Slide 1

Peran Perguruan TinggiDalam Membangun Daya Saing Bangsa

NizamSekretaris Dewan Pendidikan Tinggi

1TopikTantangan globalisasiDaya saing bangsa & peran modal insaniHELTS 2003-2010Reformasi PTKebijakan Dikti

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2Tantangan universitalGlobalisasi & internationalisasi, perdagangan barang & jasa lintas batas, kompetisi yang ganasPerkembangan knowledge-based economy, knowledge capital menggeser physical capital sebagai sumber kemajuan dan kesejahteraan bangsaPerkembangan kemajuan ICT, bisa menjembatani kesenjangan mutu dan geografisPerubahan lapangan kerja yang pesat, pendidikan tinggi semakin dibutuhkan masifikasi PTBelajar sepanjang hayat, konsekuensi dari faktor-faktor di atas3Tantangan domestikEkspansi sistem PT yang pesat, kurang dibarengi peningkatan mutuMeningkatnya tuntutan akses, mutu, dan relevansi PTCompeting public fundingDemokratisasiDesentralisasiKeadilan dan kesetaraan aksesTuntutan tata kelola yang efisien dan akuntabelPT sebagai kekuatan moral

4Participation Rate5nizamComponent2008%Female:Male19-24 YO Cohort25.359.0000,97Public HEI965,97022,5%1,08Private HEI2,410,27654,5%1,11In-service TE47,2531,1%0,81Islamic HEIs556,74311,6%1,89Open University521,28110,4%1,77Total Students4,501,543100%1,12GER17,26%55PERKEMBANGAN APK MENURUT KELOMPOK PT

6Keadaan APK Pendidikan Tinggi di Beberapa Negara Tahun 2005-2007

7Kesenjangan regional (APK th 2008)8

8Kesenjangan sosial9Perbandingan kesenjangan sosial dgn negara lain10Peringkat daya saing IndonesiaNoNegaraGCI 2005GCI 2008PeringkatPeringkatScore1Singapore555.532Malaysia25215.043China48304.704Thailand33344.605Indonesia69554.256Phillippines73714.097Vietnam81704.10Global Competitiveness Report (th 2005 dan 2008)11Kondisi daya saing Indonesia

Global Competitiveness Report 200812Faktor produktivitasDulu: (industrial economy)Sumberdaya alamModalTeknologiSumberdaya manusia (buruh)SekarangYang dominan adalah modal insani & informasi knowledge economy1313Perbedaan Produktivitas PekerjaIndonesia-Thailand

14Perbandingan Produktivitas Pekerja di 5 Negara ASEAN

Diolah dari ADB, 200715Human Development Index

16Posisi HDI IndonesiaPerktNegaraHDILife expectAdult LiteracyGERGDP per cap PPPLife exp. indexEduca.indexGDP index28Singapore0.91879.994.264.447,4260.9110.8341.0063Malaysia0.82373.991.571.512,5360.8150.8480.80681Thailand0.78670.093.978.07,6130.7500.8860.723102Philippines0.74571.393.379.63,1530.7720.8870.576107Indonesia0.72670.191.068.23,4550.7520.8340.591114Vietnam0.71874.090.362.32,3630.8160.8100.528World Bank, 2008, World Development Indicators 2008. September 2008, update, Washington, D.C17Komposisi Tenaga Kerja di Indonesiaberdasar PendidikanTingkat Pendidikan2001200420052006Tidak sekolah7.15.74.95.3Pendidikan Dasar55.951.150.750.2SMP16.218.318.518.9SMP Kejuruan1.51.41.81.3SMA10.312.112.712.7SMK5.56.25.96.2Diploma 20.70.91.01.0Diploma 30.91.21.41.2Universitas1.83.03.23.2Sumber: SAKERNAS berbagai tahun18Makin Tinggi Pendidikan, Makin Rendah Kemandirian dan Semangat Kewirausahaannya?Sumber : BPS, Sakernas 2003

19HELTS - 2003-2010Improving Nations competitivenessImproving quality and relevanceImproving public funding as well as private participationAutonomy and decentralizationProviding wider autonomy while demanding more direct accountabilityDiversity and complexity of the system (development stages, regional relevance, sizes, capacity) demand decentralizationImproving networking, cooperation and resource sharingProviding safety netHealthy organizationGood university governance as a prerequisite of autonomy, accountability, quality & relevance improvementTo develop HEI as a credible moral force20Peran PT dalam meningkatkanKemandirian & daya saing bangsaPersatuan bangsa, pembentukan karakter, kohesi sosialLulusan dan riset yang relevan dan kompetitifBerkontribusi pada pembangunan sosial-ekonomi daerahKeragaman misi (Mission differentiation)Peningkatan akses dan kesetaraan2121Otonomi dan desentralisasiPergeseran peranDikti: dari regulator penuh facilitator (facilitating, empowering, enabling, aligning)PT: lebih otonom, akuntabel, kendali diriTanggung jawab sosialRelevansi pembangunan regional2222Kesehatan organisasiPengembangan kapasitas institusiPeningkatan mutu berkelanjutanPengelolaan sumberdaya secara efisienTransparency, accountability dan credibilityPeningkatan tata kelolaKebebasan akademikMeritocratic systemPenjaminan mutuPencitraan publik

2323Dari mana memulai?Kesehatan organisasiPTN: semula bagian dari birokrasi pemerintahPTS: aparat dari YayasanAkuntabel pada atasan langsung, kurang berorientasi pada mahasiswa/masyarakatInitiatif atas dorongan dari luarOtonomi dan desentralisasiDikti tidak mungkin mengatur seluruh sistem dengan permasalahan yang kompleks dan besarTiap institusi harus akuntabel pada para pemangku kepentingannyaPerlu penjaminan mutu eksternal (akreditasi)Budaya mutu harus dibangun dari dalam (internally driven)24Bagaimana memulai? (1)Memberikan otonomi yang luasOtonomi dalam tata kelola, pengembangan program, keuangan, ketenagaan, revenue generationPendanaan sistem hibah blok (block grant) memberi fleksibilitas pada PT dan akuntabilitas yg tinggiPenggunaan sistem post auditMenata ulang cara pendanaanEvaluasi diri sebagai awal siklus perencanaanBerbasis Proposal, kompetisi berjenjang, memusatkan konsentrasi pada inti mandat: pendidikan S1Anggaran operasional berbasis rumus (formula-based)25Bagaimana memulai? (2)Meminta akuntabilitas yang lebih langsungMahasiswa & orangtua (layanan pembelajaran)Industries & businesses (employability, responsiveness)Public (karena menggunakan uang rakyat)Pemerintah (kepentingan nasional, daya saing bangsa)Evaluasi eksternalEvaluasi Proposal oleh peer review external, tms. class sit-in, review pekerjaan mahasiswaAkreditasiAudit exterkan (akuntan publik)26Tahapan implementasiPengenalan reformasi (sejak 1998)Hibah kompetisiPendanaan hibah blokJaring pengaman sosial untuk institusi yg masih lemahPiloting BHMN (2000)Melepas PTN dan staff dari sistem PNSMenyiapkan kerangka hukumPeningkatan partisikasi masyarakatPendanaan riset, kolaborasi industriSPP mahasiswaBeasiswa bagi yang tidak mampu27UU BHPTujuan:Menjadi kerangka otonomi yang utuhPrinsipNir labaOtonomi, Akuntabilitas, Keterbukaan Penjaminan mutu, layanan primaKeadilan aksesInklusifSustainablePartisipatoris28ASEANRatifikasi konvensi regional UNESCO on degree recognition: Desember 2007ASEAN Accord: 2015 ASEAN CommunityKonsekuensi: Harus ada Kerangka kualifikasi nasional (national qualification framework) yang comparable secara regionalHarus ada sistem mutu dan akreditasi nasional yang compatible secara regionalInisiatifHarmonisasi sistem: UNESCO, AUN, SEAMEO-RIHED, dsbMengambil pengalaman Bologna Process untuk diadaptasi

29Kebijakan DiktiMendorong internasionalisasi:Peningkatan mahasiswa asing, program internasional, pertukaran dosen & mahasiswaMendorong World Class University:memperkuat yang sudah di depan, menghela/ membangun kapasitas yang dibelakangnyaMendorong kompetisi tetapi juga kolaborasi (coopetition)Pendanaan berbasis Hibah KompetisiMendorong kerjasama antar PT nasional dan regional (baik kuat-kuat, terlebih kuat-lemah)Nurturing untuk yang lemahmemproteksi sistem nasional membatasi investasi asing untuk pendirian PT30Kebijakan DiktiMendorong kerjasama regional dan internasional berbasis academic collaborationPengembangan kurikulumJoint program:Credit transfer, credit acquisitionDual degree program, twinning programAkreditasi regional/internasionalJoint research & publicationsStaff and Student exchange (reciprocal)Cultural activities (arts & sports joint events)Mendorong kerjasama organisasi regional31Kebijakan DiktiMassive funding untuk risetMelanggan e-jurnal database secara nasionalDIPA PTN & Kopertis 400M (5000 paket)Riset Prioritas Nasional, dll (3000 paket)Peneliti & Perekayasa (7200 peneliti)Peningkatan profil dan exposure karya dosen:Internasionalisasi publikasiInternasionalisasi jurnal nasionalsabbatical/post doc di luar negeriProgram sandwich & twinningBeasiswa ke luar negeriMendorong pemanfaatan ICT untuk riset dan pembelajaran32Beberapa Program Dikti yang mendorong peningkatan daya saingProgram hibah kompetisi dengan penekanan pada unggulan (PHK-B, sekarang PHKI tema-C)Program hibah bersaing dan skema pendanaan riset kompetitifSeleksi Perguruan Tinggi bertaraf InternasionalPerintisan kerjasama perguruan tinggiBeasiswa Kemitraan Negara BerkembangPenguatan Kelembagaan Perguruan TinggiMendorong pengembangan centers of excellencePengembangan CoEHibah penelitian kompetensiKenapa Kompetisi?Membangun sistem pendanaan yang obyektif dan merit basedMembangun semangat kompetisi & daya saing di unit-unit PTMembangun awareness tujuan (visi & misi)Membangun kapasitas perencanaan bottom upMembangun awareness akan efisiensi & efektivenessMeningkatkan ownership atas programMeningkatkan akuntabilitas3434Keuntungan Kompetisi?Menyadarkan akan tujuan dan perlunya evaluasi diri sebagai bagian dari siklus peningkatan kualitas berkelanjutanTerlibatnya semua level dalam perencanaanMeningkatnya relevansi programMeningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitasMeningkatnya ownershipCost awareness, accountability, transparency3535

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terima kasih36Chart12300001100000250000034000004300000

Students

Sheet1YearStudents197523000019851100000199525000002001340000020074300000To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.

Chart19142.732.528.120.317.25

Sheet1Indonesia Data ProfileClick on the indicator to view a definition200020052006PeoplePopulation, total206.3 million220.6 million223.0 millionPopulation growth (annual %)1.31.41.1Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)......Life expectancy at birth, total (years)65.867.8..Fertility rate, total (births per woman)2.42.3..Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)3628..Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)4836..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)......Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)24.6....Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)7272..Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)..0.1..Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)..101.1..School enrollment, primary (% gross)110.9117.3..School enrollment, secondary (% gross)54.963.1..School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)..17.1..Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)9697.2..Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)......EnvironmentSurface area (sq. km)1.9 million1.9 million1.9 millionForest area (sq. km)978.5 thousand885.0 thousand..Agricultural land (% of land area)24.726.4..CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)1.3....Improved water source (% of population with access)76....Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)71....Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)707.4....Energy imports, net (% of energy use)-57.5....Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)400.4....EconomyGNI, Atlas method (current US$)122.5 billion277.1 billion315.8 billionGNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)5901,260.001,420.00GDP (current US$)165.0 billion287.0 billion364.5 billionGDP growth (annual %)4.95.75.5Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)20.414.813.6Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)15.613.111.9Industry, value added (% of GDP)45.944.941.7Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)38.54246.3Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)4132.930.2Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)30.528.628.6Gross capital formation (% of GDP)22.221.824Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)......Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)......States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)..15197Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)16.328.438.1Military expenditure (% of GDP)10.9..Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 1,000 people)50.1270.6..Internet users (per 1,000 people)9.272.5..Roads, paved (% of total roads)57.1....High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)16.216.3..Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)66.156.150Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)10059.9..Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)-4,550,355,000.005.3 billion..Long-term debt (DOD, current US$)110.7 billion106.0 billion..Present value of debt (% of GNI)..55.2..Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income)22.4....Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)1.7 billion2.5 billion..Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)1.2 billion1.9 billion1.9 billionSource: World Development Indicators database, April 2007

Sheet2Philippines Data ProfileClick on the indicator to view a definition200020052006PeoplePopulation, total75.8 million83.1 million84.6 millionPopulation growth (annual %)21.71.8Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)......Life expectancy at birth, total (years)69.571..Fertility rate, total (births per woman)..3.2..Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)3025..Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)4033..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)58....Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)......Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)8180..Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)..0.1..Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)..96.6..School enrollment, primary (% gross)..112.5..School enrollment, secondary (% gross)..85.2..School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)..28.1..Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)..102.8..Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)92.6....EnvironmentSurface area (sq. km)300.0 thousand300.0 thousand300.0 thousandForest area (sq. km)79,490.0071,620.00..Agricultural land (% of land area)40.7....CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)1....Improved water source (% of population with access)86....Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)76....Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)559.8....Energy imports, net (% of energy use)50.7....Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)514....EconomyGNI, Atlas method (current US$)80.3 billion107.2 billion120.2 billionGNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)1,060.001,290.001,420.00GDP (current US$)75.9 billion98.4 billion116.9 billionGDP growth (annual %)655.4Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)6.36.25.1Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)15.814.313.6Industry, value added (% of GDP)32.332.233.2Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)5253.453.2Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)55.447.343.1Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)53.55250.5Gross capital formation (% of GDP)21.215.115.1Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)15.215.1..Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)-3.9-3..States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)..4848Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)34.240.858.5Military expenditure (% of GDP)1.10.8..Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 1,000 people)125.6459.3..Internet users (per 1,000 people)20.3....Roads, paved (% of total roads)21....High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)72.671..Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)101.290.184.7Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)10088.9..Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)2.2 billion1.1 billion..Long-term debt (DOD, current US$)50.8 billion54.7 billion..Present value of debt (% of GNI)..67.3..Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income)14.316.7..Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)575.2 million561.8 million..Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)6.2 billion13.6 billion14.9 billionSource: World Development Indicators database, April 2007

Sheet5Korea, Rep. Data ProfileClick on the indicator to view a definition200020052006PeoplePopulation, total47.0 million48.3 million48.4 millionPopulation growth (annual %)0.80.40.3Life expectancy at birth, total (years)75.977.6..Fertility rate, total (births per woman)1.51.1..Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)55..Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)5.45..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)100....Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)9599..Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)..0.1..Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)95.3104.1101School enrollment, primary (% gross)98104.8104.5School enrollment, secondary (% gross)97.692.995.7School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)72.689.991Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)100.199.999.9EnvironmentSurface area (sq. km)99,260.0099,260.0099,260.00Forest area (sq. km)63,000.0062,650.00..Agricultural land (% of land area)2019.2..CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)9.1....Improved water source (% of population with access)92....Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)4,060.90....Energy imports, net (% of energy use)82.5....Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)5,270.20....EconomyGNI, Atlas method (current US$)460.6 billion766.9 billion856.6 billionGNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)9,800.0015,880.0017,690.00GDP (current US$)511.7 billion791.4 billion888.0 billionGDP growth (annual %)8.54.25Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)0.7-0.2-0.4Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)4.93.43.2Industry, value added (% of GDP)40.740.339.6Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)54.456.357.2Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)40.842.343.2Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)37.739.942.1Gross capital formation (% of GDP)3130.129.8Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)23.323.3..Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)4.60.7..States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)..2222Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)33.590.794.1Military expenditure (% of GDP)2.52.6..Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 1,000 people)1,120.601,285.60..Internet users (per 1,000 people)405683.5..Roads, paved (% of total roads)......High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)34.832.3..Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)6568.971.5Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)1007973.2Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)9.3 billion4.3 billion..Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)-198,140,000.00....Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)735.0 million847.0 million918.0 millionSource: World Development Indicators database, April 2007

Sheet4China Data ProfileClick on the indicator to view a definition200020052006PeoplePopulation, total1.3 billion1.3 billion1.3 billionPopulation growth (annual %)0.70.60.6Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)......Life expectancy at birth, total (years)70.371.8..Fertility rate, total (births per woman)1.91.8..Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)3323..Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)4127..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)......Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)10....Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)8586..Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)..0.1..Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)......School enrollment, primary (% gross)..112.8..School enrollment, secondary (% gross)62.974.3..School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)7.620.3..Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)..99.4..Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)90.9....EnvironmentSurface area (sq. km)9.6 million9.6 million9.6 millionForest area (sq. km)1.8 million2.0 million..Agricultural land (% of land area)58.8....CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)2.2....Improved water source (% of population with access)76....Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)68....Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)889.1....Energy imports, net (% of energy use)2.9....Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)992.7....EconomyGNI, Atlas method (current US$)1.2 trillion2.3 trillion2.6 trillionGNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)9301,740.002,010.00GDP (current US$)1.2 trillion2.2 trillion2.7 trillionGDP growth (annual %)8.410.210.7Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)2.14.42.9Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)14.812.511.9Industry, value added (% of GDP)45.947.347Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)39.340.141.1Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)23.337.336.8Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)20.931.732.9Gross capital formation (% of GDP)35.143.340.7Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)7.1....Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)......States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)..4835Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)48.534.890.9Military expenditure (% of GDP)1.82..Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 1,000 people)182.2570.2..Internet users (per 1,000 people)17.885.1..Roads, paved (% of total roads)..82.5..High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)18.630.6..Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)39.663.466Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)10086.8..Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)38.4 billion79.1 billion..Long-term debt (DOD, current US$)132.6 billion133.3 billion..Present value of debt (% of GNI)..14.2..Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income)9.33.1..Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)1.7 billion1.8 billion..Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)6.2 billion22.5 billion22.5 billionSource: World Development Indicators database, April 2007

Sheet3 Thailand Data ProfileClick on the indicator to view a definition200020052006PeoplePopulation, total61.4 million64.2 million64.7 millionPopulation growth (annual %)10.80.8Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)......Life expectancy at birth, total (years)69.570.9..Fertility rate, total (births per woman)1.91.9..Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)1918..Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)2221..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)99.3....Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)......Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)9496..Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)..1.4..Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)......School enrollment, primary (% gross)94.797.195.7School enrollment, secondary (% gross)..70.370.6School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)34.24342.7Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)..98.799.9Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)92.6....EnvironmentSurface area (sq. km)513.1 thousand513.1 thousand513.1 thousandForest area (sq. km)148.1 thousand145.2 thousand..Agricultural land (% of land area)39.2....CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)3.3....Improved water source (% of population with access)99....Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)98....Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)1,213.70....Energy imports, net (% of energy use)41.6....Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)1,483.80....EconomyGNI, Atlas method (current US$)122.0 billion174.6 billion193.7 billionGNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)1,990.002,720.002,990.00GDP (current US$)122.7 billion176.2 billion206.2 billionGDP growth (annual %)4.84.55Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)1.34.55Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)9109.8Industry, value added (% of GDP)4244.245.8Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)4945.944.4Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)66.873.871.4Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)58.175.470.2Gross capital formation (% of GDP)22.831.729.1Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)..21..Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)..2.5..States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)..3333Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)2470.167.7Military expenditure (% of GDP)1.41.1..Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 1,000 people)140.7....Internet users (per 1,000 people)37.4110.3..Roads, paved (% of total roads)98.5....High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)33.326.6..Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)106.7129.6125.7Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)10092.892.3Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)3.4 billion4.5 billion..Long-term debt (DOD, current US$)61.8 billion36.3 billion..Present value of debt (% of GNI)..32.4..Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income)16.314.6..Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)698.2 million-171,050,000.00..Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)1.7 billion1.2 billion1.3 billionSource: World Development Indicators database, April 2007

Sheet7Malaysia Data ProfileClick on the indicator to view a definition200020052006PeoplePopulation, total23.0 million25.3 million25.8 millionPopulation growth (annual %)2.21.81.6Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population)......Life expectancy at birth, total (years)72.673.7..Fertility rate, total (births per woman)3.12.7..Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)1110..Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)1412..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)......Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5)......Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)8890..Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)..0.5..Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)......School enrollment, primary (% gross)97.1....School enrollment, secondary (% gross)69.3....School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)26.3....Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education (%)104.5....Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)88.7....EnvironmentSurface area (sq. km)329.7 thousand329.7 thousand329.7 thousandForest area (sq. km)215.9 thousand208.9 thousand..Agricultural land (% of land area)24....CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)5.5....Improved water source (% of population with access)98....Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)95....Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)2,122.80....Energy imports, net (% of energy use)-55.9....Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)2,774.10....EconomyGNI, Atlas method (current US$)79.0 billion126.1 billion141.4 billionGNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)3,430.004,970.005,490.00GDP (current US$)90.3 billion130.8 billion148.9 billionGDP growth (annual %)8.95.25.9Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)4.84.64.2Agriculture, value added (% of GDP)8.88.78.3Industry, value added (% of GDP)50.751.851.6Services, etc., value added (% of GDP)40.539.640.1Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)124.4123.4117.1Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)104.599.994Gross capital formation (% of GDP)27.319.918.7Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)19.2....Cash surplus/deficit (% of GDP)-3.1....States and marketsTime required to start a business (days)..3030Market capitalization of listed companies (% of GDP)129.5138.6158Military expenditure (% of GDP)1.71.9..Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers (per 1,000 people)424.2943.3..Internet users (per 1,000 people)216.4434.6..Roads, paved (% of total roads)......High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)59.554.7..Global linksMerchandise trade (% of GDP)199.5195.4195.7Net barter terms of trade (2000 = 100)100102..Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)3.8 billion4.0 billion..Long-term debt (DOD, current US$)37.3 billion38.8 billion..Present value of debt (% of GNI)..45.9..Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and income)5.65.6..Official development assistance and official aid (current US$)45.4 million31.6 million..Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received (US$)981.0 million1.3 billion1.5 billionSource: World Development Indicators database, April 2007

Sheet6APKPENDUDUKKorea9148.4Thailand42.764.7Malaysia32.584.6Philippina28.125.8China20.31300Indonesia17.25223

Sheet6

APKPENDUDUK