PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) GUNA INFORMASI...

8/2/2019 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) GUNA INFORMA

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UJMFJMNGBLGM @ZGBL^GT NJMFGM CJMFFZMG@GM CJ^INJ

T^G^LT^LDGB U[IDJTTDIM^[IB !TUD, FZMG LMHI[CGTL

CGMGOJCJM UGNG ^LMF@G^GM CZ^Z U[INZ@ NGCUJ[

@G[LTCG NL U^- GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG

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@g{|g ~zblt tjkgfgl tgbga tg~z t|g{g~ zm~z` cjcuj{ibja fjbg{ Tg{ogmg ^j`ml`

Oz{ztgm ^j`ml` Lmnzt~{l

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KGMNZMF

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UJMFJMNGBLGM @ZGBL^GT NJMFGM CJMFFZMG@GM CJÎNJ

T^G^LT^LDGB U[IDJTTDIM^[IB !TUD, FZMG LMHI[CGTL

CGMGOJCJM UGNG ^LMF@G^GM CZ^Z U[INZ@ NGCUJ[@G[LTCG NL U^- GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG

Ibja

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7-54-5:-571

Ngbgc j{g fbikgbltgtl tj`g{gmf lml ~jbga ~j{ognl `jdjmnj{zmfgm u{itjt

ujmfjckgmfgm u{inz`#u{inz` |gmf bjkla kj{`zgbl~gt njmfgm ag{fg |gmf {jbg~lh

bjkla cz{ga tjkgfgl g`lkg~ uj{zkgagm |gmf kjfl~z djug~ ngbgc klngmf ~j`mibiflngm lmhi{cgtl- Ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt ng{l tzg~z u{inz` cj{zug`gm tzg~z

`g{g`~j{lt~l` ngtg{ ng{l lmnzt~{l cinj{m" tjkgk ugng ngtg{m|g `zgbl~gt bjkla z~gcg

kgfl ug{g ìmtzcjm- Ngcuj{ g~gz ~{icib cj{zug`gm tgbga tg~z tug{jug{~tjczg

ci~i{ |gmf kj{hzmftl tjkgfgl kgm~gbgm gm~g{g ~{icib ngm nznz`gm fl{ ngm {gm~gl-

@zgbl~gt ngm cz~z tjkgfgl `jtjbz{zagm `g{g`~j{lt~l` tzg~z u{inz` kgl` kg{gmf

cgzuzm ogtg kj{uj{gm ujm~lmf njcl cjcjmzal `juzgtgm ujbgmffgm- Cgmgojcjm

ag{zt cjcgt~l`gm kgavg tj~lgu `juz~ztgm |gmf nlgcklb cj{zug`gm agtlb gmgbltgng{l kj{kgfgl ng~g |gmf cjmffgckg{`gm uj{hi{cgmtl)`lmj{og |gmf tjtzmffzam|g-

Uj~g `jmngbl g~{lkz~ àztztm|g uj~g `jmngbl u kgm|g` nlfzmg`gm zm~z`

cjmfjmngbl`gm u{itjt |gmf kj{`g{g`~j{lt~l` g~{lkz~ njmfgm kgm|g` g~{lkz~ nzgkzga- Ujmj{gugmm|g ugng u{itjt u{inz`tl |gmf cjckz~za`gm vg`~z {jbg~lhujmnj`- Ugng ngtg{m|g uj~g `jmngbl u cjmffzmg`gm u{ikgklbl~gt |gl~z kgm|g`m|g

tgcujb |gmf dgdg~ !cjcjmzal t|g{g~, nlkgfl njmfgm kgm|g`m|g tgcujb-

Ujcgmhgg~gm T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib !TUD, cjmjcug~l uitltl |gmf ugblmf

ujm~lmf ngbgc iuj{gtl uj{ztgaggm `g{jmg tgbga tg~z jbjcjm ujm~lmf ng{l

cgmgojcjm cz~z cinj{m gngbga cjckzg~ `juz~ztgm kj{ngtg{`gm ng~g !hg`~g, ngm

kz`gm kj{ngtg{`gm ugng iulml- TUD cjclbl`l `jcgcuzgm zm~z` cjmffgckg{`gm

tjfgbg kjm~z` ujm|lcugmfgm)`j~lng`tjtzglgm cgzuzm `jtjtzglgm ~j{agngu

t~gmng{ !u{inz`" u{itjt cgzuzm tlt~jc,- TUD kj{fzmg zm~z` cjmflnjm~lhl`gtluj{cgtgbgagm g~gz `jognlgm |gmf ~lng` bglc" tjalmffg kltg nlgcklb ~lmng`gm

|gmf tjtzgl zm~z` cjmfjmngbl`gm `lmj{og u{itjt tj`g{gmf lml" tj{~g cj{gcgb`gm`lmj{og |gmf g`gm ng~gmf ngm cjm|g{gm`gm ~lmng`gm uj{kgl`gm |gmf nluj{bz`gm-

Ngbgc ujmfibgagm ng~g lml gbg~ |gmf nlug`gl gngbga kgfgm `jmngbl u" Nlgf{gc

Ug{j~i" Nlgf{gc Tjkgk#G`lkg~ ngm nlkgm~z ibja Ng~gkgtj fzmg kjm~z` lmhi{cgtl

kjkj{gug ojmlt ngm ozcbga tj{~g ujm|jkgk ~j{ognlm|g kg{gmf dgdg~-

U{itjt u{inz`tl |gmf nlbg`z`gm ibja U^- GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG nlxltl `g{j~~j`ml` nl gmgbltlt gvgb ~j{ognl nl bzg{ kg~gt ìm~{ib `jmngbl ngm kjkj{gug ujm|jkgk

gngbga hg`~i{ cjtlm" cgmztlg" blmf`zmfgm ngm kgagm kg`z- Ojmlt dgdg~ |gmf tj{lmf

~j{ognl ngbgc u{itjt u{inz`tl ngcuj{ `g{ltcg lml gngbga ~j{fi{jt tjkjtg{ 814"

fjbjckzmf tjkjtg{ 411" tikj` tjkjtg{ ;41" ngm `j{gt tjkjtg{ ;:>- Tih~vg{j |gmf


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nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjmfal~zmf ng~g lml gngbga clml ~gk ngm Ct- Jqjb nlfzmg`gm

zm~z` cjckzg~ ~gculbgm f{ghl` `jmngbl cz~z `j~g`tjtzglgm ngm ~gculbgm nlgf{gc

ug{j~i-

Ng{l agtlb ujmfibgagm ngm gmgbltg ugng u{itjt u{inz`tl ngcuj{ `g{ltcg nl U^-GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG nlxltl `g{j~ ~j`ml` cgtla ~j{ngug~ u{inz` dgdg~ nl tggg~

vg`~z u{inz`tl" tjalmffg uj{ztgaggm ag{zt cjbg`z`gm uj`j{oggm zbgmf !{jvi{`,

zm~z` cjcuj{kgl`l u{inz` dgdg~- Ng~gkgtj cjclbl`l kj{kgfgl hzmftl zm~z`

lmhi{cgtl ngm cjm|lcugm ng~g nl kzbgm bgbz tjalmffg uj{ztgaggm kltg

cjmlmf`g~`gm cz~z ngm `zgbl~gt u{inz`-

@g~g @zmdl? TUD !T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib," Uj~g @im~{ib u" Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i"

Nlgf{gc Tjkgk#g`lkg~" Ng~gkgtj-


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Wzgbl~| dim~{ibblmf k| ztlmf t~g~lt~ldgb u{idjtt dim~{ib cj~ain

Lm i{nj{ ~i mi~lh| ~aj cgmgfjcjm~

Im g{ltcgt ngcuj{ u{inzd~ jqdjbbjmdj bjxjblmf g~ U^- gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg

Wzgbl~| dim~{ibblmf ih g u{inzd~ lt gm jttjm~lgb g~~{lkz~j ih cinj{m lmnzt~{|" ~ag~t dgztjn k| ~aj

vg| ih ~alm`lmf ih dzt~icj{ valda gbvg|t vgm~ fj~ wzgbl~| ih u{inzd~- Ngcuj{ lt imj ih gbb

ci~i{ tug{j ug{~t valda l~t hzmd~lim gt # kj~vjjm ~aj fjg{ tjg~ gmn ~aj daglm- Cgmgfjcjm~ czt~

jmtz{j ~ag~ jxj{| njdltlim ~g`jm lt ~aj gmgb|tlt ih xg{lizt ng~g ~ag~ njtd{lkjt ~aj gd~zgb

uj{hi{cgmdj-

G~~{lkz~j dim~{ib dag{~ jtujdlgbb| dim~{ib u dag{~ g{j vlnjb| ztjn ~i dim~{ib ~aj u{idjttjt ~ag~ g{j

dag{gd~j{ljn k| cgm| g~~{lkz~jt vl~a ~vi g~~{lkz~jt- âj guubldg~limt ih u{inzd~lim u{idjttjt

{jbg~lxjb| {jwzl{j tai{~ ~lcj- Kgtldgbb|" ~aj dim~{ib u dag{~ ztj ~aj u{ikgklbl~| valda lt ~aj

mzckj{ ih njhjd~lxj tgcubj !jblflkbj, nlxlnjn k| ~aj mzckj{ ih tgcubjt- Z~lblg~lim ih T~g~lt~ldgb

U{idjtt Dim~{ib !TUD, ~g`j ~aj cit~ lcui{~gm~ uitl~lim lm ~aj dicugm|&t iuj{g~limt" l~t dgztjn

ih imj lcui{~gm~ jbjcjm~ ih cinj{m wzgbl~| cgmgfjcjm~ lt cg`lmf njdltlimt kgtjn im ~aj ng~g

!hgd~t, gmn mi~ kgtjn im ~aj iulmlim- TUD agt ~aj gklbl~| ~i njtd{lkj gbb hi{ct ih njxlg~lim )

nltd{jugmd| gmn gbti ~i dimhi{c ~i t~gmng{nt !u{inzd~" u{idjtt i{ t|t~jc,- TUD lt ztjhzb ~i

lnjm~lh| u{ikbjct i{ zmztzgb jxjm~t" ti ~ag~ guu{iu{lg~j gd~lim dgm kj ~g`jm ~i dim~{ib ~aj dz{{jm~

u{idjtt uj{hi{cgmdj" gmn u{jnld~ hz~z{j uj{hi{cgmdj gmn gbti ~i {jdiccjmn di{{jd~lxj gd~lim gt

mjdjttg{|- Lm ~alt ng~g u{idjttlmf" ~aj jwzlucjm~ lt dim~{ib u dag{~t" Ug{j~i nlgf{gc" Dgztj gmn

Jhhjd~ Nlgf{gc" gmn gttlt~jn k| ~aj ng~gkgtj lm i{nj{ ~i hi{c ticj ~|uj gmn gcizm~ ih

lmhi{cg~lim gt vjbb gt ~aj dgztjt ih njhjd~lxj u{inzd~-

âj u{inzd~lim u{idjtt valda nimj k|- GF[IMJTLG Lm`gkg ~jdamldgb {zkkj{ nlxltlim gmgb|jt

gmn taiv ~ag~ l~t iddz{{jn iz~ ih dim~{ib gmn ticj ih ~aj dgztjt lt ~aj hgd~i{ ih ~aj cgdalmj"

azcgm" jmxl{imcjm~gb gmn {gv cg~j{lgbt- âj ~|ujt ih njhjd~t ~ag~ ih~jm iddz{ lm ~aj u{inzd~lim

u{idjtt ih ~alt ngcuj{ dag{ltcg g{j 814td{g~dajn" 411 kzkkbjt" ;41 ~i{mt gmn ag{n dgbdzbg~jn ~i

;:> uljdjt- âj tih~vg{j valda ztjn ~i dgbdzbg~j ~alt ng~g lt ~aj clml#~gk gmn Ct- Jqdjb lt ztjn

~i cg`j gm guujg{gmdj zmtzl~gkbj wzgbl~| dim~{ib dag{~t gmn ug{j~i nlgf{gct nltubg|-


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H{ic ~aj u{idjttlmf gmn gmgb|tlt im ~aj u{inzd~lim u{idjtt ngcuj{ dag{ltcg lm U^-

GF[IMJTLG Lm`gkg ~jdamldgb {zkkj{ nlxltlim taivt ~ag~ ~aj{j g{j t~lbb njhjd~t u{inzd~t valbj

lm u{inzd~lim ~lcj" ti ~aj dicugm| czt~ {jvi{` ~i {jugl{ ~aj njhjd~lxj u{inzd~- Ng~gkgtj agt

cgm| xg{lizt hzmd~limt" ticj ih ~ajc g{j ~i lmhi{c gmn t~i{j ng~g lm ~aj bgt~ cim~a ti ~aj

dicugm| dgm lcu{ixj ~aj dicugm| wzgbl~| gmn u{inzd~ wzgbl~| gt vjbb-


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Ngh~g{ Ltl

Bjckg{ Ujmfjtgagm ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l

Bjckg{ Uj{zm~z`gm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ll

Gkt~{g` -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lll

@g~g ujmfgm~g{ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x

Ngh~g{ Ltl ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xll

Ngh~g{ gkjb ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lq

Ngh~g{ Fgckg{ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- q

Kgk 7 Ujmngazbzgm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7

7-7- Bg~g{ Kjbg`gmf Cgtgbga ------------------------------------------------------------------- 77-;- Lnjm~lhl`gtl Cgtgbga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- :7-4- ^zozgm Ujmjbl~lgm ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- :7->- Ujckg~gtgm Cgtgbga ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 87-: Tlt~jcg~l`g Ujmzbltgm ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

Kgk ; Bgmngtggm ^ji{l ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

;-7- Ujmfjmngblgm @zgbl~gt ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

;-7-7- Njhlmltl @zgbl~gt ----------------------------------------------------------------------

;-7-;- Njhlmltl Tlt~jc Ujmfjmngblgm @zgbl~gt

1

7:

;-;- T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib !TUD, ----------------------------------------------------- 76

;-;-7- Uj~g @im~{ib ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

4-;-:- Gmgbltlt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ >5

4-;-8- @jtlcuzbgm ngm Tg{gm ------------------------------------------------------------ >5

Kgk > Ujmfzcuzbgm Ng~g ngm Ujmfibgagm Ng~g ------------------------------------------ >;

>-7- Ujmfzcuzbgm Ng~g ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- >;

>-7-7- Tjog{ga tlmf`g~ uj{ztgaggm ------------------------------------------------------ >;

>-7-;- Tzckj{ ng|g ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >8

>-7-4- U{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg --------------------------------------------------------- >-7->- Ng~g U{inz`tl -------------------------------------------------------------------------- :7

>-;- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- :4

>-;-7- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g Njmfgm Cjmffzmg`gm Cj~inj u ---------------- :4

>-;-;- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g Njmfgm Cjmffzmg`gm Cj~inj Ug{j~i ------ :1

>-;-4- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g Njmfgm Cjmffzmg`gm Cj~inj Hlta Kimj

!Tjkgk# G`lkg~, ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 87

>-;->- Ng~kgtj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8;

Kgk : Gmgbltg ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86

:-7- Ozcbga Dgdg~ U{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg --------------------------------- 81:-7- Hg`~i{ hg`~i{ dgdg~ ugng U{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg ------------ 81:-4- Ojmlt Dgdg~ |gmf Tj{lmf ^j{ognl ugng U{itjt U{inz`tl U{inz`

Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg ------------------------------------------------------------------- 65

:->- Cgmhgg~ Ujmfjmngblgm Cz~z Ngm @zgbl~gt ------------------------------ 65:-:- Ng~kgtj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67

Kgk 8 @jtlcuzbgm ngm Tg{gm ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6;

8-7- @jtlcuzbgm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6;

8-;- Tg{gm ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

Ngh~g{ Uzt~g`g

Bgcul{gm


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Ngh~g{ Fgckg{

Fgckg{ ;-7- @zgbl~gt Cjcuj{kgl`l @jcgcuzgm Cj{gla Bgkg -------------- 77

Fgckg{ ;-;- Cinjb Tlt~jc Ujmfjmngblgm U{itjt ----------------------------------- 76

Fgckg{ ;-4- F{ghl` Ujmfjmngbl @zgbl~gt T~g~lt~l` ! Dim~{ib Dag{~ ,

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ;7

Fgckg{ 4-7- Hbiv Dag{~Ujcjdgagm Cgtgbga --------------------------------------------- 41

Fgckg{ >-7- U{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg --------------------------------------------------------- :5

Fgckg{ >-;- U{itjt Iu{gtl Dag{~Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg !IUD, ------------------------- :5

Fgckg{ >-4- Nlgf{gc @im~{ib u !Dim~{ib u Dag{~, ------------------------------------- :8

Fgckg{ >->- Nlgf{gc @im~{ib u !Dim~{ib u Dag{~, [jxltl -------------------------- :1

Fgckg{ >-:- Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 85

Fgckg{ >-8- Nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~ -------------------------------------------------------------- 87

Fgckg{ >-6- Ulblagm Ujcg`gl ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 84

Fgckg{ >--1- Ujmjbztz{gm Ojmlt Dgdg~ ---------------------------------------------------------- 8>

Fgckg{ >-75- Ujmjbztz{gm Ojmlt Dgdg~ \gmf Nl~jcz`gm ------------------------------ 8>

Fgckg{ >-77- Ozcbga @j{ztg`gm Ngm Ujm|jkgk Dgdg~ --------------------------------- 8:

Fgckg{ >-7;- [j`gcgm \gmf g`gm Nlgmgbltlt ----------------------------------------------- 8:

Fgckg{ >-74- Ujmojbgtgm Tlt~jc ------------------------------------------------------------------- 88

Fgckg{ >-7> Ujmojbgtgm Tlt~jc ------------------------------------------------------------------- 88


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lq

Ngh~g{ ^gkjb

^gkjb >-7 Uj{linj ujmnl{lgm U^ Gfimjlg Nlxltl Lmnzt~{l ^j`ml` @g{j~ Lm`gkg ----------- >4

^gkjb >-;- Ng~g U{inz`tl ngm Ng~g Ojmlt Dgdg~ Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg-------------------------------- :6

^gkjb >-4- Uj{al~zmfgm Zm~z` Kgfgm \gmf Nl îbg` --------------------------------------------------- :4

^gkjb >->- Agtlb Uj{al~zmfgm Kgfgm \gmf Nl îbg` ----------------------------------------------------- :>

^gkbj >-:- Agtlb Uj{al~zmfgm Kgfgm \gmf Nl îbg` ![jxltl, --------------------------------------- :8

^gkbj >-8- Ng~g Ojmlt Dgdg~ Ngm Ozcbga Dgdg~ u{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg ------------------- :-6- Agtlb Uj{al~zmfgm Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i -------------------------------------------------------------- :-1- @bg{lhl`gtl @j{ztg`gm Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg ------------------------------------------------------ 85


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7

Kgk 7

Ujmngazbzgm

7-7-Bg~g{ Kjbg`gmf CgtgbgaNgbgc j{g fbikgbltgtl tj`g{gmf lml ~jbga ~j{ognl `jdjmnj{zmfgm ujmfjckgmfgm

u{inz` |gmf bjkla kj{`zgbl~gt njmfgm ag{fg |gmf {jbg~lh bjkla cz{ga tjkgfgl

uj{zkgagm |gmf kjfl~z djug~ ngbgc klngmf ~j`mibifl ngm lmhi{cgtl- Tlt~jc

iuj{gtl uj{ztgaggm tgmfg~ nl~zm~z~ zm~z` cjmognl zmffzb ngbgc ng|g tglmf ngm

`zgbl~gt u{inz`- Zm~z` l~z" uj{ztgaggm uj{bz cjbg`z`gm ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt

kgagm kg`z" u{itjt u{inz`tl" cgzuzm u{inz` gàl{m|g- Njmfgm nl~j{gu`gmm|g

ujmfjmngblgm zgbl~gt nlag{gu`gm g`gm nluj{ibja iz~uz~|gmf kj{`zgbl~gt ~lmffl-

Hg`~i{ ujm~lmf ngbgc uj{tglmfgm lmnzt~{l lml gngbga `zgbl~gt ngm cz~z u{inz`"

ag{fg" og{lmfgm nlt~{lkztl" ngm ozfg bi|gbl~gt ìmtzcjm- Nl ~jmfga uj{tglmfgm |gmf

`j~g~ uj{ztgaggm ngbgc cjcu{inz`tl tzg~z u{inz` ag{zt bjkla cjmogfg

`jt~gklbgm `zgbl~gt u{inz`" bi|gbl~gt ìmtzcjm ngm cjckzg~ og{lmfgm nlt~{lkztl

|gmf bzgt cj{zug`gm hi`zt uj{ag~lgm ngbgc `jflg~gmm|g- Ng{l czbgl uj{g`l~gm

almffg tlgu nl`l{lc u{inz` ~jbga cjbgbzl kjkj{gug ~gagugm u{itjt lmtuj`tl"

ujmfgvgtgm `zgbl~gt ugng blml u{inz` tgcugl gàl{ hlmgb lmtuj`~lim |gmf

cjm|g~g`gm u{inz` tlgu nl`l{lc `j ìmtzcjm-

@zgbl~gt u{inz` cjcuzm|gl jhj` bgmftzmf ngm ~j{zt cjmj{zt ~jagngu ujmngug~gm

lmxjt~gtl" `zgbl~gt u{inz` g`gm kj{g`lkg~ ~lng` agm|g ugng {juz~gtl ngm lcgfj"

~j~gul ozfg ~gmffzmf ogvgk u{inztjm ~j{agngu ulag` bglm" klg|g" ngm

u{inz`~lxl~gtm|g- @imtzcjm cjcgmngmf `zgbl~gt ngm cz~z klgtgm|g ng{l tltl

~gculbgm" ujmffzmggm" ngm `jgmngbgm u{inz` njmfgm `jtjtzglgm u{inz` njmfgm

hzmftlm|g-

Tj~lgu `jflg~gm u{inz`tl ngm ozgb kjbl" cjmzm~z~ gngm|g ogclmgm `zgbl~gt-

Ogclmgm `zgbl~gt kj{`gl~gm njmfgm tjbz{za {gmfj u{inz`tl" nlczbgl ng{l njtglm

u{inz`tl" nlbgmoz~`gm njmfgm u{itjt ~{gmthi{cgtl" ngm ujckj{lgm bg|gmgm- Njmfgm


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;

gngm|g ogclmgm `zgbl~gt" u{inztjm nl~zm~z~ zm~z` cjbg`z`gm ujmfjmngblgm

`zgbl~gt- Ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt tjkgfgl kjm~z` uj{jmdgmggm ~j`mlt ngm `jflg~gm

iuj{gtlimgb ag{zt ngug~ cjmogclm ujmdguglgm cz~z |gmf nl`jajmng`l-

Ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt ng{l tzg~z u{inz` cj{zug`gm tzg~z `g{g`~j{lt~l` ngtg{ ng{l

lmnzt~{l cinj{m" tjkgk ugng ngtg{m|g `zgbl~gt bjkla z~gcg kgfl ug{g ìmtzcjm-

Kgagm" cjtlm ngm ~jmgfg `j{og `g{|gvgm g`gm cjcujmfg{zal agtlb `zgbl~gt

u{inz` |gmf cg`tlcgb ngm |gmf nllmflm`gm ibja uj{ztgaggm ngm ìmtzcjm-

Ngbgc {gmf`g cjmogfg `jìmtlt~jmtlgm cz~z tzg~z u{inz` uj{bz nlbg`z`gm tzg~z

ztgag zm~z` cjmlmf`g~`gm uj{hi{cgmtl `zgbl~gt" ~lng` agm|g cjbgbzl lmtuj`tl

~j~gul ozfg cjbgbzl ujmfjmngblgm zgbl~gt-

^lmfflm|g uj{clm~ggm tzg~z u{inz` ngm ìmtzcjm ~j{agngu ulag` u{inztjm g`gm

tjbgbz cjcg`tg ulag` u{inztjm zm~z` cjcjmzal `jkz~zagm ng{l ulag` ìmtzcjm

~j{tjkz~- Agb tjuj{~l lml nl{gtg`gm uzbg ibja U^- GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG nlxltl

lmnzt~{l ~j`ml `g{j~ lm`gkg |gl~z uj{ztgaggm |gmf kj{fj{g` ngbgc klngmf

lmnzt~{l `g{j~ |gmf ngbgc kjkj{gug ~gazm ~j{gàl{ ~jbga kj{zug|g cjbjmf`gul

bgki{g~i{lzc ujmfzolgmm|g njmfgm kjkj{gug cjtlm zol zm~z` ngug~ cjcjmzal

t~gmng{ cz~z |gmf nlag{gu`gm" ngm tjdg{g ~j{zt cjmj{zt tjbgbz kj{zug|g

cjmlmf`g~`gm `zgbl~gt ngm cz~z u{inz` |gmf tjtzgl njmfgm `jkz~zagm ugtg{-

Kg{gmf ~j`ml` `g{j~ agtlb u{inz`tl lm`gkg tjogbgm njmfgm uj{`jckgmfgm ~j`mibifl

u{itjt u{inz`tl" tjbgbz cjcuj{ag~l`gm kjkj{gug gtuj` u{inz`tl tjuj{~l?

Gtuj` Cg~j{lgb Gtuj` Hltl`g

Gtuj` @lclg Gtuj` Cj`gml` Gtuj` njtglm){j`g|gtg

Ngbgc cjcjmzal kj{kgfgl ojmlt `jk~zagm `g{j~" uj{ztgagm LM@GKG tgmfg~

hbj`tlkjb" tjczg uj{clm~ggm ìcuimjm `g{j~ ng{l ujbgmffgm tjngug~ czmf`lm

nlujmzal zm~z` cjmzal tujtlhl`gtl u{inz` ngcuj{ |gmf nllmflm`gm ibja u{inztjm

ngm fzmg cjmlmf`g~`gm `zgbl~gt ng{l u{inz` ngcuj{ tjmnl{l- Uj{ztgagm LM@GKG


12/84

4

ozfg cjclbl`l t~gh ngm ug{g gabl |gmf tznga kj{ujmfgbgcgm ngbgc

cjchi{czbgtl`gm `g{j~ kgl` |gmf nlkz~za`gm {z~lm" cgzuzm zm~z` u{inz`#u{inz`

tujtlgb" g~gzuzm uj{clm~ggm àztzt- @icuim `g{j~ ngug~ nlkzg~ tjtzgl njmfgm

hi{czbgtl |gmf nlkz~za`gm ujbgmffgm tjuj{~l `g{j~ xzbg`mlt" `g{j~ tlbldim g~gzuzm

ngcuj{ nl`j{og`gm tjtzgl njmfgm `{l~j{lg agtlb gàl{ |gmf nlkz~za`gm g~gz

nlag{gu`gm ibja ujcjtgm-

Ngcuj{ g~gz ~{icib cj{zug`gm tgbga tg~z tug{j ug{~tjczg ci~i{ |gmf kj{hzmftl

tjkgfgl kgm~gbgm gm~g{g ~{icib ngm nznz`gm fl{ ngm {gm~gl- Ol`g tug{j ug{~ lml

cjmfgbgcl `j{ztg`gm" g`gm ~j{gtg ugng bgoz `jmng{ggm |gmf ~lng` mi{cgb ngm

cjmfz{gfl `jm|gcgm kj{`jmng{g" nlgm~g{gm|g fj{g` {gm~gl njmfgm kgm |gmf ~lng`

tlm`{im" ujulmngagm flfl |gmf cjm|jm~g` ugng kgm ci~i{ |gmf ikbg` ngm bglm#

bglm- Cgtgbga ~j{tjkz~ ngug~ nlg~gtl njmfgmcjmffgm~l ngcuj{ g~gz `g{j~ ~{icib-

Hg`~i{ `zgbl~gt ng{l u{inz` |gmf cjmognl hg`~i{ ujmjm~z `jkj{agtlbgm nl~j{lcgm|g

tzg~z u{inz` ibja dit~zcj{ ~jm~zm|g cjmognl uj{~lckgmfgm ìmtzcjm ngbgc

cjmfìmtzctl tzg~z u{inz`- Mgczm kjtg{m|g ozcbga u{inz` |gmf nlagtlb`gm

kjbzc cjmognl`gm tzg~z ogclmgm kgm|g`m|g u{inz` |gmf nlagtlb`gm cjcuzm|gl

`zgbl~gt |gmf tjkgmnlmf- U{inz` ngcuj{ `g{ltcg lml nlu{inz`tl zm~z` cjcjmzal

tgbga tg~z tug{j ug{~ci~i{-

Ngbgc u{itjt u{inz`tl ngcug{ lml nlkz~za`gm ìcuim `g{j~ ulblagm ngm kgfzt

~gul tj{lmf tj`gbl ~j{ognl `jfgfgbgm ngbgc u{inz`tl ngcuj{ lml" kga`gm ngbgc

agtlb gàl{ u{inz`tl" ~j{z~gcg ~j{blag~ ngbgc kjm~z` dgdg~ ngm cjmfz{gmfl `zgbl~gt

u{inz` ngcuj{ `g{ltcg |gmf nltjkgk`gm ibja kjkj{gug hg`~i{ tjuj{~l blmf`zmfgm"TNC" cjtlm" ngm kgagm kg`z- Tjalmffg njmfgm njcl`lggm U^- GF[IMJTLG

LM@GKG cjcj{bz`gm nl~j`tl ngm ujmgmfgmgm nlml ngbgc u{inz`tl ngcuj{

`g{ltcg zm~z` cjmdgugl `zgbl~gt u{inz` |gmf tjtzgl njmfgm `jkz~zagm- Cg`g

ng{l l~z nluj{bz`gm ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt u{inz` ngbgc u{inz`tl ngcug{ `g{ltcg"

zm~z` cjmfz{gmfl u{inz` dgdg~-


13/84

>

Ujmjbl~lgm lml nlbg`z`gm zm~z` cjmfj~gazl tjogza cgmg u{inz` |gmf nlagtlb`gm

ibja ulag` uj{ztgaggm tjtzgl njmfgm tujtlhl`gtl |gmf ~jbga nl~j~gu`gm kgl` ibja

ìmtzcjm cgzuzm ibja ulag` uj{ztgaggm tjmnl{l- Gnguzm cj~inj |gmf

nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjmfz`z{ `jcgcuzgm u{itjt u{inz`tl ng{l u{itjt ujckzg~gm

nzcuj{ `g{ltcg gngbga T~g~lt~ld U{idjtt Dim~{ib- Ujmfjmngblgm U{itjt tjdg{g

T~g~lt~l` !T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib, njmfgm cjmffzmg`gm Dim~{ib Dag{~ !Uj~g

`jmngbl,- Uj~g `jmngbl uj{~gcg `gbl nl~jcz`gm ibja N{- Vgb~j{ Tajvag{~" |gmf

`jcznlgm tjdg{g djug~ nlfzmg`gm tjkgfgl ojckg~gm gm~g{g ìmnltl g`gnjclt nl

bgki{g~i{lzc cjmzoz `jugng nzmlg u{inz`tl tjtzmffzam|g-

Ugng j{g 65#gm" Ojugmf kj{ztgag zm~z` cgtz` `j ugtg{ nzmlg njmfgm cjckgvg

`zgbl~gt ~lmffl- ^j{m|g~g tj~jbga nllmxjt~lfgtl" nl~jcz`gm kgavg ujmdguglgm ngm

ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt ag{zt nlngtg{l ibja ujmffzmggm TUD- Ugng j{g tjbgmoz~m|g

Ojugmf cjmffzmg`gm NIJ !Njtlfm Ih Jquj{lcjm~, zm~z` cjmlmf`g~`gm ngm

cjmogfg `zgbl~gt agtlb u{inz`tlm|g- Mgczm" tjfgbg ztgag bgmoz~gm |gmf

nlogbgm`gm ~j{tjkz~" tjczg ~j~gu cjmngtg{`gm nl{l `jugng ujmfzgtggm ngm

ujmj{gugm TUD" |gmf nlogbgm`gm czbgl ng{l ~lmf`g~ uj`j{og almffg `j gmgbltg ngm

u{if{gc uj{kgl`gmm|g" agb ~j{tjkz~ |gmf cjmognl ngtg{ ngbgc ujmjbl~lggm lml-

Nl ngbgc TUD" u{itjt jxgbzgtl ngm gmgbltg nlkgfl nzg kj{ngtg{`gm ng{l nzg

`g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt |gl~z g~{lkz~ ngm xg{lgkjb- Zm~z` `g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt

g~{lkz~ nlfzmg`gm uj~g `jmngbl U |gmf tjbgmoz~m|g nlbg`z`gm gmgbltg hg`~i{

u{inz`tl cjmffzmg`gm nlgf{gc ug{j~i tj{~g nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~- @jnzg

nlgf{gc ~j{tjkz~ kj{fzmg zm~z` cjmdg{l tzckj{#tzckj{ ujm|jkgk ng{l

`j~lng`tjtzglgm u{inz` ~j{agngu tujtlhl`gtl |gmf ~jbga nl~j~gu`gm- Ujbg`tgmggmuj{kgl`gm nlbg`tgmg`gm ugng kgflgm u{inz`tl" tgbga tg~zm|g lgbga njmfgm cjmogfg

ìmnltl u{inz`tl ngcuj{ `g{ltcg |gmf ngug~ cjmdjfga u{inz` Ngcuj{ ng{l

dgdg~ |gmf ~j{ognl-


14/84

:

Ng{l z{glgm nl g~gt" ngug~ nl{zczt`gm uj{zcztgm cgtgbga tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

Ujmfjmngblgm @zgbl~gt njmfgm Cjmffzmg`gm Cj~inj T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt

Dim~{ib !TUD, Fzmg Lmhi{cgtl Cgmgojcjm ugng ^lmf`g~gm Cz~z U{inz`

Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg nl U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg-

7-;- Lnjm~lhl`gtl CgtgbgaKj{ngtg{`gm bg~g{ kjbg`gmf nlg~gt" cg`g ugng ngtg{m|g uj{ztgaggm ag{zt

cjmlmf`g~`gm ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt u{inz` ~j{z~gcg ugng u{inz` ngcuj{

`g{ltcg" tjkgfgl kjm~z` uj{jmdgmggm ~j`mlt cgzuzm `jflg~gm iuj{gtlimgb ag{zt

ngug~ cjmogclm ujmdguglgm cz~z |gmf nl`jajmng`l- Ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt

tjkgfgl kjm~z` uj{jmdgmggm ~j`mlt cgzuzm `jflg~gm iuj{gtlimgb ag{zt ngug~

cjmogclm ujmdguglgm cz~z |gmf nl`jajmng`l ibja `imtzcjm- @imtzcjm

cjmflmflm`gm ogclmgm `zgbl~gt u{inz` ng{l kjkj{gug tjfl czbgl ng{l njtglm

u{inz`" `jfzmggm u{inz`" hzmftl u{inz` ngm ujbg|gmgm-

Kj{ngtg{`gm uj{cgtgbgagm nlg~gt cg`g ujmzblt cjmfjcz`g`gm {zcztgm cgtgbga

gug`ga njmfgm gngm|g ujmj{gugm ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt njmfgm cjmffzmg`gm

~lfg ujmnj`g~gm cj~inj |gl~z kgfgm `jmngbl u" nlgf{gc ug{j~i" nlgf{gc tjkgk#

g`lkg~" ngm ng~gkgtj tjkgfgl kjm~z` lmhi{cgtl- Gnguzm uj{zcztgm ng{l cgtgbga

kgfl tl ujmzblt gngbga?

7- Gug`ga ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt u{inz` tznga kj{ogbgm njmfgm kgl` ngmkj{gng ngbgc `jmngbl9

;- Ojmlt#ojmlt dgdg~ gug |gmf tj{lmf ~j{ognl ugng tj~lgu u{itjt ujckzg~gmu{inz`9

4-

Hg`~i{ ujm|jkgk gug |gmf cjckzg~ u{inz` `j{ztg`gm9>- Tjkj{gug kjtg{`ga ozcbga dgdg~ u{inz` |gmf ~j{ognl9:- Kgfglcgmg kjm~z` lmhi{cgtl ojmlt dgdg~ ngm `zgbl~gt9

7-4- ^zozgm Ujmjbl~lgm^zozgm ujmjbl~lgm njmfgm cjmfgdz ugng uj{zcztgm cgtgbga |gl~z zm~z`

cjmfjxgbzgtl ngm cjmlmf`g~`gm `zgbl~gt u{inz` |gmf nlu{inz`tl ibja uj{ztgaggm


15/84

8

U^- GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG tjalmffg cjcuj{ibja `zgbl~gt |gmf cjczgt`gm

uj{ztgaggm ngm cjcgmog`gm ug{g ìmtzcjm-

7- Cjmjfj~gazl `jgnggm ng~g `zgbl~gt t~g~lt~l` ugng uj~g ìm~{ib u-;- Cjmfj~gazl ojml dgdg~ u{inz` |gmf tj{lmf ~j{ognl-4- Cjmjm~z`gm hg`~i{ ujm|jkgk dgdg~ ng{l tzg~z u{inz`->- Cjmfj~gazl ozcbga dgdg~ tzg~z u{inz` |gmf nl u{inz`tl-:- Cjmflmhi{cgtl`gm ojmlt dgdg~ ngbgc kjm~z`ng~gkgtj-

7->- Ujckg~gtgm CgtgbgaNgbgc cjcuj{cznga ujm|jbjtglgm cgtgbga" cg`g ugng ujmjbl~lgm lml ~j{ngug~

ujckg~gtgm cgtgbga" |g`ml?

7- ^jcug~ ujmjbl~lgm nlbg`z`gm nl U^- GF[IMJTLG LM@GKG-;- Ujmjbl~lgm nlbg`z`gm nl kgflgm njug{~jcjm u{inz`tl kj{ngtg{`gm k|

u{idjtt njmfgm ujmjbl~lgm `j~l`g u{itjt u{inz`tl tjngmf kj{ogbgm-

4- Ujmjbl~lgm nlbg`z`gm nlkgflgm njug{~jcjm ujm|lcugmgm g~gz fzngmfkg{gmf ognl-

>- Ujmjbl~l agm|g cjmjbl~l agm|g tg~z u{inz` |gl~z u{inz` ngcuj{ `g{ltcg-

7-: Tlt~jcg~l`g UjmzbltgmGfg{ ngug~ cjbg`z`gm ujmjbl~lgm tjdg{g ~j{uj{lmdl ngm tlt~jcg~lt njmfgm cg`tzn

zm~z` cjcuj{cznga `jg{ga ujmgbg{gm cgtgbga" ujmjbl~l cjm|ztzm tlt~jcg~l`g

ujmzbltgm tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

Kgk 7 Ujmngazbzgm-

Kj{ltl`gm fgckg{gm zczc ~jm~gmf ujmjbl~lgm nl U^- GF[IMJTLG

LM@GKG" |gmf nlngbgcm|g ~j{ngug~ bg~g{ kjbg`gmf cgtgbga" lnjm~lhl`gtlcgtgbga" ~zozgm ujmjbl~lgm" ujckg~gtgm cgtgbga" cgmhgg~ ngm cj~inj

ujmjbl~lgm" tj{~g tlt~jcg~l`g ujmzbltgm-

Kgk ; Bgmngtgm ^ji{l-

Kj{ltl`gm ~jm~gmf ujmfgm~g{ ~ji{l ng{l ujmjbl~lgm lml àztztm|g nlklngmf

tlt~jc u{inz`tl-


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6

Kgk 4 Cj~inibifl Ujcjdgagm Cgtgbga-

Cjmfz{gl`gm bgmf`ga#bgmf`ga cjmfjmgl `j{gmf`g ujmjbl~lgm kj{zug

hbivdg{~tj{~g ujmojbgtgmm|g" ng{l gvgb tgcugl g`al{-

Kgk > Ujmfzcuzbgm Ngm Ujmfibgagm Ng~g-

Kj{ltl`gm ng~g#ng~g |gmf nluj{bz`gm ngbgc cjmdgugl ~zozgm ujmjbl~lgm

tj{~g cjbg`z`gm ujmfibgagm ~j{agngu ng~g#ng~g" tjtzgl njmfgm cj~inj

|gmf nlfzmg`gm-

Kgk : Gmgbltlt-

Cjckgagt ~jm~gmf gmgbltlt ~j{agngu agtlb ng{l ujmfibgagm ng~g |gmf

~jbga nlbg`z`gm-

Kgk 8 @jtlcuzbgm Ngm Tg{gm-

Cj{zug`gm tzg~z kjm~z` `jtlcuzbgm ng{l agtlb gmgbltlt ~j{agngu

ujmfibgagm ng~g tj{~g nltjtzgl`gm njmfgm ~zozgm gvgb" ngm kj{ltl`gm

~jm~gmf tg{gm#tg{gm cjmfjmgl ujmjbl~lgm ~j{tjkz~-


17/84

1

Kgk ;

Bgmngtggm ^ji{l

;-7- Ujmfjmngblgm @zgbl~gt

;-7-7- Njhlmltl @zgbl~gt

Lt~lbga `zgbl~gt cjclbl`l kgm|g` tj`gbl njhlmltl- Kj{l`z~ gngbga `zgbl~gt cjmz{z~

kjkj{gug gabl?

@zgbl~gt tjdg{g ~{gnltlimgb !Cim~ficj{|" 7, ngug~ nlg{~l`gm tjkgfgl tjtzg~z |gmf kj{azkzmfgm

tnjmfgm tg~z g~gz bjkla `g{g`~j{lt~l` |gmf nlag{gu`gm ~j{ngug~ ngbgc tzg~z kg{gmf

g~gz ogtg ~j{~jm~z- @g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt nlkgfl cjmognl 4 ~luj !Da{lt~lmg" ;55>,"

|gl~z Ualtldgb !dim~ia ugmogmf" kj{g~," tjmti{| !dim~ia {gtg" vg{mg," ngm ~lcj

i{ljm~g~lim !dim~ia nz{gklbl~| |gl~z tjkj{gug bgcg u{inz` nlug`gl,- 1 nlcjmtl ng{l

`zgbl~gt gngbga uj{hi{cgmdj" {jgblklbl~|" nz{gklbl~|" tj{xldjgklbl~|" gjt~aj~ldt"

hjg~z{jt" uj{djlxjn wzgbl~|" ngm dichi{cgmdj ~i t~gmng{nt-

@zgbl~gt ngug~ nlfibimf`gm `j ngbgc nzg `g~jfi{l !Da{lt~lmg" ;55>," |gl~z `zgbl~gt

u{inz` ngm `zgbl~gt u{itjt- ^lmf`g~ `zgbl~gt ng{l tzg~z njtglm uinz` g`gm

kj{kjng#kjng nltjtzgl`gm njmfgm tjfcjm ugtg{ |gmf lmflm nldgugl" ~zozgm gngbga

zm~z` cjchi`zt`gm ugng uj{clm~ggm `imtzcjm !dzt~icj{ {jwzl{jcjm~t,-

Tjcjm~g{g `zgbl~gt u{itjt ~zozgmm|g gngbga gfg{ uj{ztgaggm ngug~ cjmfagtlb`gm

u{inz`)ogtg |gmf tjcuz{mg jj{i{#h{jj u{inzd~t, cjbgbzl ujmj{gugm ~i~gb wzgbl~|

cgmgfjcjm~!^WC,-


18/84

?


21/84

7;

k- [juz~gtl uj{ztgaggm? {juz~gtl uj{ztgaggm cjmfl`z~l {juz~gtl `zgbl~gt|gmfnlagtlb`gm- @zgbl~gt g`gm czmdzb kj{tgcggm njmfgm uj{tjutl

cjmfjmgl u{inz` kg{z uj{ztgaggm" u{g`~j`#u{g`~j` ujmgmfgmgm ujfgvgl"

ngm azkzmfgmm|g njmfgm ujcgti`-

d- Uj{~gmffzmf ogvgkgm u{inz`? i{fgmltgtl cjclbl`l ~gmffzmf ogvgk |gmfkjtg{g~gt tjfgbg g`lkg~ ujcg`glgm kg{gmf cgzuzm ogtg-

n- Lcubl`gtl lm~j{mgtlimgb? ngbgc j{g ~j`mibifl" `zgbl~gt cj{zug`gm uj{ag~lgmiuj{gtlimgb ngm lm~j{mgtlimgb- Gfg{ uj{ztgaggm ngm mjfg{g ngug~ kj{tglmf

tjdg{g jhj`~lh ngbgc uj{jìmiclgm fbikgb" u{inz`m|g ag{zt cjcjmzal

`zgbl~gt ngm ag{fg |gmf nllmflm`gm-

@imtju `zgbl~gt ~jbga nlnjhlmltl`gm ug{g gabl ng{l kj{kgfgl tznz~ ugmngmf cgtlmf#

cgtlmf- Mgczm njcl`lgm ~j{ngug~ uj{tgcggm |gmf ugng jtjmtlm|g cjmfg{ga

ugng zug|g ujcjmzagm ag{gugm ìmtzcjm- Ag{gugm ìmtzcjm ~lng`bga ìmt~gm

ng{l vg`~z `j vg`~z" mgczm tjbgbz kj{zkga tjdg{g nlmgclt" tjalmffg gug |gmf

cjmognl ag{gugm ìmtzcjm ugng tgg~ tj`g{gmf lml czmf`lm ~lng` g`gm cjmognl

ulblagm zm~z` cgtg |gmf g`gm ng~gmf ngm kj{g{~l uzbg kgavg u{inz` ngm ogtg |gmf

kj{`zgbl~gt ugng tgg~ lml czmf`lm ~lng` kj{`zgbl~gt bgfl nl cgtg cjmng~gmf-

ôlu~imi !;557, cjmojbgt`gm kgavg `zgbl~gt gngbga ìmnltl nlmgclt |gmf

kj{azkzmfgm njmfgm u{inz`" ogtg" cgmztlg" u{itjt |gmf cjcjmzal g~gz cjbjklal

ag{gugm ìmtzcjm- Ng{l njhlmltl lml ojbgt kgavg `zgbl~gt ~lng` tjcg~g#cg~g ~j{`gl~

njmfgm u{inz` gàl{" mgczm njcl`lgm `zgbl~gt ozfg ~j{`gl~ njmfgm cz~z u{itjt"

~j{bjkla bgfl ngbgc lmnzt~{l ogtg |gmf cjmfjnjugm`gm cz~z lm~j{g`tl gm~g{g

ujmffzmg ogtg njmfgm h{im~ blmj ihhldj{ |gmf cj{zug`gm zozmf ~ickg` ngbgc`zgbl~gt lmnzt~{l ogtg- Ng{l njhlmltl l~z ojbgt uzbg kgavg ujmffzmg ogtgbga |gmf

ugblmf kj{ag` cjm|g~g`gm `zgbl~gt njmfgm cjckgmnlmf`gm gug |gmf ag{gu`gm

njmfgm uj{tjutl cj{j`g tj~jbga cjmj{lcg ogtg ~j{tjkz~ !uj{djlxjn uj{hi{cgmdj,-

^WC gngbga ujmnj`g~gm cgmgojcjm ugng tzg~z i{fgmltgtl" kj{hi`zt ugng `zgbl~gt

ngm nlngtg{`gm g~gt ug{~ltlugtl ng{l `jtjbz{zagm tzckj{ ng|g cgmztlg ngm

nl~zoz`gm ugng `jtz`tjtgm ogmf`g ugmogmf cjbgbzl `juzgtgm ujbgmffgm ngm


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cjckj{l`gm cgmhgg~ ugng gmffi~g i{fgmltgtl !tzckj{ ng|g cgmztlgm|g, ngm

cgt|g{g`g~ ^WC ozfg nl~j{ojcga`gm tjkgfgl ujmnj`g~gm kj{i{ljm~gtl ujbgmffgm

|gmf cjcuj{`jmgb gm uj{zkgagm cgmgojcjm |gmf tlt~jcg~l` ngm uj{kgl`gm ~j{zt

cjmj{zt ~j{agngu u{itjt" u{inz`" ngm ujbg|gmgm tzg~z i{fgmltgtl- U{itjt ^WC

cjclbl`l lmuz~ |gmf tujtlhl` !`jlmflmgm" `jkz~zagm" ngm ag{gugm ujbgmffgm,"

cjm~{gmthi{cgtl !cjcu{itjt, lmuz~ ngbgc i{fgmltgtl zm~z` cjcu{inz`tl kg{gmf

g~gz ogtg |gmf ugng flbl{gmm|g cjckj{l`gm `juzgtgm `jugng ujbgmffgm !iz~uz~,-

^zozgm z~gcg ^i~gb Wzgbl~| Cgmgfjcjm~ gngbga uj{kgl`gm cz~z ujbg|gmgm tjdg{g

~j{zt#cjmj{zt- Njmfgm njcl`lgm" ozfg Wzgbl~| Cgmgfjcjm~ tjmnl{l |gmf ag{zt

nlbg`tgmg`gm tjdg{g ~j{zt#cjmj{zt- Tjog` ~gazm 7


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7>

!ngug~ nlblag~," {jujg~gkbj !ngug~ nlbg`z`gm tjdg{g kj{zbgmf#zbgmf," ngm

cjgtz{gkbj !ngug~ nlz`z{,-

# G~g{lcgj Almtal~tz? kj{hi`zt ugng jhj` lm~gmflkbj ugng u{itjt ngmiu~lcltgtl ng{l jhj` ~j{tjkz~-

# @gmtjl? cjmjbl~l dg{g ujmffzmggm u{inz` ibja ìmtzcjm zm~zùjmlmf`g~gm `zgbl~gtu{inz`l~ztjmnl{l-

# Cl{|i`z~j`l Almtal~tz? cgmgojcjm ~g`~lt |gmf nlfzmg`gm ngbgc u{inz`|gmf tlgu zm~z` nluj{ngfgmf`gm- Ujmj{gugm î~gb Wzgbl~| Cgmgfjcjm~

nluj{cznga ibja kjkj{gug ul{gm~l" |gmf tj{lmf nltjkz~ gbg~ ^WC-

Gbg~#gbg~ lml cjckgm~z `l~g cjmfgmgbltlt ngm cjmfj{~l cgtgbga#cgtgbga tj{~g

cjckgm~z cjckzg~ uj{jmdgmggm- Njbgugm gbg~ ^WC |gmf nlz{gl`gm gngbga

tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

7- Dz{ga ujmngug~ !tzckgmf tg{gm, #K{glmt~i{clmfDz{ga ujmngug~ gngbga gbg~ uj{jmdgmggm |gmf ngug~ nlfzmg`gm zm~z`

cjmfjckgmf`gm `{jg~lxl~gt `jbicui`- Dz{ga ujmngug~ nlug`gl" gm~g{g

bglm zm~z` cjmjm~z`gm tjkgk#tjkgk |gmf czmf`lm ng{l tzg~z cgtgbga g~gz

cj{jmdgmg`gm bgmf`ga#bgmf`ga tzg~z u{i|j`-

;- Nlgf{gc gbz{ !kgfgm g{zt u{itjt,Kgfgm g{zt u{itjt gngbga tg~z gbg~ uj{jmdgmggm ngm gmgbltlt |gmf

nlfzmg`gm" gm~g{g bglm zm~z` cjm|ztzm fgckg{ u{itjt ~gagu njcl ~gagu

zm~z` ~zozgm gmgbltlt" nlt`ztl" g~gz ìczml`gtl ngm cjmjcz`gm vlbg|ga#

vlbg|gauj{kgl`gmngbgcu{itjt-

4- Gmgbltlt TVI^Gmgbltlt TVI^ gngbga tzg~z gbg~ gmgbltlt |gmf nlfzmg`gm zm~z`cjmfgmgbltlt cgtgbga#cgtgbga njmfgm `j{gmf`g T~{jmf~at !`j`zg~gm,"

Vjg`mjttjt !`jbjcgagm," Iuui{~zml~ljt !ujbzgmf," ngm â{jg~t

!gmdgcgm,-

>- [gm`lmf u{jhj{jmtlGbg~ lml cj{zug`gm tzg~z gbg~ lm~j{u{j~gtl |gmf ngug~ nlfzmg`gm zm~z`

cjclbla fgfgtgm ngm ujcjdgagm cgtgbga nl gm~g{g kjkj{gug gb~j{mg~lh-


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7:

:- Gmgbltlt ~zbgmf l`gmGmgbltlt ~zbgmf l`gm !ozfg nl`jmgb tjkgfgl nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~,

cj{zug`gm gbg~ gmgbltlt" gm~g{g bglm zm~z` cjmf`g~jfi{l`gm kj{kgfgl tjkgk

ui~jmtlgb ng{l tzg~z cgtgbga ngm cjmfgmgbltlt gug |gmf tjtzmffzam|g

~j{ognl ngbgc tzg~z u{itjt-

8- Ujmlbglgm {l~ltUjmlbglgm `{l~lt gngbga gbg~ Kgm~z gmgbltlt |gmf ngug~ nlfzmg`gm zm~z`

cjcj{l`tg tj~lgu u{itjt cgmzhg`~z{" uj{g`l~gm" g~gz ogtg- Gbg~ lml

cjckgm~z `l~g zm~z` cjcl`l{`gm gug`ga u{itjtl~z cjcgmf nlkz~za`gm"

~jug~" ngm gug`ga gng gb~j{mg~lh |gmf bjkla kgl`-

6- Kjmdacg{ lmfKjmdacg{`lmf gngbga u{itjt ujmfzcuzbgm ngm gmgbltlt ng~g ng{l

i{fgmltgtl `l~g ngm nlkgmnlmf`gm njmfgm `jgnggm nl ngbgc i{fgmltgtl bglm-

Agtlb ng{l u{itjt lml g`gm cjmognl ug~i`gm zm~z` cjcuj{kgl`l i{fgmltgtl

`l~g tjdg{g ~j{zt cjmj{zt- ^zozgm kjmdacg{`lmf gngbga kgfglcgmg

i{fgmltgtl `l~g kltg nl`jckgmf`gm tjalmffg cjmognl |gmf ~j{kgl`-

1- Nlgf{gc gmgbltg cjngm ng|g !klngmf `j`zg~gm,Nlgf{gc cjngm ng|g cj{zug`gm tzg~z gbg~ gmgbltlt |gmf ngug~ nlfzmg`gm"

gm~g{g bglm zm~z` cjmflnjm~lhl`gtl kj{kgfgl `jmngbg ngbgc cjmdgugl tzg~z

tgtg{gm ngm cjmflnjm~lhl`gtl kj{kgfgl-

;-7-;- Njhlmltl Tlt~jc Ujmfjmngblgm @zgbl~gt

Tlt~jc ujmfjmngbglm `zgbl~gt !Da{lt~lmg" ;55>, nlg{~l`gm tjkgfgl `zcuzbgm ng{l

~j`ml` cgmojcjm ngm uj{gbg~gm#uj{gbg~gm |gmf nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjmfg~z{"

cjmfgvgtl" ngm cjmfjmngbl`gm tjczg bgmf`ga#bgmf`ga u{inz`tl ngbgc cjckzg~tzg~z u{inz` |gmf kj{`zgbl~gt ngm kj{ng|g tglmf ~lmffl- Tlt~jc `zgbl~gt ngug~

nlujbgog{l njmfgm T~g~lt~ldgb Wzgbl~| Dim~{ib !TWD,- TWD ~j{kgfl ; |gl~z

T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib ngmJ`tuj{lcjm Njtltfm !JN,-

Tjdg{g ~{gnltlimgb" ug{g ujckzg~ u{inz` !cgmzhg~{j{t, klgtgm|g cjbg`z`gm

lmtuj`tl ~j{agngu u{inz` tj~gba u{inz` l~z tjbjtgl nlkzg~ njmfgm ogbgm cjm|i{~l{

u{inz` |gmf kgl` ng{l |gmf ojbj` g~gz dgdg~" `jcznlgm cjmfj{og`gm zbgmf kgflgm#


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78

kgflgm u{inz` |gmf dgdg~ l~z- Njmfgm njcl`lgm ujmfj{~lgm ~{gnltlimgb ~jm~gmf

ìmtju `zgbl~gt |gmf kj{hi`zt `jugng g`~lxl~gt lmtuj`tl zm~z` cmfdjfga

bibitm|g u{inz`#u{inz` dgdg~ `j ~gmfgm ujbgmffgm- @jflg~gm lmtuj`tl lml

nlugmngmf ng{l ujtuj`~lh t|t~jc `zgbl~gt u{inz` cinj{m gngbga tlg#tlg" `g{jmg

cjckj{l`gm ìm~{lktl `jugng ujmlmf`g~gm `zgbl~gt !wzgbl~| lcu{ixjcjm~,-

Ugng cgtg tj`g{gmf" ujmfj{~lgm ng{l ìmtju `zgbl~gt gngbga bjkla bzgt ng{l ugng

tj`jng{ g`~lxl~gt lmtuj`tl |gmf cjmfgmngb`gm ugng t~{g~jfl ujmnj`~j`tlgm

!t~{g~jf| ih nj~jd~lim,- Ujmfj{~lgm cinj{m ng{l ìmtju `zgbl~gt gngbga

cjckgmfzm tlt~jc `zgbl~gt cinj{m" |gmf tgbga tg~zm|g gngbga kji{ljm~gtl ugng

t~{g~jfl ujmdjfgagm- Tgbga tg~z dl{l ng{l tlt~jc `zgbl~gt cinj{m gngbga g`~lxl~gt

|gmf kj{i{ljm~gtl `jugng ~lmng`gm ngm ujmdjfgagm `j{ztg`gm" ngm kz`gm kj{hi`zt

ugng zgug| zm~z` cjmnj~j`tl `j{ztg`gm tgog- @zgbl~gt cjbgbzl lmtuj`tl tgog ~lng`

dz`zu ngm agb l~z ~j{bgbz cgagb- Cjt`luzm ~j~gu cjmognl uj{t|g{g~gm zm~z`

cjbg`z`gm kjkj{gug ltuj`tl tlmf`g~ g~gz gznl~ ~j{agngu u{inz` gàl{" ~j~gul ztgag

`zgbl~gt n{l uj{ztgaggm tjag{ztm|g bjkla hi`zt ugng ~lmng`gm ujmdjfgagm tjkjbzc

~j{gnl `j{ztg`gm njmfgm ogbgm cjbg`tgmg`gm g`~lxl~gt tjdg{g kgl` ngm kjmg{ ugng

vg`~z uj{~gcg `gbl czbgl cjbg`tgmg`gm tjtzg~z g`~lxl~gt- Njmfgm cjbg`tgmg`gm

u{lmtlu lml" ztgag ujmlmf`g~gm `zgbl~gt g`gm cgcuz cjmfz{gmfl imfìt u{inz`tl-

Kj{`gl~gm njmfgm agb lml uj{bz nlkgmfzm tzg~z tlt~jc ujmfjmngblgm u{itjt tjkgfgl

lcubjcjm~gtl ngl t~{g~jfl ujmdjfgagm ngbgc tlt~jc `zgbl~gt cinjm l~z- Cinjb

tlt~jc ujmfjmngbglm `zgbl~gt u{itjt njmfgm zcugm#kgbl` nl~zmoz`gm ugng fgckg{

kj{l`z~?


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76

Fgckg{ ;-;- Cinjb Tlt~jc Ujmfjmngblgm U{itjt

;-;- T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib!TUD,

Ujmfj{~lgm ujmffzmggm cj~inj t~g~lt~l` gngbga zm~z` cjciml~i{ ngm cjmfim~{ib

`j~jug~gm z`z{gm `imt~{z`tl u{inz` gm~g{g !lm~j{lc u{inzd~t, ugng tj~lgu u{itjt

uj`j{oggm fzmg cjcuj{`jdlb uj`j{oggm zbgmf ngm vg`~z ~zmffz tjbgcg u{itjt

u{inz`tl PT~i{da" 7


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71

tujtlhl`gtl iz~uz~ |gmf nllmfl`gm ujbgmffgm" tj{~g cjmfgcklb ~lmng`gm uj{kgl`gm

|gmf ~jug~ gugklbg nl{zczt`gm uj{kjnggm gm~g{g uj{hi{cgmtl g`~zgb ngm t~gmng{-

Ujmfjmngblgm U{itjt tjdg{g T~g~lt~l` !T~g~lt~ldgb u{idjtt dim~{ib 3 TUD, `j{gu `gbl

nltjkz~ ozfg tjkgfgl Dim~{ib Dag{~ !Uj~g `jmngbl,- Uj~g @jmngbl uj{~gcg `gbl

nl~jcz`gm ibja N{- Vgb~j{ Tajvag{~" |gmf `jcznlgm tjdg{g djug~ nlfzmg`gm

tjkgfgl ojckg~gm gm~g{g `imnltl g`gnjclt nl bgki{g~i{lzc cjmzoz `jugng nzmlg

u{inz`tl tjtzmffzam|g- Mgczm" tj~jbga uj{gmf nzmlg `j#;" `jcgmhgg~gm Uj~g

@jmngbl cjmognl uzng{- Agb lml nl`g{jmg ol`g ~j{ognl `imnltl |gmf nlbzg{ `jmngbl"

~lng` gng ztgag zm~z` cjmogvgk g~gz cjcuj{kgl`lm|g- @g{jmg l~z Uj~g @jmngbl

cjmognl cjmfalbgmf" `g{jmg agb l~z ~jbga cjm|gbgal ~zozgm z~gcg ng{l Dim~{ib

Dag{~ |gl~z? Cjmogfg u{itjt ~j~gu ~j{`jmngbl- Tjngmf`gm tjag{ztm|g gugklbg

gngm|g xg{lgtl ag{zt nllmxjt~lfgtl" ngm gugklbg xg{lgtl ~j{tjkz~ ~jbga nl`j~gazl

cg`g xg{lgtl ~j{tjkz~ ag{zt nlztgag`g zm~z` nlalbgmf`gm" cltgbm|g cjmffzmg`gm

njtlfm ih jquj{lcjm~-

Ugng j{g 65#gm" Ojugmf kj{ztgag zm~z` cgtz` `j ugtg{ nzmlg njmfgm cjckgvg

`zgbl~gt ~lmffl- ^j{m|g~g tj~jbga nllmxjt~lfgtl" nl~jcz`gm kgavg ujmdguglgm ngm

ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt ag{zt nlngtg{l ibja ujmffzmggm TUD- Ugng j{g tjbgmoz~m|g

Ojugmf cjmffzmg`gm NIJ !Njtlfm IhJquj{lcjm~, zm~z` cjmlmf`g~`gm ngm

cjmogfg `zgbl~gt agtlb u{inz`tlm|g- Mgczm" tjfgbg ztgag bgmoz~gm |gmf

nlogbgm`gm ~j{tjkz~" tjczg ~j~gu cjmngtg{`gm nl{l `jugng ujmfzgtggm ngm

ujmj{gugm TUD" |gmf nlogbgm`gm czbgl ng{l ~lmf`g~ uj`j{og almffg `j gmgbltg ngm

u{if{gc uj{kgl`gmm|g-

Cj~inj#cj~inj t~g~lt~l`gb cinj{m ngug~ cjckgm~z ngbgc `jkgm|g`gm gtuj`

ujmfcuzbgm ng~g ngm gubl`gtl" gug`ga l~z zm~z` cjcuj{ibja ujcgagcgm |gmf

bjkla kgl` ~jm~gmf `jkz~zagm ujbgmffgm" ujmfjmngbglm ngbgm u{itjt" t~znl

`gugklbl~gt" uj{gcgbgm g~gz ujmfz`z{gm fzmg cjckgm~z ngbgc ujckzg~gm

`juz~ztgm-


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7

Nlgcklb ng{l ~gkjb" njmfgm ozcbga |gmf tjtzgl njmfgm ozcbga tgcubj ~lgu tzk#

f{izu-

7- Ubi~#`gm ng~g Q#kg{ ngm {jm~gmf `j ngbgc Uj~g `jmngbl Q#kg{ ngm uj~g`jmngbl [- Ol`g tjczg ng~g cgtla kj{gng ngbgc {jm~gmf ZDB ngm BDB"

cg`g u{itjt g`gm nltjkz~ tjkgfgl t~gklb g~gz ~j{`jmngbl tjdg{g tlt~jcg~l`

;- Ol`g tg~z g~gz bjkla ng~g Q#kg{ ngm [ kj{gng nl bzg{ {jm~gmf ZDB ngmBDB" cg`g ajmng`m|g nlbg`z`gm lmxjt~lfgtl ngm uj{kgl`gm njmfgm

cj~ing u{ikbjc#tibxlmf

F{ghl` Ujmfjmngblgm @zgbl~gt T~g~lt~l` ! Dim~{ib Dag{~ ,

F{ghl` ujmfjmngbl `zgbl~gt t~g~lt~l` gngbga tzg~z |gmf cjm|gol`gm tjdg{g f{ghl`

`jgnggm u{inz`tl tjdg{g `{imibiflt njmfgm kg~gt#kg~gt |gmf cjmffgckg{`gm

`jcgcuzgm u{inz`tl vg`~z |gmf bgbz- ^ji{l zczc f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl lml uj{~gcg

`gbl nluj{`jmgb`gm ibja N{- Vgb~j{ Gmn{jv Tajvag{~ ngm Kjbb ~jbjuaimj

Bgki{g~i{ljt Gcj{l`g Tj{l`g~ ugng ~gazm 7;- Ngm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl |gmf

nl`jckgmf`gm cjmz{z~ gtgt#gtgt lml `j{gu `gbl nlmgcg`gm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl

Tajvag{~-

F{ghl` lml zm~z` cjmfj~gazl gug`ga tgcujb agtlb iktj{xgtl kj{gng nlngj{ga |gmf

nl~j{lcg !Gddju~jn G{jg, g~gz ngj{ga |gmf nl~ibg` ![jojd~jn G{jg,- Tjkzga f{ghl`

ujmfjmngbl cjclbl`l tjkzga fg{lt ~jmfga ngm kg~gt#kg~gt ujmfjmngbl kgl` g~gt

cgzuzm kgvga- Fg{lt ~jmfga cj{zug`gm mlbgl {g~g#{g~g `g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt |gmf

kj{`gl~gm njmfgm `jgnggm ~j{`im~{ib !|g`ml" agm|g tjkgk#tjkgk ~g` ~j{nzfg |gmf

gng,- Kg~gt ujmfjmngbl g~gt ngm kg~gt ujmfjmngbl kgvga nlulbla tjnjcl`lgm almffg


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;7

gugklbg u{itjt ~j{`jmngbl" agcul{ tjczg ~l~l`#~l~l` tgcujb g`gm og~za nlgm~g{g

`jnzg kg~gt l~z- Ol`g ~l~l`#~l~l` ~j{bj~g` nlngbgc kg~gt#kg~gt ujmfjmngbl" u{itjt

nlgmffgu ngbgc `jgnggm ~j{`jmngbl- Lml kj{g{~l u{itjt kj{bgmftzmf nlkgvga

ujm|jkgk vgog{ tjkgfglcgmg nlag{gu`gm g~gz kj{ogbgm `g{jmg ujm|jkgk tlt~jc

~j~gu |gmf tlhg~m|g u{ikgklblt~l` ngm ~lng` uj{bz ~lmng`gm guguzm" ~j~gul tg~z ~l~l`

|gmf ~j{bj~g` nlbzg{ kg~gt ujmfjmngbl nllm~j{u{j~gtl`gm tjkgfgl hg`~g kgavg u{itjt

~g` ~j{`jmngbl" ngm nluj{bz`gm ~lmng`gm ujm|jblnl`gm ngm uj{kgl`gm zm~z`

cjmngug~`gm ngm cjm|lmf`l{`gm agb#agb |gmf cjm|jkgk`gm ~lmf`ga bg`z l~z

F{ghl` ujmfjmngbl ozfg ngug~ nlfzmg`gm tjkgfgl gbg~ ujmfjmngblgm cgmgojcjm

fzmg cjmdgugl ~zozgm ~j{~jm~z kj{`jmggm njmfgm zgbl~gt u{itjt-

Fgckg{ ;-4- F{ghl` Ujmfjmngbl @zgbl~gt T~g~lt~l` ! Dim~{ib Dag{~,

@jfzmggm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl gngbga zm~z` cjckg~gtl ~ibj{gmtl ujm|lcugmfgm !

xg{lgtl , |gmf gtla ngug~ nl~j{lcg" kgl` `g{jmg g`lkg~ `jbjcgagm ~jmgfg `j{og"

cjtlm" kgagm kg`z ngm tjkgfglm|g- Zm~z` cjm|ztzm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl u{itjt

t~g~lt~l` nluj{bz`gm kjkj{gug bgmf`ga tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

7- Cjmjm~z`gm tgtg{gm |gmf g`gm nldgugl-

;- Cjmjm~z`gm kgm|g`m|g tgcujb ngm kgm|g`m|g iktj{xgtl-

4- Cjmfzcuzb`gm ng~g

>- Cjmjm~z`gm fg{lt ~jmfga ngm kg~gt#kg~gt ujmfjmngbl-

:- Cj{jxltl fg{lt ~jmfga ngm kg~gt#kg~gt ujmfjmngbl-

F{ghl` ujmfjmngbl g~gz nlgf{gc `im~{ib nlfzmg`gm zm~z`?

7- Cjmjm~z`gm gug`ga tzg~z u{itjt kj{gng ngbgc ujmfjmngblgm t~g~lt~l`-

Njmfgm njcl`lgm nlgf{gc `im~{ib nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjmdgugl tzg~z

`jgnggm ~j{`jmngbl tjdg{g t~g~lt~l`-


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;;

;- Cjcgm~gz u{itjt ~j{zt cjmj{zt tjugmogmf vg`~z gfg{ u{itjt ~j~gu

t~gklb tjdg{g t~g~lt~l` ngm agm|g cjmfgmnzmf xg{lgtl ujm|jkgk zczc-

4- Cjmjm~z`gm `jcgcuzgm u{itjt ! u{iddjt dgugklbl~| ,- Kg~gt#kg~gt ng{l

xg{lgtl u{itjt nl~jm~z`gm tj~jbga u{itjt kj{gng ngbgc ujmfjmngblgm

T~g~lt~l`-

Tj~lgu nlgf{gc @im~{ib ~j{nl{l ng{l?

7 Fg{lt ~jmfga !djm~gb blcl~, |gmf nlmi~gtl`gm tjkgfgl DB-

; Tjugtgmf kg~gt ìm~{ib !dim~{ib blcl~, |gl~z?

i Kg~gt ìm~{ib g~gt ! zuuj{ dim~{ib blcl~," nlmi~gtl`gm tjkgfgl ZDB-i Kg~gt ìm~{ib kgvga !bivj{ dim~{ib blcl~," nlmi~gtl`gm tjkgfgl BDB-

4 ^jkg{gm mlbgl#mlbgl `g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt |gmf cjmffgckg{`gm `jgnggm

u{itjt- Ol g tjczg mlbgl kj{gng nl ngbgc kg~gt ìm~{ib" cg`g u{itjt ngbgc

`jgnggm ~j{ìm~{ib g~gz ~j{`jmngbl tjdg{g t~g~lt~l`- Tjngmf`gm ol`g gng

mlbgl |gmf kj{gng nl bzg{ kg~gt ìm~{ib" cg`g u{itjt nlgmffgu ~lng`

~j{ìm~{ib g~gz ~lng` kj{gng ngbgc ujmfjmngblgm t~g~lt~l`-

Cgdgc#cgdgc Nlgf{gc @im~{ib?

7- Nlgf{gc @im~{ib zm~z` Ng~g xg{lgkjbg, Nlgf{gc @im~{ib ngm [

Nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjcgm~gz u{itjt |gmf cjcuzm|gl `g{g`~j{lt~l`

kj{nlcjmtl ìm~lm|z" tjalmffg nltjkz~ tjkgfgl nlgf{gc ìm~{ib zm~z`

ng~g xg{lgkjb- Nlgf{gc ìm~{ib Q cjmojbgt`gm ~jm~gmf uj{zkgagm |gmf

~j{ognl ngbgc z`z{gm ~l~l` uztg~ g~gz {g~g#{g~g ng{l u{itjt- Tjngmf`gm

nlgf{gc ìm~{ib [ !{gmfj, cjmojbgt`gm uj{zkgagm |gmf ~j{ognl ngbgc

z`z{gm xg{lgtl g~gz uj{zkgagm aicifjml~gt u{inz` |gmf nlagtlb`gm

tzg~z u{itjt-

Nlgf{gc @im~{ib

Cltgb`gm `g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt kj{nlt~{lkztl mi{cgb njmfgm cjgm

ngm njxlgtl t~gmng{ " njmfgm ngm `jnzgm|g nl`j~gazl- Ol`g Q7"

Q;" Q4"-----Qm tgcujb kj{z`z{gm m" cg`g {g~g#{g~g tgcujb lml gngbga?


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;4

Ngbgc u{g`~j` klgtgm|g ngm ~lng` nl`j~gazl- Cltgb`gm ~j{tjnlg c

tgcujb" cgtlmf#cgtlmf cjczg~ m iktj{xgtl ugng `g{g`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt

l~z- Cltgb`gm 7" ;" 4"-----" c gngbga {g~g#{g~g ~lgu tgcujb" cg`g

ujmg`tl{ ~j{kgl` zm~z` {g~g#{g~g u{itjt gngbga cjgm `jtjbz{zagm

|gl~z?

Cltgb ~j{tjnlg c tgcujb ngm agm|g ~j{nl{l ng{l tg~z iktj{xgtl" cg`g

ujmg`tl{ ~j{kgl` zm~z` {g~g#{g~g u{itjt gngbga?

Tjalmffg nluj{ibja {zczt zm~z` kg~gt g~gt ngm kg~gt kgvga Nlgf{gc

@im~{ib Q?

@j~j{gmfgm ?

G; 3 Mlbgl `imt~gm G; zm~z` nlgf{gc im~{ib Q !blag~ ngbgc ~gkjb, -

[ 3 [g~g#{g~g {jm~gmf tgcujb-

Nlgf{gc @im~{ib [

Cltgb`gm [7" [;" [4"-----"[c gngbga {jm~gmf c tgcujb l~z- Cg`g {jm~gmf

{g~g#{g~gm|g gngbga?


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Tjalmffg {zczt nlgf{gc ìm~{ib [ tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

@j~j{gmfgm?

[ 3 [g~g#{g~g {jm~gmf

N> 3 Mlbgl ìmt~gm > N zm~z` nlgf{gc ìm~{ib [

N4 3 Mlbgl ìmt~gm N4 zm~z` nlgf{gc ìm~{ib [

c 3 Kgm|g`m|g tgcujb! Cim~ficj{|" 7


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@j~j{gmfgm?

3 [g~g#{g~g Q7" Q;" -Qm-

;"88 3 Mlbgl ìmt~gm-

C[ 3 [g~g#{g~g {jm~gmf kj{fj{g` nzg iktj{xgtl-

Nlgf{gc ìm~{ib C[

@j~j{gmfgm?

C[ 3 [g~g#{g~g {jm~gmf kj{fj{g` nzg iktj{xgtl -

N> 3 Mlbgl ìmt~gm N4 zm~z` nlgf{gc ìm~{ib C[-

N4 3 Mlbgl ìmt~gm N4 zm~z` nlgf{gc ìm~{ib C[-

! Cim~ficj{|07


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|gmf nlu{inz`tl kj{z{z~gm gngbga lmnjujmnjm- Cg`g ~lgu zml~ |gmf

nlu{inz`tl cj{zug`gm {jgbltgtl tzg~z xg{lgkjb {gmnic Kj{mizbbl

njmfgm ug{gcj~j{ u- Gugklbg tgcujb {gmnic njmfgm m zml~ u{inz`

nlulbla ngm N gngbga kgm|g` zml~ u{inz` |gmf ~g` tjtzgl cg`g N

kj{nlt~{lkztl klmiclgb njmfgm ug{gcj~j{ m ngm u" |g`ml?

Kgflgm ~g` tjtzgl tgcujb nlnjhlmltl`gm tjkgfgl uj{kgmnlmfgm kgm|g`

zml~ ~g` tjtzgl ngbgc tgcujbN njmfgm z`z{gm tgcujb m |g`ml?

Nlt~{lkztl xg{lgkjb {gmnic u ngug~ nluj{ibja ng{l nlt~{lkztl

klmiclgb- Tjbgmoz~m|g" cjgm ngm xg{lgmtl u cgtlmf#cgtlmf gngbga

u 3 ngm

!Cim~ficj{|" 7


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Gugklbg kgflgm ~g` tjtzgl u{itjt l~z u ~lng` nl`j~gazl" cg`g u l~z

ag{zt nl~g`tl{ ng{l ng~g iktj{xgtl- U{itjnz{ |gmf klgtg gngbga

cjclbla c tgcujb ujmngazbzgm" cgtlmf#cgtlmf kj{z`z{gm m-

Tjkgfgl g~z{gm zzczc" c ag{ztbga ;5 g~gz ;:- cg`g ol`g gng Nl zml~

~g` tjtzgl ngbgc tgcujb l" `l~g al~zmf kgflgm ~g` tjtzgl ngbgc

tgcujb `j#l l~z tjkgfl kj{l`z~?

l 3 7";"-c

Ngm {g~g#{g~g ~g` tjtzgl tgcujb#tgcujb lml gngbga

T~g~lt~l`u cjmg`tl{ kgflgm ~g` tjtzgl u |gmf ~lng` nl`j~gazl- Fg{lt

~jmfga ngm kg~gt ujmfjmngbl f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl zm~z` kgflgm ~g`

tjtzgl nlal~zmf tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

Ngbgc kjkj{gug ujmj{gugm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl kgflgm ~g` tjtzgl

tgcujbm|g 755* ujcj{l`tggm agtlb u{itjt tjbgcg uj{linj vg`~z

~j{~jm~z-

@g{jmg ngbgc ~lgu uj{linj ngug~ nlu{inz`tl kgm|g` zml~ |gmf

kj{kjng" cg`g f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl l~z g`gm cjcuzm|gl z`z{gm tgcujb

|gmf kj{kjng#kjng- Gng kjk{gug ujmnj`g~gm ngbgc ujckjm~z`gm

ngm ujmfiuj{gtlgm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl njmfgm z`z{gm tgcujb kj{kjng#

kjng-


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Ujmnj`g~gm uj{~gcg" ngm czmf`lm |gmf ugblmf tjnj{agmg gngbga

cjmjm~z`gm kg~gt ujmfjmngbl zm~z` ~lgu#~lgu tgcujb |gmf nlngtg{`gm

g~gt z`z{gm tgcujb ~j{~jm~z \g`ml" ol`g tgcujb `j#l kj{z`z{gm ml"

cg`g kg~gt g~gt ngm kg~gt kgvgam|g gngbga Ujmnj`g~gm `jnzg

gngbga kj{ngtg{`gm f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl ugng

z`z{gm tgcujb {g~g#{g~g" |gmf cjmfagtlb`gm alcuzmgm kg~gt

ujmfjmngbl !Cim~ficj{|" 7


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Cjmffgckg{`gm nzg kzga fg{lt xj{~ldgb ngm tjkga fg{lt ai{lim~gb-

Fg{lt Xj{~l`gbFg{lt xj{l~`gb tjkjbga `l{l? kzg~`gm ugng fg{lt lml" t`gbg ng{l mib tgcugl

~i~gb `jtjbz{zagm ng{l `j{ztg`gm !ngbgc `gtzt nl g~gt" t`gbg gngbga 5

tgcugl 8;,

Fg{lt xj{~l`gb tjkjbga `gmgm? kzg~`gm ugng fg{lt lml" t`gbg 5* tgcugl755*

Fg{ltAi{lim~gbKgflbga fg{lt lml `j ngbgc kgm|g`m|g lm~j{xgb tjtzgl njmfgm kgm|g`m|g

l~jc cgtgbga |gmf nl`bgtlhl`gtl`gm-

Bgmf`ga :

Kzg~bga alt~if{gc ugng nlgfgc ug{j~i-

Bgmf`ga 8

Fgckg{`gm `z{xg `zczbg~lh tj{~g dgm~zc`gm mlgl#mlbgl `zczbg~lh !~i~gb `zczbg~lh

g~gz uj{tjm `zczbg~lh, nl tjkjbga `gmgm ng{l lm~j{xgb l~jc cgtgbga-

Bgmf`ga 6

Cjcz~zt`gm zm~z` cjmfgcklb ~lmng`gm uj{kgl`gm g~tg ujm|jkgk z~gcg ng{l

cgtgbga |gmf tjngmf ~j{ognl l~z- Zm~z` cjmfj~gazl g`g{ ujm|jkgk ng{l tzg~z

cgtgbga" `l~g ngug~ cjmffzmg`gm nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~ g~gz kj{~gm|g cjmfgug

kjkj{gug gbl !`imtjuhlxj va|t,-


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Kjkj{gug dg~g~gm ~jm~gmf nlgf{gc ug{j~i?

Tjuj{~l ~jbga nltlmffzmf nl kgflgm njugm nlgf{gc ug{j~i gngbga cj~inj zm~z`

cjmflnjm~lhl`gtl agb#agb g~gz `jognlgm#`jognlgm ujm~lmf- @g{jmg l~z" ugng

ngtg{m|g nlgf{gc ug{j~i ~j{nl{l ng{l nzg ojmlt" |gl~z?

7- Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i Cjmfjmgl Hjmicjmg- Nlgf{gc lml kj{`gl~gm njmfgm agtlb#agtlb |gmf ~lng` nllmflm`gm ngm nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjmfj~gazl gug cgtgbga

z~gcg |gmf gng-

Dim~ia hjmicjmg" gmg~g{ bglm?

g- @zgbl~gt? `j{ztg`gm" `j{zflgm" `jbzagm" l~jc#l~jc |gmf nl`jckgbl`gm"uj{kgl`gm !{jug{gtl," nbb-

k- Klg|g? ozcbga j{zflgm" imf`it umfjbzg{gm" nbb-d- Ujm|j{gagm? ujmzmngggm ujm|j{gagm" `j~j{bgckg~gm ujckg|g{gm"

`j`z{gmfgm t~i`" nbb-

n- @jgcgmgm? `jdjbg`ggm" `jtgbgagm" fgmffzgm" nbb-;- Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i Cjmfjmgl Ujm|jkgk- Nlgf{gc lml kj{`gl~gm njmfgm

ujm|jkgk ngbgc u{itjt ngm nluj{fzmg`gm zm~z` cjmfj~gazl gug ujm|jkgk

z~gcg ng{l cgtgbga |gmf gng-

Dim~ia ujm|jkgk" gm~g{g bglm?

g- Iuj{g~i{? zcz{" ujmfgbgcgm" `j~j{gculbgm" tlhg~ lmnlxlnz" uj{fgm~lgm`j{og" nbb-

k- Cjtlm? uj{gbg~gm" cjtlm" lmt~{zcjm~" nbb-d- Kgagm kg`z? ujckzg~gm kgagm kg`z" cgdgc kgagm kg`z" ugk{l` kgagm

kg`z" nbb-

n- Cj~inj Iuj{gtl? `imnltl iuj{gtl" cj~inj `j{og" tlt~jc ujmfg~z{gm" nbb-

;-;-4-Nlgf{gc Tjkgk#G`lkg~ !Dgztj#Gmn# Jhhjd~ Nlgf{gc,Nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~ gngbga tzg~z nlgf{gc |gmf cjmzmoz`gm azkzmfgm gm~g{g

tjkgk ngm g`lkg~- Kj{`gl~gm njmfgm ujmfjmngblgm u{itjt t~g~lt~lg`gb" nlgf{gc

tjkgk#g`lkg~ nluj{fzmg`gm z~mz` cjmzoz`gm hg`~i{#hg`~i{ ujm|jkgk !tjkgk, ngm

`g{j`~j{lt~l` `zgbl~gt !g`lkg~, |gmf nltjkgkg`gk`gm ibja hg`~i{#hg`~i{ ujm|jkgk

l~z- Nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~ lml tj{lmf ozfg nltjkz~ tjkgfgl nlgf{gc ~zbgmf l`gm

!hltakimj nlgf{gc, `g{jmg kjm~z`m|g tjuj{~l `j{gmf`g ~zbgmf l`gm" g~gz nlgf{gc


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8-^jm~z`gm l~jc#l~jc |gmf ujm~lmf ng{l tj~lgu hg`~i{ ngm ~gmnglbga hg`~i{#hg`~i{ ujm~lmf ~j{~jm~z |gmf `jblag~gmm|g cjclbl`l ujmfg{za m|g~g ~j{agngu

`g{g`~j{lt~l` zgbl~gt-

6-Dg~g~gm lmhi{cgtl |gmf uj{bz nl ngbgc nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~ l~z" tjuj{~l?oznzb" mgcg u{inz`" u{itjt" `jbicui`" ngh~g{ ug{~ltlugm" ~gmffgb" nbb-

;-4-Ng~gkgtjKgtlt ng~g !kgagtg Lmff{lt? ng~gkgtj," g~gz tj{lmf uzbg nljog kgtlt ng~g" gngbga

`zcuzbgm lmhi{cgtl |gmf nltlcugm nl ngbgc ìcuz~j{ tjdg{g tlt~jcg~l` tjalmffg

ngug~ nluj{l`tg cjmffzmg`gm tzg~z u{if{gc ìcuz~j{ zm~z` cjcuj{ibja

lmhi{cgtl ng{l kgtlt ng~g ~j{tjkz~- Uj{gmf`g~ bzmg` |gmf nlfzmg`gm zm~z`

cjmfjbibg ngm cjcgmfflb `zj{l !wzj{|, kgtlt ng~g nltjkz~ tlt~jc cgmgojcjm

kgtlt ng~g !ng~gkgtj cgmgfjcjm~ t|t~jc" NKCT,- Tlt~jc kgtlt ng~g nlujbgog{l

ngbgc lbcz lmhi{cgtl-

Lt~lbga +kgtlt ng~g+ kj{gvgb ng{l lbcz ìcuz~j{- Cjt`luzm `jcznlgm g{~lm|g

tjcg`lm bzgt" cjcgtz``gm agb#agb nl bzg{ klngmf jbj`~{iml`g" g{~l`jb lml cjmfjmgl

kgtlt ng~g ìcuz~j{- Dg~g~gm |gmf cl{lu njmfgm kgtlt ng~g tjkjmg{m|g tznga gng

tjkjbzc {jxibztl lmnzt~{l |gl~z ngbgc kjm~z` kz`z kjtg{" `zl~gmtl ngm `zcuzbgm

ng~g |gmf kj{azkzmfgm njmfgm kltmlt-

@imtju ngtg{ ng{l kgtlt ng~g gngbga `zcuzbgm ng{l dg~g~gm#dg~g~gm" g~gz ui~imfgm

ng{l ujmfj~gazgm- Tjkzga kgtlt ng~g cjclbl`l ujmojbgtgm ~j{t~{z`~z{ ng{l ojmlt

hg`~g |gmf ~j{tlcugm nl ngbgcm|g? ujmojbgtgm lml nltjkz~ t`jcg- T`jcg

cjmffgckg{`gm ik|j` |gmf nlvg`lbl tzg~z kgtlt ng~g" ngm azkzmfgm nl gm~g{g

ik|j` ~j{tjkz~- Gng kgm|g` dg{g zm~z` cjmfi{fgmltgtl t`jcg" g~gz cjcinjb`gmt~{z`~z{ kgtlt ng~g? lml nl`jmgb tjkgfgl cinjb kgtlt ng~g g~gz cinjb ng~g- Cinjb

|gmf zczc nlfzmg`gm tj`g{gmf gngbga cinjb {jbgtlimgb" |gmf cjmz{z~ lt~lbga

bg|cgm cjvg`lbl tjczg lmhi{cgtl ngbgc kjm~z` ~gkjb#~gkjb |gmf tgblmf

kj{azkzmfgm nlcgmg tj~lgu ~gkjb ~j{nl{l ng{l kg{lt ngm ìbic !njhlmltl |gmf

tjkjmg{m|g cjmffzmg`gm ~j{clmibifl cg~jcg~l`g,- Ngbgc cinjb lml" azkzmfgm

gm~g{ ~gkjb nlvg`lbl njmfgm cjmffzmg`gm mlbgl |gmf tgcg gm~g{ ~gkjb- Cinjb |gmf


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bglm tjuj{~l cinjb alj{g{`lt ngm cinjb og{lmfgm cjmffzmg`gm dg{g |gmf bjkla

j`tubltl~zm~z` cjvg`lbl azkzmfgm gm~g{ ~gkjb-

T~{z`~z{ ng~gkgtj

Lm~jf{gtl biflthlbj ngug~ nldgugl tjdg{gJ`tubltl~g~gz tjdg{gLcubldl~-

AzkzmfgmJ`tubltl~lmxj{~jn lmnjq ngm blm`hljbn cjmj~gu`gm azkzmfgm j`tubltl~ gm~g{g ng~g

|gmf ~j{lm~jh{gtl tjdg{g biflt ngbgc hlbj |gmf tgcg- Tzg~z ujmnj`g~gm

zm~z` cjmj~gu`gm azkzmfgm j`tubltl~ gm~g{g dg~g~gm ng{l kjkj{gug hlbj

gngbga njmfgm cjm|ztzm dg~g~gm#dg~g~gm ~j{tjkz~ ngbgc tzg~z al{g{`l- Lml

nltjkz~ t~{z`~z{ al{g{`lt- Ngbgc t~{z`~z{ tjuj{~l lml" tj~lgu dg~g~gm ugng

tg~z ~lmf`g~ ngug~ nlazkzmf`gm `j kj{kgfgl dg~g~gm |gmf tj~lmf`g~ bjkla

{jmnga- Dg~g~gm |gmf cjclbl`l gmg` nltjkz~ ug{jm~ngm gmg` dg~g~gm l~z

nltjkz~ dalbn{jm-

AzkzmfgmLcubldl~Ugng gvgb 7


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k- Gmgb|~ldgbNg~gKgtjCjm|lcugm ng~g ngm lmhi{cg~lim jq~{g~jnng{l iuj{g~limgb |gmf nltjbj`tl

ngm jq~j{mgb NK- Cjbluz~l ng~g ngm lmhi{cgtl |gmf kgm|g` nlkz~za`gm

ibja cgmgoj{ i{fgmltgtl ngm jmn ztj{-

d- Ng~g Vg{jAiztjCj{zug`gm uztg~ ng~g tjm~{gb |gmf nl~gculb`gm ngm nllm~jf{gtl`gm

tjalmffg ngug~ nlfzmg`gm ibja cgmgoj{ ngm ztj{ u{ihjttlimgb zm~z`

cgdgc#cgdgc gmgbltlt kltmlt" ujmjbl~lgm ugtg{ ngm njdltlim tzuui{~-

n- Nlt~{lkz~jn Ng~gKgtjj- Jmn Ztj{ Ng~gKgtj

Ng~g Kgtj ~j{nl{l ng{l xg{lgtl ng~g |gmf nl`jckgmf`gm ibja jmn ztj{ugng

vi{`t~g~lim-

h- A|uj{Cjnlg Ng~gKgtjf- Jq~j{mgb Ng~gKgtj

Nl ngbgc tzg~z i{fgmltgtl |gmf kjtg{" tlt~jc ng~gkgtj cj{zug`gm kgflgm ujm~lmf

ugng tlt~jc lmhi{cgtl" `g{jmg nl uj{bz`gm zm~z` cjmfjbibg tzckj{ lmhi{cgtl

ugng i{fgmltgtl ~j{tjkz~- Zm~z` cjmfjbibg tzckj{ lmhi{cgtl ~j{tjkz~ |gmf

uj{~gcg `gbl nl bg`z`gm gngbga cj{gmdgmf tzg~z tlt~jc ng~gkgtj gfg{ lmhi{cgtl

|gmf gng ugng i{fgmltgtl ~j{tjkz~ ngug~ nlfzmg`gm tjdg{g cg`tlcgb-

^zozgm Uj{gmdgmfgmNg~gkgtj

Zm~z` cjcjmzal `jkz~zagm g`gm lmhi{cgtl ng{l ujmffzmg ngm gubl`gtl Cjm|jnlg`gm t~{z`~z{ lmhi{cgtl |gmf mg~z{gb ngm cznga nl cjmfj{~l

ibja ujmffzmg

Cjmnz`zmf `jkz~zagm ujc{itjtgm ngm kjkj{gug ik|j` `lmj{og ng{ltzg~z tlt~jc ng~gkgtj

Kj{l`z~ lml tl`bzt `jalnzugm tlt~jc lmhi{cgtl nl cgmg ~j{ngug~ tl`bzt `jalnzugm

tlt~jc ng~gkgtj- Tl`bzt @jalnzugm Tlt~jc Lmhi{cgtl !Cgd{i Blhj D|dbj ,-


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^gagugm~gagugm |gmf gng ugng tl`bzt `jalnzugm tlt~jc lmhi{cgtl |gl~z?

7- Gmgbltg @jbg|g`gm^gagugm lml cjchi`zt`gm ugng ujmfgmgbltggm g{jgb gubl`gtl |gmf

zmffzb " cjmflnjm~lhl`gtl ujmfzcuzbgm lmhi{cgtl ngm ujm|jkg{gmm|g"

cjcujbgog{l `jzm~zmfgm ngm `j{zflgm " ujmjm~zgm `icubj`tl~gt ng~g

ngm u{itjt" ngm cjmjm~z`gm u{li{l~gt gubl`gtl |gmf g`gm nlfzmg`gm-

;- Gmgbltg ngm Ujmfzcuzbgm @jkz~zagm Ujmffzmg@jkz~zagm`jkz~zagm |gmf nj~glb nl`zcuzb`gm njmfgm kj{lm~j{g`tl

ugng tj`jbicui` ujcg`gl g~gz ujcg`gl lmnlxlnz- Cjmflnjm~lhl`gtl`gm

cgtgbga |gmf gng ngm `jkz~zagm#kz~zagm" `j~j{fgm~zmfgm gm~g{

gubl`gtl" `iczml`gtl ngm u{itjnz{ bgui{gm-

4- Uj{gmdgmfgmUj{gmdgmfgm ~j{kgfl cjmognl nzg |gl~z? uj{gmdgmfgm tlt~jc ng~gkgtj

ngm tlt~jc gubl`gtl

>- Lcubjcjm~gtlCjmflcubjcjm~gtl`gm tlt~jc lmhi{cgtl njmfgm ng~gkgtj |gmf gng

:- Ujmfzolgm ngm XgblngtlUjmfzolgm ngm xgblngtl tlt~jc ng~gkgtj njmfgm `{l~j{lg `lmj{og |gmf

nllmflm`gm ibja ujmffzmg-

8- Ujmfiuj{gtlgm ngm Uj{gvg~gmUjmfiuj{gtlgm tlt~jc tj~jbga nl xgblngtl nltj{~gl njmfgm ujmfgvgtgm

ngm uj{gvg~gm tlt~jc-

Tl`bzt @jalnzugm Gubl`gtlNg~gkgtj !Cld{iBlhjD|dbj ,

^gagugm |gmf gng ugng tl`bzt `jalnzugm gubl`gtl ng~gkgtj |gl~z?7- Ujmnjhlmltlgm Tlt~jc

Ujmnjhlmltlgm {zgmf blmf`zu ng{l tlt~jc ng~gkgtj" ujmffzmg ngm

gubl`gtlm|g-

;- Uj{gmdgmfgmNg~gkgtjUj{gmdgmfgm ng~gkgtj tjdg{g bifl`g ngm hltl` ugng tzg~z tlt~jc

ng~gkgtj tjtzgl njmfgm tlt~jc cgmgojcjm ng~gkgtj |gmf nllmflm`gm-

4- Lcubjcjm~gtlNg~gkgtj


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Ujmnjhlmltlgm ng~gkgtj tjdg{g ìmtju~zgb" j`t~j{mgb ngm lm~j{mgb"

ujckzg~gmhlbjhlbj ng~gkgtj |gmf ìtimf tj{~g lcubjcjm~gtl gubl`gtl

tih~vg{j-

>- Ujmfgcklbgm ngm @imxj{tl Ng~gNg~gkgtj nl~jcug~`gm njmfgm kgl`" tjalmffg ol`g lmflm cjcgmfflb

ng~g tjdg{g bgmftzmf g~gzuzm cj{zkga hlbjhlbj |gmf gng ngug~ nl

~jcug~`gm `jckgbl tjtzgl njmfgm hi{cg~ tlt~jc ng~gkgtjm|g-

:- @imxj{tl Gubl`gtlTih~vg{j#tih~vg{j gubl`gtl ng{l tlt~jc ng~gkgtj tjkjbzcm|g nl

ìmxj{tl`gm `j ngbgc tlt~jc ng~gkgtj |gmf kg{z-

8- Ujmfzolgm ngm XgblngtlTlt~jc |gmf kg{z ~jbga nl ~jt~ ngm nl zol `lmj{ogm|g-

6- Ujmfiuj{gtlgmUjmfiuj{gtlgm ng~gkgtj tlt~jc ngm gubl`gtlm|g-

1- Ujmfgvgtgm ngm Ujcjblag{ggmUjmfgvgtgm ngm ujcjblag{ggm tlt~jc ng~gkgtj ngm gubl`gtl tih~vg{j-

U{itjt Uj{gmdgmfgmNg~gkgtj

Gng 8 ~gagu zm~z` u{itjt uj{gmdgmfgm tzg~z ng~gkgtj?

7- Ujmfzcuzbgm ng~g ngm gmgbltlt-

;- Uj{gmdgmfgm ng~gkgtj tjdg{g ìmtju~zgb-

4- Ujclblagm tlt~jc cgmgojcjm ng~gkgtj-

>- Uj{gmdgmfgm ng~gkgtj tjdg{g bifl`g-

:- Uj{gmdgmfgm ng~gkgtj tjdg{g hltl`-

8- Lcubjcjm~gtl tlt~jc ng~gkgtj-


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Kgk 4

Cj~inibifl Ujcjdgagm Cgtgbga

4-7- @j{gmf`g Ujcjdgagm Cgtgbga

Ugng ujmjbl~lgm lml nlkzg~ Hbiv Dag{~ |gmf cjmffgckg{`gm kgfglcgmg

uj{gmdgmfgm ujcjdgagm cgtgbga ng{l gvgb tgcugl g`al{ ujmjbl~lgm kj{ngtg{`gm

agtlb ng{l `jtjbz{zagm ujmjbl~lgm nl U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg-

Fgckg{ 4-7- Hbiv Dag{~Ujcjdgagm Cgtgbga


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4- Ng~g U{inz`tl" ng~g |gmf nlgcklb tjbgcg vg`~z u{inz`tl |gmf nlgcklb ibjaujmjbl~l-

:- Ng~g Dgdg~" cj{zug`gm ng~g ng{l u{inz` |gmf ~lng` cjcjmzal t~gmng{`zgbl~gt uj{ztgaggm-

Gnguzm ng~g |gmf nlgcklb gngbga ng~g Wzi~g Tgcublmf-

4-;->- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g

Ujmfibgagm ng~g lml nlbg`z`gm tjtzgl ugng gbl{gm cj~inj ujmjbl~lgm- Tj~jbga

ujmfzcuzbgm ng~g nlbg`z`gm cg`g u{itjt ujmfibgagm ng~g ugng ujmjbl~lgm lml

cjmffzmg`gm kjkj{gug cj~inj |gl~z cj~inj T~g~lt~ldgb U{idjtt Dim~{ib- Ngbgc

ujmjbl~lgm lml gbg~ gmgbltlt |gmf nlug`gl gngbga kgfgm `jmngbl u" Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i"

Nlgf{gc Tjkgk#G`lkg~ ngmNg~gkgtj-

Ng~gkgtj tjkzga u{if{gc |gmf |gmf cjmflmhi{cgtl`gm Ojmlt ujcj{l`tggm"

^j{ognl ugng ujcj{l`tggm !u{itjt u{inz`tl gug)WD gug)ti{~l{," @{l~j{lg {jojd~)

ojmlt dgdg~" dl{l#dl{l `jdgdg~gm" ngm Ujm|jkgk `jdgdg~gm ugng u{inz` ngcuj{

`g{ltcg-

4-;-:- Gmgbltlt

U{itjt gmgbltg nlbg`z`gm tj~jbga cjmfj~gazl agtlb ng{l uj{al~zmfgm ng{l

ujmfibgagm ng~g- Cg`g ugng ujmjbl~lgm lml agtlb |gmf nlgmgbltg gngbga ngbgccjmfj~gazl gug`ga ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt u{inz`tl nl U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg

tjtzgl njmfgm `gugtl~gt `zgbl~gt u{inz` |gmf ~j{tjnlg ngm `jkz~zagm ogc cjtlm

|gmf cjmognl ui`i` uj{cgtgbgagm-

4-;-8- @jtlcuzbgm ngm Tg{gm

Cjckzg~ `jtlcuzbgm ng{l gmgbltlt |gmf ~jbga nltjbjtgl`gm njmfgm cjckzg~uilm~#

uilm~ gug tgog |gmf cjmognl fg{lt kjtg{ ng{l czbgl ujmjbl~lgm almffg g`al{


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>7

ujmjbl~lgm gfg{ ngug~ nlbg`z`gm uj{kgl`gm ngm uj{zkgagm |gmf nltg{gm`gm ibja

ujmjbl~l zm~z` `jcgozgm U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg- Nl~gckga njmfgm ujckj{lgm tg{gm

ujmjbl~l `jugng agtlb ujmjbl~lgm ngm ozfg `jugng uj{ztgaggm njmfgm cjcldz

`jkj{agtlbgm ngbgc tzg~z ujcjdgagm cgtgbga-


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>;

Kgk >

Ujmfzcuzbgm Ng~g ngm Ujmfibgagm Ng~g

>-7- Ujmfzcuzbgm Ng~g

>-7-7- Tjog{ga tlmf`g~ uj{ztgaggm

Uj{tj{igm ^j{kg~gt !U^, Gfimjtlg Nlxltl Kg{gmf ^j`ml` njmfgm cj{` ngfgmf

Lm`gkg cj{zug`gm tgbga tg~z Kgngm Ztgag Clbl` Ngj{ga !KZCMN, U{iulmtl

Ogvg Kg{g~ |gmf ngbgc uj{`jckgmfgmm|g ~j{kjm~z` cjbgbzl Uj{g~z{gm Ngj{ga

U{iulmtl Ogvg Kg{g~ Mi- > ~gazm ;55; ~jm~gmf uj{zkgagm kjm~z` az`zc

Uj{ztgaggm Ngj{ga Lmnzt~{l Ogvg Kg{g~ cjmognl Uj{tj{igm ^j{kg~gt !U^, ~gmffgb

7; gu{lb ;55; ngm ~jbga nlzmngmf`gm ngbgc Bjckg{gm Ngj{ga U{iulmtl Ogvg Kg{g~

~gazm ;55; Mi- 1 Tj{l N-

Tjbgmoz~m|g njmfgm g`~g mi~g{lt Uiu| @zm~g{l Tzt~{jtmg" T-A-" C-Azc" nl`i~g

Kgmnzmf ~gmffgb 76 Ozml ;55; mici{ 1 ~jbga nlnl{l`gm tjkgfgl Kgngm Az`zc

Uj{tj{igm ^j{kg~gt njmfgm mgcg U^ Gf{imjtlg -

^zozgm ujmnl{lgmm|g zm~z` cjmognl?

7- Tgbga tg~z tg{gmg ngbgc ztgag ujcj{lm~ga ngj{ga cjmgckga tzckj{ujmngug~gm ngj{ga-

;- ^z{z~ tj{~g ngbgc cjbg`tgmg`gm ztgag#ztgag ujckgmfzmgm tjtzgl njmfgmhzmftlm|g tj{~g cjmlmf`g~`gm u{inz`tl)ogtg ngm uj{ngfgmfgm nl klngmf

`g{j~" ubgt~l` ngm `lclg-

Gnguzm kltmlt lm~lm|g cjbluz~l?

Lmnzt~{l" cjbluz~l ? kg{gmf#kg{gmf ng{l `g{j~" cg`gmgm" clmzcgm ngmujmfgbjmfgm)ujcki~ibgm !gcg~lb," jt kgbi`" ~j`t~lb" ujmfibgagm `g|z

~{lubj`-

Uj{ngfgmfgm" cjbluz~l ? j`tui{#lcui{ ngm uj{ngfgmfgm cg`gmgm ngmclmzcgm-


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>4

Nlblag~ ng{l tjog{ga U^ Gf{imjtlg Nlxltl Lmnzt~{l ^j`ml` @g{j~ Lm`gkg

Ccjmfgbcl kjkj{gug uj{linj ujmnl{lgm |gmf g`gm nlz{gl`gm ugng ~gkjb >-7

tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

^gkjb >-7 Uj{linj ujmnl{lgm U^ Gfimjlg Nlxltl Lmnzt~{l ^j`ml` @g{j~ Lm`gkg

Mi Uj{linj Mgcg Uj{ztgaggm ^gazm Ujmnj{lgm

7 Tjkjbzc 7:M-X- HG^J[Z !Hgk{lj` ^jdamltdaj

[zkkj{vg{jm,7


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>>

cj{jkz~ `j`zgtggm ng{l Ujcj{lm~ga Kjbgmng" uj{ztgaggm lml nlkj{l mgcg

9U{lgmfgm Ficij @ifoi9" ngm u{inz`tlm|g agm|g zm~z` `juj{bzgm clbl~j{ Ojugmf-

Nlblag~ ng{l tjog{gam|g" ujmnl{lgm U^- Gf{imjtlg Nlxltl Lmnzt~{l ^j`ml` @g{j~

njmfgm cj{j` ngfgmf + Lm`gkg + cjmfgbgcl kjkj{gug uj{linj uj{zkgagm tjkgfgl

kj{l`z~ nlkgvga lml?

Uj{linj tjkjbzc 7:

Ugk{l` `g{j~ lml nlnl{l`gm ibja ujcj{lm~ga Kjbgmng njmfgm mgcg M-X- HG^J[Z

!Hgk{lj` ^jdamltdaj [zkkj{vg{jm, ugng ~gazm 7


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>:

4!~lfg, Zml~" |gl~z ? 7- Zml~ 7 UL@GM" nl ogbgm Og`g{~g Mi- ;; Kgmnzmf- ;- Zml~ ;

LM@GKG" nl ogbgm Tlcugmfgm Lmnzt~{l Mi- ; Kgmnzmf- 4- Zml~ 4 @[LNG \ZNAG"

nl ogbgm Og~lmjfg{g Mi- :4 Kgmnzmf-

Uj{linj 7


55/84

>8

kj{ngtg{`gm Uj{ng Mi- > ~gazm ;55; ~jm~gmf uj{zkgagm kjm~z` az`zc Uj{ztgaggm

Ngj{ga Lmnzt~{l U{iulmtl ^lmf`g~ L Ogvg Kg{g~ cjmognl Uj{tj{igm ^j{kg~gt" ~gmffgb

7; Gu{lb ;55; ngm ~jbga nlzmngmf`gm ngbgc Bjckg{gm Ngj{ga U{iulmtl Ogvg Kg{g~

~gazm ;55; Mici{-1-tj{l-N- Nlcgmg tjtzgl njmfgm g`~g mi~g{lt Uiu| @zm~g{l

Tz~{jtmg T-A-" C-Azc-" nl `i~g Kgmnzmf" ~jbga nlnl{l`gm Uj{tj{igm ^j{kg~gt

njmfgm mgcg U-^- Gf{imjtlg + Lm`gkg +-

Zm~z` ngug~ bjkla cjmlmf`g~`gm cz~z ngm ujbg|gmgm `jugng ujbgmffgm" tjog`

kzbgm Ogmzg{l ~gazm 7 i{gmf TN ? 77 i{gmf

k- Tzckj{ ng|g cjtlm ngm gbg~Tzckj{ ng|g cjtlm ngm gbg~ ~j{nl{l ng{l?

7- Klngmf ugk{l`gtlg- Kgflgm UULD


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>6

Cjtlm Ui~imf âj{cidzubj ^lckgmfgm

k- Kgflgm ugk{l`gtl CjtlmClqlmf Clbb Cjtlm Difjb Cibja Cjtlm T~|q CjtlmClqj{ Bjc Cjtlm Dgbbgmnj{ Cjtlm Jq~{znj{ Cjtlm U{jtt CjtlmLmojd~lim Cizbn Cjtlm Tbgmf CjtlmGz~idbgxj ^lckgmfgm âj{cidizubj Cj~j{gm Xj{mlj{ Dgbluj{ âld`mjtt

d- Kgfglm j`ml` ngm Ujcjblag{ggm7, Cjtlm Ki{;, cjtlmKzkz~4, CjtlmClblmf>, Cjtlm Td{gu:, CjtlmKilbj{ ngm Tuh~jmj{ Kilbj{8, Cjtlm Tgmn Kbgt~lmf6, Dicu{jtti{1, Cj~j{gm


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>1

;- Kgflgm Wzgbl~| gmn Jmflmjj{lmfGbg~ z`z{ ngm zol ~j{nl{l ng{l?

g- Cj~j{gmk- Xj{mlj{Dgbluj{d- âj{cidizubjn- âld`mjttj- ^lckgmfgmh- ^lckgmfgm kj{g~ ojmltf- Gbg~ Zol @j`j{gtgma- Cjtlm Zol[ajicj~j{l- Cjtlm Zol Xltìtl~gt

o- Cjtlm Zol ^jmtlbj T~{jmf~a`- Cjtlm Zol Gflmfb- Cjtlm Zol @j~gagmgm Iblc- Vg~j{ Kg~am- Cjtlm Zol Iimi- Cjtlm Zol Gk{gtl

U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg ngug~ cjcu{inz`tl kj{kgfgl ojmlt kg{gmf ~j`ml` `g{j~ tjtzgl

njmfgm tujtlhl`gtl `jkz~zagm kgl` njtglm cgzuzm tlhg~ hltl` |gmf nluj{t|g{g~`gm

gm~g{g bglm?

^gagm ugmgt- ^gagm fjtj`- ^gagm ~j`gmgm-

^gagm clm|g`) ibl- ^gagm `lclg- Ngm bglm#bglm tjtzgl `jkz~zagm-

Kg{gmf ~j`ml` `g{j~ agtlb u{inz`tl Lm`gkg tjogbgm njmfgm uj{`jckgmfgm ~j`mibifl

u{itjt u{inz`tl" tjbgbz cjcuj{ag~l`gm kjkj{gug gtuj` u{inz`tl tjuj{~l?

Gtuj` Cg~j{lgb- Gtuj` Hltl`g-


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>;>"574 uu


64/84

::

Cjmfal~zmf kg~gt ujmfjmngblTjbgmoz~m|g cjmjm~z`gm kg~gt `jmngbl g~gt !ZDB, ngm kg~gt `jmngbl kgvga

!BDB,- @g{jmg z`z{gm tgcujb gngbga kj{kjng#kjng cg`g kg~gt ujmfjmngbl g~gt

ngm kg~gt ujmfjmngbl kgvga nlal~zmf zm~z` tj~lgu z`z{gm tgcujb- Cltgb zm~z`

tgcujb `jnzg njmfgm z`z{gm tgcujb ;71> cg`g nluj{ibja mlbgl kg~gt ujmfjmngbl

g~gt !ZDB, ngm kg~gt ujmfjmngbl kgvga !BDB, gngbga?

Zm~z` tgcujb Ag{l `jnzg gngbga?ZDB 3 4u

3 5"5;5>

5"5455;71>

5;5>"575;5>"54

BDB 3 4u

3 5"5;5> #

5"5751;71>

5;5>"575;5>"54

Zm~z` tgcujb `j~lfg njmfgm z`z{gm tgcujb 47 5"5;6>47"575;5>"54

BDB 3 4u

3 5"5;5> #

5"574>47"575;5>"54

@{l~j{lg tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

g- Ol`g U 2 BDB" kj{g{~l tgcujb cjbicug~ `j kgvga nlbzg{ kg~gt ngj{ga ~j{lcg!BDB, cg`g uj{l`tg ujm|jkgkm|g-

k- Ol`g BDB 2 U= ZDB" kj{g{~l tjczg tgcujb kj{gng ngbgc ngj{ga ~j{lcgnltjkz~ tgcujb kj{u{lbg`z mi{cgb g~gz `gugklbl~gt u{itjt kgl`-

d- Ol`g U = ZDB" kj{g{~l tgcujb cjbicug~ `j g~gt nlbzg{ ngj{ga ~j{lcg !ZDB,g~gz ngug~ nl`g~g`gm `gugklbl~gt u{itjt {jmnga cg`g uj{l`tg ujm|jkgkm|g

ngm gcklb ~lmng`gm uj{kgl`gm cjbgbzl ujmlmf`g~gm `lmj{og ngbgc `jflg~gm

u{itjt u{inz`tl-


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:8

Cjmffgckg{ f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl zgbl~gt t~g~lt~l`-Tj~jbga nluj{ibja mlbgl#mlbgl ZDB" DB ngm BDB" nlkzg~ f{ghl` ujmfjmngbl dgdg~

tjuj{~l nl~zmoz``gm ugng fgckg{ kj{l`z~-

Fgckg{ >-4- Nlgf{gc @im~{ib u !Dim~{ib u Dag{~,

Ng{l fgckg{ >-4" nl`j~gazl kgavg ng{l kjkj{gug u{itjt u{inz`tl ngcuj{ `g{ltcg

cgtla gng nlbzg{ kg~gt ujmfjmngblgm t~g~lt~l`gb `g{jmg ng{l kjkj{gug ng~g

ujmfgcg~gm cgtla gng |gmf nlbzg{ uj~g `im~{ib u- cg`g ujmjbl~l uj{bz cjbg`z`gm

{jxltl-

Ng{l agtlb uj{al~zmfgm ugng kzbgm I`~ikj{ Mixjckj{ ~j{blag~ gngm|g~l~l`#~l~l` |gmf nlbzg{ kg~gt `jmngbl |gl~z ~j{ognl ugng ag{l `j#7:" 7-:- Agtlb Uj{al~zmfgm Kgfgm |gmf Nl ^ibg` ![jxltl,

Mi U{inz`tl

Ozcbga

\gmf

^lng`

Tjtzgl

Kgflgm

\gmf

nl~ibg` !u,

m

uu

744

ZDB

4u

BDB

4u

7 ;;;8 >6 5"5;77 5"55 :5 5"5;;< 5"55 45;> :6 5"5711 5"5561 5"5;11 5"574;

: ;755 :: 5"5;8; 5"55 5"545> 5"5778

8 ;;81 ;< 5"57;1 5"55< 5"5;;< 5"55


66/84

:6

Mi U{inz`tl

Ozcbga

\gmf

^lng`

Tjtzgl

Kgflgm

\gmf

nl~ibg` !u,

m

uu

744

ZDB

4u

BDB

4u

77 ;>48 8; 5"5;:: 5"5516 5"5;: 5"5517 5"5;1 5"556;

7> ;:;5 :8 5"5;;; 5"5518 5"5;8 5"556> 5"5;1> 5"5748

;5 71

;> 45;> :6 5"5711 5"5561 5"5;11 5"574;

;: 78 5"5;41 5"55< 5"571; 5"5514 5"5;75

86;>;u

>45"574 uu

Cjmfal~zmf kg~gt ujmfjmngbl Zm~z` tgcujb Ag{l `jnzg gngbga?

ZDB 3 4u

3 5"5;5>

5"545;;71>

5;75"575;75"54

BDB 3 4u

3 5"5;5> #

5"5771;71>

5;75"575;75"54


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:1

Zm~z` tgcujb `j~lfg njmfgm z`z{gm tgcujb 47

5"5;184747->- Nlgf{gc @im~{ib u !Dim~{ib u Dag{~, [jxltl

Ng{l fgckg{ >->" tj~jbga nlbg`z`gm {jxltl nl`j~gazl kgavg u{itjt u{inz`tl

ngcuj{ `g{ltcg kj{gng ngbgc ujmfjmngblgm t~g~lt~l`gb `g{jmg tjczg ng~g

ujmfgcg~gm kj{gng ngbgc uj~g `im~{ib u-

>-;-;- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g Njmfgm Cjmffzmg`gm Cj~injUg{j~iNg~g |gmf nlgcklb zm~z` ujmfibgagm ng~g njmfgm cjmffzmg`gm cj~inj ug{j~i lml

gngbga ng~g agtlb u{inz`tl tjbgcg 45 ag{l ugng kzbgm I`~ikj{#Mixjckj{ ;55


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:-8- Ng~g Ojmlt Dgdg~ Ngm Ozcbga Dgdg~ u{inz` ngcuj{ `g{ltcg

Ojmlt H{j`zjmtl

^j{fi{jt 814

Fjbjckzmf 411Tikj` ;41

@j{gt ;:>

Î^GB 7:84

Ng~g |gmf nlibga zm~z` cjmfj~gazl uj{tjm~gtj ojmlt u{inz` |gmf nl~ibg`" nlal~zmf

njmfgm {zczt?

gm{za@j{ztgÒzcbgaTjbz

tg`gmojmltOzcbga@j{z@j{ztg`gm *

Dim~ia uj{al~zmfgm nlgf{gc ug{j~i ugng ojmlt dgdg~ ~j{fi{jt-^j{fi{jt 3 *>>

7:84

814

3 >>

Dim~ia uj{al~zmfgm nlgf{gc ug{j~i ugng ojmlt dgdg~ fjbjckzmf-Fjbjckzmf 3 *;:

7:84

411

3 ;:

Dim~ia uj{al~zmfgm nlgf{gc ug{j~i ugng ojmlt dgdg~ tikj -Tikj` 3 *7:

7:84

;41

3 7:

Dim~ia uj{al~zmfgm nlgf{gc ug{j~i ugng ojmlt dgdg~ `j{gt-@j{gt 3 *78

7:84

;:>

3 78

^gkbj >-6- Agtlb Uj{al~zmfgm Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i

Ojmlt H{j`zjmtl Uj{tjm @zczbg~lh

^j{fi{jt 814 >>* >>

Fjbjckzmf 411 ;:* 8

@j{gt ;:> 78* 755

Î^GB 7:84


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85

Agtlb uj{al~zmfgm ngug~ nlfgckg{`gm ngbgc nlgf{gc ug{j~i |gmf nl~zmoz``gm

ugng fgckg{ tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

H{j`zjmtl 814 411 ;:> ;41

Uj{djm~ >4"6 ;>"1 78"4 7:";

Dzc * >4"6 81": 1>"1 755"5

Ojmlt tikj` @j`j{gtgmfjbjckzmf~j{fi{jt

7855

7>55

7;55

7555

155

855

>55

;55

5

755

15

85

>5

;5

5

H{j`zjmtl

Uj{djm~

Ug{j~i Dag{~ ih Ojmlt

Fgckg{ >-:- Nlgf{gc Ug{j~i

Ng{l fgckg{ ~j{tjkz~ ngug~ nl`bgtlhl`gtl ojmlt `j{ztg`gm ngcuj{ `g{ltcg |gmf

~j{ognl nl U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg nlxltl ~j`ml` `g{j~ uj{linj I`~ikj{ ;55-1- @bg{lhl`gtl @j{ztg`gm Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg-

Mi Ojmlt Ujm|jkgk

7 ^j{fi{jt Cjci~imf- Gbg~ ui~imf ~gogc- @g{|gvgm dj{ikia

g~gz ~lng` gabl ngbgc

cjci~imf !t`lbb,-

Ujm|lcugmgm Kg{gmfNgbgc U{itjt

; Fjbjckzmf Tzaz ~lmffl Cjtlm |gmf `z{gmf

uj{gvg~gm-

Kgagm kg`z Tj~~lmf ~jcuj{g~z{j

kj{bjklagm-

4 Tikj` @g{|gvgm `z{gmf t`lbb Gbg~ ui~imf

> @j{gt Kgagm kg`z Ujmdgcuz{gm

Xzb`gmltgtl


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87

>-;-4- Ujmfibgagm Ng~g Njmfgm Cjmffzmg`gm Cj~injHlta Kimj !Tjkgk #G`lkg~,-

Ng{l agtlb uj{al~zmfgm nlgf{gc ug{j~i ~j{blag~ ozcbga dgdg~ ~j{kjtg{ gngbga

dgdg~ ~j{fi{jt njmfgm uj{tjm~gtj ugblmf ~j{kjtg{- Tjngmf`gm nlblag~ ng{l

ozcbga uj{tjm~gtj |gmf ~j{~lmffl gngbga ojmlt dgdg~ ^j{fi{jt ngm

fjbjckzmf" ngm ojmlt dgdg~ ~j{fi{jt cjcuzm|gl ozcbga uj{tjm~gtj tjkjtg{

>>*" ngm ojmlt dgdg~ fjbjckzmf ozcbga uj{tjm~gtj tj{kjtg{ ;:*" cg`g

ujmjbl~l cjbg`z`gm gmgbltg ~j{agngu dgdg~ ~j{fi{jt njmfgm cjmffzmg`gm

nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~ `g{jmg cjclbl`l mlbgl `jdgdg~gm ugblmf ~lmffl-

Fgckg{ >-8- Nlgf{gc tjkgk#g`lkg~

Kj{`gl~gm njmfgm ujmfjmngblgm `zgbl~gt u{inz` tjdg{g t~g~lt~l`" nlgf{gc tjkgk#

g`lkg~ nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjmfj~gazl hg`~i{#hg`~i{ |gmf cjm|jkgk`gm gngm|g

cgtgbga `zgbl~gt ~j{agngu u{inz` ngcuj{ `g{ltcg- Hg`~i{ z~gcg |gmf

cjcujmfg{zal gngm|g u{inz` gàl{ tjuj{~l ~j{fi{jt" fjbzckzmf" tikj` ngm `j{gt

gngbga `g{jmg cjtlm cjmfgbgcl `jtgbgagm#`jtgbgagm- @jcgcuzgm `j{og cjtlm

tgmfg~ nlgmngb`gm zm~z` cjcu{itjt ìcuim zm~z` cjmognl `g{j~ ngm u{inz`

gàl{ ngcuj{- Hg`~i{#hg`~i{ |gmf cjmognl `jmngbg z~gcg ngbgc u{itjt u{inz`tl

tgbga tg~zm|g gngbga `g{jmg cjtlm ag{zt kj`j{og ;> ogc uj{ ag{l" tjalmffg agcul{


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8;

~lng` lt~l{gag~- Tj{xlt ngm uj{gvg~gm ~j{agngu cjtlm tznga nlbg`z`gm zm~z`

cjcuj{`jdlb `jtgbgagm" ~j~gul ~lng` nlbg`z`gm tj~lgu ag{l-

U{itjt g`al{ ozfg nlujmfg{zal ibja `lmj{og `g{|gvgm nl kgflgm u{inz`tl" `lmj{og

`g{|gvgm |gmf `z{gmf cg`tlcgb g`gm kj{ujmfg{za ugng ujmgmfgmgm u{itjt

u{inz`tl zm~z` cjmdlu~g`gm ngcuj{ |gmf kj{`zgbl~gt- Ibja tjkgk l~z ci~lxgtl

ugng nl{l `g{|gvgm ag{zt nluzuz` ngm nlklmg tjog` gvgb {j`{zl~cjm- `aztztm|g

ugng ogc `j{og cgbgc |gmf djmnj{zmf cjmz{zm- @imnltl `j{og ugng cgbgc ag{l

cjmfz{gmfl ujmfgvgtgm ~j{agngu ogbgmm|g `jflg~gm u{inz`tl- Ogclmgm ngm

~zmogmfgm |gmf cjcgngl |gmf nluj{ibja ng{l uj{ztgaggm l`z~ kj{ujmfg{za-

Ujmfgvgtgm `zgbl~gt |gmf nl~j~gu`gm ibja kgflgm WD" |gl~z ~lng` tjczg kgflgm

u{itjt u{inz`tl cjmj{lcg lmtuj`tl- U{itjt |gmf `z{gmf nlgvgtl |gl~z nl cjtlm

ngm kgagm kg`z tj{~g u{itjt `j{og `g{|gvgm-

@zgbl~gt kgagm kg`z |gmf nlfzmg`gm ozfg kj{ujmfg{za zm~z` ujbg`tgmg`gm u{itjt

u{inz`tl" mgczm `g{jmg `z{gmfm|g ujmfgvgtgm |gmf kgl` ~j{agngu ujclblagm

kgagm kg`z" lml cjmognl tgbga tg~z ujm|jkgk ng{l ~j{ognlm|g u{inz` dgdg~-

Tjbglm l~z hg`~i{ bglm |gmf ngug~ cjmz{zm`gm `zgbl~gt u{inz` gngbga hg`~i{

blmf`zmfgm- Nlcgm hg`~i{ lml kj{ngcug` cjcujmfg{zal `lmj{og `j{og `g{|gvgm

ngbgc cjbg`z`gm uj`j{oggm tjalmffg ngug~ cjmz{zm`gm `zgbl~gt u{inz` |gmf

~jbga nlu{inz`tl-

Njmfgm `g~g bglm" hg`~i{ cjtlm" `g{|gvgm" blmf`zmfgm" ngm kgagm kg`z tgmfg~kj{ujmfg{za ugng u{itjt u{inz`tl `g{j~ ngcuj{ `g{ltcg tjalmffg ngug~

cjmogvgk gug`ga `zgbl~gt u{inz`tl tjtzgl g~gz ~lng` tjtzgl njmfgm t~gmng{ltgtl

|gmf ~jbga nl~jm~z`gm-

>-;->- Ng~gKgtjnU{if{gc lml nlfzmg`gm zm~z` cjcuj{cznga WD cjmfim~{ib `jtgbgagm ngm

cjmfj~gazl ojmlt dgdg~" ozcbga ngm ujm|jkgk dgdg~- Kj{l`z~ lml gngbga ~gculbgm


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u{if{gc ng~gkgtjn" Tjdg{g fg{lt kjtg{ u{itjt ng{l ng~gkgtjn gngbga tjkgfgl

kjl`z~?

g, Ulblagm ujcg`glIuj{g~i{ kltg cjczbgl njmfgm cjclbla ulblagm ujcg`gl-

Fgckg{ >-6- Ulblagm Ujcg`gl

^gculbgm gvgb lml cj{zug`gm h{ic uj{~gcg g|mf nlkzg~ ngbgc u{if{gc

tlt~jc lmhi{cgtl lml- ^j{ngug~ ulblagm ujcg`gl ngm ~ickib ~z~zu ngm biflm-

k, ^gculbgm Cjmz Gvgb

Fgckg{ >-1- ^gculbgm Cjmz Gvgb

Hi{c `jnzg lml cj{zug`gm ~gculbgm gvgb |gmf kj{ltl`gm cjmz

ujmzbztz{gm" cjmz ujmojbgtgm" ulblagm ujcg`gl ngm ajbu- Nlngbgchi{c lml

hzmftl cjmz |gmf ngug~ cjmognl`gm lmhi{cgtl-


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8>

d, Cjmz Ujmjbztz{gmTj~jbga iuj{g~i{ cjclbla tgbga tg~z cjmz" dim~iam|g iuj{g~i{ cjclbla

cjmz ujmzbztgm cg`gm |gmf g`gm ~gculb ng{l cjmz tjkgfgl kj{l`z~-

Fgckg{ >--75- Ujmjbztz{gm Ojmlt Dgdg~ \gmf Nl~jcz`gm

@jcznlgm tj~jbga cjclbla ojmlt dgdg~" cg`g g`gm ~gculbhi{c kj{l`z~m|g-


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8:

j, Cjmz Ozcbga @j{ztg`gm Ngm Ujm|jkgk @j{ztg`gm

Fgckg{ >-77- Ozcbga @j{ztg`gm Ngm Ujm|jkgk Dgdg~

Nl hi{c lml g`gm cjmgculb`gm ojmlt |gmf gmng ulbla ngm ozcbga

kgm|g`m|g dgdg~ ngm ujm|jkgk ng{l `jdgdg~gm-

h, Cjmz [j`gcgmCjmz {j`gcgm lml g`gm cjmgculbg`gm tjczg |gmf ulblagm |gmf ~jbga

nlulbla ibja iuj{g~i{)WD-

Fgckg{ >-7;- [j`gcgm \gmf g`gm Nlgmgbltlt


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f, Cjmz UjmojbgtgmCjmz ujmojbgtgm kj{ltl ~jm~gmf ujmojbgtgm `zgbl~gt ngm ngcuj{ g~gz tj{lmf

nltjkz~ ~{icib-

Fgckg{ >-74- Ujmojbgtgm Tlt~jc

a, Cjmz @j~j{gmfgmNgbgc cjmz `j~j{gmfgm lml ujckzg~gm u{if{gc" |gmf hzmftlm|g zm~z`

cjmfj~gazl tlgug |gmf cjckzg~ u{if{gc lml-

Fgckg{ >-7>- @j~j{gmfgm Ujckzg~


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86

Kgk :

Gmgbltg

U^- Gfimjtlg Nlxltl ^j`ml` @g{j~ njmfgm cj{j` ngfgmf Lm`gkg cj{zug`gm

tgbga tg~z Kgngm Ztgag Clbl` Ngj{ga !KZCMN, U{iulmtl Ogvg Kg{g~- ^zozgm

kj{nl{lm|g U^ Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg?

7- Tgbga tg~z tg{gmg ngbgc ztgag ujcj{lm~ga ngj{ga cjmgckga tzckj{ujmngug~gm ngj{ga-

;- ^z{z~ tj{~g ngbgc cjbg`tgmg`gm ztgag#ztgag ujckgmfzmgm tjtzgl njmfgmhzmftlm|g tj{~g cjmlmf`g~`gm u{inz`tl)ogtg ngm uj{ngfgmfgm nl klngmf

`g{j~" ubgt~l` ngm `lclg-

Gnguzm kltmlt lm~lm|g cjbluz~l?

Lmnzt~{l" cjbluz~l ? kg{gmf#kg{gmf ng{l `g{j~" cg`gmgm" clmzcgm ngmujmfgbjmfgm)ujcki~ibgm !gcg~lb," jt kgbi`" ~j`t~lb" ujmfibgagm `g|z

~{lubj`-

Uj{ngfgmfgm" cjbluz~l ? j`tui{#lcui{ ngm uj{ngfgmfgm cg`gmgm ngmclmzcgm-

U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg cjclbl`l tzckj{ ng|g |gmf cjbluz~l tzckj{ ng|g cgmtzlg

ngm tzckj{ ng|g cjtlm ngm gbg~- Tzckj{ ng|g cgmztlg |gmf nlclbl`l ibja U^-

Gf{imjtlg lm`gkg njxltl ~j` ml` `g{j~ lml kj{ozcbga 78< i{gmf" |gmf ~j{nl{l ng{l

ujfgvgl ~j~gu" `im~{g`" aimi{j{-

Ngbgc u{itjt ujckzg~gm ngcuj{ `g{ltcg" cgtla ~j{ngug~ u{inz` dgdg~ ugng

tj~lgu u{itjt u{inz`tlm|g" tjalmffg uj{ztgaggm ag{zt cjbg`z`gm uj`j{oggm zbgmf

!{jvi{`, zm~z` cjcuj{kgl`l u{inz` dgdg~- Njmfgm ujmj{gugm ~j`ml` uj{kgl`gm

njmfgm cjmffzmg`gm kjkj{gug kjkj{gug cj~inj T~g~lt~ldgb U{itjt dim~{ib !TUD,-

Ujmjbl~l ngug~ cjmflnjm~lhl`gtl ojmlt dgdg~ ngm cjmjbl~l tj`~i{#tj`~i{ |gmf ngug~

cjmlckzb`gm `j~lng`tjtzglm ugng agtlb u{inz`tl- Tj{~g cjmj~z`gm g`g{

uj{cgtgbgagm zm~z` nlbg`z`gm ztztbgm uj{kgl`gm |gmf kj{fzmg kgfl ujmlmf`g~gm

`gzblgt u{inz` ngcuj{ `g{ltcg nl U^- Gfimjtlg Lm`gkg Nlxltl ^j`ml` @g{j~-


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:-7- Ozcbga Dgdg~ U{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg-Ng{l ujmjbl~lgm ngm uj{al~zmfgm cjmz{z~ ujmjbl~l tj~lgu ojmlt dgdg~ kj{ujmfg{za

tj`gbl ~j{agngu `gzbl~gt u{inz` |gmf nlu{inz`tl- Ng{l agtlb agtlb ujmfgcg~gm

~j{ngug~ h{j`zjmtl nltj~lgu ojmlt dgdg~m|g" tjuj{~l ojmlt dgdg~ ~j{fi{jt cjclbl`l

h{j`zjmtl dgdg~ tjkjtg{ 814" fjbjckzmf tjkjtg{ 411" tikj` tjkjtg{ ;41" ngm

tjngmf`gm ojmlt dgdg~ `j{gt cjclbl`l h{j`zjmtl tjkjtg{ ;:>- Ng{l tj`lgm ojmlt

dgdg~" ujmjbl~l cjblag~ omlt dgdg~ |gmf ugblmf ~j{kjtg{ gngbga ojmlt dgdg~ ~j{fi{jt

ngm |gmf ugblmf ~j{`jdlb gngbga ojmlt `j{gt-

:-;- Hg`~i{ hg`~i{ dgdg~ ugng U{inz` Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg-@jbjcgagm ng{l ujmfgvgtgm" uj{gvg~gm cjtlm ngm ujm|lcugmfgm |gmf ~j{ognl

ugng u{itjt nl~jbztz{l ng{l tzckj{#tzckj{ ujm|jkgk u{inz` cjmognl dgdg~"

tzckj{#tzckj{ l~z nlgm~g{gm|g gngbga cjtlm" `g{|gvgm" cj~inj ngm kgagm kg`z-

Hg`~i{#hg`~i{ |gmf cjcujmfg{zal `jbjcgagm u{itjt tjalmffg cjmlckzb`gm

gngm|g u{inz` gàl{ dgdg~ ugng ojmlt Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg nl U^- Gf{imjtlg Lm`gkg

kj{ngtg{`gm fgckg{ nlgf{gc tjkgk g`lkg~ zm~z` ojmlt `g{j~ Ngcuj{ @g{ltcg

gngbga tjkgfgl kj{l`z~?

7, CjtlmOgc `j{og cjtlm zm~z` cjcu{itjt ìcuim cjmognl `g{j~ Ngcuj{

@g{ltcg gngbga ;> ogc uj{ ag{l- Lm~jmtl~gt ujmffzmggm cjtlm |gmf agcul{

~lng` lt~l{gag~ tjbgcg kj{bgmftzmfm|g u{inz`tl kj{ogbgm- Cjtlm tj{lmf

~j{ognl `j{ztg`gm" `g{jmg `z{gmfm|g uj{gvg~gm ~j{agngu cjtlm |gmf

nlfzmg`gm ibja `g{|gvgm zm~z` u{inz`tl-

;,

@g{|gvgm@g{|gvgm kgflgm u{inz`tl kj`j{og ~lfg talh~ uj{ ag{l njmfgm ~lgu talh~m|g

1 ogc- Ol`g `g{|gvgm cjmngug~ kgflgm ogc cgbgc !ugng 7:-55 #;4-55 vlk

ngm ;4-55 56-55 VLK," cg`g ìmtlt~jmtl ugng tgg~ kj`j{og djmnj{zmf

kj{`z{gmf `g{jmg `jbjbgagm zm~z` kj`j{og nl tj~lgu talh~ ngm gng hg`~i{#

hg`~i{ ujm|jkgk |gmf ~j{ognl ng{l vg`~z `j{og ngm ogc `j{og |gmf ~lng` gng

blkz{" ng{l nltj~lgu talh~" ng{l hg`~i{ ztlg" t`lbb" `j~jbl~lgm" ngm ozcbga

`g{|gvgm ozfg cjmjm~z`gm `zgbl~gt tzg~z u{inz` |gmf nlagtlb`gm-


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8- Njmfgm ozcbga dgdg~ |gmf ~j{blag~ cg`g ujmzblt cjm|g{gmg`gm zm~z`bjkla nl~lmf`g~`gm bgfl ng{l tjfl tlt~jc `j{og" ujmfgvgtgm" ngm `j~jbl~lgm

ngbgc u{itjt u{inz`tl-

:- Njmfgm tlt~jc lmhi{cgtl ng~gkgtj lml kgflgm iuj{g~i{ WD bjklacjmlmf`g~`gm ujmfjmngblgm `zgbi~gt `g{jmg iu{g~i{ kltg cjmfim~{ib

kjkgfgl ojmlt" ozcbga ngm ujm|jkgk njmfgm cznga-


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Nghg~g{ Uzt~g`g

Fgtuj{t" Xlmdjm~" 7


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Mgcg ? [ztbl Zcz{ ? ;4 ^gazm ^jcug~" ^gmffgb Bgal{ ? Tj{gmf" 75 Njtjckj{ 7;>4

PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC) GUNA INFORMASI...

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