin{imi qmin mhm pktxm t{min cainj{v jkàc qmin pkhktbmim) Vktxmiqmmi

qmin xald{c amcmb mvmjmb jaxm xkcmb lkckxmjmi mxm{ lkinmx{t pkl{m empacaxmp

vtoh{jpa xktpkd{x hkinmi pkdmaj,dmajiqm?

Xmxm ckxmj ax{ pkihata mhmcmb p{mx{ cmihmpmi {xmlm hmcml h{iam aih{pxta) Xmxm ckxmj

vmdtaj "vcmi cmqo{x! mxm{ xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp "emàcaxkp cmqo{x! hmvmx hahkeaiapajmi

pkdmnma xmxm `mtm vkinmx{tmi empacaxmp,empacaxmp vmdtaj n{im lki{igmin jkcmi`mtmi

vtopkp vtoh{jpa) Vkinmx{tmi xktpkd{x mjmi òdm lklmiemxjmi c{mp mtkm "pvm`k!

{ix{j vkiklvmxmi empacaxmp lkpai hmi vki{igmin vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm# jkcmi`mtmi

nktmjmi vktvaihmbmi lmxktamc# vkiqalvmimi lmxktamc "pxotmnk! dmaj qmin dktpaemx

xklvotk lm{v{i vktlmiki# vkjktgm hmi pkdmnmaiqm) Hmcml xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj mhm

h{m bmc qmin hamx{t ckxmjiqm qmax{ vkinmx{tmi lkpai "lm`baik cmqo{x! hmi

vkinmx{tmi hkvmtxklki qmin mhm ha vmdtaj "hkvmtxklki cmqo{x!) Dacmlmim jaxm

lkinn{imjmi apxacmb xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj pktainjmca bmc aia pktain jaxm mtxajmi pkdmnma

vkinmx{tmi vktmcmxmi/empacaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin p{hmb mhm "xbk krapxain mttminklkix!

mxm{v{i g{nm dapm hamtxajmi pkdmnma vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj qmin dmt{ pmlm

pkjmca "ik~ vcmix cmqo{x!)


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Vmhm {l{liqm xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj qmin xktki`mim hkinmi dmaj mjmi aj{x

lkikix{jmi keapakipa hmi hmcml dkdktmvm bmc mjmi g{nm lkigmnm jkcminp{inmi

bah{v mxm{v{i jkp{jpkpmi jktgm p{mx{ aih{pxta) Vktmcmxmi hmi p{mx{ hkpmai vtoh{j

qmin dmn{p mjmi xahmj mhm mtxaiqm mjadmx vktki`mimmi cmqo{x qmin pkldmtminmi

pmgm) Jmtkim mjxauaxmp vtoh{jpa p{mx{ aih{pxta pk`mtm iotlmciqm bmt{p dktcminp{in

cmlm hkinmi xmxm ckxmj qmin pkcmc{ xahmj dkt{dmb,{dmb# lmjm pkxamv jkjkcat{mi

qmin had{mx hmcml vktki`mimi xmxm ckxmj aia mjmi lkiqkdmdjmi jkt{nami,jkt{nami

qmin xahmj jkàc) X{g{mi {xmlm hahmcml hkpani xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj vmhm hmpmtiqm

mhmcmb {ix{j lklaialmcjmi xoxmc damqm qmin mixmtm cmai lkiqminj{x kcklki,

kcklki damqm pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Damqm {ix{j joipxt{jpa hmi aipxmcmpa dmaj {ix{j dmin{imi lkpai# lm{v{i

empacaxmp vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm) Damqm vklaihmbmi dmbmi "lmxktamc bmihcain òpx!)

Damqm vtoh{jpa# lmaixkimi`k# pmekxq hmi damqm vkiqalvmimi vtoh{j pkxkinmb

gmha)

Pkcmai ax{ vkinmx{tmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj qmin ovxalmc mjmi hmvmx v{cm lkldktajmi

jkl{hmbmi hahmcml vtopkp p{vktuapa pktxm lkinbmhmva tki`mim vktc{mpmi vmdtaj

hajkl{hami bmta)

4)4)X{g{mi Vktki`mimmi hmi Vkinmx{tmi Xmxm Ckxmj VmdtajPk`mtm nmtap dkpmt x{g{mi {xmlm hmta xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj amcmb lkinmx{t mtkm jktgm

hmi pknmcm empacaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin vmcain kjoiolap {ix{j vtoh{jpa mlmi# hmi

iqmlmi pkbainnm mjmi hmvmx lkimajmi lotmc jktgm hmi vkteotlmi`k hmta

ovktmxot) Ckdab pvkpaeaj cmna p{mx{ xmxm ckxmj qmin dmaj mjmi hmvmx lkldktajmi

jk{ix{inmi,jk{ix{inmi hmcml papxkl vtoh{jpa# mixmtm cmai pkdmnma dktaj{x7

m) Lkimajmi o{xv{xvtoh{jpa

Dampmiqm p{mx{ xmxm ckxmj qmin dmaj mjmi lkldktajmi jkc{mtmi "o{xv{x! qmin ckdab

dkpmt hkinmi oinjop qmin pmlm mxm{ ckdab pkhajax# lmibo{tp qmin ckdab jkàc#

hmi/mxm{ lkin{tmina gml jktgm lkpai "lm`baik bo{tp!)


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d)Lkin{tmina ~mjx{ x{inn{ "hkcmq!

Lkinmx{t jkpkaldminmi mixmtm ~mjx{ ovktmpa vtoh{jpa hmi dkdmi hmta lmpain,

lmpain hkvmtxklki mxm{ lkpai mhmcmb dmnami jktgm hmta lktkjm qmin dktxminn{in

gm~md xktbmhmv hkpmai xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj) Vkinmx{tmi xmxm ckxmj qmin xktjoothaiat

hmi xktki`mim dmaj mjmi hmvmx lkin{tmina ~mjx{ x{inn{ "hkcmq! qmin dktckdabmi)

`) Lkin{tmina vtopkp vklaihmbmi dmbmi "lmxktamc bmihcain!

[ix{j lkt{dmb dmbmi lkigmha vtoh{j gmha# lmjm bmc aia mjmi lklktc{jmi

mjxauaxmp vklaihmbmi "louklkix! pkj{tmin,j{tminiqm pmx{ hmta xanm kcklki hmpmt

papxkl vtoh{jpa qmax{7 dmbmi dmj{# otmin/vkjktgm# mxm{ lkpai hmi vktmcmxmi

vtoh{jpa# dmbmi dmj{ mjmi ckdab pktain havaihmbjmi hadmihainjmi hkinmi h{m

kcklki hmpmt vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm) Vmhm dkdktmvm jmp{p lmjm damqm {ix{j vtopkpvklaihmbmi dmbmi aia dapm lki`mvma 06+ pmlvma 16+ hmta xoxmc damqm vtoh{jpa

hkinmi lkinainmx vklaihmbmi dmbmi qmin pkhklajami dkpmtiqm# lmjm lktkjm

dktxminn{in gm~md {ix{j vktki`mimmi hmi vktmi`minmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj mjmi

ckdab lkikjmijmi hkpmaiiqm vmhm {pmbm,{pmbm lklaihmbjmi mjxauaxmp,mjxauaxmp

vklaihmbmi dmbmi vmhm pmmx vtopkp vtoh{jpa dktcminp{in) Bmc aia hacmj{jmi

hkinmi dkdktmvm mcmpmi pkvktxa7

Damqm vklaihmbmi dmbmi hapmlvain `{j{v dkpmt vkinkc{mtmiiqm g{nm mjmi

mhm hmta xmb{i jkxmb{i pkcmlm vtopkp vtoh{jpa dktcminp{in)

Damqm vklaihmbmi dmbmi hkinmi l{hmb mjmi hmvmx habax{in halmim damqm aia

mjmi vtovotpaoimc hkinmi gmtmj vklaihmbmi dmbmi qmin bmt{p haxklv{b hmi

vkin{j{tmi gmtmj vktvaihmbmi dmbmi aia hmvmx hamimcapm hkinmi

lklvktbmxajmi xmxm ckxmj pkl{m empacaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin mhm havmdtaj) Gkcmpcmb

dmb~m lklmin mjmi mhm jotkcmpa mixmtm xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj hkinmi vklaihmbmi

dmbmi# pkbainnm vmhm vtopkp hkpmai cmqo{xmjmi pkcmc{ hajmax,otakixmpajmi n{im

lkldktajmi gmtmj vklaihmbmi dmbmi pklaialmc l{injai)

h)Vkinbklmxmi vkinn{immi mtkmc {ix{j vtoh{jpa# n{hmin hmi pktua`k

Gmcmi caixmp# lmxktamc qmin lki{lv{j# gmtmj mixmtm lkpai,lkpai qmin dktckdabmi#

hmi cmai,cmai pkl{miqm mjmi lkimldmb mtkm qmin had{x{bjmi {ix{j vmdtaj) P{mx{


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vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj qmin ovxalmc mjmi lki`odm lkinmxmpa pknmcm vkldotopmi

vklmjmami t{minmi xktpkd{x hmi dkt{pmbm lkinjotkjpaiqm)

k) Vkihmqm n{im qmin ckdab dkpmt hmta vklmjmami lkpai# xkimnm jktgm# hmi mxm{

empacaxmp vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm)

Emjxot,emjxot vklmiemmxmi lkpai# xkimnm jktgm hmi cmai,cmai mhmcmb ktmx jmaxmiiqm

hkinmi damqm vtoh{jpa) P{mx{ xmxm ckxmj qmin xktki`mim dmaj mjmi dmiqmj

lkldmix{ vkldmin{imi kcklki,kcklki vtoh{jpa pk`mtm ckdab kekjxae hmi keapaki)

e) Lkin{tminaAiukixotq ai vto`kpp

Papxkl vtoh{jpa vmhm hmpmtiqm lkinbkihmja pkhmvmx l{injai dmbmi dmj{ {ix{j

dktvaihmb hmta pmx{ ovktmpa cminp{in jk ovktmpa dktaj{xiqm pk`kvmx,`kvmxiqm hmidkt{pmbm lkin{tmina dktx{lv{jiqm dmbmi pkxkinmb gmha "lmxktamc ai vto`kpp!)

n)Vtopkp lmi{em`x{tain qmin ckdab painjmx

Hkinmi lklvktvkihkj gmtmj mixmtm ovktmpa pmx{ hkinmi qmin cmai hmi

lkin{tmina dmbmi qmin lki{inn{ pktxm pxotmnk qmin xahmj havktc{jmi lmjm

~mjx{ qmin havktc{jmi hmta dmbmi dmj{ {ix{j dktvaihmb hmta pmx{ xklvmx

jkxklvmx qmin cmaiiqm hmcml vmdtaj mjmi g{nm dapm havktvkihkj pkbainnm pk`mtm

xoxmc ~mjx{ vtoh{jpa mjmi hmvmx v{cm havktvkihkj)

b)Lkin{tmina tkpajo dmna jkpkbmxmi hmi jkpkcmlmxmi jktgm hmta ovktmxot

Vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj mhmcmb g{nm hax{ig{jmi {ix{j lkld{mx p{mpmim

jktgm qmin iqmlmi hmi mlmi dmna lktkjm qmin dkjktgm hahmcmliqm) Bmc,bmc qmin

dapm haminnmv lkldmbmqmjmi dmna jkpkbmxmi hmi jkpkcmlmxmi jktgm hmta ovktmxot

bmt{pcmb habaihmta)

a) Lklvktdmaja lotmc hmi jkv{mpmi jktgm

Vmhm hmpmtiqm otmin lkinainaijmi {ix{j dkjktgm hmcm p{mx{ vmdtaj qmin pknmcm

pkp{mx{iqm hamx{t pk`mtm xktxad# tmvab# hmi dmaj) Vkiktminmi qmin `{j{v# patj{cmpa

qmin dmn{p# hmi cmai,cmai mjmi lki`avxmjmi p{mpmim cainj{inmi jktgm qmin

lkiqkiminjmi pkbainnm lotmc hmi jkv{mpmi jktgm mjmi hmvmx ckdab haxainjmxjmi)


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Bmpac vopaxae hmta joihapa aia xkix{ pmgm dkt{vm vkteotlmipa jktgm qmin ckdab dmaj

hmi lkig{t{p jkmtmb vkiainjmxmi vtoh{jxauaxmp jktgm)

g) Lklvktl{hmb mjxauaxmp p{vktuapa

Xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj qmin xktki`mim dmaj mjmi lklvktl{hmb mjxauaxmp p{vktuapa)

Hkinmi lkckxmjmi jmixot/t{minmi hamxmp# lmjm pkotmin p{vktuapot mjmi hmvmx

hkinmi l{hmb lkinmlmxa pknmcm mjxauaxmp qmin pkhmin dktcminp{in hamtkm jktgm

qmin hadm~mb vkinm~mpmi hmi xminn{in gm~mdiqm)

j)Lkin{tmina jklm`kxmi hmi jkpalvmin,pa{tmi

Lmxktamc qmin lki{inn{# nktmjmi vklaihmbmi qmin xahmj vktc{# pktxm dmiqmjiqm

vktvoxoinmi "aixktpk`xaoi! hmta caixmpmi qmin mhm mjmi lkiqkdmdjmi jkpalvmin,pa{tmi qmin mjbatiqm mjmi lkldm~m jkmtmb jklm`kxmi mcatmi vtoh{jpa)

4)0)Vtaipav,Vtaipav Hmpmt Hahmcml Vktki`mimmi Xmxm Ckxmj Empacaxmp VmdtajDkthmpmtjmi mpvkj hmpmt# x{g{mi hmi jk{ix{inmi,jk{ix{inmi qmin dapm

hahmvmxjmi hmcml xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj/empacaxmp qmin xktki`mimjmi hkinmi dmaj# lmjm

dapm hapalv{cjmi kiml x{g{mi hmcml xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj/empacaxmp# qmax{ pkdmnma

dktaj{x7

Aixkntmpa pk`mtm lkiqkc{t{b hmta pkl{m emjxot qmin lklvkinmt{ba vtopkp

vtoh{jpa)

Vktvaihmbmi gmtmj pklaialmc l{injai)

Mcatmi jktgm dktcminp{in pk`mtm cmi`mt lkcmc{a vmdtaj)

Jkv{mpmi jktgm hmi tmpm mlmi hmta vkjktgm hagmnm pkdmaj,dmajiqm)

Vkinmx{tmi xmxm ckxmj bmt{p `{j{v eckjpadkc)

4)0)=)Cminjmb,cminjmb Vktki`mimmi Xmxm Ckxmj VmdtajXmxm ckxmj vmdtaj dktb{d{inmi ktmx hkinmi pknmcm vtopkp vktki`mimi hmi

vkinmx{tmi ckxmj hmta vmhm lkpai# vktmcmxmi# mcatmi dmbmi# hmi otmin,otmin qmin

dkjktgm halmpain,lmpain pxmpa{i jktgm qmin mhm) Xmxm ckxmj qmin dmaj hmta pknmcm

empacaxmp vtoh{jpa hmcml p{mx{ vmdtaj mhmcmb hmpmt {ix{j lkld{mx ovktmpa jktgm


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lkigmha ckdab kekjxae hmi keapaki) Pk`mtm {l{l vkinmx{tmi hmta vmhm pkl{m

empacaxmp vtoh{jpa aia hatki`mimjmi pkhklajami t{vm pkbainnm mjmi havktockb7

Laial{l xtmipvotxmpa hmta vtopkp vklaihmbmi dmbmi)

Laial{l nktmjmi dmcaj qmin xahmj vktc{)

Laial{l vklmjmaimi mtkm xmimb)

Vocm mcatmi vtoh{jpa qmin xktdmaj)

Jkpkaldminmi vkin{immi mtkm xmimb qmin halacaja)

Jkpkaldminmi hahmcml caixmpmi vktmjaxmi "mppkldcq caik dmcmi`ain!)

Jkl{injaimi hmi eckjpadacaxmp {ix{j lkinbmhmva jkl{injaimi kjpvmipa

halmpm lkihmxmin)

Vmhm hmpmtiqm vtopkp vkinmx{tmi pknmcm empacaxmp vtoh{jpa hmcml vmdtaj aia

hadkhmjmi hmcml h{m xmbmvmi# qmax{ pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Vkinmx{tmi xmxm ckxmj lkpai hmi empacaxmp vtoh{jpa cmaiiqm "lm`baik cmqo{x!#

qmax{ vkinmx{tmi hmta pkl{m lkpai,lkpai hmi empacaxmp qmin havktc{jmi {ix{j

vtopkp vtoh{jpa hahmcml xamv,xamv hkvmtxklki hmta vmdtaj qmin mhm)

Vkinmx{tmi xmxm ckxmj hkvmtxklki "hkvmtxklkixmcawmxaoi!# qmax{ vkinmx{tmi

dmnami hkvmtxklki pktxm b{d{inmiiqm pmx{ hkinmi qmin cmaiiqm hahmcml

vmdtaj qmin dktpminj{xmi)

4)0)4)Vktxaldminmi,Vktxaldminmi Hmcml Vktki`mimmi Vmdtaj Dmt{ mxm{qmin P{hmb Mhm

Hkinmi vktki`mimmi vmdtaj dmt{ lmjm mjxauaxmp hapaia lkcav{xa vktki`mimmi

aipxmcmpa vmdtaj qmin dmt{ pmlm pkjmca qmax{ hmta vktki`mimi vtoh{j qmn mjmi

had{mx pmlvma hkinmi vktki`mimmi dmin{imi vmdtajiqm) Pkhminjmi vmhm

vktki`mimmi jkldmca "tkhkpani mxm{ tkvcmiiain! hapaia lkiqminj{x vktki`mimi

vtoh{j dmt{ mxm{ xmxm ckxmj dmt{ dkthmpmtjmi empacaxmp,empacaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin

p{hmb mhm) Vmhm {l{liqm vktki`mimmi jkldmca p{mx{ vmdtaj hapkdmdjmi ockb

dkdktmvm mcmpmi xktxkix{# qmax{ pklm`ml7

Mhmiqm vkt{dmbmi hmcml hkpmai vtoh{j# lohkc hmi cmai,cmai)

Mhmiqm vkt{dmbmi cojmpa vmdtaj p{mx{ hmktmb vklmpmtmi)


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Mhmiqm vkt{dmbmi mxm{v{i vkiainjmxmi uoc{lk vtoh{jpa qmin mjbatiqm

lkldm~m vkt{dmbmi jkmtmb lohaeajmpa pknmcm empacaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin mhm)

Mhmiqm jkc{bmi,jkc{bmi hmta vkjktgm xktbmhmv joihapa mtkm jktgm qmin j{tmin

lklki{ba vktpqmtmxmi xktxkix{)

Mhmiqm jklm`kxmi,jklm`kxmi "doxxck ik`jp! hmcml mjxauaxmp vklaihmbmi

dmbmi# n{hmin qmin xktcmc{ pklvax# hmi cmai,cmai)

Lktki`mimjmi vmdtaj hkinmi xkxmv lkin{imjmi dmin{imi qmin p{hmb mhm

"krapxaind{achain! mxm{ pmlm pkjmca lkihatajmi dmin{imi vmdtaj qmin dmt{ "ik~

d{achain! mjmi lkldktajmi jk{ix{inmi hmi jkt{nami {ix{j lmpain,lmpain

mcxktimxae xktpkd{x# qmax{ pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Xmdkc 4)=) Jk{ix{inmi hmi Jkt{nami Dmin{imi Cmlm "KrapxainD{achain!

Dmin{imi Cmlm "KrapxainD{achain!

Jk{ix{inmi Jkt{nami

Hmvmx pk`mtm xkvmx lkikix{jmi

vkt{dmbmi,vkt{dmbmi qmin vktc{

hacmj{jmi pkp{ma hkinmi vtopkp

vtoh{jpa mxm{ hkpmai dmt{)

Jkl{injaimi lkiald{cjmi

vkldamqmmi qmin xahmj kjoiolap

jmtkim mhmiqm vkldmxmpmi {j{tmi hmi

dkix{j dmin{imi)

Vkldamqmmi tacc hmvmx haxkix{jmi

hkinmi xkvmx)

P{cax lkinmhmjmi vktc{mpmi vmdtaj

halmpm lkihmxmin)

Xmdkc 4)4) Jk{ix{inmi hmi Jkt{nami Dmin{imi Dmt{ "Ik~D{achain!

Dmin{imi Cmlm "Ik~D{achain!

Jk{ix{inmi Jkt{nami

Xmxm ckxmj dapm hapkp{majmi hkinmi xkvmx

pkp{ma hkinmi vtopkp vtoh{jpa hmi

vtoh{j,vtoh{j dmt{)Dmiqmj han{imjmi `mtm qmin `{lm

dkthmpmtjmi kpxalmpa qmin lmim bmc

aia mjmi lkldktajmi damqm qmin xahmj

kjoiolap)

Vkldamqmmi kjoiolap jmtkim

lklv{iqma caek xalk qmin ckdab vmigmin)

L{hmb {ix{j lkinmhmjmi kjpvmipa ha

lmpm lkihmxmin)


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4)8)Ovktmxaoi Vtopkp @bmtxVkxm Vtopkp Ovktmpa "OV@! lkt{vmjmi p{mx{ hamntml qmin lkinnmldmtjmi

cminjmb,cminjmb vtopkp qmin mjmi hamcmla dmbmi dmj{# dmaj {t{xmi,{t{xmi ovktmpa

lm{v{i vklktajpmmi) Pkgmj hmta m~mc pmlvma lkigmha vtoh{j gmha {x{b lm{v{i

pkdmnma jolvoiki# hmi g{nm lkl{mx aieotlmpa,aieotlmpa qmin havktc{jmi {ix{j

mimcapm ckdab cmig{x# pkvktxa ~mjx{ qmin habmdapjmi# lmxktamc qmin han{imjmi hmi

xklvmx mxm{ mcmx "lkpai! qmin havmjma)

Gmha hmcml p{mx{ vtopkpk ovktmpa# ha`mxmx bmiqmcmb jknamxmi,jknamxmi ovktmpa hmi

vklktajpmmi pmgm# jmhmin,jmhmin vmhm mjbat vtopkp ha`mxmx xkixmin vkiqalvmimi)

m) Jkn{immi vkxm vtopkp ovktmpa

Hkinmi mhmiqm aieotlmpa,aieotlmpa qmin dapm ha`mxmx lkcmc{a vkxm vtopkp ovktmpa#jaxm dapm lklvktockb dmiqmj lmiemmx hamixmtmiqm7

Dapm lkinkxmb{a jkd{x{bmi mjmi lkpai hmi vkinminnmtmiiqm)

Dapm lklvktjatmjmi jkd{x{bmi mjmi dmbmi dmj{)

Pkdmnma mcmx {ix{j lkikix{jmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj)

Pkdmnma mcmx {ix{j lkcmj{jmi vktdmajmi `mtm jktgm qmin pkhmin havmjma)

Pkdmnma mcmx {ix{j cmxabmi jktgm)

Mcxktimxae,mcxktimxae vktdmajmi vtopkh{t hmxm jktgm qmin pkhmin havmjma)

d)Vtaipav lkld{mx vkxm vtopkp ovktmpa

[ix{j dapm lkinnmldmtjmi vkxm vtopkp ovktmpa hkinmi dmaj# mhm dkdktmvm vtaipav

qmin vktc{ haaj{xa pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Vktxmlm,xmlm vmhm dmtap vmcain mxmp haiqmxmjmi jkvmcmiqm Vkxm Vtopkp

Ovktmpa qmin haaj{xa ahkixaeajmpa cmai pkvktxa7 Imlm odgkj# imlm vkld{mx

vkxm# xminmc havkxmjmi# `mtm cmlm mxm{ pkjmtmin# iolot vkxm hmi iolot

nmldmt)

Lmxktamc qmin havtopkp hackxmjjmi hmcml mtmb botawoixmc# qmin lki{ig{jmi

dmb~m lmxktamc xktpkd{x lmp{j jkhmcml vtopkp)

Cmldmin,cmldmin haxklvmxjmi hmcml mtmb uktxajmc qmin lki{ig{jmi

xktgmhaiqm vkt{dmbmi vtopkp)


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tainjmpmiiqm qmin lkl{mx xkixmin aieotlmpa,aieotlmpa pkvktxa7 g{lcmb ovktmpa#

g{lcmb vklktajpmmi hmi g{lcmb qmin had{x{bjmi)

`) Mimcapap p{mx{ vkxm vtopkp ovktmpa

Mhm 8 bmc qmin vktc{ havktbmxajmi/havktxaldminjmi mnmt havktockb p{mx{ vtopkp

jktgm qmin dmaj lkcmc{a mimcapm vkxm vtopkp ovktmpa qmax{7 Mimcapm xktbmhmv dmbmi,

dmbmi# ovktmpa# vklktajpmmi hmi xktbmhmv ~mjx{ vkiqkckpmmami mxm{ ovktmpa)

Jkklvmx bmc xktpkd{x hamxmp# hmvmx ha{tmajmi pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Dmbmi,dmbmi

Jaxm bmt{p lklvktxaldminjmi mcxktimxae hmta dmbmi qmin han{imjmi# vtopkp

vkiqkckpmami hmi xocktmipa pkhklajami t{vm pkbainnm pkp{ma hkinmi e{inpa#

tkcamdacaxmp# vkcmqmimi hmi ~mjx{iqm) Ovktmpa

G{nm hmcml bmc aia bmt{p havktxaldminjmi lkinkima pkl{m mcxktimxae qmin

l{injai {ix{j vtopkp vkinocmbmi# vkld{mxmi# vkinktgmmi hkinmi lkpai mxm{

lkxohk vktmjaxmiiqm# dkpktxm mcmx,mcmx vktckinjmvmi qmin han{imjmi)

Vktdmajmi qmin l{injai dapm hacmj{jmi lapmciqm hkinmi lkinbacminjmi#

lkinnmd{injmi# lkt{dmb hmi lkiqkhktbmimjmi ovktmpa,ovktmpa qmin xktgmha)

Vklktajpmmi

Hmcml bmc aia jaxm bmt{p lklv{iqma pxmihmt j{mcaxmp) P{mx{ odgkj hajmxmjmi

lklki{ba pqmtmx j{mcaxmpiqm gajm pkxkcmb hadmihainjmi hkinmi pxmihmt xktiqmxm

ckdab dmaj mxm{ laialmc pmgm) Vtopkp vklktajpmmi dapm hacmj{jmi hkinmi xkjiaj

pmlvcain mxm{ pmx{ vktpmx{ hmta pkl{m odgkj qmin had{mx xkix{iqm `mtm qmin

xktmjbat xktpkd{x hacmjpmimjmi mvmdacm g{lcmb vtoh{jpaiqm pkhajax)

^mjx{

[ix{j lklvktpainjmx ~mjx{ vkiqkckpmami# jaxm bmt{p lklvktxaldminjmi

pkl{m mxktimxae lkinkima lkxohm# vktmcmxmi xkix{iqm vkinn{immi

vktckinjmvmi jb{p{p)


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h)Cmldmin,cmldmin qmin han{imjmi {ix{j lkld{mx OV@ mhmcmb pkdmnma

dktaj{x7

Vtopkp ovktmpa

jknamxmi halmim jolvoiki lkinmcmla vkt{dmbmi jmtkim havtopkp hkinmi

jolvoiki cmaiiqm)

Vklktajpmmi

Jknamxmi vklktajpmmi dkihm mxm{ odgkj hmta pkna j{mcaxmp lm{v{i

j{mixaxmp)

Mjxauaxmp nmd{inmi

Jknamxmi halmim mixmtm mppkldcain hmi vklktajpmmi hacmj{jmi dktpmlmdampmiqm hmcml ~mjx{ qmin tkcmxae painjmx)

Vkiqalvmimi mxm{ pxotmnk

pkmihaiqm dkihm jktgm hapalvmi hmcml ~mjx{ qmin cmlm qmin gajm lm{

hamldac jkldmca dampmiqm bmt{p dkthmpmtjmi tkjolkihmpa mxm{ agai xktckdab

hmb{c{)

4);)C{mp Cmixma Vtoh{jpaC{mp cmixma vtoh{jpa han{imjmi {ix{j lkinkxmb{a c{mp cmbmi qmin mjmi han{imjmi

hmcml vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp hmi vkt{pmbmmi qmin mjmi hahatajmi)

Vktbax{inmi c{mp cmixma vtoh{jpa hal{cma hmta c{mp jkd{x{bmi cmbmi pmlvma

vktjmixotmi hkinmi lklvktbmxajmi pknmcm empacaxmp vkih{j{iniqm)

hmcml lkcmj{jmi p{mx{ vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp hmi vklaihmbmi dmbmi#

had{x{bjmi dkdktmvm jkd{x{bmi c{mp cmixma {ix{j jknamxmi vtoh{jpa vmdtaj qmin

mjmi hahatajmi# pktxm empacaxmp,empacaxmp vkih{j{in cmaiiqm) hkinmi hklajami vktc{

habax{in dktmvm c{mp cmixma qmin hapamvjmi# xkt{xmlm {ix{j jknamxmi dmnami

vtoh{jpa) vktbax{inmi c{mp cmixma aia hahmpmtjmi vmhm dmbmi dmj{ qmin mjmi

hapamvjmi) dkthmpmtjmi bmc xktpkd{x lmjm mjmi hahmvmx c{mp cmixma tk`kauain

"n{hmin dmbmi dmj{! lohkc x{lv{jmi hmi tmj) x{lv{jmi han{imjmi {ix{j


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lmxktamc qmin tmxm,tmxm lklv{iqma halkipa qmin dkpmt pkbainnm xahmj

lkl{injaijmi {ix{j halmp{jmi jkhmcml p{mx{ ~mhmb/xklvmx xktxkix{)

pkhminjmi {ix{jlmxktamc qmin lkinn{imjmi lohkc vkiqalvmimi lkinn{imjmi

tmj# han{imjmi {ix{jlmxktamc qmin dkthalkipa jk`ac)

Hmcml lkinbax{in jkd{x{bmi c{mp cmixma# hacadmxjmi v{cm lmpmcmb,lmpmcmb qmin

dktjmaxmi hkinmi jknamxmi cmaiiqm qmin mjmi lklkvkinmt{ba xktbmhmv c{mp cmixma

xktpkd{x# qmax{7

Mcmx minj{x

@mtm vkinminj{xmi

@mtm vkiqalvmimi dmbmi dmj{ "hax{lv{j mxm{ hatmj!

Mcatmi dmbmi

Vmhm pkl{m bmc hamxmp bmt{p havktbax{injmi hmcml vkikix{mi c{mp cmixma hkinmi

lkimldmb bmtnm mcco~mi`k "jkcoinnmtmi! xktxkix{) Hkinmi hklajami vktc{

habax{in dkdktmvm c{mp cmixma qmin hapamvjmi# xkt{xmlm {ix{j jknamxmi dmnami

vtoh{jpa qmin hahmpmtjmi vmhm7

Dmbmi dmj{ qmin mjmi hapamvjmi)

Lkpai mxm{ vktmcmxmi qmin han{imjmi)

Dmtmin gmha qmin habmpacjmi)

X{g{mi lkinbax{in c{mp cmixma mhmcmb {ix{j lklvktjatmjmi jkd{x{bmi c{mp cmixma

dmnami vtoh{jpa# qmin lkcav{xa7

Tk`kauain "n{hmin dmbmi dmj{ lohkc x{lv{jmi hmi tmj!)

Vmdtajmpa hmi mppkldcain "lkpai hmi vktmcmxmi!)

Pbavvain "n{hmin dmtmin gmha {ix{j jklmpmi apa hmi jklmpmi jopoin!)

Jkn{mimmi c{mp cmixma mhmcmb pmmx han{imjmi hmcml lkldmix{ {ix{j vktbax{inmi

oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain "OLB! mixmt Hkvmtxklki# pkp{ma hkinmi c{mp cmixma

bmpac vktbax{inmi)


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=)C{mp cmixma n{hmin dmbmi dmj{ "tk`kauain!

C{mp cmixma n{hmin dmbmi dmj{ "Tk`kauain! mhmcmb c{mp cmixma qmin havktn{imjmi

{ix{j lkiqalvmi dmbmi dmj{ mxm{ lmxktamc qmin mjmi han{imjmi hmcml

vtoh{jpa) C{mp cmixma n{hmin dmbmi dmj{ xktdmna lkigmha h{m lohkc# qmax{ lohkc

X{lv{jmi hmi lohkc Tmj) [ix{j lkldkta nmldmtmi hmta `mtm vkiqalvmimi

dmbmi dmj{ han{hmin# lmmjm havktc{jmi nmldmt dmnmalmim `mtm vkiqalvmimi

lmxktamc xktpkd{x "dmaj lohkc X{lv{jmi lm{v{i lohkc Tmj!# pkbainnm c{mp

cmixma qmin havmjma pkp{ma hkinmi bmpac vktbax{inmi) T{minmi nmldmt qmin had{mx

bmt{p lkldkta vkigkcmpmi lkinkima7

Xainna lkl{mx dktmvm x{lv{j)

Ckdmt lkl{mx dktmvm x{lv{j)

Vmigmin lkl{mx dktmvm x{lv{j)

4) C{mp cmixma n{hmin dmtmin gmha "pbavvain!

Hmxm qmin havktc{jmi hmcml vktbax{inmi c{mp cmixma n{hmin dmtmin gmha "Pbavvain!

mixmtm cmai mhmcmb7 iolot jolvoiki# imlm jolvoiki hmi xavk dmtmin gmha)

Cminjmb,cminjmb vktbax{inmi c{mp cmixma n{hmin dmtmin gmha mhmcmb pkdmnma

dktaj{x7

=)Xkix{jmi {j{tmi jklmpmi qmax{ {j{tmi mxm{ halkipa hmta jklmpmi {ix{j

xklvmx vtoh{j gmha vkt{pmbmmi)

4)Xkix{jmi vtoh{jpa gmha vkt pmx{mi vktaohk# qmax{ vtoh{j qmin habmpacjmi {ix{j

vktaohk xktxkix{ hahmpmtjmi vmhm vtoh{jpa vkt gml hmta vkt{pmbmmi)

0)Xkix{jmi uoc{lk jklmpmi xoxmc# qmax{ uoc{lk jkd{x{bmi {ix{j vtoh{j gmha vkt

vktaohk xktxkix{)

8)Xkix{jmi c{mp cmixma# qmax{ cmbmi qmin had{x{bjmi dkthmpmtjmi uoc{lk

jklmpmi)

;)Xkix{jmi mcco~mi`k)

5)Xkix{jmi xoxmc c{mp cmixma)


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0)C{mp cmixma lkpai

C{mp cmixma lkpai "vmdtajmpa hmi mppkldcain! g{nm vktc{ vktbax{inmi hmcml

vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp hmi vklaihmbmi dmbmi) Hmxm qmin havktc{jmi

hmcml vktbax{inmi c{mp cmixma mixmtm cmai mhmcmb7

Imlm lkpai mxm{ vktmcmxmi

G{lcmb lkpai mxm{ vktmcmxmi

[j{tmi lkpai mxm{ vktmcmxmi

Hmxm aia hmvmx havktockb hmta l{cxa vtoh{`x vto`kpp `bmtx"LVV@!)

Vmhm c{mp cmixma lkpai g{nm vktc{ havktbmxajmi c{mp xocktmipa hmi mcco~mi`kiqm)

C{mp xocktmipa hadktajmi {ix{j gmcmiiqm mcatmi vtoh{jpa pkbainnm xahmj lkinmcmla

jkp{caxmi pk~mjx{ vtopkp vtoh{jpa dktgmcmi# hmi c{mp mcco~mi`k hadktajmi {ix{j

gmcmiiqm mcmx,mcmx vkinminj{x dmbmi hmi dmtmin)

8)C{mp cmixma x{lv{jmi

Johk# imlm jolvoiki# xavk dmbmi# {j{tmi vmjma hmi {j{tmi xktalm hmvmx hacabmx

hmta hkpjtavpa OV@)

Voxoinmi lmxktamc < {j{tmi xktalm "v!/{j{tmi vmjma "v!)

Lkikix{jmi vtoh{jpa/gml# qmax{ hacabmx hmta to{xain pbkkxhp,iqm

Lmxktamc/gml < vtoh{jpa vkt gml voxoinmi lmxktamc)

Lmxktamc =6 bmta < lmxktamc vkt gml r =6 bmta r 2 gml jktgm)

Lkinbax{in uoc{lk {iax hmta {j{tmi xktalm "h r v!)

Uoc{lk jkd{x{bmi < uoc) [iax r lmxktamc =6 bmta)

Lkikix{jmi x{lv{jmi dmbmi dmj{ hkinmi lklvktbax{injmi g{lcmb lmxktamc

=6 bmta hmi {j{tmi xktalm xainna lmjpal{l mhmcmb 4#6 l))

C{mp cmixma < c{mp cmixma * xoxmc mcco~mi`k

;)C{mp cmixma tmj

Johk# imlm jolvoiki# xavk dmbmi# {j{tmi vmjma hmi {j{tmi xktalm hmvmx hacabmx

hmta hkpjtavpa OV@)

Voxoinmi lmxktamc < {j{tmi xktalm "v!/{j{tmi vmjma "v!)

Lkikix{jmi vtoh{jpa/gml# qmax{ hacabmx hmta to{xain pbkkxhp,iqm)


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Lmxktamc/gml < vtoh{jpa vkt gml voxoinmi lmxktamc)

Lmxktamc =6 bmta < lmxktamc vkt gml r =6 bmta r 2 gml jktgm)

Lkinbax{in uoc{lk {iax hmta {j{tmi xktalm "v r c r x!)

Uoc{lk jkd{x{bmi < uoc) [iax r lmxktamc =6 bmta)

Lkikix{jmi x{lv{jmi dmbmi dmj{ hkinmi lklvktbax{injmi g{lcmb lmxktamc

=6 bmta hmi {j{tmi xktalm xainna lmjpal{l mhmcmb 4#6 l)

C{mp cmixma < c{mp cmixma * xoxmc mcco~mi`k

5)C{mp cmixma lkpai hkvmtxklki vmdtajmpa

Jmtkim vmhm vkld{mxmi vtoh{j hacmj{jmi vkld{mxmi cmqo{x vmdtaj hkinmi xavk

cmqo{x dq vtoh{`x lmjm hkvmtxklki mjmi havopapajmi pkp{ma hkinmi jolvoiki

vkldkix{jiqm# qmax{ vtoh{jiqm) Hmcml lkcmj{jmi vktbax{inmi c{mp cmixma

hkvmtxklki vmdtajmpa aia lmjm havktc{jmi hmxm lkixmb dkt{vm c{mp lmpain,

lmpain gkiap lkpai hmi g{lcmb lkpai qmin havktn{imjmi)

[ix{j lkpai qmin han{imjmi hmcml vtopkp vmdtajmpa bmt{pcmb hajkcolvojjmi

jkhmcml hkvmtxklki vmdtajmpa hmi vmhm hkvmtxklki vmdtajmpa aia g{nm

hajkcolvojmi lkpai,lkpai qmin pkgkiap# jmtkim xavk cmqo{x qmin han{imjmi

mhmcmb cmqo{x dq vto`kpp)

>)C{mp cmixma lkpai hkvmtxklki mppkldcain

Hkvmtxklki mppkldcain vmhm vkld{mxmi vtoh{j aia dktapajmi pkl{m lkpai qmin

han{imjmi hmcml jknamxmi mppkldcain "vktmjaxmi!) Dknax{ v{cm vmhm hkvmtxklki

aia# pkl{m lkpai qmin pkgkiap hajkcolvojmi jkhmcml pmx{ mtkm xktxkix{)

2)C{mp cmixma vktjmixotmi

Hmcml vktbax{inmi c{mp vktjmixotmi xktckdab hmb{c{ bmt{p hajkxmb{a dmnami,

dmnami hmta vktjmixotmi hmi vkcmqmimi vmdtaj# qmax{7

Dmnami {l{l lkt{vmjmi e{inpa qmin lkcmqmia pkc{t{b vmdtaj# lapmciqm xooc

tool "xklvmx vkiqalvmimi vktmcmxmi!# xooc `tad "xklvmx lkiqalvmi mxm{

lklvktdmaja vktmcmxmi qmin t{pmj!# t{min tmvmx# t{min x{inn{ hmi pkdmnmaiqm)


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Dmnami vtoh{jpa lkt{vmjmi dmnami qmin lkcmqmia otnmiapmpa vtoh{jpa#

lapmciqm xkjiaj aih{pxta "pxmihmt jktgm# lkxohk# lmxktamc bmihcain# vtopkp!#

}{mcaxq`oixtoc "tk`kauain# aivto`kpp#eaiapbkhnooh!#vcmiikinaikktain)

Dmnami vktpoiac# lkt{vmjmi e{inpa qmin lkcmqmia mxm{ lkiminmia jkd{x{bmi

otmin) Lapmciqm empacaxmp jkpkbmxmi# jmixai# ~`# hmktmb tkjtkmpa mxm{ xmlmi#

cmvminmi vmtjat# xkckvoi {l{l hmi cmai,cmai)

Dmin{imi eapaj# lkt{vmjmi dmnami qmin dktb{d{inmi hkinmi jkd{x{bmi

empacaxmp eapaj dmin{imi# vktmcmxmi# {xacaxmp# hmi pkdmnmaiqm) Lapmciqm empacaxmp

vklmpmtmi# vkldminjax xkimnm# nmtmpa# vklmhml jkdmjmtmi# dkinjkc vktmcmxmi

hmi pkdmnmaiqm)

Bmc qmin bmt{p havktbmxajmi hmcml lkiq{p{i vktjmixotmi mhmcmb7

Hkvmtxklki qmin dktb{d{inmi haxklvmxjmi dkthkjmxmi pmx{ pmlm cmai)

Ckdmt cotoin laialmc 6)1 lkxkt)

Gkiap,gkiap vkjktgmmi qmin hacmj{jmi lkt{vmjmi hmpmt hkvmtxklkixmpa)

Xamv vkjktgm lkld{x{bjmi jatm,jatm 8); , 4; l4)

@mbmqm qmin hmxmin hmta jata hmi mxm{ hmta dkcmjmin ckdab dmaj)

Dacm vkjktgm h{h{j bmt{p h{h{j pmcain lkldkcmjmina lmjm bmt{p havapmbjmi

laialmc lkckdmt = lkxkt hamixmtm j{tpa)

Vktpqmtmxmi {l{l hmcml lkiq{p{i empacaxmp vktjmixotmi mhmcmb7

Pmx{ jmixot qmin c{mp lkt{vmjmi {iax jktgm qmin ckdab keapaki hmtavmhm

pkg{lcmb t{minmi,t{minmi jk`ac hkinmi c{mp qmin pmlm# jmtkim lkl{hmbjmi

vkinm~mpmi# jol{iajmpa ckdab cmi`mt# `mbmqm hmi ukixacmpa dapm ckdab dmaj)

Gmtmj lkgm hkinmi j{tpa laialmc 8;`l)

Gmtmj mixmt lkgm hkinmi lkgm mxm{ hkinmi xkldoj dktjapmt mixmtm 56 pmlvma

hkinmi 16`l)

[ix{j lkinbaihmta jkdapainmi# lmjm vktmcmxmi pkvktxa lkpai xaj hmi lkpai

pxkipac pkdmcajiqm xktvapmb)


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Jkxkix{mi jb{p{p hmcml lkikix{jmi c{mp cmixma vktjmixotmi mhmcmb pkdmnma

dktaj{x7

Joihapa ahkmc {ix{j vktdmihainmi xkimnm jktgm xmj cminp{in hkinmi xkimnm

jktgm cminp{in dktjapmt mixmt = 7 5 pmlvma = 7 =6) {ix{j {j{tmi c{mp cmixma# vmhm

ckukc otnmiapmpa vktxmlm ; r ; l# ckukc otnmiapmpa jkklvmx hmcml pmx{ t{minmi

hkinmi c{mp vkt otmin 4 r 4 l)

Dkpmt c{mp vktjmixotmi lkikix{jmi xanm emjxot jkckc{mpmmi hmi jkiqmlmimi

nktmj jmtqm~mi hmcml lkcmj{jmi mjxauaxmpiqm)

1)C{mp cmixma empacaxmp

Dkpmtiqm c{mp cmixma empacaxmp aia hapkp{majmi hkinmi jkd{x{bmi hmta jknamxmi

vtoh{jpa) Pkdmnma `oixob mvmdacm pkd{mb vkt{pmbmmi lmi{emjx{t qmin dktpjmcmdkpmt qmin lklv{iqma bmpac caldmb hmi xahmj hmvmx hahm{t {cmin cminp{in# lmjm

havktc{jmi p{mx{ empacaxmp jb{p{p {ix{j lkinmxmpa vktlmpmcmbmi aia) Pkcmai ax{

g{nm havktc{jmi empacaxmp,empacaxmp vki{igmin cmaiiqm# pkvktxa mtkmc vktxmldminmi#

hmktmb vmtjat# hmktmb jmixai hmi cmai pkdmnmaiqm) Xkxmva hacmai bmc# vkikix{mi

g{lcmb hmi gkiap empacaxmp qmin havktc{jmi aia bmt{pcmb hacmj{jmi p{mx{ vtaotaxmp

xktbmhmv mcxktimxae,mcxktimxae qmin mhm) Hmi xahmj vktc{ hac{vmjmi pmx{ bmc dmb~m

cojmpa mxm{ mhmiqm empacaxmp aia d{jmicmb lkt{vmjmi emjxot qmin l{xcmj bmt{p mhm

hmcml p{mx{ vkt{pmbmmi dmaj hmta pkna j{mixaxmp lm{v{i gkiap empacaxmpiqm)

Jkxkix{mi,jkxkix{mi hmcml vklacabmi empacaxmp cmqmimi bmt{p hapkp{majmi hkinmi

joihapa lmimgklki vkt{pmbmmi qmin hatki`mimjmi) Hmcml mtxa dmb~m hmcml

vkt{pmbmmi dkpmt gkcmp lklacaja gkiap hmi {j{tmi empacaxmp qmin dktdkhm hkinmi

vkt{pmbmmi jk`ac)


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4)5)Lm`ml,lm`ml Xmxm Ckxmj Empacaxmp Vtoh{jpa hmi Vocm McatmiVklaihmbmi Dmbmi

Vklacabmi hmi vkiklvmxmi mcxktimxaecmqo{xlkt{vmjmi cminjmb qmin jtaxap hmcml

vtopkp vktki`mimmi empacaxmp vtoh{jpa# jmtkim hapaia cmqo{x qmin havacab mjmi

lkikix{jmi b{d{inmi eapaj hmta mjxauaxmp,mjxauaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin dktcminp{in)

Dktaj{x aia dkdktmvm gkiap xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp dkthmpmtjmi mcatmi vtoh{jpaiqm# qmax{

pkdmnma dktaj{x7

m) Xmxm ckxmj empacaxmp dkthmpmtjmi mcatmi vtoh{jpa "vtoh{`x cmqo{xmxm{vtoh{`xaoi

caik vtoh{`x!

Vtoh{`x cmqo{x hmvmx hahkekiapajmi pkdmnma lkxohk mxm{ `mtm vkinmx{tmi hmi

vkiklvmxmi pkl{m empacaxmp vtoh{jpa qmin havktc{jmi jk hmcml p{mx{ hkvmtxklki

xktxkix{ mxm{ jb{p{p) P{mx{ vtoh{j hmvmx had{mx mxm{ havtoh{jpa pmlvma pkckpma hahmcml hkvmtxklki xktpkd{x) Dmbmi dmj{ havaihmbjmi hmta pxmpa{i jktgm jk pxmpa{i

jktgm cmaiiqm ha hmcml hkvmtxklki xktpkd{x hmi xahmj vktc{ havaihmb,vaihmbjmi jk

hkvmtxklki qmin cmai)

Hmcmlvtoh{`x cmqo{x# lkpai,lkpai mxm{ mcmx dmix{ hap{p{i lki{t{x {t{xmi vtopkp

hmta p{mx{ vtoh{j) Vtoh{j,vtoh{j dktnktmj pk`mtm xkt{p,lkikt{p hmcml p{mx{

nmtap vktmjaxmi) Vtoh{`x cmqo{xmjmi han{imjmi dacm uoc{lk vtoh{jpa `{j{v xainna

hmi umtampa vtoh{j xahmj dmiqmj hmi pminmx pkp{ma {ix{j vtoh{jpa qmin joixaiq{)

X{g{mi hmta xmxm ckxmj aia mhmcmb {ix{j lkin{tmina vtopkp vklaihmbmi dmbmi hmi

lkl{hmbjmi vkinm~mpmi ha hmcml mjxauaxmp vtoh{jpa# pkbainnm vmhm mjbatiqm

xktgmha vkinbklmxmi damqm)

Jk{ix{inmi xavkvtoh{`x cmqo{xmhmcmb7

=) Cmqo{xpkp{ma hkinmi {t{xmi ovktmpa# pkbainnm vtopkp dktdkix{j nmtap)

4) Vkjktgmmi hmta pmx{ vtopkp pk`mtm cminp{in hajktgmjmi vmhm vtopkp dktaj{xiqm#

pkdmnma mjadmx aiukixotq dmtmin pkxkinmb gmha lkigmha jk`ac)

0) Xoxmc ~mjx{ vtoh{jpa vkt {iax lkigmha vkihkj)

8) Lkpai hmvmx haxklvmxjmi hkinmi gmtmj qmin laialmc# joipkj{kipa hmta

ovktmpa aia mhmcmb lmxktamcbmihcain hmvmx haj{tmina)


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;) Lklktc{jmi ovktmxot hkinmi jkxktmlvacmi qmin tkihmb# xtmaiain ovktmxot

xahmj cmlm hmi xahmj lkld{x{bjmi dmiqmj damqm)

5) Cojmpa qmin xahmj dknax{ c{mp hmvmx han{imjmi {ix{j xtmipax hmi vkiqalvmimi

dmtmin pklkixmtm)

>) Lklktc{jmi mjxauaxmp qmin pkhajax pkcmlm vtopkp vtoh{jpa dktcminp{in)

Pkhminjmi jkt{nami hmtavtoh{`x cmqo{xmhmcmb7

=) Jkt{pmjmi hmta pmx{ lkpai mjmi lkinmjadmxjmi xktbkixaiqm vtopkp vtoh{jpa)

4) Cmqo{x haxkix{jmi ockb vtoh{j qmin havtopkp# vkt{dmbmi hkpmai vtoh{j

lklktc{jmi vkiq{p{imi cmqo{x{cmin)

0) Jk`kvmxmi vtoh{jpa haxkix{jmi ockb lkpai qmin dktovktmpa vmcain cmldmx)

8)

Lkld{x{bjmi p{vktuapa pk`mtm {l{l xahmj xktpvkpaeajmpa);) Lkld{x{bjmi aiukpxmpa qmin dkpmt jmtkim lkpai qmin pkgkiap mjmi havmpmin

cmna jmcm{ vtopkp qmin pkgkiap havktc{jmi)

N{hminDmbmi

Dmj{

"Lmxktamc!

VtopkpVktmjaxmi

"Mppkldcq!

N{hminVtoh{jGmha

Nmldmt 4)0) @oixob Mcatmi Vtoh{jpa Vtoh{`x Cmqo{x

d)Cmqo{xqmin dktvopapa xkxmv "earkh vopaxaoi cmqo{x!

Papxkl dkthmpmtjmi vtoh{`x cmqo{x lm{v{i vto`kpp cmqo{x# vtoh{j dktnktmj

lki{g{ lkpai pkp{ma hkinmi {t{xmi vtopkp qmin hagmcmijmi) Cmqo{xqmin dktvopapa

xkxmv hax{ig{jjmi dmb~m lkpai# lmi{pam pktxm jolvoiki,jolvoiki dktnktmj


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lki{g{ cojmpa lmxktamc {ix{j lkinbmpacjmi vtoh{j) Cmqo{x aia dampmiqm

han{imjmi {ix{j lklvtopkp dmtmin qmin tkcmxae dkpmt hmi dktmx pkhminjmi

vktmcmxmi qmin han{imjmi l{hmb {ix{j hacmj{jmi vklaihmbmi) @oixob hmta

aih{pxta aia mhmcmb aih{pxta vkpm~mx xktdmin# vkinnmcminmi jmvmc# vkjktgmmi

joipxt{jpa dmin{imi)

Jk{ix{inmi xmxm ckxmj xavk aia mhmcmb7

=) Jmtkim qmin dktvaihmb mhmcmb empacaxmp,empacaxmp vtoh{jpa# lmjm vktvaihmbmi

lmxktamc hmvmx haj{tmina)

4) Dacm vkihkjmxmi jkcolvoj jktgm han{imjmi hmcml jknamxmi vtoh{jpa# lmjm

joixaiq{axmp vtoh{jpa hmi xminn{in gm~md jktgm dapm xkt`mvma hkinmi pkdmaj,

dmajiqm)

Pkhminjmi jkt{nami hmta xavk xmxm ckxmj aia mhmcmb7

=) Mhmiqm vkiainjmxmi etkj{kipa vklaihmbmi empacaxmp vtoh{jpa mxm{ ovktmxot

vmhm pmmx ovktmpa dktcminp{in)

4) Mhmiqm h{vcajmpa vktmcmxmi jktgm qmin mjbatiqm lkiqkdmdjmi vkt{dmbmi pvm`k

mtkm hmi xklvmx {ix{j dmtmin pkxkinmb gmha)

0) Lklktc{jmi vkinm~mpmi hmi joothaimpa jktgm qmin jkxmx jb{p{piqm hmcml

vkigmh~mcmi vtoh{jpa)

N{hminDmbmiDmj{

"Lmxktamc!

N{h

minVtoh{jGmha

Nmldmt 4)8) @oixob Mcatmi Vtoh{jpa Earkh Vopaxaoi Cmqo{x


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= 4 0 8 ; 5

=

4 0

8 ;

5

4)>)Vocm Mcatmi Dmbmi [ix{j Vtopkp Vtoh{jpa "Vmdtajmpa!Vocm mcatmi qmin havmjma {ix{j vkinmx{tmi mcatmi dmbmi hmcml vtopkp vtoh{jpa

qmin xkthata hmta7

=)Pxtmanbx caik

Vocm mcatmi dkthmpmtjmi nmtap c{t{p mxm{ pxtmanbx caik {l{l havmjma dacmlmim

vtopkp vtoh{jpa dktcminp{in painjmx# tkcmxae pkhktbmim hmi {l{l xkthata hmta

dkdktmvm jolvoiki,jolvoiki mxm{ dkdktmvm lm`mlvtoh{`xaoi k}{avlkix) Vocm

mcatmi dmbmi dkthmpmtjmi nmtap c{t{p aia mjmi lkldktajmi7

Gmtmj qmin xktvkihkj mixmtm h{m xaxaj)

Vtopkp mxm{ mjxauaxmp vtoh{jpa dktcminp{in pkvmigmin nmtap c{t{p)

Gmtmj vktvaihmbmi dmbmi "bmihcain hapxmi`k! pk`mtm xoxmc mjmi jk`ac jmtkim

gmtmj mixmtm lmpain,lmpain lkpai mhmcmb qmin pkvkihkj,vkihkjiqm)

Nmldmt 4);) @oixob Mcatmi Pxtmanbx Caik

4)Pktvkixaik mxm{ wan,wmn "P,Pbmvkh!

Vocm mcatmi dkthmpmtjmi nmtap,nmtap vmxmb aia pminmx dmaj haxktmvjmi dacmlmim

mcatmi vtopkp vtoh{jpa ckdab vmigmin hadmihainjmi hkinmi c{mp mtkm qmin xktpkham)

[ix{j ax{ mcatmi dmbmi mjmi hadkcojmi {ix{j lkimldmb vmigminiqm nmtap mcatmi

qmin mhm hmi pk`mtm kjoiolap bmc aia hmvmx lkinmxmpa pknmcm jkxktdmxmpmi hmta

mtkm# hmi {j{tmi hmta dmin{imi vmdtaj qmin mhm)

Nmldmt 4)5) @oixob Mcatmi Pktvkixaik mxm{ Wan,Wmn "P,Pbmvkh!

0)[,Pbmvkh

Vocm mcatmi lki{t{x {,pbmvkh aia mjmi havmjma dacmlmim hajkbkihmja dmb~m mjbat

hmta vtopkp vtoh{jpa mjmi dktmhm vmhm cojmpa qmin pmlm hkinmi m~mc vtopkp


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= 4 0

8;5

=

4

0

8

;

5

vtoh{jpaiqm) Bmc aia mjmi lklvktl{hmb vklmiemmxmi empacaxmp xtmipvotxmpa hmi

g{nm pminmx lklvktl{hmb vkinm~mpmi {ix{j jkc{mt lmp{jiqm lmxktamc hmta hmi

lki{g{ vmdtaj) Mvcajmpa nmtap mcatmi dmbmi tkcmxae vmigmin# lmjm mcatmi {,pbmvkh

aia mjmi xahmj keapaki)

Nmldmt 4)>) @oixob Mcatmi [,Pbmvkh

8)@at`{cmt

Vocm mcatmi dkthmpmtjmi dkix{j cainjmtmi "`at`{cmt! pminmx dmaj havktn{imjmi

dacmlmim hajkbkihmja {ix{j lkinkldmcajmi lmxktamc mxm{ vtoh{j vmhm xaxaj m~mc

mcatmi vtoh{jpa dktcminp{in) Mcatmi aia g{nm dmaj havmjma mvmdacm hkvmtxklki

vkiktalmmi lmxktamc mxm{ vtoh{j gmha hatki`mimjmi {ix{j dktmhm vmhm cojmpa qmin

pmlm hmcml vmdtaj qmin dktpminj{xmi)

Nmldmt 4)2) @oixob Mcatmi @at`{cmt

;)Ohhminck

Vocm mcatmi dkthmpmtjmi Ohh minck aia xahmjcmb dknax{ hajkimc hadmihainjmi

hkinmi vocm,vocm mcatmi qmin cmai) Vmhm hmpmtiqm vocm aia pminmx {l{l hmi dmaj

han{imjmi {ix{j joihapa,joihapa pkvktxa7

Dacmlmim x{g{mi {xmlmiqm mhmcmb {ix{j lklvktockb nmtap mcatmi qmin vtoh{j

hamixmtm p{mx{ jkcolvoj jktgm hmta mtkm qmin pmcain dktjmaxmi)

Dacmlmim vtopkp bmihcain hacmjpmimjmi pk`mtm lkjmiap)

Dacmlmim jkxktdmxmpmi t{minmi lkiqkdmdjmi vocm mcatmi qmin cmai xktvmjpm

xahmj hmvmx haxktmvjmi)


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=

4

0

8

;

5

Dacmlmim hajkbkihmja mhmiqm vocm mcatmi qmin xkxmv hmta empacaxmp,empacaxmp

vtoh{jpa qmin mhm)

Nmldmt 4)1) @oixob Mcatmi OhhMinck

4)4)Vocm Mcatmi Dmbmi [ix{j Vktmjaxmi "Mppkldcain!

Vmhm {l{liqm mhm pkjaxmt klvmx lm`ml vocm mcatmi qmin havmjma hmcml p{mx{

vtopkp vktmjaxmi "Mppkldcain!# qmax{ pkdmnma dktaj{x7

@oldaimxaoi Mppkldcq Caik Vmxxkti

Xtkk Mppkldcq Caik Vmxxkti

Hkihtkxa` Mppkldcq Caik Vmxxkti

Vocm aia jkcabmxmi ckdab xahmj xktmx{t hadmihainjmi hkinmi `oldaimxaoi mxm{ Xtkk

Mppkldcq Caik Vmxxkti hapaia xamv dmnami dktcminp{in ovktmpa pkvmigmin caixmpmi

vtoh{jpa pmlvma lki{g{ vtoh{jpa qmin ckinjmv {ix{j vtopkp mppkldcain

Ouktbkmh Mppkldcq Caik Vmxxkti


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4)1) OinjopLmxktamc Bmihcain "OLB!

Lmxktamc bmihcain mhmcmb pmcmb pmx{ gkiap xtmipvotxmpa "vkinminj{xmi! qmin

hacmj{jmi hmcml vkt{pmbmmi aih{pxta# qmin mtxaiqm lklaihmbjmi dmbmi dmj{#

dmtmin pkxkinmb gmha# mxm{ dmtmin gmha# hmta xklvmx mpmc jk xklvmx x{g{mi qmin

xkcmb haxkxmvjmi)

Vklaihmbmi lmxktamc hmcml bmc aia mhmcmb dmnmalmim `mtm qmin xktdmaj {ix{j

lklaihmbjmi lmxktamc hmta pmx{ xklvmx vtopkp vtoh{jpa jk xklvmx vtopkp

vtoh{jpa qmin cmai) Pk`mtm nmtap dkpmt lmxktamc bmihcain mhmcmb lklaihmbjmi

dmbmi hmta lodac vkinminj{x jk n{hmin dmbmi lkixmb# jkl{hami havaihmbjmi jk

dmnami ovktmpa vktxmlm# hmi pkcmig{xiqm jk xklvmx ovktmpa qmin cmai# hmi mjbatiqm

lki{g{ n{hmin dmtmin gmha hmi haminj{x jk lodac vkinminj{x)

Jknamxmi lmxktamc bmihcain mhmcmb jknamxmi qmin xahmj vtoh{jxae# jmtkim vmhm

jknamxmi aia dmbmi xahmj lkihmvmx vkt{dmbmi dkix{j mxm{ vkt{dmbmi iacma#

pkbainnm pkdkimtiqm mjmi lkin{tmina jknamxmi qmin xahmj kekjxae hmi lki`mta

oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain xktjk`ac) Lkinbacminjmi xtmipvotxmpa# xahmjcmb l{injai

hacmj{jmi# lmjm `mtmiqm mhmcmb hkinmi lkcmj{jmi bmih oee# qmax{ lkikjmi

g{lcmb oinjop qmin han{imjmi {ix{j damqm xtmipvotxmpa) Lkikjmi g{lcmb oinjop

xtmipvotxmpa hmvmx hacmj{jmi hkinmi `mtm lkinbmv{p cminjmb xtmipvotxmpa#

lkjmiapmpa# mxm{ lklaialmpa gmtmj)

Ha hmcml lktmi`min xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj# lmjm mjxauaxmp vklaihmbmi dmbmi "lmxktamc

bmihcain! lkt{vmjmi pmcmb pmx{ bmc qmin `{j{v vkixain {ix{j havktbmxajmi hmi

havktbax{injmi) Vkixainiqm lmpmcmb vklaihmbmi dmbmi aia jmtkim x{g{mi {xmlm

hmta vklaihmbmi dmbmi dktb{d{inmi cminp{in hkinmi p{mx{ `mj{vmi qmin c{mp

qmin dkt{t{pmi hkinmi keapakipa vtoh{jpa lkiqkc{t{b)

Oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain mhmcmb p{mx{ oinjop qmin xald{c mjadmx mhmiqm

mjxauaxmp lmxktamc hmta pmx{ lkpai jk lkpai cmai mxm{ hmta p{mx{ hkvmtxklki jk

hkvmtxklki cmai qmin dkpmtiqm haxkix{jmi vmhm pmx{mi xktxkix{) Pmx{miiqm mhmcmb

t{vamb/lkxkt nktmjmi) Emjxot,emjxot qmin lklvkinmt{ba vktbax{inmi oinjop

lmxktamc bmihcain mhmcmb mcmx minj{x qmin han{imjmi# gmtmj vkinminj{xmi hmi


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`mtm vkinminj{xmiiqm) Pkhminjmi x{g{mi had{mxiqm vktki`mimmi lmxktamc

bmihcain mhmcmb 7

m) Lkiainjmxjmi jmvmpaxmp

d) Lklvktdmaja joihapa jktgm

`) Lklvktdmaja vkcmqmimi jkvmhm joip{lki

h) Lkiainjmxjmi jkckinjmvmi hmi jkn{immi t{minmi

k) Lkin{tmina oinjop

Vmhm hmpmtiqm pkxkcmb haxkix{jmi mcmx minj{x pktxm gmtmj {ix{j pkxamv

vkinminj{xmi# lmjm oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain hmvmx pknktm hajkxmb{a# halmim 7

Xoxmc OLB < Oinjop mcmx minj{x vkt lkxkt nktmjmi r gmtmj xklv{bvkinminj{xmi ))"4)=!

[ix{j lki`mta oinjop vkt vktaohk ~mjx{ xktxkix{# hmvmx habax{in hkinmi

lkimldmbjmi etkj{kipa vkinminj{xmi vkt pmx{mi ~mjx{ qmin haainaijmi)

Lapmciqm {ix{j lkinbax{in OLB hmcml = bmta jktgm mhmcmb7

Xoxmc OLB < Oinjop mcmx minj{x vkt lkxkt nktmjmi r gmtmj xklv{b

vkinminj{xmi r etkj{kipa vkinminj{xmi hmcml = bmta"4)4!

4)=6) Mcmx Minj{xlmxktamc bmihcain

Mhm dkdktmvm lm`ml mcmx minj{x qmin hmvmx han{imjmi hmcml lkcmj{jmi

lmxktamc bmihcain) Vkinn{immi mcmx minj{x xktpkd{x dampmiqm hapkp{majmi hkinmi

jmvmpaxmp mcmx minj{x ax{ pkihata hmi joihapa vtoh{jpa pktxm cmixma vtoh{jpaiqm)

Mcmx minj{x qmin {l{l han{imjmi havkt{pmbmmi lmi{emjx{t hamixmtmiqm

@oiukqot# Caext{`j# ^mcjq Emcckx# hmi Lmi{pam)

Hmcml lkikix{jmi mcmx minj{x qmin han{imjmi vktc{ havktbmxajmi bmc,bmc pkdmnma

dktaj{x 7

m) Dktmx lmxktamc hapkp{majmi hkinmi hmqm minj{x lmjpalmc mcmx minj{x)


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d)Dkix{j hmi gkiap lmxktamc pktxm {j{tmi c{mpiqm qmin hapkp{majmi hkinmi hmqm

xmlv{in mcmx minj{x)

`) Paemx lmxktamc# halmim bmt{p havktbmxajmi jkl{injaimi lkinn{imjmi mcmx

minj{x jb{p{p)

4)==) [j{tmi gmtmj

Xkthmvmx dkdktmvm pqpxkl vkin{j{tmi gmtmj qmin havktn{imjmi) dkdktmvm gkiap

pqpxkl vkin{j{tmi gmtmj mixmt hkvmtxklki aia han{imjmi pkp{ma hkinmi jkdx{bmi

hmi jmtkjxktapxaj vkt{pmbmmi qmin lkinn{imjmiqm) Dkdktmvm pqpxkl vkin{j{tmi

gmtmj qmin hmvmx han{imjmi mhmcmb pkdmnma dktaj{x7

m) GmtmjK{`cahkmiGmtmj k{`cahkmi lkt{vmjmi gmtmj qmin ha{j{t c{t{p mixmtm v{pmx empacaxmp pmx{hkinmi v{pmx empacaxmp cmaiiqm) Papxkl vkin{j{tmi hkinmi gmtmj k{`cahkmi pktain

han{imjmi jmtkim ckdab l{hmb halkinktxa hmi l{hmb han{imjmi) @oixob mvcajmpa

hmta gmtmjk{`cahkmi lapmciqm vmhm dkdktmvm lohkc `oiukqot# hmi g{nm gmtainmi

xtmipvotxmpa hmi hapxtad{pa)

[ix{j lkikix{jmi gmtmj k{`cahkmi empacaxmp pmx{ hkinmi empacaxmp cmaiiqm

lkinn{imjmi eotl{cm pkdmnma dktaj{x)

hag < Z"ra rg!4

* "qa qg!4\=/4

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) "4)0!

Ha lmim7 Ra < joothaimx r vmhm v{pmx empacaxmp a

Qa < joothaimx q vmhm v{pmx empacaxmp a

hag < gmtmj mixmtm v{pmx empacaxmp a hmi g

Vktbax{inmi gmtmjk{`cahkmi mixmtm a hmi g pkvktxa vmhm nmldmt 4); mhmcmb pkdmnma

dktaj{x7 hag < Z"8 =!4

* "0 =!4\=/4

< 0#5


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Nmldmt 4)=6 Gmtmjk{`cahkmi

d) GmtmjTk`xacaikmtGmtmj tk`xacaikmt pktain g{nm hapkd{x hkinmi Gmtmj Lmibmxxmi# lkt{vmjmi gmtmj

qmin ha{j{t lkinaj{xa gmc{t xknmj c{t{p) Hapkd{x hkinmi Gmtmj Lmibmxxmi#

lkinainmxjmi gmcmi,gmcmi ha joxm Lmibmxxmi qmin lkldkix{j nmtap,nmtap vmtmckchmi pmcain xknmj c{t{p mixmtm pmx{ gmcmi hkinmi gmcmi cmaiiqm) Vkin{j{tmi hkinmi

gmtmj tk`xacaikmt pktain han{imjmi jmtkim l{hmb vktbax{inmiiqm# l{hmb

halkinktxa hmi {ix{j dkdktmvm lmpmcmb ckdab pkp{ma# lapmcjmi {ix{j lkikix{jmi

gmtmj mixmt joxm# gmtmj mixmt empacaxmp ha lmim vktmcmxmi vklaihmbmi dmbmi bmiqm

hmvmx dktnktmj pk`mtm c{t{p) Hmcml vkinj{tmi gmtmj tk`xacaikmthan{imjmi ioxmpa

pkdmnma dktaj{x7

hag < sra rgs * sqa * qgs ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) "4)8!

lapmcjmi vmhm nmldmt 4)5# gmtmj mixmtm a hmi g mhmcmb pkdmnma dktaj{x)

hag < s8 =s * s0 =s < ;

Nmldmt 4)==) Gmtmjtk`xacaikmt


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`) P}{mtk K{`cahkmiPkdmnmalmim imlmiqm# p}{mtk k{`cahkmi lkt{vmjmi {j{tmi gmtmj hkinmi

lkinj{mhtmxjmi dodox xktdkpmt p{mx{ gmtmj mixmtm h{m empacaxmp qmin dkthkjmxmi)

Tkcmxae {ix{j dkdktmvm vktpomcmi xkt{xmlm lkiqminj{x vktpomcmi cojmpa empacaxmp

hapkckpmajmi hkinmi vkiktmvmi p}{mtk k{`cahkmi) Eotl{cm qmin han{imjmi hmcml

p}{mtk k{`cahkmi7

hag < Z"ra rg!4

* "qa qg!4\ ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) "4);!

h) Mapck[j{tmi gmtmj mapck pminmx dktdkhm hkinmi {j{tmi gmtmj pkvktxa hajkl{jmjmi ha

l{jm) Mapck hapxmi`k mjmi lkin{j{t gmtmj pkvmigmin caixmpmi qmin hacmc{a mcmx

vkinminj{x vklaihmb dmbmi) Hmta nmldmt 4)> "m! {j{tmi gmtmj mapck mixmtmhkvmtxklki J hmi L lkt{vmjmi g{lcmb hmta m# d hmi h) Pkhmin nmldmt 4)> "d!

gmtmjmapck hkvmtxklki = hkinmi hkvmtxklki 0 lkt{vmjmi g{lcmb hmta m# `# e hmi

b) Mapck hapxmi`k vktxmlm jmca hamvcajmpajmi vmhm lmpmcmb xmxm ckxmj hmta vtopkp

lmi{emjx{t)

Nmldmt 4)=4) Gmtmj {ix{jmapck

k) Gmtmj Dkthmpmtjmi C{mp Hkvmtxklki[ix{j lkikl{jmi gmtmj dkthmpmtjmi c{mp cmixma# havktc{jmi hmxm caixmpmi qmin

hacmc{a ockb pkxamv jolvoiki hmta p{mx{ hkvktxklki jk hkvktxklki x{g{miqm)

Pkbainnm gmtmj mixmt hkvmtxklki hmvmx habax{in dkthmpmtjmi c{mp cmixmahkvmtxklki mpmc# hkvmtxklki qmin hacmc{a hmi hkvmtxklki x{g{mi)

Nmldmt 4)=0) Gmtmj dkthmpmtjmi c{mp hkvmtxklki


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Gmtmj hkvmtxklki= jk hkvmtxklki0 qmax{7

c{mp cmixma hkv=*c{mp cmixma hkv4*c{mp cmixma hkv0))"4)5!

Pkhminjmi gajm gmtmj mixmtm hkvktxklki qmin dkthmlvainmi# lapmciqm gmtmj hkv=

jk hkv4 qmax{7

c{mp cmixma hkv=*c{mp cmixma hkv0"4)>!

4)=4)Etol Xo @bmtx

Etol Xo @bmtx jmhmin,jmhmin hapkd{x v{cm pkdmnma xtav etkj{kipa `bmtx mxm{

xtmukc `bmtx qmax{ p{mx{ xkjiaj joiukipaoimc qmin {l{l han{imjmi {ix{j

vktki`mimmi xmxm ckxmj vmdtaj hmi vklaihmbmi dmbmi hmcml p{mx{ vtopkp vtoh{jpa)

Xkjiaj aia pminmx dktn{im {ix{j joihapa,joihapa halmim dmiqmj axkl qminlkinmcat lkcmc{a p{mx{ mtkm pkvktxagod pbov# dkinjkc vklkpaimi# jmixot hmi cmai,

cmai)

Etol Xo @bmtx "EX@! lkt{vmjmi vkinnmldmtmi xkixmin dkdktmvm xoxmc OLB

hmta p{mx{ dmnami mjxauaxmp hmcml vmdtaj lki{g{ vmdtaj cmaiiqm) Pkbainnm hmta

vkxm aia hmvmx hacabmx oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain hmta hmij jk lmpain,lmpain

hkvmtxklki pk`mtm jkpkc{t{bmi# l{cma hmta n{hmin dmbmi dmj{ "Tk`kauain!

lki{g{ vmdtajmpa#Mppkldcain hmi xktmjbat n{hmin dmtmin gmha "Pbavvain!)

@mtm vkinapami Etol Xo @bmtx"EX@! mhmcmb pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Vktbmxajmi xoxmc oinjop hmta xmdkc OLB# jkl{hami lmp{jmi iacma xoxmc

oinjop xktpkd{x hapkp{majmi hkinmi vkinminj{xmi dmbmi hmta pmx{ xklvmx jk

xklvmx cmaiiqm)

G{lcmb xoxmc oinjop pkxamv dmtap hmi pkxamv jocol g{nm xoxmc oinjop pk`mtm

jkpkc{t{bmi)

4)=0) O{xeco~ hmi Aieco~

O{xeco~ han{imjmi {ix{j lki`mta jokeapaki oinjop qmin jkc{mt hmta p{mx{

hkvmtxklki jk hkvmtxklki cmaiiqm) Aieco~ han{imjmi {ix{j lki`mta jokeapaki

oinjop qmin lmp{j jk p{mx{ hkvmtxklki jk hkvmtxklki cmaiiqm)


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O{xeco~ hmi aieco~ han{imjmi {ix{j lki`mta jokeapaki oinjop qmin xktgmha vmhm

lkpai qmin dktpminj{xmi qmin lkt{vmjmi jokeapaki oinjop jkc{mt hmi lmp{j

hmi hahmvmxjmi dkthmpmtjmi OLB qmin hajkxmb{a) Aiv{x vktbax{inmi o{xeco~ hmi

aieco~ qmax{ hmta OLB hmi EX@# qmax{ oinjop qmin had{x{bjmi {ix{j lmxktamc

bmihcain hmta p{mx{ lkpai jk lkpai cmaiiqm hmi pkdmcajiqm)

O{x eco~ M jk D

Dhkvmtxklkihmtamtoinjopjkc{xoxmc

MjkDpiacmaoinjo

____

_ )"4)=6!

Ai Eco~ M jk D

Dhkvmtxklkijkjoinjoplmp{xoxmc

MjkDpiacmaoinjo

___

_ )"4)==!

4)=8) Pjmcm Vtaotaxmp

Xmdkc pjmcm vtaotaxmp "XPV! mhmcmb p{mx{ xmdkc qmin lkinnmldmtjmi {t{xmi

vtaotaxmp mixmt hkvmtxklki/lkpai hmcml p{mx{ cmq o{x vtoh{jpa halmim {t{xmi

vtaotaxmp mixmt hkvmtxklki xktpkd{x lkt{vmjmi ckxmj hkvmtxklki ovxalmc qmin

hahmvmx hmta bmpac o{xeco~ hkinmi ckxmj hkvmtxklki pkdkc{liqm) Aiv{x XPV

hahmvmx hmta vktbax{inmi o{xeco~# halmim vtaotaxmp ha{t{xjmi dkthmpmtjmi dkpmtiqmbmtnm jokeapaki oinjop o{xeco~) X{g{mi vkld{mxmi XPV mhmcmb7

[ix{j lklaialaljmi oinjop#

[ix{j lkinovxalmcjmi cmq o{x# hmi

[ix{j lklvktjk`ac gmtmjbmihcain

Hkvmtxklki JohkVtaotaxmp

A AA AAA AU

Hkvmtxklki M M

Hkvmtxklki D D

Hkvmtxklki @ @

) )) )

) )

Pbavvain )

Nmldmt 4)=8) @oixob xmdck pjmcm vtaotaxmp


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4)=;) M`xauaxq Tkcmxaoipbav Hamntml "MTH!

MTH mhmcmb hamntml b{d{inmi mixmt mjxauaxmp "hkvmtxklki/lkpai! dkthmpmtjmi

xainjmx vtaotaxmp jkhkjmxmi# pkbainnm habmtmvjmi oinjop bmihcain laial{l)

Hmpmt {ix{j MTH qmax{ XPV) Gmha qmin lkiklvmxa vtaotaxmp vktxmlm vmhm XPV

bmt{p hahkjmxjmi ckxmjiqm cmc{ haaj{xa vtaotaxmp dktaj{xiqm)

4)=5) Mtkm Mcco`mxaoi Hamntml "MMH!

Mtkm Mcco`mxaoi Hamntml "MMH! lkt{vmjmi jkcmig{xmi hmta MT@ halmim hmcml

MT@ hajkxmb{a jkpalv{cmi hmta xainjmx jkvkixainmi mixmt mjxauaxmp) Lmjm hkinmi

hklajami dktmtxa dmb~m mhm pkdmnami mjxauaxmp bmt{p hkjmx hkinmi mjxauaxmp qmin

cmaiiqm hmi g{nm pkdmcajiqm) Pkbainnm hmvmx hajmxmjmi dmb~m b{d{inmi mixmt

mjxauaxmp lklvkinmt{ba xainjmx jkhkjmxmi mixmt xmxm ckxmj mjxauaxmp xktpkd{x)Jkhkjmxmi xmxm ckxmj mjxauaxmp xktpkd{x hmvmx hacabmx hmcml Mtkm Mcco`mxaoi

Hamntml "MMH!)

MMH lkt{vmjmi nmldmtmi cmqo{x pk`mtm ncodmc qmin lkinnmldmtjmi b{d{inmi

jkhkjmxmi mixmt hkvmtxklki hkinmi pjmcm {j{tmi c{mp cmixma qmin pkdkimtiqm)

Aiv{x hmta vkld{mxmi MMH aia mhmcmbMtkm Tkcmxaoi Hamntml hmi hmxm c{mp cmixma

pkxamv hkvmtxklki) [j{tmi pkxamv hkvmtxklki vmhm MMH mjmi hapkp{majmi hkinmi

c{mp cmixma hmi vamxmckxmjmi m~mc vmhm MTH qmin xkcmb xktdkix{j)

Jmtkim hmta hmxm c{mp cmixma bmiqm hajkxmb{a iacma c{mp hkvmtxklki pmgm# pkbainnm

bmt{p hacmj{jmi vktbax{inmi {ix{j lkinkxmb{a {j{tmi vmigmin hmi ckdmt pkxamv

hkvmtxklki) Vkikix{mi vmigmin hmi ckdmt hkvmtxklki {ix{j vkld{mxmi MMH

hmvmx hacmj{jmi hkinmi lkcmj{mji vktbax{inmi pkvktxa `oixob dktaj{x aia)


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Hkv M Hkv @

Hkv D Hkv H

R HR M

R HR D

Cmixma xktpkham

Vmigmin cmixma

Nmldmt 4)=;) MTH hmi c{mp cmixma xktpkham

Pkxkcmb lkikix{jmi Q hmi R lmpain,lmpain hkvmtxklki# lmjm7

Q=xktpkhamcmixmavmigmin

hkv@cmixmac{mphkvMcmixmac{mp

__

____ )"4)=4!

Q4xktpkhamcmixmavmigmin

hkvHcmixmac{mphkvDcmixmac{mp

__

____

R M=

__

Q

hkvMcmixmac{mp )"4)=0!

R D4

__

Q

hkvDcmixmac{mp

R @=

__

Q

hkv@cmixmac{mp

R H4

__Q

hkvHcmixmac{mp


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Dmd 0

Jktminjm Vklk`mbmi Lmpmcmb

0)=) Eco~`bmtx Vklk`mbmi LmpmcmbVkikcaxami mhmcmb jknamxmi hmcml lkin{lv{cjmi# lkinocmb# lkinmimcapap# hmi

lkiqmgajmi hmxm qmin hacmj{jmi pk`mtm papxklmxap hmi odgkjxae {ix{j lklk`mbjmi

p{mx{ vktpomcmi qmin dktjmaxmi hmcml vkikcaxami qmin pkhmin hacmj{jmi pkbainnm

hmvmx xkt`mvma bmpac vkikcaxami qmin lklki{ba jmahmb,jmahmb aclamb) Vmhm {p{cmi

vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb aia hajkl{jmi hmcml p{mx{ jktminjm vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb

qmin mjmi havktn{imjmi {ix{j lkikix{jmi cminjmb,cminjmb vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb

qmin pkhmin haxkcaxa)

Bmpac qmin dmaj mjmi hmvmx ha`mvma hkinmi p{mx{ vktki`mimmi qmin xktp{p{i

pk`mtm xktpxt{jx{t hmi xktki`mim# dknax{ v{cm hkinmi vkikcaxami aia# {vmqm {ix{j

lkihmvmxjmi bmpac qmin haainaijmi pminmxcmb vkixain {ix{j hap{p{i hmb{c{

pxt{jx{t hmi xmbmvmi,xmbmvmiiqm) Mhmv{i {t{xmi cminjmb,cminjmb vklk`mbmi

lmpmcmb qmin mjmi hacmj{jmi hacmj{jmi vki{cap vmhm vkikcaxami aia hmvmx hacabmx

hmta Eco~`bmtxcminjmb,cminjmb vkikcaxami pkdmnma dktaj{x aia7


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0)=) Eco~`bmtxVklk`mbmi Lmpmcmb


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0)4) Cminjmb,cminjmb Vklk`mbmi Lmpmcmb

Dktaj{x aia mhmcmb cminjmb,cminjmb vklk`mbmi lmpmcmb hmcml vkikcaxami qmin

hacmj{jmi# qmax{7

=) OdpktumpaVmhm xmbmv aia vkikcaxa lkcmj{jmi vkikcaxami cminp{in havkt{pmbmmi VX)

Vtalmaiho Mpam Aixtmpxt{`x{tk Xdj# qmax{ {ix{j lkinkxmb{a hmi lklmbmla

pax{mpa hmi joihapa xkixmin vktlmpmcmbmi qmin mhm havkt{pmbmmi# hkinmi

xmiqm gm~md jkvmhm vabmj,vabmj xktjmax)

4) Ahkixaeajmpa LmpmcmbLkinahkixaeajmpajmi vktlmpmcmbmi qmin jolvckjp vmhm vkt{pmbmmi

dkthmpmtjmi bmpac ~m~mi`mtm hmi odpktumpa qmax{ xktgmha jkpalvminpa{tmi

vklaihmbmi mcatmi lmxktamc mixmt hkvmtxklki hacmixma vtoh{jpa)0) Px{ha Caxktmx{t

Joipkv xkota hmi nkiktmcapmpa qmin hagmhajmi cmihmpmi dktvajat {ix{j

lkih{j{in vkikcaxami qmin lkinm`{ hmta dktdmnma p{ldkt# dmaj hmta d{j{

lm{v{i p{ldkt qmin cmai {ix{j hagmhajmi tkektkipa n{im lklvktockb xkota,

xkota qmin had{x{bjmi)

8) X{g{mi VkikcaxamiLki`mj{v cmxmt dkcmjmin {ix{j hacmj{jmiiqm vkikcaxami hmi dktx{g{mi mnmt

lklvktgkcmp vkldmbmpmiiqm pkbainnm ckdab xktmtmb qmax{ lkinbmpacjmi

tmi`minmi cmqo{x hacmixma vtoh{pa {ix{j vtoh{j pkvmx{ kjpvot hkinmi

lklvktbax{injmi OLB)

;) Vkin{lv{cmi HmxmHmxm,hmxm qmin havktc{jmi vmhm vkinocmbmi hmxm hamixmtmiqm pkdmnma dktaj{x7

m) Hmxm {l{l vkt{pmbmmiHmxm {l{l vkt{pmbmmi lkcav{xa pkgmtmb vkt{pmbmmi hmi pxt{jx{t otnmiapmpa

qmin mhm havkt{pmbmmi# hmxm,hmxm xktpkd{x havktc{jmi mnmt vkikcaxa lklmbmla

jmtmjxktapxaj vkt{pmbmmi)

d) Hmxm vtopkp Vtoh{jpaHmxm,hmxm vtopkp vtoh{jpa hamixmtmiqm mhmcmb hmxm vtopkp ovktmpa vtoh{j#

hmxm etkj{kipa mcatmi vtopkp hmi hmxm oinjop vkinminj{xmi qmin havktc{jmi


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{ix{j vkinbax{inmi OLB# lkcav{xa hmxm {vmb ovktmxot# damqm vkinn{immi

mcmx minj{x hmi gmtmj vkinminj{xmi mixmt hkvmtxklki)

`) Hmxm empacaxmp hmi cmqo{xcmixma vtoh{jpa pkjmtmin)Hmxm qmin havktc{jmi qmax{ halkipa {j{tmi empacaxmp# mcmx minj{x dkpktxm

dmiqmj hmi g{lcmb lmpain,lmpain empacaxmp qmin mhm ha cmixma vtoh{jpa)

5) Vkinocmbmi HmxmXmbmv vkinocmbmi hmxm hacmj{jmi {ix{j lktmi`min hmi lkikl{jmi cmq o{x

qmin mjmi had{mx hmta hmxm,hmxm qmin xkcmb xktj{lv{c vmhm xmbmv pkdkc{liqm)

Vmhm vkinocmbmi hmxm m~mc hacmj{jmi vktbax{inmi OLB m~mc xktckdab

hmb{c{) OLB m~mc habax{in {ix{j lki`mta pjmcm vtaotaxmp jkhkjmxmi qmin

ovxal{l mixmt pkl{m hkvmtxklki dkthmpmtjmi oinjop qmin hajkxmb{a)

Pkcmig{xiqm jkxktminmi xktpkd{x mjmi lkigmha aiv{x vktmi`minmi cmqo{x{p{cmi)

>) Vktmi`minmi Cmqo{x [p{cmim) Lktki`mimjmi jkd{x{bmi c{mp cmixma lmpain,lmpain hkvmtxklki)

Jkd{x{bmi c{mp cmixma hkvmtxklki havkinmt{ba ockb c{mp cmixma lkpai mxm{

empacaxmp# hmi c{mp cmixma qmin had{x{bjmi ockb mcmx minj{x qmin han{imjmi

vmhm hkvmtxklki qmin dktpminj{xmi hkinmi mcco~mi`k vmhm lmpain,

lmpain empacaxmp)

d) Lktmi`min MMH dkthmpmtjmi Xmdkc Pjmcm Vtaotaxmp "XPV! m~mc qminxktdkix{j hmta M`xaeaxq Tkcmxaoipbav Hamntml "MTH! bainnm hajkxmb{a

jkhkjmxmi mixmtm pxmpa{i jktgm jk pxmpa{i jktgm cmaiqm)

`) Lkinbax{in gmtmj dkthmpmtjmi c{mp cmixma {p{cmi hkinmi pjmcm vtaotaxmpm~mc)

h) Lkinbax{in oinjop lmxktamc bmihcain tkuapa) Olb tkuapa had{mx jmtkimgmtmjlmxktamc bmihcain xkcmb dkt{dmb hmimjmi lkinbmpacjmi oinjop qmin

dktdkhm)

k) Lkid{mx cmqo{x {p{cmi hmi mcatmi lmxktamc {p{cmi hmta {j{tmi c{mp cmixmahmi vkiklvmxmi hkvmtxklki dkthmpmtjmi XPV hmi MMH)

2) MimcapapMimcapap hacmj{jmi pkdmnma vkldmbmpmi hmi vkinmimcapmmi xktbmhmv bmpac

vkinnocmbmi hmxm pk`mtm jkpkc{t{bmi) Vmhm xmbmv aia mjmi hadmbmp pkxamv


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vkt{dmbmi,vkt{dmbmi iacma qmin xktgmha) Mimcapap g{nm mjmi hacmj{jmi vmhm

cmqo{x m~mc hmi cmqo{x {p{cmi qmin imixaiqm mjmi hadmihainjmi pkdmnma

cminjmb {ix{j lkinkxmb{a xkt`mvmaiqm vkikcaxami qmin hacmj{jmi)

1) Jkpalv{cmi hmi PmtmiLkld{mx jkpalv{cmi hmta mimcapap qmin xkcmb hapkckpmajmi hkinmi lkld{mx

voai,voai mvm pmgm qmin lkigmha nmtap dkpmt hmta l{cma vkikcaxami bainnm

mjbat vkikcaxami mnmt hmvmx hacmj{jmi vktdmajmi hmi vkt{dmbmi qmin

hapmtmijmi ockb vki{cap {ix{j jklmg{mi)


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Dmd 8

Vkin{lv{cmi hmi Vkinocmbmi Hmxm

8)=)Nmldmtmi [l{l Vkt{pmbmmi8)=)=)Pkgmtmb Vkt{pmbmmiVX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj hahatajmi vmhm xminnmc = g{ca =122 hkinmi

imlm VX) Daixmin Jbmtaplm hkinmi pxmx{p Vkimimlmi Lohmc Hmcml Iknkta

"VLHI! hmi dktnktmj hmcml dahmin aih{pxta pkvmx{) Vmhm xmb{i =118# xkcmb

lki`mxmx hmi lkig{mc pmbmliqm ha D{tpm Kekj Gmjmtxm hmi lkigmha VX) Daixmin

Jbmtaplm) Vmhm xmb{i =11># vkt{pmbmmi lktki`mimjmi {ix{j lkcmj{jmi

hauktaeajmpa {pmbm jk dahmin cmai qmin g{nm lklv{iqma vtopvkj `ktmb) [ix{j ax{#

vkt{pmbmmi lkinnmixa imlm lkigmha VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj)

Pkdkc{l hatki`mimjmi hauktaeajmpa hmvmx xktkmcapmpa# joihapa kjoiola ha Aihoikpam

l{cma lkld{t{j pkbainnm vkt{pmbmmi lkl{x{pjmi {ix{j lki{ihm tki`mim

xktpkd{x)

Vmhm xmb{i 466=# Vktpktomi lklvtoh{jpa bmiqm pmx{ dtmihkh d{qktqmax{ lktkj

Tkkdoj) [ix{j lkinmixapavmpa tkpajo vkl{x{pmi jktgm pmlm ockb Tkkdoj#

vktpktomi lkl{x{pjmi {ix{j lkigmhajmi xmb{i 466= pkdmnma xmb{i joipocahmpa

hmi l{cma lklvktpamvjmi {pmbm vkinkldminmi vmpmt holkpxaj) Vmhm d{cmi mvtac

4664# vktpktomi lkiktalm vkldktaxmb{mi hmta Tkkdoj Aixktimxaoimc Calaxkh

pkdmnma painck d{qkthmta vktpktomi dmb~m vkpmimi pkvmx{ qmin hadktajmi jkvmhm

vktpktomi bmiqm pmlvma hkinmi d{cmi g{ca 4664# pkbainnm pkgmj d{cmi g{ca 4664

vktpktomi xahmj cmna lklvtoh{jpa pkvmx{ lktkj Tkkdoj)

VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj dktnktmj hmcml dahmin aih{pxta,aih{pxta

pkvmx{# jb{p{piqm pkvmx{ ocmb tmnm hmi lklvtoh{jpa hmcml dktdmnma e{inpa hmi

{j{tmi) Pkcmlm aia vtoh{jpa VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj hahmpmtjmi

mxmp vkpmimi vkcminnmi qmin dktmpmc hmta c{mt iknkta)Hkinmi hklajami bmlvat

pkc{t{b pkvmx{ ocmb tmnm bmpac vtohojpa vktpktomi mhmcmb {ix{j hakjpvot hmb bmt{p

lklki{ba pxmihmt l{x{ qmin xkcmb haxkxmvjmi ockb vkldkca hkinmi hapmai qmin


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had{mx vkt{pmbmmi mxm{ vkcminnmi qmin lkt{vmjmi vklknmin lktkj mxm{

vklknmin capkipa hmta lktkj xktjkl{jm)

VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj xkcmb havkt`mqm lklvtoh{jpa lktkj

xktjkimc pkvktxa OpJbop DNopb# @bkmpkvkmjp# Dohq Ncouk# [P Mxbkckxa`#

V[LM# Mhahmp hmi Muam) Xmb{i =115# hmta h{m d{qkt dkpmt qmax{ Tkkdoj hmi

Eacm)Vmhm xmb{i 4666 hmcml vkinkldminmi vmpmt holkpxaj xkcmb lklvtoh{jpa

lktkj Xoljaip)

8)=)4)Otnmiapmpa hmi Lmimgklki8)=)4)=) Otnmiapmpa=)

Pxt{jx{t otnmiapmpa

Mhmv{i pxt{jx{t otnmiapmpa vmhm VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj hmvmx

hacabmx vmhm dmnmi hadm~mb aia7

Nmldmt 8)=) Pxt{jx{t Otnmiapmpa VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj


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4) P{p{imi hk~mi jolapmtap hmi hatkjpa pktxm vkigkcmpmi e{inpa hauapaDktaj{x lkt{vmjmi p{p{imi hk~mi jolapmtap hmi hatkjpa qmin xkthmvmx vmhm

vkt{pmbmmi VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj mhmcmb7

Jolapmtap {xmlm 7 Adtmbal Tapgmh

^mjac jolapmtap {xmlm 7 Mdh{c Tm`blmi Tmlca

Jolapmtap aihkvkihki 7 Bmtamha Hmtlm~mi

Kihmin Jopmpab

Hatkjx{t {xmlm 7 Dmldmin Pkxaqoio

^mjac Hatkjx{t {xmlm 7 Hmuah Qmbqm

Hatkjx{t 7 Qmxa I{tbmqmxa

Vkigkcmpmi e{inpa,e{inpa hauapa qmin mhm vmhm vkt{pmbmmi# qmax{7m) E{inpa vtoh{jpaHauapa aia lkcmjpmimjmi vktki`mimmi vtoh{jpa# jknamxmi vmdtajmpa# kumc{mpa

jaiktgm jktgm vtoh{jpa# vklkcabmtmmi hmi vktm~mxmi lkpai,lkpai qmin lki{igmin

vtopkp vtoh{jpa)

d) E{inpa BTH NMHauapa aia lkcmjpmimjmi vki`mtami hmi vkiqkhammi p{ldkt hmqm lmi{pam#

mhlaiapxtmpa hmxm jmtqm~mi# vkinkldminmi j{mcaxmp p{ldkt hmqm lmi{pam#

lklkcabmtm nkh{in hmi vktmcmxmi# lkigmnm jkmlmimi# lklkcabmtm jkihmtmmi#

lkcmqmia jkt{lmbxminnmmi hmi lkin{t{p awai,awai vkt{pmbmmi)

`) E{inpa eaimipamcHauapa aia lkcmjpmimjmi vktki`mimmi jk{minmi# lkinm~mpa tkmcapmpa#

vkin{lv{cmi hmi vkinocmbmi hmxm pkbainnm lkinbmpacjmi cmvotmi qmin dktn{im

dmna lkikgklki hmcml lkinkihmcajmi jknamxmi vkt{pmbmmi hmi vkinmldacmi

jkv{x{pmi)

h) E{inpa jolktpamcHauapa aia dkte{inp lklvtolopajmi# lklmpmtjmi hmi lkihapxtad{pajmi vtoh{j

pktxm lkiqamvjmi lmxktamc qmin b{d{inmi hkinmi p{vcamt)


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k) E{inpa H%HHauapa aia dkte{inpa lkld{mx pmlvkc pkvmx{ {ix{j havtoh{jpa)

0) Uapa hmi lapa vkt{pmbmmiP{mx{ vkt{pmbmmi qmin dmaj# vmpxacmb lklacaja uapa hmi lapa vkt{pmbmmi mnmt

jaiktgm vkt{pmbmmi lklacaja x{g{mi iqmxm pmmx vkt{pmbmmi dktgmcmi) Uapa hmi lapa

hmta vkt{pmbmmi VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj mhmcmb7

m) Uapa vkt{pmbmmiLkigmha vklalvai hmcml aih{pxta pkvmx{ ha Aihoikpam " xo dk`olk ckmhkt ai

Aihoikpam pbokp aih{pxtq!

d)Lapa vkt{pmbmmi

Dktaj{x lkt{vmjmi lapa vkt{pmbmmi VX) Vtalmtaiho Mpam Aietmpxt{`x{tk# Xdj

mhmcmb pkdmnma dktaj{x7

Lklv{iqma vtopkp vtoh{jpa qmin vmcain keapaki) Lkinbmpacjmi vtoh{j dktj{mcaxmp xainna {ix{j lklki{ba jkv{mpmi vkcminnmi) Lkigmha laxtm {pmbm xktvkt`mqm hmcml lkinbmhmva xmixminmi pmmx aia hmi ha

lmpm hkvmi)

Lkiv{iqma pkvmx{ lktkj pkihata qmin lkigmha iolot pmx{ ha vmpmt hmcmliknkta)

8)=)4)4) Lmikgklki=) Pxtmxkna dapiapm) Vklmpmtmi kjpvotTkmcapmpa vkig{mcmi kjpvot vmhm xmb{i 4661 pkdkpmt 4)664)2>> vmpmin# lki{t{i

pkdkpmt 48#54+ hadmihain tkmcapmpa kjpvot xmb{i pkdkc{liqm pkdkpmt 4)5;>)646

vmpmin) Vmhm xmb{i 46=6# hkinmi l{cma lkldmajiqm joihapa kjoiola ncodmc

habmtmvjmi othkt kjpvot hmvmx lkiainjmx pkbainnm xoxmc kjpvot havtoqkjpajmi

lkiainjmx pkjaxmt 8;#55+ lkigmha pkdkpmt 4)1=>)0;> vmpmin) ^mcm{v{i

hklajami# vkin{mxmi j{tp t{vamb xktbmhmv [P hoccmt `{j{v lkikjmi xainjmx

vtoeaxdacaxmp kjpvot)Pkbainnm ~

PERANCANGAN TATA LETAK MESIN PADA LANTAI PRODUKSI UNTUK PRODUK SEPATU EKSPOR BERDASARKAN AREA...

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Transcript of PERANCANGAN TATA LETAK MESIN PADA LANTAI PRODUKSI UNTUK PRODUK SEPATU EKSPOR BERDASARKAN AREA...