CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

When we plant a plant, we always use water to water it in order to grow

well. Moreover in germinating process of that plant, we need more water because

it is very important . But in reality sometime the people throw the rest detergent to

the plant and the growth between plant watered by water is different with plant

watered by rest detergent. Plant watered by water grow well but plant watered by

rest detergent do not grow well. To know more about the influence of detergent in

germination process of green pea, so we do this experiment

B. PROBLEM

What is the influence of detergent in germination process of green pea?

C. PURPOSE

Knowing about the influence of detergent in germination process of green

pea

CHAPTER II

THEORY BASIC

A. Germination

Germination is the process in which a plant or fungus emerges from a seed or

spore and begins growth. The most common example of germination is the sprouting

of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm. However the growth of a

sporeling from a spore, for example the growth of hyphae from fungal spores, is also

germination. In a more general sense, germination can imply anything expanding into

greater being from a small existence or germ.]

Requirements for seed germination

Seed germination depends on both internal and external conditions. The most

important internal factors include temperature, water, oxygen and sometimes light or

darkness.Various plants require different variables for successful seed germination,

often this depends on the individual seed variety and is closely linked to the

ecological conditions of a plant's natural habitat. For some seeds, their future

germination response is affected by environmental conditions during seed formation;

most often these responses are types of seed dormancy.

Water - is required for germination. Mature seeds are often extremely dry and

need to take in significant amounts of water, relative to the dry weight of the seed,

before cellular metabolism and growth can resume. Most seeds need enough water to

moisten the seeds but not enough to soak them. The uptake of water by seeds is called

imbibition, which leads to the swelling and the breaking of the seed coat. When seeds

are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, such as starch, proteins, or

oils. This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo. When the seed

imbibes water, hydrolytic enzymes are activated which break down these stored food

resources into metabolically useful chemicals. After the seedling emerges from the

seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves, the seedling's food reserves are

typically exhausted; at this point photosynthesis provides the energy needed for

continued growth and the seedling now requires a continuous supply of water,

nutrients, and light.

Oxygen - is required by the germinating seed for metabolism.[3] Oxygen is

used in aerobic respiration, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows

leaves. Oxygen is an atmospheric gas that is found in soil pore spaces; if a seed is

buried too deeply within the soil or the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen

starved. Some seeds have impermeable seed coats that prevent oxygen from entering

the seed, causing a type of physical dormancy which is broken when the seed coat is

worn away enough to allow gas exchange and water uptake from the environment.

Temperature - affects cellular metabolic and growth rates. Seeds from

different species and even seeds from the same plant germinate over a wide range of

temperatures. Seeds often have a temperature range within which they will germinate,

and they will not do so above or below this range. Many seeds germinate at

temperatures slightly above room-temperature 60-75 F (16-24 C), while others

germinate just above freezing and others germinate only in response to alternations in

temperature between warm and cool. Some seeds germinate when the soil is cool 28-

40 F (-2 - 4 C), and some when the soil is warm 76-90 F (24-32 C). Some seeds

require exposure to cold temperatures (vernalization) to break dormancy. Seeds in a

dormant state will not germinate even if conditions are favorable. Seeds that are

dependent on temperature to end dormancy have a type of physiological dormancy.

For example, seeds requiring the cold of winter are inhibited from germinating until

they take in water in the fall and experience cooler temperatures. Four degrees

Celsius is cool enough to end dormancy for most cool dormant seeds, but some

groups, especially within the family Ranunculaceae and others, need conditions

cooler than -5 C. Some seeds will only germinate after hot temperatures during a

forest fire which cracks their seed coats; this is a type of physical dormancy.

Light or darkness - can be an environmental trigger for germination and is a

type of physiological dormancy. Most seeds are not affected by light or darkness, but

many seeds, including species found in forest settings, will not germinate until an

opening in the canopy allows sufficient light for growth of the seedling.

Scarification mimics natural processes that weaken the seed coat before

germination. In nature, some seeds require particular conditions to germinate, such as

the heat of a fire (e.g., many Australian native plants), or soaking in a body of water

for a long period of time. Others need to be passed through an animal's digestive tract

to weaken the seed coat enough to allow the seedling to emerge.[2]

Germination rate

In agriculture and gardening, the germination rate describes how many seeds

of a particular plant species, variety or seedlot are likely to germinate. It is usually

expressed as a percentage, e.g., an 85% germination rate indicates that about 85 out of

100 seeds will probably germinate under proper conditions. The germination rate is

useful for calculating the seed requirements for a given area or desired number of

plants.

a. Dicot germination

The part of the plant that first emerges from the seed is the embryonic

root, termed the radicle or primary root. It allows the seedling to become

anchored in the ground and start absorbing water. After the root absorbs

water, an embryonic shoot emerges from the seed. This shoot comprises three

main parts: the cotyledons (seed leaves), the section of shoot below the

cotyledons (hypocotyl), and the section of shoot above the cotyledons

(epicotyl). The way the shoot emerges differs among plant groups.

1. Epigeous

In epigeous (or epigeal) germination, the hypocotyl elongates and

forms a hook, pulling rather than pushing the cotyledons and apical

meristem through the soil. Once it reaches the surface, it straightens and

pulls the cotyledons and shoot tip of the growing seedlings into the air.

Beans, tamarind, and papaya are examples of plants that germinate this

way.

2. Hypogeous

Another way of germination is hypogeous (or hypogeal), where the

epicotyl elongates and forms the hook. In this type of germination, the

cotyledons stay underground where they eventually decompose. Peas, for

example, germinate this way. Germination starts with one tiny seedling

which begins to sprout.

Monocot germination

In monocot seeds, the embryo's radicle and cotyledon are covered by a

coleorhiza and coleoptile, respectively. The coleorhiza is the first part to grow

out of the seed, followed by the radicle. The coleoptile is then pushed up

through the ground until it reaches the surface. There, it stops elongating and

the first leaves emerge.

1. Precocious germination

While not a class of germination, precocious germination

refers to seed germination before the fruit has released seed. The

seeds of the green apple commonly germinate in this manner.

B. Detergent

A detergent is a material used for cleaning. The term is sometimes used to

differentiate between soap and other surfactants used for cleaning.

Detergents, especially those made for use with water, often include different

components such as:

Surfactants to 'cut' (emulsify) grease and to wet surfaces

Abrasive to scour

Substances to modify pH or to affect performance or stability of other

ingredients, acids for descaling or caustics to break down organic

compounds

Water softeners to counteract the effect of "hardness" ions on other

ingredients

oxidants (oxidizers) for bleaching, disinfection, and breaking down

organic compounds

Non-surfactant materials that keep dirt in suspension

Enzymes to digest proteins, fats, or carbohydrates in stains or to modify

fabric feel

Ingredients that modify the foaming properties of the cleaning

surfactants, to either stabilize or counteract foam

Ingredients to increase or decrease the viscosity of the solution, or to

keep other ingredients in solution, in a detergent supplied as a water

solution or gel

Ingredients that affect aesthetic properties of the item to be cleaned, or

of the detergent itself before or during use, such as optical brighteners,

fabric softeners, colors, perfumes, etc.

Ingredients such as corrosion inhibitors to counteract damage to

equipment with which the detergent is used

Ingredients to reduce harm or produce benefits to skin, when the

detergent is used by bare hand on inanimate objects or used to clean skin

Preservatives to prevent spoilage of other ingredients

Sometimes materials more complicated than mere mixtures of compounds

are said to be detergent. For instance, certain foods such as celery are said to be

detergent or detersive to teeth

CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENT METHOD

A. EXPERIMENT DESIGN

B. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Name Quantity

Analytical balance 1

Plastic glass 7

Black plastic bag 7

Ruler 1

Label paper 14

Measure glass 1

Water As needed

Detergent powder 1 gram

Thread As needed

C. VARIABLE ARE USED

Control variable : Place , kind of green peas ,

darkness

Independent variable : Concentration of detergent

Dependent variable : height of growth

D. PROCEDURE

1. Preparing detergent solution 100%; 50%; 25%; 12,5% ; 6.25% ; 3,1% and

aquades. Saving those solution and give the labels.

2. Preparing 7 plastic glasses and give the label. Entering tissues as needed in

each glass.

3. Entering green peas into a bowl of water. Throwing the floating green

peas

4. Taking the 10 green peas . Entering it in each concentration solution for 5

minutes.

5. Taking up the green peas and put it on the tissues appropriate with the

concentration.

6. Wetting it with appropriate solution.

7. Adjusting the green peas so the hilum position is in downward.

8. Covering it with black plastic bag and taking it into dark place.

9. Observing its growth everyday until the 5th day.

10. Making graphic of average growth.

CHAPTER IV

DATA AND ANALYSIS

A. DATA

No.

Detergent Concentration

First Day

100%

(mm)

50%

(mm)

25%

(mm)

12.5%

.(mm)

6.25%

(mm)

3.1%

(mm)

Control

(mm)

1 13 6 14 20 0 0 12

2 13 15 14 14 0 14 10

3 5 11 16 15 0 16 0

4 10 16 10 11 0 0 5

5 10 14 8 0 0 11 0

6 7 23 11 0 0 10 3

7 16 8 10 15 5 11 0

8 15 14 8 10 3 14 14

9 0 18 18 5 5 5 13

10 0 19 8 6 2 14 17

Sum 89 144 107 96 15 95 74

Average 8.9 14.4 10.7 9.6 1.5 9.5 7.4

No.

Detergent Concentration

Second Day

100%

(mm)

50%

(mm)

25%

(mm)

12.5%.

(mm)

6.25%

(mm)

3.1%

(mm)

Control

(mm)

1 35 20 25 27 5 0 30

2 45 30 24 20 8 18 25

3 22 25 35 21 7 30 6

4 18 29 20 17 10 5 12

5 26 27 18 5 9 13 5

6 25 40 23 0 8 15 15

7 42 21 20 22 15 17 5

8 37 31 17 17 12 23 30

9 20 35 15 12 20 10 27

10 10 20 18 13 10 25 45

Sum 280 278 215 154 104 156 200

Average 28 27.8 21.5 15.4 10.4 15.6 20

No.

Detergent Concentration

Third Day

100%

(mm)

50%

(mm)

25%

(mm)

12.5%.

(mm)

6.25%

(mm)

3.1%

(mm)

Control

(mm)

1 50 40 75 65 55 70 65

2 44 55 74 55 58 40 70

3 30 60 80 50 45 72 50

4 43 47 65 53 43 55 75

5 47 35 67 40 50 85 78

6 38 45 63 45 44 35 55

7 35 39 48 44 35 65 57

8 30 34 50 68 30 33 45

9 47 41 45 53 41 65 40

10 32 42 54 44 37 65 30

Sum 396 438 621 517 438 585 565

Average 39.6 43.8 62.1 51.7 43.8 58.5 56.5

No. Detergent Concentration

Fourth Day

100% 50% 25% 12.5%. 6.25% 3.1% Control

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

1 70 90 95 157 155 130 150

2 67 63 90 50 145 165 155

3 65 70 67 57 135 115 170

4 55 74 57 65 139 100 165

5 35 77 73 97 160 135 177

6 40 75 143 100 140 140 140

7 63 85 60 107 53 151 60

8 80 55 65 110 60 153 120

9 57 45 55 78 55 150 153

10 50 52 75 92 105 147 167

Sum 582 686 850 913 1147 1386 1457

Average 58.2 68.6 85 91.3 114.7 138.6 145.7

No.

Detergent Concentration

Fifth Day

100%

(mm)

50%

(mm)

25%

(mm)

12.5%.

(mm)

6.25%

(mm)

3.1%

(mm)

Control

(mm)

1 110 130 165 162 170 185 190

2 113 120 163 170 165 180 180

3 109 110 162 165 150 160 185

4 95 95 160 150 175 176 175

5 87 100 150 155 110 157 160

6 65 115 140 95 100 155 165

7 60 80 148 110 130 171 173

8 55 70 100 130 157 182 130

9 50 60 80 140 168 150 163

10 40 75 50 120 163 165 172

Sum 784 955 1318 1397 1488 1681 1693

Average 78.4 95.5 131.8 139.7 148.8 168.1 169.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1 2 3 4 5

100%

50%

25%

12.50%

6.25%

3.10%

Aquades

B. ANALYSIS

From the data above we can see that the tendency of growth of green peas in each

concentration is increase. But the speed of the growth of each concentration is different.

In the first day, the average growth of 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 3.1% and

0% respectively are 8.9 ; 14.4 ; 10.7 ; 9.5 ; 1.5; 9.5 ; 7.4 in mm. So the growth of

50% concentration is fast than the other. In the 50% and 25 % concentration all

green peas grow , but the other some green peas still does not grow. In the 100%

concentration 2 green peas does not grow , in 12.5 % there are 2 green peas , in

6.25% there are 5 green peas, in 3. % concentration there is one and in 0%

concentration there are 3 green peas. It doesnot appropriate with the theory that

the growth in control condition is slower than the other. It happens because of

some factors that the intencity in giving water in each concentration is different

and the quality of each green pea is different..

In the second day, the average growth of 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 3.1%

and 0% respectively are 28 ; 27.8 ; 21.5 ; 15.4 ; 10.4 ; 15.6 ; 20 in mm. So the

growth of 100% concentration is fast than the other. In the 100% , 50% , 25 % ,

6.25% and control concentration all green peas grow , but the other some green

peas still does not grow. Both in 12.5% and 3.1 %, there is one green pea do not

grow. It does not appropriate with the theory that the growth in control condition

is slower than the other. It happens because of some factors that the intencity in

giving water in each concentration is different and the quality of each green pea is

different..

In the third day, the average growth of 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 3.1%

and 0% respectively are 39.6 ; 43.8 ; 62.1 ; 51.7 ; 43.8 ; 58.5 ; 56.5 in mm. So the

growth of 25% concentration is fast than the other. All green peas grow. It does

not appropriate with the theory that the growth in control condition is slower than

the other. It happens because of some factors that the intencity in giving water in

each concentration is different and the quality of each green pea is different..

In the fourth day, the average growth of 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 3.1%

and 0% respectively are 58.2 ; 68.6 ; 85 ; 91.3 ; 114.7 ; 138.6 ; 145.7 in mm. So

the growth of 0% concentration is fast than the other. All green peas grow. It

appropriates with the theory that the growth in control condition is faster than the

other. So do with the other concentration that the tendency of growth is decrease

as increasing concentration of detergent.

In the fifth day, the average growth of 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 3.1%

and 0% respectively are 78.4 ; 95.5 ; 131.8 ; 139.7 ; 148.8 ; 168.1 ; 169.3 in mm.

So the growth of 0% concentration is fast than the other. All green peas grow. It

appropriates with the theory that the growth in control condition is faster than the

other. So do with the other concentration that the tendency of growth is decrease

as increasing concentration of detergent.

From the data and the graphic we can analyze that the growth of green pea in first

until third day is not in stable condition but after fourth and fifth day, the growth become

stable again. This detergent avoid the process of absorbing enough water in germination

process , so the ability of green pea in transporting nutrient is decrease too. Detergents

contain a chemical known as surfactant, which is a substance that reduces the surface

tension of a liquid that it is dissolved in. This helps the detergent to penetrate and clean in

a better way.

Beside that, the colour of the leaf is not green but yellow. It happens because

this process happens in dark place ( etiolasi ), so the auksin hormone work

effectifely . As the effect the light energy to do photosynthesis process is too little so

the color of leaf is pale yellow and the growth is fast than in the light place

CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

The result in first until third day, the result is not appropriate with the theory

while in fourth and fifth day are appropriate with the theory. It happens because the

intencity in adding solution is different so it make the tissue in glass become rather dry.

As the effect the solution that absorbed by the green peas are decrease. So the growth is

slower. Beside that , the quality of each green peas in each consentration is different each

other although when we dye it in the water is dyed.

The function of control solution is for comparation of others solution growth. If

there are some green peas are dead or not grow, it is influenced by the quality of the

green peas its self. In this experiment we close it with black plastic in order to the light do

not enter. So the germinatioon process can run faster . thios condition is named etiolasi.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

The growth of green peas are decreasing as increasing the concentration of the

solution.

There are some factor in germination process : darkness , water , oxygen and

temperature

The fast growth of green peas in darkness happens because auksin hormone that

work effectively in dark

Detergent make the ability of transporting nutrient of the green peas is decrease

REFERENCE

http://ad.thewheelof.com/st?ad_type=iframe&ad_size=1x1&section=193172

http://digilib.sith.itb.ac.id/go.php?id=jbptitbbi-gdl-s1-2004-ritaningsi-85

http://www.ehow.com/how_5958763_effects-detergent-plants.html

http://www.ehow.com/how_5958757_effects-detergent-plant-growth.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent