Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif (Cooperative Learning)

5/17/2018 Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif (Cooperative Learning) - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/pengembangan-model-pembelajaran-kooperatif-cooperative-learning 1/116

Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <

ZDK@DIALK@LK IMEDH ZDIADHLFLQLK CMMZDQLUOB'NMMZDQLUORD HDLQKOK@/

AL@O ZDKOK@CLULK CDNDQEL^LK ^MÔLH PLQ@L ADHLFLQ ZLCDU A

'^tlut Zdkdhouolk Eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm/

Ed~dqul~oEolftclk tkutc Ididktgo dalòlk Elqo

^ylqlu tkutc Idizdqmhdg @dhlq Emcumq Ohit Zdkeoeoclkelhli Aoelk` Zdkeoeoclk Htlq ^dcmhlg

Mhdg6

Qt~eok EfoatKOI6 :7:?4?0

ZQM@QLI ÛTEO ZH^

^DCMHLG ZL^NL ^LQFLKLTKORDQÔUL^ ZDKEOEOCLK OKEMKDÔL

ALKETK@1:<1



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d 1

LAÛQLC

Zdkdhouolk oko adqumhlc elqo Zdqil~lhlglk okudqklh zlel zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk

ylk` lel eo ZCAI)ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ylk` zlel titikyl il~og adqzt~luzlel zdkeoeoc lult utumq+ Edk`lk clul hlok algpl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlkkyl il~ogadq~oblu cmkrdk~omklh+

^lhlg ~lut tzlyl cd lqlg out ilcl idhlhto zdkdhouolk oko eocdialk`clk ImedhZdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob Nmmzdqluord Hdlqkok`/ Alò Zdkok`clulk Cdndqel~lk^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A zlel Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlcluZCAI/ Cmul @mqmkulhm

Udmqo ylk` idhlkel~o zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg6Uudmqo elk ZzdkedclulkMqlk` Edpl~l(Lkeql`mòc( Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob( Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh( Zqm`qli Zlcdu A elkZt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu

Idumed ylk` eo`tklclk elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg Qd~dlqng lke Edrdhmzidku 'QE/(ylk` idhoztuo cdòlulk6 </ ~uteo zdkelgthtlk( 1/ zdk`dialk`lk eqlbu lplh imedhcmk~dzutlh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( >/ rlhoel~o lgho elk qdro~o( 5/ oizhdidkul~oimedh( 4/ tfo cddbdcuoblk imedh( elk 2/ imedh eoqdcmidkel~oclk+

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk elk zdk`dialk`lk idktkftcclk6 </ cdiliztlk utumq elhlizdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob il~og qdhluob qdkelg( ( 1/ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zleltitikyl il~og adqzm~lu zlel utumq >/ rlhoel~o lgho udhlg idk`gl~ohclk imedh

cmk~dzutlh zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq( 5/ oizhdidkul~o imedh idk`gl~ohclk imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq( 4/Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk elhli zdkdhouolk udqkyluldbdcuob elhli idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq+

Uditlk zdkdhouolk oko idktkftcclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobh ylk`

eocdialk`clk zlutu eoqdcmidkel~oclk cdzlel zoglc)zoglc udqclou elhli tzlyl

idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d >

ALA O ZDKELGTHTLK

L+ Hlulq Adhlclk` Il~lhlgCdòlulk Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ylk` idknlctz zdkeoeoclk okbmqilh( kmk

bmqilh elk adqbtk`~o idkfleo iouql zdkeoeoclk bmqilh idqtzlclk zdqptftelkZdkeoeoclk ^dzlkflk` Glylu+ Zdkeoeoclk okbmqilh ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk zlelhok`ctz cdhtlq`l idilokclk zdqlk tulil elhli idizqlcl~lo zqm~d~ adhlflq~dzlkflk` glylu ylk` adqhlk`~tk` ~dhli qdkulk` plcut cdgoetzlk~d~dmqlk`+ ^dhlok zdiadhlflqlk eozdqmhdg zthl zdiaol~llk elk zdkdhlelklk(~dal`lo iouql zdkeoeoclk bmqilh ilc~tekyl Zdkeoeoclk Htlq ^dcmhlg elzluadqbtk`~o ~dal`lo ~ta~uout~o( cmizhdidk( elk ~tzhdidk ~dqul elzlu idkfdialulkocd etkol cdqfl+ Zdkeoeoclk kmk bmqilh ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk eo il~ylqlclu zlelhdial`l ylk` idialkut zd~dqul eoeoc eo il~ylqlclu ~dgok``l ~dhlht adhlflqudkulk` kohlo( ~oclz( zdk`dulgtlk elk cduqlizohlk btk`~omklh ylk` eozdqhtclktkutc idk`lutlho~l~oclk eoqo elk tkutc idk`dialk`clk il~ylqlclu ~dqul alk`~ledk`lk ~dhlht adqmqodkul~o zlel cdilftlk cdgoetzlk il~l edzlk+

Idhoglu nlctzlk ylk` ~dediocolk htl~( Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh uoelceoudizluclk zlel zohlq zdkeoeoclk cdulu( Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh eoudizluclk zlelululklk Zdkeoeoclk ^dzlkflk` Glylu clqdkl Zdkeoeoclk ^dzlkflk` Glylu idiadqolql` l`lq zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh idialkut zd~dqul eoeoc tkutc idk`dialk`clkeoqo idhlhto zqm~d~ ‘zdkedpl~llk’ ylk` ~dhlht adqt~lgl idkditclk cdztl~lkalò eoqo okeoroet eo hok`ctlk`lk idhlhto lcutlho~l~o eoqo( ~dqul elhli tzlylidkok`cluclk ctlhoul~ goetz elk cdgoetzlk tkutc cdadqilckllk eoplcut ylk`lclk elulk`+

Adqcdkllk edk`lk zdhlc~lkllk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh( udqil~tc eo elhlikylzqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A( il~og idk`glelzo adadqlzlzdqil~lhlglk+ Zdqulil( adhti idkelzlu zdilglilk elk zdqgluolk ylk`zqmbd~omklh elqo zdidqokulg iltztk il~ylqlclu elhli ~o~udi zdialk`tklkkl~omklh( aloc ylk` adqcdkllk edk`lk zdqlutqlk zdqtkelk`lk iltztk etctk`lklk``lqlk ~dgok``l zdidqlullk zdhlylklk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh alò il~ylqlclueo adqal`lo hlzo~lk elk eo adqal`lo eldqlg adhti elzlu eohlc~lklclk ~dnlqlmzuoilh+ Cdetl( il~og udqalul~kyl ftihlg elk itut udkl`l zqmbd~omklh zlelok~uout~o zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh eo uok`clu zt~lu elk eldqlg elhli idk`dhmhl(idk`dialk`clk( elk idhdial`lclk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh+ Cduo`l( il~ogudqalul~kyl ~lqlkl elk zql~lqlkl zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh aloc ylk` idktkflk`zdkydhdk``lqllk iltztk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh elhliqlk`cl idizdqhtl~ cd~dizlulk( zdkok`clulk itut elk qdhdrlk~o gl~oh zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh edk`lk cdatutglk zdialk`tklk+ Cddizlu(udq~dhdk``lqlkyl cdòlulk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh eo hlzlk`lk udq`lkutk` zleludkl`l ~tclqdhl ylk` uoelc lel cloulk ~uqtcutqlh edk`lk zdidqokulg ~dgok``l uoelclel flioklk cd~okliatk`lk zdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh+ Cdhoil(zdqlk ~dqul il~ylqlclu elhli idizqlclq~lo zdkydhdk``lqllk elk zdhdial`llkzdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh il~og qdhluob ~lk`lu qdkelg+

Eo ~lizok` out elhli Tkelk`)Tkelk` ô~udi Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh udq~datu

eofdhl~clk zthl algpl zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh adqbtk`~o idk`dialk`clk zmudk~ozd~dqul eoeoc edk`lk zdkdclklk zlel zdk`tl~llk zdk`dulgtlk elk




cdudqlizohlk btk`~omklh+ ^delk`clk zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilhadqutftlk tkutc idkok`cluclk ctlhoul~ elyl zocoq( elyl clhat( elk elyl bo~oczd~dqul eoeoc ~dgok``l ylk` adq~lk`ctulk idiohoco hdaog alkylc zohoglk elhlicdgoetzlk( aloc zohoglk cd~dizlulk tkutc idhlkftuclk zdkeoeoclk ylk` hdaoguok`ò( zohoglk cd~dizlulk tkutc adcdqfl( iltztk zohoglk tkutc idk`dialk`clkeoqokyl+ Tkutc idknlzlo utftlk udq~datu( zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh zdqht idiadqoclkadclh el~lq cdiliztlk( cd~lk``tzlk( elk cdudqlizohlk cdzlel zd~dqul eoeoc l`lqidqdcl ~olz idk`glelzo adqal`lo cdgoetzlk kylul+ Tzlyl)tzlyl udq~datu atclkuoelc adqgl~oh ~lil ~dclho elhli idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk( cd~lk``tzlk( elkcdudqlizohlk goetz ulilulkkyl( lclk udulzo cdgoetzlk kylul idktkutuzdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh tkutc idhlctclk zdkyd~tlolk)zdkyd~tlolk+ Zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh eoutkutu idk`gl~ohclk ulilulk ylk` ilizt( ~lk``tz( elk udqlizohtkutc idk`glelzo ulkulk`lk goetz ~dqul adqcmizduo~o elk adqcmhlamql~o~dclho`t~+ Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh idqtzlclk hdial`l zdkeoeoclk ylk` adqal~o~il~ylqlclu( idiohoco cdhdhtl~llk elhli idk`dialk`clk elk idiaokl adqal`loilnli zqm`qlikyl+

^dzdquo glhkyl zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh hlokkyl(zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A idkfleo ulk``tk`

flpla il~ylqlclu elk zdidqokulg+ Klitk ediocolk zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh hdaog idiadqelylclk il~ylqlclu ~dal`lo zdqdknlkl( zdhlc~lkllk~dqul zdk`dkelho zqm`qli+ Zdidqokulg Eldqlg Zqmrok~o( Clatzludk elk Cmul~dnlql udqt~ idkdqt~ idiadqo zdqgluolk udqglelz zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ~dal`lotzlyl zdkok`clulk ~tiadq elyl ilkt~ol+ Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ~dymòlkylidkfleo ~lhlg ~lut ~mht~o udqglelz zdqil~lhlglk il~ylqlclu( udqtulil lklc t~ol~dcmhlg ylk` uoelc ilizt idhlkftuclk zdkeoeoclk elk lklc t~ol ztut~ ~dcmhlg^hlidu( 1::1/+

Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk( ~d~tlo Tkelk`)tkelk` ô~eockl~ zl~lh < lylu <udkulk` flhtq zdkeoeoclk elk zl~lh 12 lylu 2( gl~ohkyl elzlu eoglq`lo ~dulqledk`lk gl~oh zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk bmqilh ~dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~ zdkohlolkzdkydulqllk mhdg hdial`l ylk` eoutkftc mhdg Zdidqokulg lult Zdidqokulg Eldqlgedk`lk idk`lnt zlel ~ulkelq kl~omklh zdkeoeoclk+ Ilckl ~dulql elhli cmk~dzzdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk lelhlg ~dzlelk elhli glh dhoòaohoul~( kohlo( zdk`lqtg lultzdk`lctlk htht~lkkyl+ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlkkyl glqt~ elzlu idkfliok l`lqhtht~lkkyl idiohoco cdiliztlk( cdnlclzlk( elk kohlo)kohlo ylk` adq`tkl elhli

idkdiztg cdgoetzlkkyl+ Cd~dulqllk adqilckl cd~lillk ~ulkelq cmizdudk~ohtht~lk ylk` glqt~ eonlzlo ylk` ~lil edk`lk htht~lk ~dcmhlg bmqilh lclk udulzonlql idknlzlokyl ylk` adqadel+ Zdqadellk oko zthl ylk` idkfleo ~lhlg ~lut glhidklqoc tkutc eoclfo ~dal`lo alglk clfolk ohiolg+

Zlel zdkeoeoclk bmqilh alkylc idumed elk imedh zdiadhlflqlk ylkèoudqlzclk mhdg zlql zdkeoeoc `tkl tkutc idk``lho adqal`lo ilnli cqdluoroul~ ylkèoiohoco mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc ~dgok``l idqdcl ilizt adqcmizdudk~o tkutcidk`dialk`clk cqdluoroul~ udq~datu idhlhto adqal`lo ilnli cmizduo~o eohok`ctk`lk ~dcmhlgkyl( iltztk lkulq ~dcmhlg aloc eo uok`clu eldqlgclatzludk-cmul uok`clu zqmrok~o( iltztk uok`clu kl~omklh algclk uok`clu etkol

ylk` idhoztuo adqal`lo aoelk` ohit zdk`dulgtlk elk udckmhmò+




Lhtq zdiocoqlk eo lul~ idkfleo ok~zoql~o hlgoqkyl `dqlclk tkutc idk`tqlkòql~l ndil~ elk ztut~ l~l elqo plq`l adhlflq+ ^lhlg ~lut zqm`qli lhudqkluobzdidnlglkkyl lelhlg edk`lk idizdqaloco elk idkok`cluclk cqdluoroul~ elhlizdiadhlflqlk zlel flhtq zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ylk` eolk``lz ~uqludò~ elkidqtzlclk el~lq zdk`dulgtlk alò ~d~dmqlk` ugd d~~dkuolh hdlqkok` kdde~/+ Clfolkelk Okmrl~o zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~dlqlg edk`lk utkutulk vlilk lclk idhlgoqclk~ulqludò alqt elhli zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh cgt~t~kyl elhli zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk

Elhli zdquoialk`lk lcledio~( udckoc elk adqal`lo ilnli imedhzdiadhlflqlk ylk` eoudqlzclk( eolk``lz dbdcuob tkutc idk``lho zmudk~o elkidkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ylk` eoiohco mhdg ~d~dmqlk` cgt~t~kyl zlel zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A+

Idktqtu TKD^NM( zdiadhlflqlk ylk` dbdcuob zlel lale oko glqt~eomqodkul~oclk zlel dizlu zohlq ylout( '</ hdlqkok` um ckmp( '1/ hdlqkok` um em( '>/hdlqkok` um ad( elk '5/ hdlqkok` um hord um`dugdq + Cddizlukyl elzlu eotqloclk algplelhli zqm~d~ zdkeoeoclk idhlhto adqal`lo cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk zd~dqul eoeoceolqlgclk tkutc idizdqmhdg zdk`dulgtlk udkulk` ~d~tlut( idkdqlzclk lultidk`lzhocl~oclk lzl ylk` eocdulgtokyl udq~datu `tkl idkfleoclk eoqokyl ~dal`lo~d~dmqlk` ylk` hdaog aloc elhli cdgoetzlk ~m~olh adq~lil mqlk` hlok+

Elhli qlk`cl idqdlho~l~oclk ‗hdlqkok` um ckmp‟( utumq idiohoco adqal`lobtk`~o ylk` eo lkulqlkyl lelhlg ~dal`lo bl~ohoulumq( ylout ~dal`lo udilk ~dflpluelhli adqeolhm` elk adqeo~ct~o edk`lk plq`l adhlflq `tkl idk`dialk`clkzdk`tl~llk zdk`dulgtlk iltztk ohit udqudkut+ Hdlqkok` um em adhlflq tkutcidhlctclk ~d~tlut/ lclk ao~l adqflhlk focl ~dcmhlg idibl~ohoul~o plq`l adhlflqtkutc idk`lzhocl~oclk cdudqlizohlk ylk` eoiohocokyl ~dgok``l elzlu adqcdialkèlk elzlu idketctk` cdadqgl~ohlk plq`l adhlflq klkuokyl+

Hdlqkok` um ad adhlflq tkutc idkfleo ~d~dmqlk`/ dqlu gtatk`lkkyl edk`lkalclu elk ioklu( zdqcdialk`lk bo~oc elk cdfopllk( uozmhmò zqoaleo lklc ~dqulcmkeo~o hok`ctk`lkkyl+ Alò lklc ylk` l`qd~ob( zqm~d~ zdk`dialk`lk eoqo lclkadqflhlk aohl eoadqo cd~dizlulk ntctz htl~ tkutc adqcqdl~o+ ^dalhockyl( alò lklcylk` zl~ob zdqlk utumq zdk`lqlg elk bl~ohoulumq ~lk`lu eoatutgclk tkutcidktiatgclk cdzdqnlyllk eoqokyl elhli cdòlulk adhlflq elk zdk`dialk`lk eoqo+^dhlkftukyl( cdaol~llk goetz adq~lil( ~lhok` idk`glq`lo( udqatcl( idiadqo elkidkdqoil zdqht eoutiatgcdialk`clk udqil~tc elhli zqm~d~ adhlflq idk`lflq eo

~dcmhlg+ Cmkeo~o ~dzdquo oko iditk`cokclk udqfleokyl zqm~d~ ‗hdlqkok` um hord um`dugdq ‟adhlflq tkutc idkflhlko cdgoetzlk adq~lil/+Elhli zdhlc~lkllkkyl( utftlk adhlflq ylk` tulil olhlg algpl lzl ylk`

eozdhlflqo out adq`tkl eo cditeolk glqo( ylcko idialkut coul tkutc elzlu adhlflqudqt~ edk`lk nlql ylk` hdaog itelg( ~dgok``l udqnlzlo zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ~dtitqgoetz hmk` hobd detnluomk/+ Tkutc idptfteclk glh oko( ~lk`lu eoatutgclkcdqfl~lil lkulql adqal`lo zoglc( udqtulil lkulql zd~dqul eoeoc lult plq`l adhlflqedk`lk zdkeoeoc lult utumq+ Zdqlk utumq ~dal`lo zdkeoeoc ~lk`lu zdkuok`3 mhdgclqdkl outhlg( utumq eoutkutu elzlu idkdqlzclk adqal`lo idumed ylk` dbdcuob elkidklqoc alò plq`l adhlflq elhli zqm~d~ zdkylizlolk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk+ ^lhlg

~lut imedh zdiadhlflqlk ylk` lcuob elk okudqlcuob lelhlg imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob nmmzdqluord hdlqkok`/ clqdkl idhoaluclk ~dhtqtg zd~dqul eoeoc elhli




adkutc cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc+ Lel ~dftihlg glh ylk` glqt~ eozlglio mhdg zdkeoeoclult utumq ~dadhti idk`lzhocl~oclk idumed oko elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eo cdhl~+

Idktqtu Vloko imedh zdiadhlflqlk lelhlg zdemilk adqtzl zqm`qli lultzdutkftc ~uqludò idk`lflq ylk` eoqlknlk` tkutc idknlzlo ~tlut utftlkzdiadhlflqlk+ Zdemilk out iditlu ulk``tk` flpla utumq elhli idqdknlklclk(idhlc~lklclk( elk idk`drlhtl~o cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk+ ^lhlg ~lut utftlk elqozdk``tkllk imedh zdiadhlflqlk lelhlg tkutc idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk plq`ladhlflq ~dhlil adhlflq+

Edk`lk zdiohoglk idumed( ~uqludò( zdkedclulk( ~dqul udckoc zdiadhlflqlk(eoglqlzclk lelkyl zdqtalglk elqo idkòk`lu idimqovok`/ lult idk`glblh qmudhdlqkok`/ cd lqlg adqzocoq ugokcok`/ elk zdilglilk tkedq~ulkeok`/( elqo imedhndqlilg cd zdkedclulk eo~nmrdqy hdlqkok` lult ok|toqy hdlqkok`( elqo adhlflqokeoroetlh cd cmmzdqluob( ~dqul elqo ~tafdnu ndkudqde cd hdlqkdq ndkudqde lultudqcmk~uqtc~okyl zdk`dulgtlk plq`l adhlflq+ Glh okohlg ylk` udqhoglu zlel zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk ylk` lel eo ZCAI)ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ylk` zlel titikyl il~ogadqzt~lu zlel zdkeoeoc lult utumq+ Edk`lk clul hlok algpl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlkkylil~og adq~oblu cmkrdk~omklh+

Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idqtzlclk ~tlut imedh zdiadhlflqlk ylkìdk`tulilclk lelkyl cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc+ ^duolz plq`l adhlflq ylk` lel elhlicdhmizmc idiztkylo uok`clu cdiliztlk ylk` adqadel)adel uok`ò( ~delk`(qdkelg/+ Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idk`tulilclk cdqfl ~lil elhliidkydhd~loclk zdqil~lhlglk tkutc idkdqlzclk zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlkelhli qlk`cl idknlzlo utftlk zdiadhlflqlk

Adhlflq cmmzdqluob idqtzlclk zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk idhlhto cdhmizmccdnoh plq`l adhlflq tkutc adcdqfl ~lil elhli idilc~oilhclk cmkeo~o adhlflqelhli idknlzlo utftlk adhlflq+ Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg zdiadhlflqlk ylk`~dnlql ~lelq elk ~o~udiluo~ idk`dialk`clk okudqlc~o ylk` ~lhok` l~lg( ~ohog l~og(elk ~ohog l~tg+ ^didkulql out( Aqtkdq elhli ôadqilk idkfdhl~clk algpl adhlflq~dnlql adq~lil idqtzlclk cdatutglk ilkt~ol ylk` idkel~lq tkutc idqd~zmk~ilkt~ol hlok elhli idknlzlo ~tlut utftlk+

Idktqtu Ktq 1:::/( ~ditl imedh zdiadhlflqlk eoulkelo edk`lk lelkyl~uqtcutq ut`l~( ~uqtcutq utftlk( elk ~uqtcutq zdk`glq`llk+ ûqtcutq ut`l~( ~uqtcutqutftlk( elk ~uqtcutq zdk`glq`llk zlel imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adqadeledk`lk ~uqtcutq ut`l~( ~uqtcutq utftlk( elk ~uqtcutq zdk`glq`llk zlel imedh

zdiadhlflqlk ylk` hlok+ Elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob( plq`l adhlflq eoemqmk` tkutc adcdqfl ~lil zlel ~tlut ut`l~ adq~lilelk idqdcl glqt~ idk`cmmqeokl~oclk t~lglkyl tkutc idkydhd~loclk ut`l~ ylkèoadqoclk utumq+ Utftlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg gl~oh adhlflqlcledioc plq`l adhlflq idkok`clu elk plq`l adhlflq elzlu idkdqoil adqal`locdql`lilk elqo udilkkyl( ~dqul adqcdialk`kyl cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh lultcdndqel~lk ~m~olh+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idqtzlclk cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlkelhli adqcmitkocl~o ylk` eoiocohoco mhdg plq`l adhlflq+ Cdudqlizohlk ~m~olhidqtzlclk okeoclumq tkutc idhoglu ~d~dmqlk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olhkyl uok`ò lultqdkelg+ ^d~dmqlk` idiohoco cdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò( lzlaohl elhli eoqokyl

idiohoco cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh ylk` udqeoqo elqo ~dftihlg ~oclz+ ôclz udq~datulelhlg zdqulil( utiatg ~mnolh lplqdkd~~ cd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh lult ~m~olh/+




Ilc~te elqo ~mnolh lplqdkd~~ lelhlg cdiliztlk okeoroet elhli idk`ma~dqrl~o(idhoglu( elk idk`dulgto ~tlut cmkudc~ ~outl~o ~m~olh( ~dgok``l ilizt idk`dhmhlmqlk`)mqlk` lult zdqo~uopl ylk` lel eo hok`ctk`lk ~dcoulqkyl ~dzdquo ylkèoglqlzclk elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+

Cdtk``thlk elqo imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg </ idialkut plq`ladhlflq adhlflq adqzocoq adqel~lqclk ~tetu zlkelk` ~tlut ~tafdc algl~lk edk`lkidiadqoclk cdadal~lk plq`l adhlflq elhli zqlcuoc adqzocoq( 1/ idialkut plq`ladhlflq idk`drlhtl~o hmòcl elk atcuo)atcuo alò zm~o~o eoqokyl lult zm~o~o ylk` hlok(>/ idiadqoclk cd~dizlulk zlel plq`l adhlflq tkutc idibmqithl~oclk zdkdqlzlk~tlut zqok~oz( 5/ idialkut plq`l adhlflq idk`dklho lelkyl ~tlut il~lhlg elkidibmqithl~oclkkyl edk`lk idk``tklclk okbmqil~o ylk` eozdqmhdg elqo alnllklult ndqlilg( 4/ idk``tklclk alglk)alglk elqo lk``mul hlok elhlicdhmizmckyl( elk 2/ idk`dialk`clk imuorl~o tkutc adhlflq ylk` hdaog aloc

Elhli tzlyl idk`dialk`clk imedh zdiadhlflqlk udq~datu( zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh udqt~ adqtzlyl idiadklgo eoqo elk idk`dialk`clkadqal`lo zqm`qli ylk` lelzuob udqglelz zdqcdialk`lk elk utkutulk il~ylqlclu+Cdhdial`llk kmkbmqilh eocdhmhl mhdg( elqo( elk tkutc il~ylqlclu ~dqul iohocil~ylqlclu ylk` eoptfteclk elhli adkutc Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlcluZCAI/+ Zdialk`tklk zdkeoeoclk idhlhto flhtq zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh idhlhtoZt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/( ~dnlql adqulglz udqt~ eozlnt elkeozdqhtl~ `tkl ididktgo cdatutglk adhlflq il~ylqlclu ylk` uoelc itk`cok elzluudqhlylko idhlhto flhtq zdkeoeoclk ~dcmhlg+ ^l~lqlk zdhlylklk zdkeoeoclkzdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh eozqomqoul~clk cdzlel plq`l il~ylqlclu ylk` uoelc zdqklg~dcmhlg( ztut~ ~dcmhlg zdk`lk``tq-io~cok elk plq`l il~ylqlclu hlokkyl ylkòkòk adhlflq tkutc idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdiliztlk elkcdudqlizohlkkyl ~dal`lo adclh tkutc elzlu goetz hdaog hlylc+ Adqcdkllk edk`lkglh udq~datu( tzlyl zdknlzlolk utftlk zdkeoeoclk kl~omklh zlel flhtq zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh( cgt~t~kyl zlel ZCAI alkylc adq`lkutk` cdzlel adqal`lo blcumq(aloc ~dnlql okudqklh ~o~udi ZCAI iltztk blcumq)blcumq dc~udqklh ~o~udi ZCAI+

Cdokòklk tkutc idptfteclk ~tlut zdkeoeoclk tkordq~lh idhlhto ~dcmhlguoelc itelg eohlctclk+ Lclk hdaog `lizlk` focl zdkeoeoclk tkordq~lh okoeohlctclk idhlhto hdial`l lhudqkluob edk`lk idkoqt `lyl zdq~dcmhlglk+ Zlhokùoelc( t~lgl ~dzdquo outhlg ylk` cditeolk eohlctclk mhdg Edzlqudidk ZdkeoeoclkKl~omklh Edzeockl~/ ~dflc ulgtk <??7 idhlhto Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq

Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/+Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ eoglqlzclk elzlu idkfleo udizluzdiadhlflqlk il~ylqlclu ~d~tlo edk`lk zmudk~o eldqlg tkutc idk``dqlcclkzdialk`tklk eo aoelk` ~m~olh( dcmkmio elk atelyl+ Zlel lplh zdkeoqolkkylZt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ eoglqlzclk elzlu adqbtk`~o ~dal`loudizlu zt~lqlk adqal`lo zmudk~o ylk` lel elk adqcdialk` eo il~ylqlclu Zt~luCdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ft`l eoglqlzclk elzlu adqbtk`~o ~dal`lo~tiadq okbmqil~o ylk` lkelh alò il~ylqlclu ylk` idiatutgclk cdudqlizohlkbtk`~omklh+ ^dhlok out( Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ eoglqlzclk zthladqbtk`~o ~dal`lo udizlu utclq)idktclq adqal`lo zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk

btk`~omklh eo lkulql plq`l il~ylqlclu+




^dnlql cmk~dzutlh Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ eozqomqoul~clktkutc idhlylko il~ylqlclu ylk` uoelc udquliztk` elhli ~o~udi zdq~dcmhlglkbmqilh elk ~dcmhlg udqatcl+ ^llu oko( il~og udqelzlu 4(1 ftul mqlk` t~ol <:)55 ulgtkylk` il~og atul gtqtb+ Clhlt eoulialgclk edk`lk ftihlg lklc ylk` ztut~~dcmhlg ulgtk 1:<:( ilcl lclk idknlzlo ~dcoulq dkli ftul+ Fleo il~og lel dkli

ftul lklc Okemkd~ol ylk` adhti udqzdktgo glc l~l~okyl tkutc idkelzluclkzdkeoeoclk el~lq idhlhto zdq~dcmhlglk bmqilh elk ~dcmhlg udqatcl Cmizl~( 1:<:/+

^llu oko eo ~dhtqtg Okemkd~ol udqelzlu ~dcoulq 4 ::: ZCAI ylk` eozqlclq~loelk eocdhmhl mhdg adqal`lo cdhmizmc il~ylqlclu+ Lel ylk` eocdhmhl zdqmqlk`lk(zdqt~lgllk( hdial`l ctq~t~( zd~lkuqdk( HÎ iltztk il~ylqlclu hlokkyl+Cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk ZCAI uoelc glkyl idkliztk` cdòlulk ylkèoqlknlk` mhdg Eoufdk ZUC)ZKB zlel ~llu out( udulzo ft`l idkliztk` cdòlulk elqo~dcumq hlok ylk` udqclou+ Cmkeo~o ~dzdquo oko idktkftcclk algpl zdqlk ~dqulil~ylqlclu elhli zdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ~d~tk``tgkyladqal~o~ zlel cdatutglk adhlflq

^d~tlo cdadqlellkkyl( id~coztk zlql zdk`dhmhl Zt~lu Cdòlulk AdhlflqIl~ylqlclu ZCAI/ idkylelqo lelkyl cdql`lilk elk cdcgl~lk eldqlg il~ok`)il~ok`( lclk udulzo il~og udqhoglu lelkyl zdkdclklk zlel zdiadkutclk ~uqtcutqmq`lko~l~o+ Zdhlc~lkllk Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ adhti adklq)adklq idilokclk zdqlklk ~dal`lo bl~ohoulumq ylk` idhlctclk dizmpdqidkuudqglelz il~ylqlclu eo eldqlg+ Algclk zlel lplh zdiadkutclkkyl il~og lel~dilnli qdclyl~l tkutc idkemqmk` il~ylqlclu idiatlu ZCAI+

^dnlql udcko~ Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ il~og lel ylkèoulk`lko elk eocdhmhl lzlqlulult zdflalu lultztk hdial`l ~tplelyl il~ylqlclu~dudizlu+ Zdhlc~lkllkkyl il~og eokohlo adqel~lqclk ftihlg elk zqd~ul~o zdflaluidhlgoqclk Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ elk atclk elqocdadqgl~ohlk il~ylqlclu elhli adqal`lo glh+ Klitk ediocolk ~dcdnoh lzl ztkt~lgl tkutc zdiadqelyllk il~ylqlclu( zl~uo lclk idiadcl~

Elhli cdkylullkkyl Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ il~ogeoglelzclk zlel zdqil~lhlglk okudqklh elk dc~udqklh Alhoualk` Edzeockl~ elkTkordq~oul~ Zdkeoeoclk Okemkd~ol( 1::2/+ Zdqil~lhlglk okudqklh( lkulql hlokctqlk`kyl imuorl~o plq`l adhlflq( cdadqlellk utumq adhti adqzdqlk ~dnlqlilc~oilh( cd~thoulk idknlqo hmcl~o Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ylk` idiohoco ~lqlkl idilelo( zdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli elk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk

adhti ~d~tlo edk`lk utkutulk+ Zdqil~lhlglk dc~udqklh( udqhoglu adhti lelkyl~tlut zmhl cdqfl~lil ylk` ~oithulk lkulql Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlcluZCAI/ edk`lk etkol t~lgl l~m~ol~o/( zdqalkclk-AZQ elk t~lgl cdnohidkdk`lg ~dudizlu+ Oizhocl~okyl lelhlg adhti adqflhlkkyl cdiouqllk( ctqocthtilult iludqo ylk` eo~lizloclk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq ~dqok` adqflk`cl zdkedc(udizmqdq elk it~oilk+ Cmkeo~o zqm`qli ~dzdquo oko( adqelizlc zlel cd~tk``tglkplq`l adhlflq elk zlql htht~lkkyl elhli idk`dialk`clk cdudqlizohlk( iltztkidkdqt~clkkyl elhli adkutc t~lgl cdudqlizohlk adqilul zdknlglqolk+

Lqlg alqt elk zdq~zdcuob il~ylqlclu elhli adkutc uok`òkyl zlquo~ozl~oidhlhto Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/( eoglelzclk zlel zdq~mlhlk

eohdiluo~ adqcdkllk edk`lk qdkelgkyl clzlaohoul~ elk cokdqfl ~tiadq elylilkt~ol elk cdhdial`llk Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ out ~dkeoqo+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ?

Zdq~mlhlk oko udqtk`clz( elqo gl~oh clfolk adadqlzl elul cl~t~ Zt~lu CdòlulkAdhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ylk` cdndkedqtk`lkkyl adhti idqtftc zlelzdidktglk ~ulkelq iokoilh ilklfdidk ylk` udhlg eohtkntqclk Edzeockl~+^lhlg ~lut nmkumg( zqm`qli iokoilh ylk` glqt~ eocdhmhl mhdg ~datlg Zt~luCdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ lelhlg uo`l fdko~ ~lutlk zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh( elqo gl~oh clfolk emctidk elbulq ZCAI/ eo adadqlzl Clatzludk-Cmuleo eo Okemkd~ol udqil~tc eo Cmul @mqmkulhm( il~og udqelzlu Zt~lu CdòlulkAdhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ylk` glkyl idkydhdk``lqlclk ~lut lult etl ~lutlkzdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh+

^d~tlo gl~oh oedkuobocl~o ylk` eohlc~lklclk mhdg zdkdhouo eo Zqmrok~o @mqmkulhm~lizlo zlel ulgtk 1:<< udqglelz hlylklk zdkeoeoclk idhlhto Zt~lu Cd olulkAdhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/( eozdqmhdg okbmqil~o algpl zdqil~lhlglkkyladqco~lq zlel zdk`dhmhllk elk zdk`dkelholk itut cdhdial`llk+ Glh udq~datuudqfleo clqdkl il~og udqalul~kyl cdiliztlk elk zdk`dulgtlk ilklfdqolhzdk`dhmhl( zdkydhdk``lql zqm`qli elk udkl`l cdzdkeoeoclk( ~dqul hdilgkylzlquo~ozl~o cmizmkdk udqclou eo htlq hdial`l( ~dgok``l ctqlk` mzuoilhkylidclko~id ~o~udi zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk zlel Zt~lu Cdòlulk AdhlflqIl~ylqlclu ZCAI/+ Lul~ el~lq okohlg ylk` eofleoclk lhl~lk idk`lzl Zt~luCdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ eofleoclk hlulq zdk`dialk`lk imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zm`qli Zlcdu A alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq+

+ Tkutc okedc zdkeoeoclk lkulql hlok eoudkutclk mhdg cdadqgl~ohlk Zqm`qliZlcdu A elhli idialkut idktkul~clk plfoa adhlflq Zdkeoeoclk El~lq ? ulgtk elkidiadclho htht~lkkyl edk`lk zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh+ ^lhlg ~lut tzlyl cdlqlg out ilcl idhlhto zdkdhouolk oko eocdialk`clk Imedh ZdiadhlflqlkCmmzdqluob Nmmzdqluord Hdlqkok`/ Alò Zdkok`clulk Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`lAdhlflq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A zlel Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ Cmul@mqmkulhmA+ Oedkuobocl~o elk Qtit~lk Il~lhlg

<+ Oedkuobocl~o Il~lhlgGl~oh ^tqrdo eo hlzlk`lk idktkftclk algpl zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk zlel

zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu A ylk` eoqlknlk` edk`lk ~o~udi imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adhti elzlu adqflhlk ~dal`loilkl ylk` eoglqlzclk+Udkl`l utumqkyl ~dalòlk ad~lq atclk adqhlulq adhlclk` cdzdkeoeoclk( il~og

alkylc ylk` adhti idilglio imedh zdiadhlflqlk imeth( iokoikylleioko~uql~o zdhlc~lkllk( qdkelgkyl cdiliztlk ilklfdqolh zdk`dhmhl elhliidkydhdk``lqlclk zqm`qli elk zdq~tl~ob zdk`dhmhl udqglelz utumq ctqlk`klizlc+

Eo~lizok` out( il~og eouditclk zdqil~lhlglk zlel ~dalòlk zdhlc~lkl eohlzlk`lk elk hdilgkyl ~o~udi imkoumqok` zdidqokulg elhli tzlylidiokoilho~oq zdkyoizlk`lk)zdkyoizlk`lk+ Cdkylullk eo hlzlk`lkidktkftcclk algpl zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk oko eoiokluo mhdg il~ylqlcluylk` okòk idizdqaloco ~ulut~ zdkeoeoclkkyl+ Aoqmcql~o ylk` adqcdzlkflk`lk

ft`l idkfleo ~lhlg ~lut cdkelhl ~tc~d~kyl utftlk elqo zqm`qli cd~dulqllk oko+ Eo

~o~o hlok( tzlyl zdiadqelyllk elk idkndqel~clk il~ylqlclu idhlhto zqm`qlicd~dulqllk oko glqt~ idiohoco ~o~udi imkoumqok` ylk` ctlu tkutc idk`tqlk`



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <:

zdkyoizlk`lk ~dcdnoh itk`cok+ Udqtulil ~m~olho~l~o elqo zoglc Eokl~Zdkeoeoclk ~dudizlu elhli glh oko Aoelk` Zdkeoeoclk Kmkbmqilh elk okbmqilh(glqt~ idkydkutg hdrdh alplg( Cdaoflclk zdidqokulg il~og idkfleo glqlzlk alòidqdcl tkutc idqtalg kl~oa clti ylk` udquok``lh( clqdkl ulc alkylc zohoglk+Zdkyoizlk`lk zdhlc~lkllk tfolk elk aolyl tfolk cd~dulqllk ylk` ~oizlk` ~otq

ftihlgkyl eo hlzlk`lk udhlg idk`glialu utftlk elqo zqm`qli oko ylout tzlyltkutc idkndqel~clk il~ylqlclu+ Clqdkl zqm`qli oko ~lut)~lutkyl fdialulkzdkeoeoclk lhudqkluob alò lklc)lklc ztut~ ~dcmhlg ÎZ lult ~dedqlflu elk lklc)lklc ylk` htht~ ~dcmhlg el~lq lult Ileql~lg Oauoeloylg ylk` clqkl lhl~lk uoelc ao~lidhlkftuclk cd fdkflk`lk zdkeoeoclk adqoctuyl clqdkl io~cok tkutc ao~lidkydulqlclk ~ulut~kyl eo il~ylqlclu( idhlhto flhtq zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh zlel~llu oko( ~duoelckyl cduocl ulc lel zohoglk hlok alò mqlk` io~cok tkutc idqtalgkl~oakyl( drlhtl~o zdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli cd~dulqllk ylk` idkylk`ctu il~ylqlcluio~cok( glqt~hlg adklq)adklq eozdqgluoclk elk eozl~uoclk glqt~ idioglc cdzlelidqdcl+

Adqel~lclk glh udq~datu eo lul~ ilcl il~lhlg elhli zdkdhouolk okoelzluhlg eooedkuobocl~o ~dal`lo adqoctu6

<+ Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ylk` idkydhdk``lqlclk Zqm`qliZdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk adqel~lqclk ^tqlu Cdztut~lk Cdzlhl Eokl~ ZdkeoeoclkCmul @mqmkulhm Kmimq 510-Eockl~)ZKBZ-1::> ~dalkylc <0 ZCAI elk ylkìdkydhdk``lqlclk cgt~t~ zqm`qli cd~dulqllk zlcdu A adqftihlg << ZCAIylk` udq~dalq zlel ? Cdnlilulk ylout Cdnlilulk Cmul ^dhlulk( Cdnlilulk CmulTulql( Cdnlilulk Cmul Alqlu( Cdnlilulk Cmul Udk`lg( Cdnlilulk Cmul Uoitqelk Cdnlilulk Etkòkò ylk` il~ok`)il~ok` Cdnlilulk udqelzlu > ZCAICmkeo~o ZCAI udq~datu adqrlqol~o( elqo ylk` ithlo idqokuo~ ~lizloedk`lk ylk` ~telg elzlu idk`dialk`clk zqm`qlikyl ~dnlql zqmzmq~omklh+^dgtatk`lk out( l`lq elzlu idiadqoclk zdiaokllk ylk` udzlu ilcleozdqhtclk zdkdhouolk ylk` elzlu idiadqoclk elul mafdcuob udkulk`zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk eo ZCAI( udqil~tc eo elhlikyl zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllkZlcdu A+

1+ Eo Cmul @mqmkulhm elqo <0 Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/udqelzlu etl ZCAI elhli zdhlc~lkllk elk zdk`dhmhllkkyl eolk``lz~lk`lu aloc ylout Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ Lvvocql ylk` leleo Cdhtqlglk Zledatmhm Cdnlilulk Cmul Uoitq elk Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq

Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk ylk` adqhmcl~o eo Cdhtqlglk UlzlCdnlilulk Cmul Tulql+ Cdetl ZCAI udq~datu ~d~tlo gl~oh zdkohlolk elqo Eokl~Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm udhlg adqgl~oh elk adqtzlyl idkydhdk``lqlclkelk idk`dialk`clk zqm`qli)zqm`qlikyl ~d~tlo ~ulkelq ZCAI( aloc elqo~o~o fdko~ zqm`qli( ctlhobocl~o( zdk`dhmhl( utumq( elk l~zdc ilklfdidk hlokkyl

>+ Plhltzti ZCAI Lh)vocql elk ZCAI Ulilkl Zdkeoeoclk lelhlg 1 Zt~luCdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ylk` eolk``lz udqaloc eo Cmul @mqmkulhm(klitk elhli zdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zdqht eobtk`~oclkelk eomzuoilhclk ~dnlql dbdcuob( lzlhlò cdetl ZCAI udq~datu ~lizlo ~llu okoadhti idiohoco imedh zdkeoeoclk aloc ~dnlql ctlhoul~ iltztk ctlkuou~kyl+

5+

Zqm`qli Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A lelhlg ~lhlg ~lut zqm`qli ylkèohlc~lklclk zlel 1 Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ylk` lel eo



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <<

Cmul @mqmkulhm ylk` idiohoco ~ulkelq cmizdudk~o htht~lk ylk` ~lil edk`lk~dcmhlg bmqilh ~duok`clu ÎZ lult Ileql~lg U~lklpoylg ( klitk cmkudk(idumed( udckoc( elk zdkedclulk ~dqul imedh zdiadhlflqlktkutc idknlzlo ~ulkelu cmizdudk~o htht~lk udq~datu hdaog idiadqoclkcmk~dz)cmk~dz udqlzlk( udiluoc( oketcuob( ylk` udqclou edk`lk zdqil~lhlglkcdadqgl~ohlk plq`l adhlflq+ Cdkylullk eo hlzlk`lk idktkftcclk algpl plq`ladhlflq adhti idizdqhogluclk cdiliztlk lcledioc ylk` tk``th udqtulilelhli idilglio cmk~dz)cmk~dz ylk` ~thou+ Eo ~lizok` out plq`l adhlflq adhtiidkdqoil udilk)udilkkyl ylk` idiztkylo adqal`lo ilnli hlulq adhlclk`ylk` adqadel)adel+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq adhti klizlc eolkulqlkyl6adqalò ut`l~( lcuob adqulkyl( idk`glq`lo zdkelzlu mqlk` hlok( idilknokùdilk tkutc adqulkyl( ilt idk`tk`clzclk oed( elk adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmc+

Glh okohlg ylk` idkemqmk` zdktho~ tkutc idk`clfo zdiadhlflqlkzqm`qli Zlcdu A l`lq hdaog cqdluob( uoelc clct elk uoelc cdgohlk`lk zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh+ Zdqil~lhlglk oko ~dnlql titi eolcoaluclk mhdg adadqlzl glh </~dilcok idkok`clukyl lkoim il~ylqlclu udqglelz zqm`qli zlcdu A ~dgok``lididqhtclk zdklk`lk ylk` ylk` hdaog cgt~t~( 1/ utkutulk il~ylqlclu udqglelzhtht~lk Zlcdu ylk` okòk ~dulql edk`lk htht~lk bmqilh ~dgok``l idktkutu plcutzdiadhlflqlk elk drlhtl~o adhlflq ~lil ~dzdquo ~dcmhlg( >/ utkutulk zdidqokulgudqglelz ulq`du ylk` glqt~ eonlzlo tkutc idkok`cluclk OZI uok`ò ~dgok``l udqfleozdil~lhlk zdk`dhmhllk edk`lk ~uqludò zdiadhlflqlk ylk` chl~oclh( 5/ qdkelgkylctlhobocl~o utumq ~dgok``l zdk`tl~llk idumemhmò zdiadhlflqlk ~lk`lu imkmumk(zdk``tkllk idumed ndqlilg ~lk`lu idiatelyl+ Eo ~lizok` out zdqlk utumq~lk`lu emioklku ~dal`lo zdiadqo okbmqil~o elk plq`l adhlflq ~dal`lo zdkdqoil+Lhudqkluob ylk` lclk eo~memqclk lelhlg idhlhto idumed Cmmzdqluob+ Zqm`qli ZlcduA idqtzlclk ~lutlk zdkeoeoclk zlel flhtq zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh tkutczdkeoeoclk el~lq ~dulql ÎZ-IU^+ Ilckl ~dulql elhli glh oko lelhlg eoutkftcclkzlel zdk`lqtg lult zdk`lctlk noroh dbbdnu htht~lkkyl+ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlkkyleolqlgclk tkutc idkfliok l`lq htht~lkkyl idiohoco cdiliztlk( cdnlclzlk elkkohlo)kohlo ylk` adq`tkl elhli idkdiztg cdgoetzlkkyl+ Edk`lk ediocolk( adhlflqilckl cd~dulqllk lelhlg cd~lillk ~ulkelq cmizdudk~o htht~lk ylk` eonlzloedk`lk ~dcmhlg bmqilh( udulzo nlql idknlzlokyl adqadel+ Zdqadellkkyl eouokfltelqo adqal`lo l~zdc3 </ ~uqludò ylk` eo`tklclk idhlhto cdhmizmc adhlflq( 1/zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk idk``tklclk idumed zlquo~ozluob( >/ cdetetclk utumq

adqzdqlk ~dal`lo zdkelizok` elk bl~ohoulumq+ 5/ alglk adhlflq idk``tklclk zlcduimeth+ 4/ zdquditlk adhlflq eohlctclk 1)> clho elhli ~diok``t+ 2/ qlò adhlflqeoadqoclk ~dnlql ok~oedkulh elk qtuok( 0/ ctqocthti zdiadhlflqlk idkdclkclkzlel l~zdc cdnlclzlk goetz ylk` gmho~uon 7/ drlhtl~o idhlhto ~o~udi adhlflq utkul~+^dgok``l eoglqlzclk htht~lk Zlcdu A idiohoco cdiliztlk ylk` elzlu ididktgoutkutulk etkol cdqfl( adqpoqlt~lgl elk adqil~ylqlclu+

Eo ~lizok` imedh elk udckoc zdiadhlflqlk( zdqht eozdqgluoclkclqlcudqo~uoc zd~dqul eoeoc+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idqtzlclk ~lhlg ~lut fdko~ cdndqel~lkylk` idizdk`lqtgo elhli zdiadhlflqlk+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh zd~dqul eoeoc glqt~eozdqgluoclk utumq clqdkl qlknlk`lk zdiadhlflqlk eo~t~tk adqel~lqclk

clqlcudqo~uoc elk zmudk~o ylk` eoiohoco zd~dqul eoeoc+ Eoidk~o cdndqel~lk ~m~olhzd~dqul eoeoc lelhlg cdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò elk cnndqel~lk ~m~olh qdkelg+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <1

Idktqtu Atvlk 1::0/( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg tctqlk cdiliztlk eoqo~d~dmqlk` elhli zdq`lthlk eo il~ylqlclu elk cdiliztlk adqokudqlc~o~m~olh edk`lk mqlk`)mqlk` eo ~dcdhohok` lult ~dcoulqkyl+ Mqlk` edk`lkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò uoelc lclk idkdito cd~thoulk ~llu idithlo ~tlutokudqlc~o elk`lk ~d~dmqlk` lult ~datlg cdhmizmc aloc cdhmizmc cdnohiltztk ad~lq+ Ol elzlu idilkblluclk elk idk``tklclk cdiliztlk mulcelk algl~l utatgkyl tkutc ‘idialnl’ udilk aonlqlkyl+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olheoalk`tk lkulql hlok lul~ cdiliztlk okuo tkutc idk`dklho zdqadellk(~dnlql cgt~t~ zdqadellk ad~lq elhli ~tl~lkl gluo( udizdqlidk( imuorl~o(elk cdgdkelc+ Elhli adkutc ylk` hdaog ilft( cdndqel~lk oko iditk`cokclkmqlk` edpl~l idialnl cdgdkelc elk cdokòklk mqlk` hlok( algclk cduoclcdokòklk out eo~diatkyoclk+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh oko ft`l idknlctzcdiliztlk adqkd`mo~l~o( idk`lul~o ~d`lhl cmkbhoc( ~d`lhl cd~lhlglk( elk~outl~o ylk` uoiath elhli zqm~d~ kd`mo~l~o+ ^ditl cdudqlizohlk outidiamhdgclk ~d~dmqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò ~lk``tz adqzdqlk~dal`lo udilk aonlql elk ~dclho`t~ zdkedk`lq ylk` aloc( ~dqul ~lk``tzadqgtatk`lk edk`lk alkylc mqlk`+

^dhlkftukyl mqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh qdkelg( ndkedqtk` ~thouadqokudqlc~o edk`lk ~d~lilkyl lult ~datlg cdhmizmc aloc cdhmizmc cdnoh iltztkad~lq udqil~tc elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ Eo ~lizok` out ol uoelc idiohcocdiliztlk elhli idilglio( idkedk`lqclk elk zdcl udqglelz ilc~te elkzdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok( ~dqul uoelc idql~lclk elk idk`liluo qdlc~o)qdlc~o elkzdqtalglk mqlk` hlok( ylk` eoutkftcclk aloc ~dnlql rdqalh iltztk kmk rdqalh elkhlialk idknlqo zdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` dbdcuob elhli ~tlut okudqlc~o ~m~olh elkctqlk` idiohoco zdk`tl~llk cduqlizohlk cmitkocl~o+1+ Qtit~lk Il~lhlg

Adqel~lqclk hlulq adhlclk` elk oedkuobocl~o il~lhlg udq~dktu eo lul~ (elzluhlg eoudulzclk il~lhlg elhli zdkdhouolk oko ylout6 Al`loilklclgZdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob 'Nmmzdqluord Hdlqkok` / AlòZdkok`clulk Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm=^dnlql mzdql~omklh qtit~lk il~lhlgkyl idhoztuo6

<+ Al`l`loilkl cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zqm`qli Zlcdu A+ Eo

ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm1+ Al`loilkl imedh cmk~dzutlh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zqm`qli Zlcdu A eoZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

>+ Al`loilkl oizhdidkul~o zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm+

5+ Al`loilkl dbdcuoroul~ zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm+

N+ Utftlk Zdkdhouolk

<+

^dnlql Titi



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <>

^dnlql titi utftlk zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg tkutc idk`dialk`clk imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ZlcduA eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm1+ ^dnlql Cgt~t~6

^dnlql cgt~t~ zdkdhouolk oko adqutftlk 6<+ Tkutc idk`dulgto cmkeo~o lplh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu

A+ eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm1+ Tkutc idk`dialk`clk imedh cmk~dzutlh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel

zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+>+ Tkutc idkòizhdidkul~oclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel zqm`qli

Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+5+ Tkutc idk`dulgto dbdcuoroul~ zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob

zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+D+Ilkbllu Zdkdhouolk

Zdi`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eoglqlzclk elzluidkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A Eo ZCAI

^dnlql udmqduo~( zdkdhouolk oko eoglqlzclk elzlu alglk il~tclk alò zlql zlqlzqlcuo~o ZUCZKB elkelzlu idiadqoclk ~tialk`lk zdiocoqlk alò zdk`dialk`lkZdkeoeoclk Htlq ^dcmhlg udqtulil ylk` adqgtatk`lk cmk~dz zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eoZCAI+

^dhlkftukyl ~dnlql zqlcuo~ zdkdhouolk eoglqlzclk elzlu adqilkbllu tkutc ~ditlzoglc6<+ Alò zlql utumq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm idkfleo alglk

il~tclk ylk` zm~ouob elk zdquoialk`lk elhli idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob tkutc idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq

1+ Alò zdkydhdk``lql elk zoglc ylk` adqpdpdklk` elzlu eofleoclk el~lq elhliidkdulzclk cdaoflclk elk zdhlc~lkllk qdcqtuidk zlql utumq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eoCmul @mqmkulhm

>+ ^dal`lo alglk il~tclk zlel zlql utumq cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A tiutcidk`dialk`clk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhli qlk`cl idkok`cluclkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq

5+ Okztu elk alglk clfolk alò zdkdhouo elk ylk` lclk idhlc~lkllk zdkdhouolk hdaoghlkftu edk`lk bmct~ il~lhlg ylk` ~lil

B+ Cdqlk`cl Zdk`dialk`lk Rlqoladh Zdkdhouolk<+ Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI

idkfleo bmct~ elhli clfolk zdkdhouolk elk zdk`dialk`lk elhli idkflplazdqil~lhlglk ylout cd~dkflk`lk lkulql cmkeo~o dizoqoc eo hlzli`lk elkclfolk udmqduo~ ylk` lel

1+ Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zdkuok` tkutc eocdilak`clk edk`lk lhl~lk 6 Zdqulil(lelkyl uqlk~bmqil~o ~m~olh+ Zdk`lqtg imedqko~l~o( ~uqtcutq cdhtlq`l adqtalgeql~uo~ alkylc lklc eoad~lqclk elhli cdhtlq`l okuo ulkzl cdgleoqlk mqlk` utleo qtilg clqdkl lhl~lk cdqfl+ Zdk`lqtg udhdro~d alò lklc ylk` idk`glao~clkplcutkyl hdaog alkylc tkutc idkmkumk elqozlel adqokudqlc~o edk`lk mqlk`

utlkyl idiatlu cdiliztlk lklc tkutc adqcmitkocl~o hdilg+ Cdòlulk eo~dcmhlgztk zlql zdkeoeoc hdaog alkylc adqmqodkul~o zlel zdqcdialk`lk




cm`kouob lklc( ~didkulql zdqcdialk`lk imqlh elk ~m~olh ~dcdelqkyl+Cdetl(+lelkyl uqlkbmqil~o dcmkmio+ Zdqhtkyl zdqtalglk elhli ~o~udizdiadhlflqlk ~llu oko lelhlg clqdkl lhl~lk uqlk~bmqil~o dcmkmio+ FmgkKlo~aouu( idk`ditclclk algpl ?: $ zdcdqfllk elhli dql zm~u oket~uqoadq`dqlc elhli aoelk` lult adqgtatk`lk edk`lk okbmqil~o( ohitzdk`dulgtlk( lult fl~l+ Edql~kyl lqt~ okbmqil~o ~telg uoelc iditk`cokclkhlò alò zdkeoeoc tkutc adq~oclz ilglulgt elk adqlk``lzlk algpl lklceoeoc zdqht eoil~tco edk`lk adqal`lo blcul zdk`dulgtlk elk okbmqil~o+ ^dhlokout( cdudqcloulk okudqedzdkedkny/ idqtzlclk noqo hlok elqo ulq~kbmqil~odcmkmio+ Zlel cdalkylclk zdcdqfllk( cdzlkelolk lult cdiliztlk okeoroetatclkhlg ylk` udqzdkuok`+ Cdiliztlk tkutc adcdqfl ~lil elhli uoi hdaogeoatutgclk tkutc idknlzlo utftlk elk cdadqgl~ohlk ~tlut t~lgl+ ^dal`lozdkeoeoc ylk` adqulk``tk` flpla( glqt~ idql~l udqzlk`òh tkutcidizdq~olzclk lklc eoeoc l`lq ao~l adqcmitkocl~o elk adcdqfl~lil edk`lkmqlk` hlok elhli adqal`lo ilnli ~outl~o ~m~olh+Cduo`l( uqlk~bmqil~o edim`qlbo+Zdqtalglk kohlo)kohlo ~m~olh elk zqm~d~ ~m~olho~l~o elqo elizlc uqlk~bmqil~oedim`qlbo ~dzdquo tqalko~l~o( cdaokdcllk ~tct alk`~l elk ql~ idqtzlclk glhylk` ~dqot~ tkutc coul pl~zlelo

>+ Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ idqtzlclk ~lutlk zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh ~dal`lo udizlu zdiadhlflqlk elk ~tiadq okbmqil~o ylk` eoadkutcelk eocdhmhl mhdg il~ylqlclu ylk` adqmqodkul~o zlel zdiadqelyllk zmudk~o~dudizlu tkutc idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk ~oclzil~ylqlclu elhli aoelk` dcmkmio( ~m~olh elk atelyl+

5+ Cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk cmzdqluob ylk` eohlc~lklclk zlel zqm qli Zlcdu A eoZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm eoglqlzclk elzlu idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq elhli idilglio( idkedk`lqclk elk zdcl udqglelz ilc~teelk zdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok( ~dqul idql~lclk elk idk`liluo qdlc~o)qdlc~o elkzdqtalglk mqlk` hlok( ylk` eoutkftcclk aloc ~dnlql rdqalh iltztk kmk rdqalhelk ilizt idknlqo zdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` dbdcuob elhli ~tlut okudqlc~o~m~olh elk idiohoco zdk`tl~llk cduqlizohlk cmitkocl~o+ Edk`lk clul hlokzdiadhlflqk cmmzdqluob ylk` eohlctclk idkfleoclk plq`l adhlflq zdqnlyl eoqo(~oclz zm~ouob( cd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh( cdiliztlk idialpl eoqo( cduqlizohlkadqcmitkocl~o elk idiohoco ~oclz dizluo+

B+ Gozmud~o~ Zdkdhouolk

Gozmud~o~ ylk` eolftclk elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg ~dal`lo adqoctu6!Udqelzlu zdqadellk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` ~o`koboclk lkulql cdhmizmc plq`ladhlflq Zdkeoeoclk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob edk`lk ylk` uoelc idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob !+




ALA OOCLFOLK UDMQDUO^

L+ Glcoclu Lkeql`mòZlel Ala oko lclk eoclfo udmqo)udmqo lkeql`mòc idktqtu zlql lgho lkulql hlok

ylk` eocditclclk mhdg Ckmphd~ <??0 6 550/ algpl udqelzlu etl ilnlizdkedclulk elhli idhlctclk zqm~d~ adhlflq idk`lflq tkutc etl fdko~ zd~dqul ylkàdqadel+ Zdkedclulk ylk` zdqulil eo~datu edk`lk lkeql`mò( ylout ~tlut ~dko elkohit elhli idk`lflq mqlk` edpl~l+ Cdetl zdkedclulk zdel`mò( ylout ~tlut ~dkoelk ohit elhli idk`lflq lklc elk qdilfl+ Zdkedclulk ylk` eocditclclk mhdgCkmphd~ elhli idk`cmk~dz~oclk lkeql`mò~ ~dal`lo ohit zdkeoeoclk tkutc mqlkèdpl~l( hdaog eozdk`lqtgo mhdg `l`l~lk zqlìluo~ elk gtilko~+ ClqdklkylCkmphd~ ft`l idk`ditclclk algpl zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l adqlk`clu elqo ~o~ozdk`lhlilk ~dal`lo ~tiadq zdk`dulgtlk il~gla zqlìluo~/( udulzo ~dalhockylzdk`lhlilk lelhlg gl~oh elqo zqm~d~ adhlflq ylk` idialkut idiatlu zdk`lhlilkudq~datu ~dflhlk edk`lk lquo elqo elhli( elk fleo hdaog adqlquo clqdkl lzl ylk` udhlgeocdulgto idiztkylo ilckl elhli cdgoetzlkkyl+

Hdaog hlkftu Ckmphd~( I <??03 57/ idk`ditclclk adadqlzl glh zdkuokàdqcloulk edk`lk zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l+ Adholt idk`ditclclk algpl l/mqlk` edpl~l adqadel edk`lk lklc)lklc elhli glh ~oclz goetz( zlkelk`lkudqglelz kohlo)kohlo goetz( ioklu( cdatutglk( oed-`l`l~lk( gl~qlu)gl~qlu elkemqmk`lk)emqmk`lk tkutc idhlctclk ~tlut zdqtalglk3 a/ mqlk` edpl~l ~telgalkylc idiohoco zdk`lhlilk goetz hdaog alkylc elqo lklc)lklc/( ilcl idqdclzlel titikyl uoelc itelg eoqtalg ~oclz goetzkyl3 n/ mqlk` edpl~lidiztkylo cmk~dz eoqo ~dhb nmkndzu/ ylk` ctlu elk idiztkylo cdatutglk tkutcidk`lutq eoqokyl ~dkeoqo( mhdg clqdkl out idqdcl ndkedqtk` idkmhlc lzlaohleoalpl cd elhli ~outl~o ylk` ctqlk` hdaog eo`tqto lult eozdqhlctclk ~dzdquo lklc)lklc3 e/ zdk`lhlilk idqtzlclk ~tiadq ylk` zlhok` clyl elhli zqm~d~ adhlflqmqlk` edpl~l( mhdg clqdkl out okuo idumemhmò elqo zqm~d~ adhlflq mqlk` edpl~llelhlg idk`lklho~o~ zdk`lhlilk3 d/ zlel titikyl uoelc lel zdqadellk zleluok`clu cdndqel~lk elk cdiliztlk adhlflq lkulql mqlk` edpl~l elk lklc)lklc(aohl lel zdqadellk itk`cok glkyl udqfleo zlel okeoroet ylk` ~lut edk`lk ylk`hlokkyl3 b/ mqlk` edpl~l lclk hdaog ndzlu elk hdaog itelg idkdqoil elkidilglio o~o zd~dqul eoeoclk lult zdkeoeoclk( lzlaohl ol udhlg elzlu idkylelqoelk idkòk~lbo ilkbllu elk zdkuok`kyl zd~dqul eoeoclk elk zdkeoeoclk alò

cdgoetzlkkyl3 `/ mqlk` edpl~l lclk hdaog idilglio ~tlut glh lzlaohl elzlueoudqlzclk idhlhto adqal`lo fdko~ zlknl okeql( hdaog)hdaog lzlaohl eoglyluo edk`lkidhlctclkkyl ~dkeoqo+ ^dzdquo tk`clzlk nokl ylk` adqatkyo ‘ O gdlq lke O bmq`du( O ~ddlke O qdidiadq( O em lke O tkedq~ulke’

Lkeql`mò ylk` mhdg Ckmphd~ eo~datu ~dal`lo ~dko lqu/ elhli idk`lflqmqlk` edpl~l gdhzok` lethu hdlqk/ idiztkylo adadqlzl zdilglilk elkzdk`dquolk+ Elhli cgl~lklg zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l lel adadqlzl o~uohlg ylk`dqlu cloulkkyl edk`lk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eo il~ylqlclu+ ^dclhoztk ~dadklqkyluoelchlg itk`cok tkutc eofleoclk ~tlut edboko~o alò zdiadhlflqlk elhlizdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l+ Algclk elhli adadqlzl qtlk` hok`ctz edboko~o

zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l ylk` eocditclclk adadqlzl lgho( idiztkylozlkelk`lk ylk` ~lk`lu idiaok`tk`clk elk idkythouclk+ ^dclhoztk ediocolk




zlel adadqlzl cdkylullk ylk` lel( adadqlzl o~uohlg ylk` itknth idkfleoclk~dal`lo ~tlut zdk`dialk`lk ylk` ~lk`lu zdkuok` alò gl~lklg zdilglilkudkulk` zdiocoqlk zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l+

Hlgoqkyl adadqlzl o~uohlg elhli zdiadhlflqlk mqlk` edpl~l ft`l uoelc hdzl~elqo hlgoqkyl adadqlzl udmqo ylk` eocditclclk mhdg zlql lgho( algclk ndkedqtkàdqhdaoglk ~dgok``l zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l eozlkelk` ~dal`lo zqlìluo~id+Hokedilk <??7 6 5?/ ylk` alkylc eozdk`lqtgo mhdg zdiocoqlk Edpdy idhlgoqclkudmqo zdiadhlflqlk mqlk` edpl~l ~dal`lo zdialhlflqlk dczdqoidkulh( ylk` zlellcgoqkyl imedh zdiadhlflqlk oko idhlgoqclk ‘`lyl adhlflq’ mqlk` edpl~l+

Elqo adadqlzl zlkelk`lk ylk` zqlìluo~ okohlg cditeolk itknth adadqlzlo~uohlg zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l( ~dzdquo Nmkuoktok` detnluomk( ylk` eondut~clk mhdgZdudq Flqro~g <??76 >>1/ elhli atctkyl ^m~omhm`y mb Lethu lke Nmkuoktok` Detnluomk( eolquoclk ~dal`lo zdkeoeoclk ylk` adqcdhlkftulk( cmk~dz oko adquouoc umhlc zlelzdkohlolk algpl zdkeoeoclk ~dhlht adqcdhlkftulk( ithlo zdkeoeoclk lklc ~lizlozlel mqlk` edpl~l+ L~ti~o oko ft`l eoel~lqclk algpl ~duolz zdkeoeoclk mqlkèdpl~l cdialho zlel zdkeoeoclk ylk` lel( ~dzdquo zdkeoeoclk ylk` adqmqodkul~ozlel zdkeoeoclk cdlgholk elk zdkeoeoclk cdudqlizohlk ylk` adqlel zlel hdrdhhlkftu iltztk hdrdh ylk` ~telg adqzdk`lhlilk+

Klitk ediocolk zlkelk`lk)zlkelk`lk zqlìluo~ udkulk` zdkeoeoclkmqlk` edpl~l uoelc hdzl~ elqo ~oclz cqouo~ elqo lgho ylk` hlok+ ôclz cqouo~ okohlg ylk`cditeolk idhlgoqclk zlkelk`lk)zlkelk`lk ylk` hdaog gtilko~ ~dzdquo ylkèocdialk`clk mhdg Nlqh Qm`dq~ Elkcdqplhe( <?713 71/ edk`lk zdkedclulk‘dc~o~udk~omklho~u’kyl+ L~ti~o el~lq zlkelk`lk Qm`dq~ lelhlg algpl ilkt~ollelhlg lcuob elk adal~3 ilkt~ol idiohoco emqlk`lk elqo elhli3 elk cd`loqlglkilkt~ol udq`lkutk` elqo hok`ctk`lk zgdkmidklh bodhe/+ Elqo `l`l~lk okohlg Qm`dqidkyoizthclk algpl ilkt~ol lclk adqcdialk` ilklclhl ilkt~ol adqlel elhlihok`ctk`lk ~tl~lkl ylk` idkydklk`clk+

Zdk``latk`lk etl zdkedclulk lkulql zqlìluo~ elk gtilko~uo~ eohlctclkmhdg Ilhnmk Ckmphd~+ Ol idilkelk` zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l ~dal`lo ~datlgzqm~d~ ‘zdutiatglk’( eo ilkl ~dal`lo ~datlg zqm~d~ ol uoelc glkyl lclkadqlcutlho~l~o eoqo( udulzo zqm~d~ ft`l idk`lcutlho~l~o eoqo elk zlel lcgoqkylidk`lctithl~o ‘zdk`lhlilk’ idkfleo ~tiadq adhlflq+ Ckmphd~ idilkelkìdhlhto ‘zqm~d~’ zdqutiatglk ~d~dmqlk` idkfleo udqatcl udqglelz hok`ctk`lkkylelk lclk hdaog ilizt elhli ididnlgclk zdqil~lhlglk ~dqul ilizt idioizok

il~ylqlclu elhli hok`ctk`lkkyl+ Zlel lcgoqkyl Ckmphd~ <?72 6 1>5/idk`ditclclk algpl zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l idiztkylo adadqlzl zqok~oz3ylout zdqulil algpl mqlk` edpl~l glqt~ ztkyl cdokòklk tkutc adhlflq( mqlkèdpl~l uoelc lclk idizd~dqul eoeoco ~d~tlut glkyl clqdkl ~d~dmqlk` idk`lulclkidqdcl ~dglqt~kyl adhlflq( udulzo idqdcl glqt~ idiohoco cdokòklk tkutcidizd~dqul eoeoco cdudqlizohlk lult zdk`dulgtlk alqt3 Cdetl( mqlk` edpl~l iltadhlflq clhlt idql~l zdqht( idqdcl okòk ulgt ~dfltg ilkl zdiadhlflqlk lultcdòlulk adhlflq out ilizt idialkut idqdcl ~d~d`dql itk`cok tkutc eoudqlzclk(elk idqdcl uoelc itk`cok udqulqoc zlel ~d~tlut ylk` adqkohlo <: ulgtk+ Mqlkèdpl~l uoelc lclk udqulqoc zlel zdhluoglk ylk` idk`lflqclk alkylc udmqo)udmqo(

idqdcl lclk udqulqoc zlel glh)glh zqlcuo~( ~dedqglkl elk hlk`~tk` ididktgo lzlylk` idqdcl okòkclk elhli adhlflq3 cduo`l mqlk` edpl~l adhlflq ~liaoh adcdqfl




lethu hdlqk ay emok`/( adadqlzl zdkdhouolk idktkftclk algpl aohl mqlk` edpl~l~d`dql elzlu idizqlcudcclk gl~oh adhlflq elk idk``tklclk gl~oh adhlflqkyl lclkadqulglk hdaog hlil( udulzo lzlaohl idqdcl uoelc idiztkylo cd~dizlulk tkutcudqhoalu ~dnlql lcuob elhli adhlflq elk ~d`dql idizqlcudcclk gl~ohkyl ilcl idqdcllclk htzl lzl ylk` udhlg idqdcl zd~dqul eoeoco( ~dzdquo tk`clzlk nokl ‘ O gdlq lke O

bmq`du( O ~dd lke O qdidiadq( O em lke O tkedq~ulke’ Cddizlu mqlk` edpl~l adhlflqedk`lk ididnlgclk il~lhlg)il~lhlg qdlho~uo~( focl il~lhlg)il~lhlg ylk` idqdclzd~dqul eoeoco uoelc qdlho~uo~( uoelc lel gtatk`lk edk`lk cdgoetzlk kylul( idqdcluoelc lclk udqulqoc3 cdhoil zdk`lhlilk idizdk`lqtgo adhlflq mqlk` edpl~l( idqdcllclk idk`gtatk`clk lzl ylk` idqdcl zd~dqul eoeoco edk`lk lzl ylk` idqdcl~telg cdulgto( focl zdk`dulgtlk alqt uoelc nmnmc edk`lk zdk`dulgtlk idqdcl~dadhtikyl idqdcl lclk idkmhlckyl+ El~lq elqo zdk`lhlilk adhlflq mqlk` edpl~llelhlg zdk`lhlilk idqdcl( ~tlut zdk`lhlilk lult okbmqil~o alqt glqt~eogtatk`clk edk`lk lzl ylk` udhlg idqdcl cdulgto3 Cddkli mqlk` edpl~l adhlflqedk`lk ~tl~lkl ylk` idkydklk`clk( lult elhli ~tl~lkl hok`ctk`lk ok bmqilh(~tl~lkl chl~oclh titikyl ctqlk` idqdcl ~tclo3 cdutftg mqlk` edpl~l idqd~zmkzdkylizlolk iludqo ylk` adqrlqol~o( idqdcl lclk adhlflq hdaog aloc idhlhto nlqlylk` adqrl~ol~o( lult edk`lk clul hlok algpl okbmqil~o ~lizlo cdzlel idqdclidhlhto hdaog ~lut okeql3 cdedhlzlk mqlk` edpl~l idkòkòkclk aoiaok`lk( atclkkohlo lult glh ylk` adq~oblu cqdedk~olh+ Mqlk` edpl~l idk`dqflclk lzl ylk` idqdclokòk cdulgto( mqlk` edpl~l lclk idk`tctq cdilftlk idqdcl ~dkeoqo elkzdk`glq`llk elk aoiaok`lk elqo klql ~tiadq lclk idkemqmk` ~dilk`lu elkidknd`lg elqo bqt~ul~o clqdkl lelkyl ~ulkelqu)~ulkelqu ylk` uoelc idqdclokòkclk+

Zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l ft`l eoclulclk ~dal`lo zdkeoeoclk qdntqqdk detnluomk(eo ilkl zdkeoeoclk hdaog idk`lnt zlel ~o~udi zdkeoeoclk udqudkut ylk` eocdhmhledk`lk aloc+ Elhli zdkeoeoclk oko hdaog idkdclkclk zlel zdkuok`kylzdkok`clulk zmudk~o ylk` lel elhli okeoroet+ O~uohlg hlok elqo zdkeoeoclk mqlkèdpl~l lelhlg hobd hmk` hdlqkok`( zdkeoeoclk oko idktkftc zlel ~tlut cdkylullkalgpl zqm~d~ zdkeoeoclk elk cdatutglk zdkeoeoclk lclk adqhlk`~tk` ~dzlkflk`glylu ilkt~ol+ Elhli Cmkudc~ oko uoelc lel o~uohlg clul udqhlialu elhli zqm~d~idizdqmhdg zdkeoeoclk( elk uoelc lel alul~lk plcut udqudkut elk ft`l uoelcudqalul~ zlel ~o~udi chl~oclh ylk` idialul~o t~ol ~d~dmqlk` tkutc idizdqmhdgzdkeoeoclk+

Lul~ el~lq okohlg( adadqlzl lgho idkydutfto adadqlzl cmk~dz udkulk` edboko~ozdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l+ Mq`lkouluomk bmq Dnmkmion Nm)mzdqluomk lke Edrdhmzidku'MDNE/ Qm`dq~+ L( <??53 1/ idk`ditclclk algpl zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~ladqcloulk edk`lk lcuoboul~ adhlflq lult zqm`qli adhlflq ylk` eoqlknlk` mhdg ~tlutl`dk tkutc zdidktglk adadqlzl zdhluoglk ylk` iditl~clk lult elzluidiadqoclk zdk`lhlilk zlel uok`clulk udqudkut zlel cdgoetzlk ~d~dmqlk`+ Hdaoghlkftu TKD^NM idk`lk``lz zdkuok` tkutc idizdqhtl~ zlkelk`lkkyl udkulk`zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l+ Hdial`l ylk` adqlel eoalplg kltk`lk ZAA okoidk`ditclclk algpl zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l lelhlg zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk ylkìdiadqoclk kohlo ulialg elk eo~d~tloclk edk`lk uok`clu cdatutglk elqo ~duolz

mqlk` eohtlq ~dcmhlg qd`thlq elk ~o~udi tkordq~oul~ elk zd~dqulkyl uoelc ctqlkèlqo <4 mqlk`• zdiadhlflqlkkyl eo cdhmhl ~dnlql cmitkocluob ylk` eocmiaokl~oclk




edk`lk zdk`dulgtlk cdudqlizohlk( cdlgholk elk zdilglilk udqglelz ~d`lhl kohlokohlo lcuoboul~ cdgoetzlk+

^dflhlk edk`lk zdkelzlu udq~datu( Kluomklh Ok~uoutu Mb Lethu Detnluomk Qm`dq~(L+ <??53 1/ idk`ditclclk algpl zdkeoeoclk mqlk` edpl~l idqtzlclkzdkeoeoclk tkutc il~ylqlclu ylk` udhlg ntctz utl tkutc adcdqfl( idiohog(adqftlk` elk idiztkylo cmizhdc~oul~ zdkeoeoclk adqcdhlkftulk elhli idialkuttkutc zd~dqul adhlflqkyl+ Idqdcl idiatlu alul~lk tkutc zd~dqul eoeoclkkyl( flhlktkutc idk`tfo cdiliztlk el~lq adhlflq ylk` adqmqodkul~o zlel zqmbd~o lult~dal`lo il~udq alò zdcdqfllk ylk` alqt+

^dhlkftukyl ^tzqoflkum+ 1::0 11)10/ ilk`lftclk uo`l zdkedclulk elhliidilglio udmqo adhlflq mqlk` edpl~l( </ zdedclulk ylk` adqzt~lu zlel il~lhlg+Zdkedclulk oko idk`lqlg zlel zdk`lhlilk adhlflq ylk` eoglelzo mhdg mqlkèdpl~l aloc elhli cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo+ Lelztk utftlk elqo zdktkftclkzdk`lhlilk oko tkutc idizdqhogluclk cdzlel zd~dqul eoeoc algpl zdk`dulgtlkylk` eozdqmhdg idiztkylo cloulk edk`lk il~lhlg ylk` eoglelzo3 1/ zdkedclulkzqmydcuob( zdkedclulk oko idqtzlclk idumed ylk` ~dadklqkyl itk`cok eo~tclomhdg mqlk` edpl~l( clqdkl elhli zdkedclulk oko eohlctclk zdk`tqlolk udqglelzcmk~dz)cmk~dz dcmkmio cdhtlq`l elk zdqil~lhlglkkyl( ylk` cd~ditlkyleocdialk`clk idhlhto ndqoul)ndqoul ylk` adqktlk~l hmclh elk ndqoul ylk` uoelcudqalul~ mzdk Dkede/3 elk >/ zdkedclulk Lcutlho~l~o eoqo( zdkedclulk oko hdaogidkdclkclk zlel adkutc zlquo~ozl~o ~duolz zd~dqul adhlflq+ Clqlcudqo~uoc elqozdkedclulk oko idhoztuo6 l/ zqm~d~ ylk` adqzt~lu zlel zd~dqul eoeoc elk zqm~d~ylk` eo`dqlcclk mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc+ Cmk~dz oko hdaog idkdclkclk zlelcdiliztlk okeoroet tkutc idk`lutq cdgoetzlkkyl ~dkeoqo3 a/ adhlflq adq~lil~dflplu+ Elhli zqm~d~ zdk`lcutlho~l~oclk eoqo eoithlo edk`lk idiaokl gtatk`lk~lhok` zdqnlyl lkulql bl~ohoulumq elk lk``mul cdhmizmc adhlflq+ ^lhok` zdqnlyl lkulqlbl~ohoulumq edk`lk zd~dqul adhlflq( zd~dqul adhlflq edk`lk zd~dqul adhlflq idqtozlclkzql~ylqlu zlhok` zdkuok` tkutc idilftclk zqm~d~ zdqutiatglk elkzdk`dialk`lk adhlflq3 n/ iditelgclk udqnozulkyl cmk~dz eoqo ylk` zm~ouob+ Elhliglh oko zdkedclulk lcutlho~l~o eoqo idqtzlclk blcumq ctkno ylk` idizdk`lqtgozdiohoglk ~tlut alòlk elqo cmk~dz eoqo( ylout al`loilkl nlql okeoboet idql~leoqokyl eozdk`lqtgo+

^delk`clk gl~oh zdkdhouolk ylk` eohlctclk mhdg Elqcdkplhe lke Ilqqoli^tzqoflkum( 1::53 71)7>/ idkyoizthclk algpl zqok~oz zdialhlflqlk mqlk` edpl~l

idhoztuo3 l/ cd~olzlk adhlflq mqlk` edpl~l udq`lkutk` zlel cplhoul~ zdiadhlflqlkylk` ~telg lel ~dadhtikyl3 a/ zdk`tlulk Qdokbmqndidku/ zm~ouob hdaog dbdcuob3 n/imuorl~o ok~uqok~oc idk`gl~ohclk zdiadhlflqlk hdaog itelg eo~dqlz elk zdqilkdk3e/ alglk adhlflq lclk hdaog itelg eozd~dqul eoeoco lzlaohl ~d~tlo edk`lkcdaol~lkkyl3 d/ adhlflq lclk hdaog aloc lzlaohl eohlctclk edk`lk zdk`thlk`lkUqolh lke dqqmq /3 b/ alglk adhlflq elk ut`l~ ylk` adqilckl alò cdgoetzlkkyl lclkhdaog itelg tkutc eozd~dqul eoeoco3 `/ zlquo~ozl~o lcuob elhli zdiadhlflqlk lclkidizdqaloco ok`lulk3 g/ blcumq hok`ctk`lk idizdk`lqtgo zdiadhlflqlk+

Elhli zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI alkylc idumed elk imedh zdiadhlflqlk ylkèocdialk`clk lkulql hlok imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob nmmzdqluord hdlqkok`/ `tkl

idkok`cluclk cdndqel~k ~m~olh ~mnolh okudhho`dknd/ pzd~dqul eoeoc+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <?

Udmqo)udmqo udkulk` zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lclk eotk`clzclk mhdg zlql lgho~dal`loilkl zlel zdialgl~lk glcoclu zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob nmmzdqluordhdlqkok`/ elk glcoclu cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ~mnolh okudhho`dknd/ zlel alòlk A elk N+A+ Glcoclu Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob 'Nmmzdqluord Hdlqkok` /

Tkutc idialgl~ udmqo udkulk` zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhli zdkdhouolk oko(eoel~lqclk lul~ zdkelzlu zlql lgho edk`lk idhoglu elqo ~tetu zlkelk` il~ok`)il~ok`( ~dzdquo ylk` eocditclclk mhdg Elroe~mk elk Plq~gli <??1 6 >5/ algpl(imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg cdòlulk adhlflq idk`lflq ~dnlql cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc cdnoh+

Eo ~o~o hlok( Fdqmid Aqtkkdq <??2 6 42/ elhli atct chl~ockyl! Um pmqe lUgdmqy mb Okuqmetnuomk! ( ylk` idilkelk` elqo ~o~o ~m~olh zqm~d~ adhlflq idk`lflqidkfdhl~clk algpl cdatutglk idkelhli ilkt~ol tkutc idqd~zmk mqlk` hlok elktkutc adcdqfl ~lil edk`lk idqdcl `tkl idknlzlo utftlk( ylk` ilkl glh okoidqdcl ~datu edk`lk qd~ozqm~oul~ gtatk`lk uoialh alhoc/+ Aqtkkdq ft`ladqzdkelzlu algpl qd~ozqm~oul~ idqtzlclk ~tiadq imuorl~o ylk` ao~l eoilkblluclkmhdg zdkeoeoc tkutc idk~uoithl~o cdòlulk adhlflq+

Cmk~dz)cmk~dz Aqtkkdq elk Im~hmp <??2 6 40/ idhlkel~o zdqcdialk`lkidumed adhlflq cmhlamqluob ylk` ~dediocolk zmzthdq elhli hok`ctz zdkeoeoclkil~l coko+ Idkdizluclk zd~dqul eoeoc elhli cdhmizmc elk idiadqo idqdclut`l~ ylk` idktkutu idqdcl tkutc adq`lkutk` ~lut ~lil hlok elhliidk`dqflclkkyl idqtzlclk nlql ylk` al`t~ tkutc idilkblluclk cdatutglk ~m~olhzd~dqul eoeoc+ Idqdcl hdaog ndkedqtk` hdaog udqhoalu elhli cdòlulk adhlflqclqdkl idqdcl idk`dqflclkkyl adq~lil udilk)udilk ylk` idk`lqlg cdzlelgtatk`lk)gtatk`lk hdaog hlkftu+

Elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zd~dqul eoeoc adhlflq ~dnlql cdqfl ~lil tkutc~lizlo cdzlel zdk`lhlilk adhlflq ylk` mzuoilh( aloc zdk`lhlilk okeoroet iltztkzdk`lhlilk cdhmizmc+ Clqdkl out( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eoel~lqclkcdzlel udmqo)udmqo zdqcdialk`lk cm`kouob( zdqhlctlk( elk zdq~lkelqlk ~m~olh+

Aqtkkdq elk Im~hmp <??2 6 40/ idkfdhl~clk algpl udqelzlu uo`l udmqoylk` idkel~lq elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob Nmmzdqluord Hdlqkok` eolkulqlkyl lelhlg6

<+ Udmqo Lt~tadhElroe Lt~tadh <??2 6 52/ lelhlg ~dmqlk` lgho z~ocmhmò zdkeoeoclk+

adqzdkelzlu alglk zd~dqul eoeoclk ylk` eozd~dqul eoeoco glqt~hlg !adqilckl!(

idqtzlclk ~tlut zqm~d~ idk`louclk okbmqil~o alqt zlel cmk~dz)cmk~dz qdhdrlkylk` udqelzlu elhli ~uqtcutq cm`kouob ~d~dmqlk`( ylout blcul)blcul( cmk~dz)cmk~dz( elk `dkdqlho~l~o)`dkdqlho~l~o ylk` udhlg eozd~dqul eoeoco elk eook`lu zd~dquleoeoc+

Lt~tadh <??2 6 27/ idk`lulclk( zdiadhlflqlk adqilckl lelhlg ~tlut zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk eoilkl okbmqil~o alqt eogtatk`clk edk`lk ~uqtcutq zdk`dquolk ylk`~telg eoztkylo ~d~dmqlk` ylk` ~delk` elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ Zdiadhlflqlkadqilckl udqfleo aohl zd~dqul eoeoc idknmal idk`gtatatk`clk bdkmidkl alqt cdelhli ~uqtcutq zdk`dulgtlk idqdcl+ Lquokyl( alglk zd~dqul eoeoclk out glqt~ nmnmcedk`lk cdiliztlk zd~dqul eoeoc elk glqt~ qdhdrlk edk`lk ~uqtcutq cm`kouob ylk`

eoiohoco zd~dqul eoeoc+ Mhdg clqdkl out( zd~dqul eoeoclk glqt~ eoclouclk edk`lk



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d 1:

cmk~dz)cmk~dz ylk` ~telg eoiohoco zd~dqul eoeoc( ~dgok``l cmk~dz)cmk~dz alqtudq~datu adklq)adklq udq~dqlz elk eozlglio mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc+

Idktqtu Lt~tadh <??2 6 20/ ( zdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` nmnmc lelhlg hdaogadqilkbllu alò zd~dqul eoeoc elk idqtzlclk ~uqludò ylk` dbo~odk elhlizdiadhlflqlk imedh+ Cdctlulk elk cdadqilckllk zqm~d~ zdidnlglk il~lhlgelhli ~duolz zdiadhlflqlk udqhdulc zlel cdiliztlk zd~dqul eoeoc elhliidk`liaoh zdqlk elhli cdhmizmckyl+ Tkutc idizdqhlknlq zqm~d~ udq~datueozdqhtclk aoiaok`lk hlk`~tk` elqo zdkeoeoc( aloc ho~lk iltztk edk`lk nmkumguokelclk( ~delk`clk zd~dqul eoeoc eoadqo cdadal~lk tkutc idialk`tkzdk`dulgtlkkyl ~dkeoqo+1+ Udmqo Zol`du

Idktqtu Zol`du <??2 6 77/( ~duolz okeoroet idk`lhlio uok`clu)uok`cluzdqcdialk`lk okudhdcutlh ~dal`lo adqoctu6 </ ~dk~mko imumq :)1 ulgtk/3 1/ zqlmzdq~omklh 1)0 ulgtk/3 >/ mzdql~omklh cmkcqoc 0)<< ulgtk/3 elk 5/ mzdql~omklhkmqilh <<) cd lul~ lkulql <1)<5-<4 ulgtk/+

Idqtftc zlel udmqo Zol`du( imedh nmmzdqluord ao~l eohlc~lklclk zlel uok`cluÎZ t~ol adqco~lq lkulql <1)<5-<4 ulgtk/( ylk` udqil~tc elhli clud`mqo uok`clumzdql~omklh bmqilh( clqdkl zlel zdqomed oko lklc elzlu idk``tklclkmzdql~o)mzdql~o ylk` hdaog cmizhdc~( elhli glh oko imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobao~l eudqlzclk zlel zqm`qli cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A>+ Udmqo Ry`mu~cy

Idktqtu Ry`mu~cy <??0 6 45/ idk`ditclclk zdiadhlflqlk idqtzlclk~tlut zdqcdialk`lk zdk`dquolk ylout ~zmkulk elk ohiolg+ Zdk`dquolk ~zmkulklelhlg zdk`dquolk ylk` eoelzluclk elqo zdk`lhlilk lklc ~dglqo)glqo+ ^delk`clkZdk`dquolk ohiolg lelhlg zdk`dquolk ylk` eoelzlu elqo qtlk`lk cdhl~( lult ylkèozdqmhdg eo ~dcmhlg+ Elhli udmqo Ry`mu~cy eofdhl~clk zthl udqelzlu gtatk`lkhlk`~tk` lkulql emilok cm`kouob edk`lk ~m~olh atelyl+ Ctlhoul~ adqzocoq zd~dquleoeoc eoalk`tk eo elhli qtlk`lk cdhl~( ~delk`clk lcuoroul~ ~m~olhkyl eocdialk`clkelhli adkutc cdqfl ~lil lkulql zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` ~lut edk`lk zd~dul eoeoc hlokkylylk` hdaog ilizt eo alplg aoiaok`lk mqlk` edpl~l elhli glh oko zdkeoeocelhli ~tl~lkl cdadq~lill k eolkulql ~d~lil lk``mul cdhmizmc+ Eo ~lizokòut( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ft`l ~dqok` eolquoclk ~dal`lo ~tlut imuob cdqfl~lil( ylk` ~duolz okeoroetkyl eoglelzclk zlel zqdzm~o~o elk zohoglk ylk` glqt~eooctuo lzlclg idiohog adcdqfl adq~lil)~lil( adqcmizduo~o( lult okeroetlho~uo~+

Zdk``tkllk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg ~tlut zqm~d~ ylkìdiatutgclk zlquo~ozl~o elk cdqfl ~lil elhli cdhmizmc+Elqo adadqlzl zdkelzlu eo lul~ elzlu eo~oizthclk algpl imedh zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob idqtzlclk ~uqludò ylk` idkdizluclk zd~dqul eoeoc adhlflq elhlicdhmizmc ylk` adqlk``mulclk 5)2 zd~dqul eoeoc edk`lk uok`clu cdiliztlk lult

fdko~ cdhliok lult hlulq adhlclk` ylk` adqadel+Lkoul( Hod( 1::5 6 00/ idkfdhl~clk elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdlqluob glqt~

idkdclkclk cdqfl ~lil elhli cdhmizmc tkutc idknlzlo utftlk ylk` ~lil+Mhdg ~dala out( zdklklilk cdudqlizohlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~lk`luzdqht eohlctclk( lkulql hlok idk`glq`lo zdkelzlu mqlk` hlok( idkemqmk`

adqzlquo~ozl~o( adqlko adqulkyl( idkemqmk` udilk tkutc adqulkyl(idk`liaoh òhoqlk elk adqal o ut`l~+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d 1<

^hlrok <??4 6 55/ idk`lulclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob udhlg eocdklh~dflc hlil( zlel ~llu out zdkeoeoc idkemqmk` zlql zd~dqul eoeoc tkutc cdqfl~lil elhli cdòlulk)cdòlulk udqudkut ~dzdquo eo~ct~o lult zdk`lflqlk mhdg udilk~dalyl zddq udlngok /+ ^dhlok out( lhtq zqm~d~ adhlflq idk`lflq uoelc glqt~ ~dzdquohlvoikyl zdiadhlflqlk cmkrdk~omklh ylk` udqfleo ~dhlil oko( yloutzdiadhlflqlk ylk` adqzt~lu zlel zdkeoeoc ylk` ~dglqt~kyl( udkylul zd~dquleoeoc elzlu ft`l ~lhok` adhlflq idk`lflq ~d~lil zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` fltg hdaog dbdcuobeoalkeok` edk`lk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` glkyl adqzt~lu zlel zdkeoeoc+

Fmgk~mk elk Fmgk~mk <??5 6 42/ idk`ditclclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluoblelhlg idk`dqflclk ~d~tlut adq~lil)~lil edk`lk ~lhok` idialkut ~lut ~lilhlokkyl ~dal`lo ~lut uoi tkutc idknlzlo utftlk adq~lil+ Imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob adqlquo ft`l adhlflq adq~lil)~lil( ~lhok` idialkut lkulql ylk` ~lutedk`lk ylk` hlok elhli adhlflq elk idil~uoclk ~duolz mqlk` elhli cdhmizmcidknlzlo utftlk lult ut`l~ ylk` eoudkutclk ~dadhtikyl+Cdadqgl~ohlk adhlflq elqocdhmizmc udq`lkutk` zlel cdiliztlk elk lcuoroul~ lk``mul cdhmizmc( aloc~dnlql okeoroetlh( iltztk ~dnlql cdhmizmc+ Edk`lk adqcdhmizmc zd~dqul eoeocidkelzlu cd~dizlulk ylk` hdaog htl~ tkutc idizqlcudcclk ~oclz elk zqohlctadqzlquo~ozl~o zlel ~outl~o ~m~olh ylk` adqilckl alò idqdcl+ ^dhlkftukylOaqlgoi ecc 1:::/ idkòalqluclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob al`loclketl mqlk` ylk` idiocth alhmc+ Alhmc lclk elzlu eozocth adq~lil)~lil focl cdetlmqlk` udq~datu adqgl~oh idiocthkyl+

Elhli zdiadhlflqlk oko lclk udqnozul ~datlg okudqlc~o ylk` hdaog htl~( yloutokudqlc~o elk cmitkocl~o ylk` eohlctclk lkulql zdkeoeoc edk`lk zd~dqul eoeoc( zd~dquleoeoc edk`lk zd~dqul eoeoc( elk zd~dqul eoeoc edk`lk zdkeoeoc 'ithuo ply uqlbbon

nmitkonluomk/+

Nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` idqtzlclk cdòlulk adhlflq zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` eohlctclkedk`lk nlql adqcdhmizmc+ Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cdhmizmc lelhlg qlk`)clolk cdòlulkadhlflq ylk` eohlctclk mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc elhli cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc udqudkuttkutc idknlzlo utftlk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` udhlg eoqtit~clk ^lkflyl 1::261>?/+

Fmgk~mk elhli Gl~lk( <??2/ idkfdhl~clk zthl algpl nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` lelhlgudckoc zdk`dhmizmclk ylk` eo elhlikyl zd~dqul eoeoc adcdqfl udqlqlg zlel utftlkadhlflq adq~lil elhli cdhmizmc cdnoh ylk` titikyl udqeoqo elqo 5)4 mqlk`+ Adhlflqnmmzdqluord lelhlg zdilk)bllulk cdhmizmc cdnoh elhli zdiadhlflqlk ylkìditk`cokclk zd~dqul eoeoc adcdqfl adq~lil tkutc idilc~oilhclk adhlflq idqdclelk adhlflq lk``mul hlokkyl elhli cdhmizmc udq~datu Eoud`l~clk zthl algpl ~uqludò

zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idqtzlclk ~dqlk`clolk cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk ylkèohlctclk mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc eo elhli cdhmizmc( tkutc idknlzlo utftlkzdiadhlflqlk ylk` udhlg eoudulzclk+ Udqelzlu dizlu glh zdkuok` elhli ~uqludòzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( ylcko6 </ lelkyl zd~dqul eoeoc elhli cdhmizmc( 1/ lelkyllutqlk ilok 'qmhd/ elhli cdhmizmc( >/ lelkyl tzlyl adhlflq elhli cdhmizmc( 5/lelkyl cmizdudk~o ylk` glqt~ eonlzlo mhdg cdhmizmc+ Adqcdkllk edk`lkzdk`dhmizmclk zd~dqul eoeoc elzlu eoudkutclk adqelq~lqclk lul~6 </ ioklu elkalclu zd~dqul eoeoc( 1/ hlulq adhlclk` cdiliztlk zd~dqul eoeoc( >/ zdqzletlk lkulqlioklu elk alclu zd~dqul eoeoc elk hlulq cdiliztlk zd~dqul eoeoc+

Ktqthglyluo( 1::1614)17/( idk`ditclclk hoil tk~tq el~lq imedh nmmzdqluord

hdlqkok`( ylout6 </ cdudq`lkutk`lk ylk` zm~ouob( 1/ zdqulk``tk`flplalk okeoroetlh( >/cdiliztlk adq~m~olho~l~o( 5/ ululz itcl( elk 4/ drlhtl~o zqm~d~ cdhmizmc+




Cdudq`lkutk`lk ylk` zm~ouob lelhlg ~tlut adkutc cdqfl ~lil ylk` ~lk`lu dqlucloulk lkulql lk``mul cdhmizmc+ Cdqfl ~lil oko eoatutgclk tkutc idknlzlo utftlk+Zd~dqul eoeoc adklq)adklq idk`dquo algpl cd~tc~d~lk cdhmizmc udq`lkutk` zlelcd~tc~d~lk lk``mulkyl+

Ilc~te elqo zdqulk``tk`flplalk okeoroetlh lelhlg cdhmizmc udq`lkutk`zlel nlql adhlflq zdq~dmqlk`lk ~dhtqtg lk``mul cdhmizmc+ Zdqulk``tk`flplalkidibmct~clk lcuoroul~ cdhmizmc elhli idkfdhl~clk cmk~dz zlel ~lut mqlk` elkidil~uoclk algpl ~duolz mqlk` elhli cdhmizmc ~olz idk`glelzo lcuoroul~ hlok eoilkl zd~dqul eoeoc glqt~ idkdqoil ulkzl zdqumhmk`lk lk``mul cdhmizmc+Cdiliztlk adq~m~olho~l~o lelhlg ~datlg cdiliztlk adcdqfl ~lil ylk` aol~leo`tklclk elhli lcuoroul~ cdhmizmc+ Cdhmizmc uoelc adqbtk`~o ~dnlql dbdcuob foclzd~dqul eoeoc uoelc idiohoco cdiliztlk adq~m~olho~l~o ylk` eoatutgclk+

^duolz cdhmizmc eoadqoclk cd~dizlulk tkutc adqudit itcl elk adqeo~ct~o+Cdòlulk okudqlc~o oko lclk idiadqo zd~dqul eoeoc adkutc ~okdqò ylk`

idk`tkutk`clk ~ditl lk``mul+ Zdkeoeoc idkfleplhclk plcut alò cdhmizmc tkutcidk`drlhtl~o zqm~d~ cdqfl cdhmizmc elk gl~oh cdqfl ~lil idqdcl l`lq ~dhlkftukylao~l adcdqfl ~lil hdaog dbdcuob+

^dklel edk`lk zdkfdhl~lk udq~datu ôlgllk 1::461/ idk`tulqlclk hoil tk~tqd~dk~olh ylk` eoudclkclk elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( ylout6 l/ ~lhok`cdudq`lkutk`lk ylk` zm~ouob( a/ okudqlc~o adqglelzlk 'blnd)um)blnd okudqlnuomk/( n/ulk``tk` flpla okeoroet 'okeoroetlh qd~zmk~oaohouy/( e/ cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh '~mnolh ~cohh~/(d/ udqfleo zqm~d~ elhli cdhmizmc '`qmtz zqmnd~~ok`/+

Zdiadhlflqlk nmmzdqluord idplelgo al`loilkl zd~dqul eoeoc elzlu adcdqfl ~lilelhli cdhmizmc( utftlk cdhmizmc lelhlg utftlk adq~lil+ ôutl~o cmmzdqluob

idqtzlclk alòlk elqo zd~dqul eoeoc tkutc idknlzlo utftlk cdhmizmc( zd~dqul eoeocglqt~ idql~lclk algpl idqdcl lclk idknlzlo utftlk( ilcl zd~dqul eoeoc hlok elhlicdhmizmckyl idiohoco cdadq~lillk( lquokyl uolz lk``mul cdhmizmc adq~oclzcmmzdqluob edk`lk ~d~lil lk``mul cdhmizmckyl+

Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idqtzlclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk ylk` alkylceo`tklclk elk idkfleo zdqgluolk ~dqul eolkftqclk mhdg zlql lgho zdkeoeoclk+ Glh okoeoclqdklclk adqel~lqclk gl~oh zdkdhouolk ylk` eohlctclk mhdg ^hlrok <??4 6 22/eokylulclk algpl6 </ zdk``tkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elzlu idkok`cluclkzqd~ul~o adhlflq zd~dqul eoeoc elk ~dclho`t~ elzlu idkok`cluclk gtatk`lk ~m~olh(idktiatgclk ~oclz umhdqlk~o( elk idk`glq`lo zdkelzlu mqlk` hlok( 1/ zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob elzlu ididktgo cdatutglk zd~dqul eoeoc elhli adqzocoq cqouo~( ididnlgclkil~lhlg( elk idkòkud`ql~oclk zdk`dulgtlk edk`lk zdk`lhlilk+ Edk`lk lhl~lkudq~datu( ~uqludò zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eoglqlzclk ilizt idkok`cluclkctlhoul~ zdiadhlflqlk+

Lel etl cmizmkdk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( ylcko6 </ nmmzdqluord ul~c lult ut`l~cdqfl ~lil elk 1/ nmmzdqluord okndkuord ~uqtnutqd( lult ~uqtcutq ok~dkuob cdqfl ~lil+ Ut`l~cdqfl ~lil adqcdkllk edk`lk ~tlut glh ylk` idkydalaclk lk``mul cdhmizmc cdqfl~lil elhli idkydhd~loclk ut`l~ ylk` udhlg eoadqoclk+ ^delk`clk ~uqtcutq ok~dkuobcdqfl ~lil idqtzlclk ~d~tlut glh ylk` idialk`couclk imuorl~o zd~dqul eoeoc

tkutc idhlctclk cdqfl ~lil elhli qlk`cl idknlzlo utftlk cdhmizmc udq~datu+ Elhlizdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelkyl tzlyl zdkok`clulk zqd~ul~o adhlflq zd~dqul eoeoc '~utedku



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d 1>

lngodrdidku/ elizlc zdkydqul( ylout ~oclz umhdqlk~o elk idk`glq`lo zdkelzlu mqlk`hlok+

Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lclk dbdcuob eo`tklclk lzlaohl6 </ zdkeoeocidkdclkclk zdkuok`kyl t~lgl adq~lil eo ~lizok` t~lgl ~dnlql okeoroetlh( 1/

zdkeoeoc idk`gdkelco zdidqlullk zdqmhdglk gl~oh elhli adhlflq( >/ zdkeoeoc okòkidklkliclk zdkeoeoc ~dalyl lult adhlflq idhlhto udilk ~dkeoqo( 5/ zdkeoeocidk`gdkelco lelkyl zdidqlullk zlquo~ozl~o lcuob zd~dqul eoeoc( 4/ zdkeoeocidk`gdkelco cdiliztlk zd~dqul eoeoc elhli ididnlgclk adqal`lo zdqil~lhlglk+^lkflyl( 1::2 6 15:IpI/+ Eoud`l~clk zthl algpl Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elzlueofdhl~clk elhli adadqlzl zdq~zdcuob( ylout6 </ Zdq~zdcuob imuorl~o lquokylzdk`glq`llk ylk` eoadqoclk cdzlel cdhmizmc ylk` elhli cdòlulkkyl ~lhokìdialkut tkutc idizdqftlk`clk cdadqgl~ohlk cdhmizmc+ 1/ Zdq~zdcuob ~m~olhlquokyl idhlhto cmmzdqluob ~duolz pzd~dqul eoeoc lclk ~lhok` idialkut elhli adhlflqclqdkl idqdcl idkòkòkclk ~ditl lk``mul cdhmizmc idizdqmhdg cdadqgl~ohlk+ >/

Zdq~zdcuob zdqcdialk`lk cm`kouob lquokyl edk`lk lelkyl okudqlc~o lkulql lk``mulcdhmizmc elzlu idk`dialk`clk zqd~ul~o pzd~dqul eoeoc tkutc adqzocoq idk`mhlgadqal`lo okbmqil~o ^lkflyl( 1::26151/+

Idktqtu ^lkflyl 1::26 151/ idkfdhl~clk algpl clqlcudqo~uoc lult noqo)noqozdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elzlu eofdhl~clk ~dal`lo adqoctu+

<+ Zdiadhlflqlk ^dnlql UoiZdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg zdiadhlflqlk eohlctclk ~dnlql uoi+ Uoiidqtzlclk udizlu tkutc idknlzlo utftlk+ Mhdg clqdkl out( uoi glqt~ iliztidiatlu ~duolz pzd~dqul eoeoc adhlflq+ ^duolz lk``mul uoi glqt~ ~lhokìdialkut tkutc idknlzlo utftlk zdiadhlflqlk+

1+ Eoel~lqclk zlel Ilklfdidk CmmzdqluobIlklfdidk ~dzdquo ylk` udhlg coul zd~dqul eoeoco zlel ala ~dadhtikylidiztkylo uo`l btk`~o( ylout6 l/ Btk`~o ilklfdidk ~dal`lo zdqdknlkllkzdhlc~lkllk idktkftcclk algpl zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eohlc~lklclk ~d~tloedk`lk zdqdknlkllk( elk hlk`clg)lk`clg zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~telg eoudkutclk+Io~lhkyl utftlk lzl ylk` glqt~ eonlzlo( al`loilkl nlql idknlzlokyl( lzl ylk`glqt~ eo`tklclk tkutc idknlzlo utftlk( elk hlok ~dal`lokyl+ a/ Btk`~oilklfdidk ~dal`lo mq`lko~l~o( idktkftcclk algpl zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobididqhtclk zdqdknlkllk ylk` ilulk` l`lq zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk adqflhlk edk`lkdbdcuob+ n/ Btk`~o ilklfdidk ~dal`lo cmkuqmh( idktkftcclk algpl elhli

zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zdqht eoudkutclk cqoudqol cdadqgl~ohlk aloc idhlhtoadkutc ud~ iltztk kmkud~+

>+ Cdiltlk tkutc Adcdqfl ^lilCdadqgl~ohlk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eoudkutclk mhdg cdadqgl~ohlk ~dnlqlcdhmizmc( mhdg clqdklkyl zqok~oz cdadq~lillk lult cdqfl ~lil zdqht eoudclkclkelhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+ Ulkzl cdqfl ~lil ylk` aloc( zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob uoelc lclk idknlzlo gl~oh ylk` mzuoilh+

5+ Cdudqlizohlk Adcdqfl ^lilCdiliztlk adcdqfl ~lil out eozqlcuocclk idhlhto lcuoroul~ elhli cdòlulkzdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql adqcdhmizmc+ Edk`lk ediocolk( pzd~dqul eoeoc zdqht

eoemqmk` tkutc ilt elk ~lk``tz adqokudqlc~o elk adqcmitkocl~o




edk`lk lk``mul hlok elhli qlk`cl idknlzlo utftlk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` udhlgeoudulzclk

Idkoqtu It~hoi Oaqlgoi 1:::6>/ algpl zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg ~tlutlcuoroul~ zdiadhlflqlk ylk` idk``tklclk zmhl adhlflq pzd~dqul eoeoc adqcdhmizmctkutc idkflhok cdqfl ~lil elk ~lhok` cdudq`lkutk`lk elhli ~uqtcutq ut`l~( utftlk(elk gleolg+ Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eonoqoclk mhdg ~uqtcutq ut`l~( utftlk( elkzdk`glq`llk cmmzdqluob+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc ylk` adcdqfl elhli ~outl~o zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob eoemqmk` elk-lult eocdgdkelco tkutc adcdqfl ~lil zlel ~tlut ut`l~adq~lil elk idqdcl glqt~ idk`mmqeokl~oclk t~lglkyl tkutc idkydhd~loclkut`l~kyl+ Elhli zdkdqlzlk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( etl lult Odaog okeoroet ~lhokùdq`lkutk` ~lut ~lil hlok tkutc idknlzlo ~lut zdk`glq`llk adq~lil+Idqdcl lclkadqalò zdk`glq`llk udq~datu ~dlkelokyl idqdcl adqgl~oh ~dal`lo cdhmizmc+

Oaqlgoi ft`l idkfdhl~clk algpl tk~tq)tk~tq el~lq zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluoblelhlg ~dal`lo adqoctu6

l+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc elhli cdhmizmckyl glqt~hlg adqlk``lzlk algpl idqdcl~dgoetz ~dzdklk``tk`lk adq~lil+

a+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc adqulk``tk` flpla lul~ ~d`lhl ~d~tlut eo elhli cdhmizmckyl(~dzdquo iohoc idqdcl ~dkeoqo+

n+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc glqt~hlg idhoglu algpl ~ditl lk``mul eo elhli cdhmizmckylidiohoco utftlk ylk` ~lil+

e+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc glqt~hlg idialò ut`l~ elk ulk``tk` flpla ylk` ~lil eolkulql lk``mul cdhmizmckyl+

d+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc lclk eocdklclk drlhtl~o lult eoadqoclk gleolg-zdk`glq`llkylk` ft`l lclk eocdklclk tkutc ~ditl lk``mul cdhmizmc+

b+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc adqalò cdzdioizoklk elk idqdcl idiatutgclk cdudqlizohlktkutc adhlflq adq~lil ~dhlil zqm~d~ adhlflqkyl+

+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc eoiokul idizdqulk``tk flplaclk ~dnlql okeoroetlh iludqoylk` eoulk`lko elhli cdhmizmc cmmzdqluob+

Oaqlgoi ft`l idkfdhl~clk algpl noqo)noqo ylk` udqfleo zlel cdalkylclkzdiadhlflqlk ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( lelhlg ~dal`loadqoctu6l+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmc ~dnlql cmmzdqluob tkutc idktkul~clk iludqo

adhlflqkyl+

a+ Cdhmizmc eoadkutc elk pzd~dqul eoeoc ylk` idiohoco cdiliztlk uok`ò(~delk`( elk qdkelg+n+ Aohlilkl itk`cok( lk``mul cdhmizmc adql~lh elk ql~( atelyl( ~tct(

fdko~ cdhliok adqadel)adel+e+ Zdk`glq`llk hdaog adqmqodkul~o cdhmizmc cduoialk` okeoroet+

Lel uo`l adkutc cdudqlizohlk cmmzdqluob ~dal`loilkl eotk`clzclk mhdgHtke`qdk <??5 6 <15/( ylout6l+ Cdudqlizohlk cmmzdqluob uok`clu lplh( idhoztuo6 l/ idk``tklclk cd~dzlclulk3

a/ idk`glq`lo cmkuqo)at~o3 n/ idk`liaoh òhoqlk elk adqalò ut`l~3 e/ adqlelelhli cdhmizmc3 d/ adqlel elhli ut`l~3 b/ idkemqmk` zlquo~ozl~o3 `/

idk`tkelk` mqlk` hlok tkutc adqaonlql3 g/ idkydhd~loclk ut`l~ zlelplcutkyl3 elk o/ idk`gmqiluo zdqadellk okeoroet+




a+ Cdudqlizohlk cmmzdqluob uok`clu idkdk`lg( idhoztuo6 l/ idktkftcclkzdk`glq`llk elk ~oizluo3 a/ idk`)tk`clzclk cduoelc~dutftlk edk`lk nlqlylk` elzlu eoudqoil3 n/idkedk`lqclk edk`lk lcuob3 e/ adqulkyl3 d/ idiatluqok`cl~lk3 b/ idklb~oqclk3 `/ idk`lutq elk idk`mq`lko~oq3 g/ idkdqoil(ulk``tk` flpla3 o/ idk`tqlk`o cdud`lk`lk+

n+ Cdudqlizohlk cmmzdqluob uok`clu ilgoq( idhoztuo6 l/ idk`dhlamql~o3 a/ididqoc~l edk`lk ndqilu3 n/ idklkylclk cdadklqlk3 e/ idkdulzclk utftlk3elk d/ adqcmizqmio+

Uladh 1+< Hlk`clg)hlk`clg Imedh Zdiadolflqlk Cmmzdqluob Idktqt Htke`qdk

ULGLZ CD@OLULK UOK@CLG HLCT

O IdkylizloclkUtftlk elkIdimuorl~o Pzd~dquleoeoc

Zdkeoeoc idkylizloclk utftlkzd~dqul eoeoclk ylk` lclk eonlzlozlel cd`olulk zd~dqul eoeoclk elkidkdclkclk zdkuok`kyl umzoc ylk`

lclk eozd~dqul eoeoco elk idimuorl~opzd~dqul eoeoc adhlflq

OO IdkylizloclkOkbmqil~o

Zdkeoeoc idkylfoclk okbmqil~o lultiludqo cdzlel zd~dqul eoeoc edk`lk

flhlk edimk~uql~o lult idhlhto alglkalnllk

OOO Idk`mq`lko~l~oclkPzd~dqul eoeoc cdelhli Cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc Adhlflq

Zdkeoeoc idkfdhl~clk cdzlelpzd~dqul eoeoc al`loilkl nlqlkylidiadkutc cdhmizmc adhlflq elkidiaoiaok` ~duolz cdhmizmc l`lq

idhlctclk uqlk~o~o ~dnlql dbdcuob elkdbo~odk

OR Idiaoiaok`Cdhmizmc Adcdqfl elkAdhlflq

Zdkeoeoc idiaoiaok` cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc adhlflq zlel ~llu idqdclidk`dqflclk ut`l~ idqdcl

R Drlhtl~o Zdkeoeoc idk`drlhtl~o gl~oh adhlflqudkulk` iludqo ylk` udhlg eozd~dquleoeoco lult il~ok`)il~ok` cdhmizmcidizqd~dkul~oclk gl~oh cdqflkyl

RO Idiadqoclk

Zdk`glq`llk

Zdkeoeoc idknlqo nlql)nlql tkutc

idk`glq`lo aloc tzlyl iltztk gl~ohadhlflq okeoroet elk cdhmizmc




Zdkdqlzlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob aol~lkyl lclk idhoaluclk 6<+ Cduqlizohlk ~m~olh ( idqtzlclk cduqlizohlk tkutc idkflhok gtatk`lk

lkulqzqoaleo elhli cdhmizmc tkutc idknlzlo elk idk`tl~lo cmk~dz ylkèoadqoclk utumq . Okudqlc~o ululz itcl ^duolz okeoroet lclk adqokudqlc~o ~dnlqlululz itcl hlk`~tk` elhli cdhmizmc+ Okudqlc~o ylk` ~dqdkulc adqhlk`~tkèlhli ~duolz cdhmizmc idhlhto zdiaonlqllk ~duolz okeoret ylk` utqtu ~dqulidk`liaoh alòlk

1 Pzd~dqul eoeoc glqt~ ~lhok` adq`lkutk` zm~ouob( lquokyl ~duolz pzd~dqul eoeocglqt~ idhlc~lklclk ut`l~ il~ok`)il~ok` ylk` eoadqoclk tkutc idkydhd~loclkut`l~ elhli cdhmizmc idqdcl+ ^duolz pzd~dqul eoeoc idiohoco zdhtlk` ylk`~lil tkutc idk`liaoh alòlk elhli cdhmizmc+ Pzd~dqul eoeoc ylkìdiztkylo cdhdaoglk glqt~ idialkut udilkkyl elhli cdhmizmc out tkutcudqnlzlokyl ut`l~ ylk` eoadqoclk cdzlel cdhmizmc out+ ^duolz lk``mulcdhmizmc glqt~ ~lhok` udqgtatk`( ~lhok` idkò~o elk alkut idialkut

>+ Zdk`lctlk uoi( lelhlg zdkdulzlk uoi ylk` eolk``lz zlhok` idkmkfmh lult uoizlhok` adqzqd~ul~o tkutc cditeolk eoadqoclk zdk`glq`llk lult gleolg( edk`lkglqlzlk elzlu idimuorl~o uoi tkutc udqt~ adqzqd~ul~o hdaoc aloc hlò+

Adqel~lqclk clfolk udmqo udq~datu eo lul~ elzluhlg eo~oizthclk algplzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eoilc~te elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg ~uqludòzdiadhlflqlk ylk` idhoaluclk zlquo~ozl~o pzd~dqul eoeoc elhli ~lut cdhmizmccdnoh tkutc ~lhok` adqokudqlc~o adhlflq adcdqfl ~lil edk`lk lk``mul hlokkyl ylk` udqeoqoelqo cdòlulk utumq ylk` idhoztuo idkylizloclk utftlk(( idkylfoclk Okbmqil~o(idk`mq`lko~l~o pzd~dqul eoeoccd elhli uoi( idialkut cdqfl uoi elk adhlflq(idk`drlhtl~o( idiadqoclk zdk`lctlk elk zdk`glq`llk ~delk`clk cd olulkpzd~dqul eoeoc idhoztuo ~lhok` cdudq`lkutk`lk zm~ouob( okudqlc~o adqglelzlk(ulk``tk` Flpla Okeoroet elk cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh3N+ Glcoclu Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh

Adqoctu oko lclk eotqloclk udmqo udkulk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ^mnolh Ok udhho`dknd/idktqtu zdkelzlu zlql lgho eolkulqlkyl eocditclclk mdg ^tulkum Poketql<??: 674/ elhli atctkyl Aqlok Ilkl`didku( Edbokoud ^tnnd~~ Poug Aqlok Ilkl`didku(Zlketlk Ilklfdidk Mulc Tkutc Idqlog ^tc~d~( idkfdhl~clk algpl Cdndqel~lk~m~olh ^mnolh Okudhho`dknd/ lelhlg cdndqel~lk adqcmitkocl~o edk`lk mqlk` hlok ( aloc~dnlql rdqalh iltztk kmkrdqalh+ Mqlk` ylk` ilizt elhli cdndqel~lk oko ft`lilizt idkdqlzclk udckoc adqcmitkocl~o ylk` adqadel)adel zlel mqlk` ylk`

adqadel clqdkl idqdcl idiztkylo cdiliztlk dizlo idhoglu elqo ~tetu zlkelk`mqlk` hlok ylk` gdalu+ ^tulkum <??: 6 72/ ft`l idkfdhl~lclk algpl cdndqel~lk~m~olh adqgtatk`lk edk`lk cdiliztlk adqoctu6

<+ Adqcmitkocl~o elk idilglio lquo cmtkocl~o edk`lk mqlk` hlok1+ Idilglio zdqohlct( zdql~llk( zocoqlk( cdulctulk elk cdzdqnlyllk mqlk`

hlok>+ Idizdk`lqtgo zdkelzlu elk uokelclk mqlk` hlok5+ Idilglio gtatk`lk ~d~dmqlk` edk`lk hok`ctk`lk eo ~dcoulqkyl4+ Idk`dc~zqd~oclk zdql~llk lult lzl ylk` ~delk` eozocoqclkkyl idhlhto

algl~l utatg ylk` ~d~tlo

2+ Idkòkudqzqdul~oclk imme lult zdql~llk ~d~dmqlk` idhlhto algl~l utatghlplk aonlqlkyl




0+ Idiadkutc elk idizdqulglkclk gtatk`lk glqimko~ ek`lk mqlk` hlok7+ Idkfleo zdkdk`lg elhli ~tlut cmkzhoc?+ Idkflhok cdqffl~lil edk`lk mqlk` hlok<:+ Idkelzluclk ~okdqò gl~oh cdqfl idhlhto adcdqfl ~lil elhli ~tlut

cdhmizmc

^dhlkftukyl Poketql <??: 6 ?:/ idkfdhl~clk zthl algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olhelzlu idkndqel~clk cdndqel~lk hlok io~lhkyl 6<+ Cdndqel~lk algl~l3 ~llu adqctizth edk`lk qdclk)qdclk lult ~tlut cmitkoul~(

zdqgluoclkhlg cm~l clul ylk` zlhok` ~dqok` eo`tklclk( aohl clul)clul out adhtieocdulgto( nmalhlg idknlqo lquo zdk`tkllk clul udq~datu elhli clit~+

1+ Cdndqel~lk hmòcl3 lflchlg adadqlzl qdclk ylk` idiohoco hmòcl ylk` ctlu tkutcidhluog idk`lzhocl~oclk zqm`qli cmiztudq( lult adkutchlg ~datlg chta edaluidk`dklo lzl ~lfl( elk ~duolz zdkelzlu zd~dqul eofdhl~clk edk`lk ~dnlql hmò~+

>+ Cdndqel~lk `lialq)qtlk`3 atluhlg `lialq ~dko zdqlamu clkumq lult hm`m cdòlulkylk` idhoaluclk alkylc mqlk`+ Tkutc idiatlu hm`m zdqt~lglk( zl~uo ~duolzmqlk` idiztkylo t~th elk nlql ylk` adqadel idk`dklo nlql zdk`dqfllk elkgl~oh ylk` eookòkclkyl+ ^lutclkhlg oed)oed idqdcl l`lq zqm~d~ cdadq~lillkudulz udqfl`l+

5+ Cdndqel~lk it~oc3 ~tlut cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk edk`lk nlql ~lhok` idiok fliclk NE lult cl~du edk`lk udilk)udilk ylk` idiztkylo fdko~ ~dko it~ocylk` ~lil+

4+ Cdndqel~lk Bo~oc3 cdndqel~lk edk`lk idk``tklclk cdiliztlk elhliidizdk`lqtgo mqlk` hlok tkutc idioizok qdclk)qdclk idqdcl idkdqlzclk~uqludò zdqiloklk mhlgql`l adqd`t ylk` coul okòkclk l`lq elzlu ididklk`clkzdqulkeok`lk

2+ Cdndqel~lk Zqoaleo3 ylout cdndqel~lk idkditclk cdctqlk`lk ylk` lclkeozdqaloco io~lhkyl cdzdioizoklk+ hlht nlqoclk idkumq lult zdiaoiaok` ylk`nmnmc lult nlqohlg cmiokoul~ cdnoh lzl ~lfl( aloc cmitkoul~ gmao iltztk cdòlulk~dko ylk` iditk`cokclk tkutc adqhlhuog idizdqaloco ctlhoul~ cdzdioizoklkcoul+ Edk`lk clul hlok algpl cdndqel~lk zqoaleo lelhlg cdndqel~lk ylkàdqgtatk`lk edk`lk cdiliztlk tkutc idk`dklh cdhdaoglk elk cdctqlk`lkeoqo ~dkeoqo( idqlknlk` utftlk goetz( idhlctclk zdqtalglk idktf utftlk goetz(idilglio cdatutglk eoqo ~dkeoqo( idilglio dc~o~udk~o goetz eo etkol( elk

idk`cmitkocl~oclk zdql~llk ~tcl elk uoelc ~tcl idk`dklo ~tlut glh+0( Cdndqel~lk Lhli3 cdndqel~lk tkutc idizdk`lqtgo udilk)udilk tkutcidkòctuo cdòlulk zdutlhlk`lk lult cdòlulk ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk lhli(~dzdquo ididhoglql oclk( idkelco `tktk`( adqcdatk elk ~dal`lokyl+ Coul ao~ladqgl~oh lzlaohl idk`lflc udilk ylk` ~dithl uoelc adqioklu udqkylul adq~deoltkutc eolflc+

Dc~o~udk~o ilkt~ol ~dal`lo ilcghtc ~m~olh eoutkutu tkutc ao~l idkflhokokudqlc~o edk`lk ~d~lil( algclk eolcto mhdg alkylc lgho eo aoelk` z~ocmhmò~dal`lo cdatutglk ylk` ~did~uokyl elzlu eozdktgo edk`lk aloc+ Aohl uoelc(ilkt~ol lclk idk`lhlio alkylc `lk``tlk elhli cdfopllkkyl+ Glh oko ft`l eolcto

mhdg Elkodh @mhdilk 1::0 6557/ elhli ~datlg atctkyl ylk` adqfteth ^mnolhOkudhho`dknd( ylk` idkfdhl~clk algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ~dal`lo ohit alqt edk`lk




oizhocl~o ylk` idk`dftuclk udqglelz okudqzdq~mklh( ~dzdquo qdlc~o lkulq)okeoroetelk idk`lutq `dqlc gluo ylk` idiadkutc gtatk`lk aloc lkulq)okeoroet+ ^dhlok out(eol ft`l idk`lcto algpl ~duolz okeoroet idiztkylo zdialpllk ylk` okud`qlh(~dzdquo cdqfl ~lil( dizluo( elk ~oblu ididkuok`clk cdzdkuok`lk mqlk` hlok+ Eo~lizok` out Lgile Itgloiok Lvvdu idkfdhl~clk algpl edpl~l oko ztahoc ft`lithlo idkylelqo algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh out ~lk`lu zdkuok` l`lq ~d~dmqlk` ao~l~tc~d~ elhli idkouo clqodq( aloc out t~lgl ~dnlql ilkeoqo iltztk adcdqfl eo ~datlghdial`l lult zdqt~lgllk+ Cd~lelqlk oko adqlk`clu elqo ~datlg cdkylullk algplalkylc mqlk` ylk` ~tc~d~ elhli clqodqkyl udqkylul aohl eoliluo ol idilk`idiohoco cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` al`t~+ Io~lhkyl( ilizt idkflhok cdqfl ~lil(idiztkylo ql~l dizluo( lult zolplo elhli idkflhok cmitkocl~o( eolc~d~ elqoguuz6--ppp+pocoit+nmi-Kdp~-Eo~zhlyKdp~+l~zw=oe9<7777^dhlkftukyl @mhdilk 1::0 6 552/ idkfdhl~clk algpl Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlgcdiliztlk tkutc idk`dquo mqlk` hlok elk al`loilkl idqdcl lclk adqdlc~oudqglelz adqal`lo ~outl~o ~m~olh ylk` adqadel edk`lk clul hlok zdk`dquolk ~m~olhitqko+

Elhli udmqo gtilko~id cdndqel~lk ~m~olh hdaog idhoglu zlel ~o~ozdqcdialk`lk cdzqoaleolk ilkt~ol+ Zdkedclulk oko idhoglu cdfleolk udkulk`al`loilkl eoqokyl tkutc idhlctclk glh)glh ylk` zm~ouob+ Cdiliztlk zm~ouob okoylk` eo~datu ~dal`lo zmudk~o ilkt~ol elk zlql zdkeoeoc ylk` adqlhoqlk gtilko~idaol~lkyl idkbmct~clk zdk`lflqlkkyl zlel zdialk`tklk cdiliztlk ylk`zm~ouob+ Cdiliztlk zm~ouob udq~datu dqlu cloulkkyl edk`lk zdk`dialk`lk dim~ozm~ouob ylk` udqelzlu elhli emilok lbdcuob+ Dim~o idqtzlclk clqludqo~uoc ylk`~lk`lu ctlu ylk` klizlc elqo zlql zdkeoeoc adqlhoqlk gtilko~id+ Elhli udmqozdiadhlflqlk gtilko~uoc( adhlflq idqtzlclk zqm~d~ ylk` eoithlo elk eoutftclktkutc cdzdkuok`lk idilkt~olclk ilkt~ol+ Eoilkl idilkt~olclk ilkt~ol eo ~okoadqlquo idiztkylo utftlk tkutc idknlzlo lcutlho~l~o eoqo( zdilglilk eoqo( ~dqulqdlho~l~o eoqo mqlk` ylk` adhlflq ~dnlql mzuoilh+

Zdkedclulk gtilko~id elhli zdkeoeoclk idkdclkclk zlelzdqcdialk`lk zm~ouob+ Zdkedclulk ylk` adqbmct~ zlel zmudk~o ilkt~ol tkutcidknlqo elk idkditclk cdiliztlk ylk` idqdcl ztkyl elk idk`dialk`clkcdiliztlk udq~datu+ Glh oko idknlctz cdiliztlk okudqzdq~mklh ~m~olh elkidumed tkutc zdk`dialk`lk eoqo ylk` eoutftclk tkutc idizdqclyl eoqo(idkociluo cdadqlellk goetz elk ft`l il~ylqlclu+ Cduqlizohlk lult cdiliztlk

idialk`tk eoqo ~dnlql zm~ouob oko idkfleo ~lk`lu zdkuok` elhli zdkeoeoclk clqdklcdudqcloulkkyl edk`lk cdadqgl~ohlk lcledioc+Elhli udmqo adhlflq gtilko~uoc( adhlflq eolk``lz adqgl~oh focl adhlflq

idilglio hok`ctk`lkkyl elk eoqokyl ~dkeoqo+ L`lq adhlflq elhli zqm~d~adhlflqkyl glqt~ adqt~lgl l`lq hlialu hltk ol ilizt idknlzlo lcutlho~l~o eoqoedk`lk ~daloc)alockyl+ Udmqo adhlflq oko adqt~lgl idilglio zdqohlct adhlflq elqo~tetu zlkelk` zdhlctkyl( atclk elqo ~tetu zlkelk` zdk`lilukyl+ Utftlk tulilzlql zdkeoeoc lelhlg idialkut ~o zd~dqul eoeoc tkutc idk`dialk`clk eoqokyl(ylout idialkut il~ok`)il~ok` okeoroet tkutc idk`dklh eoqo idqdcl ~dkeoqo~dal`lo ilkt~ol ylk` tkoc elk idialkut elhli idptfteclk zmudk~o)zmudk~o

ylk` lel elhli eoqo idqdcl+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d 1?

Lel ~lhlg ~lut oed zdkuok` elhli udmqo adhlflq gtilko~id ylout zd~dquleoeoc glqt~ ilizt tkutc idk`lqlgclk eoqokyl ~dkeoqo elhli cdòlulk adhlflqidk`lflq( ~dgok``l l`lq7 adhlflq idk`dulgto lzl ylk` eozd~dqul eoeocokyl ~dqululgt ~dadqlzl ad~lq zd~dqul eoeoc udq~datu elzlu idilgliokyl+ Elk ft`l zd~dquleoeoc elzlu idk`dulgto ilkl( clzlk( elk al`loilkl idqdcl lclk adhlflq+ Edk`lkediocolk ilcl zd~dqul eoeoc eoglqlzclk idkelzlu ilkbllu elk cd`tkllk elqogl~oh adhlflq alò eoqokyl ~dkeoqo+ Lhoqlk gtilko~id idilkelk` adhlflq ~dal`lo~datlg zqm~d~ ylk` udqfleo elhli okeoroet ylk` idhoztuo alòlk-emilok ylk` lelylout elzlu idhoztuo emilok cm`kouob( lbdcuob( elk z~ocmimumqoc+

Edk`lk clul hlok( zdkedclulk gtilko~id idkdclkclk zdkuok`kyl dim~olult zdql~llk( cmitkocl~o udqatcl( elk kohlo)kohlo ylk` eoiohoco mhdg ~duolz mqlk`+Tkutc out( idumed zdiadhlflqlk gtilko~uoc idk`lqlg zlel tzlyl tkutc idk`l~lgkohlo)kohlo cdilkt~ollk zd~dqul eoeoc+ ^dgok``l zlql zdkeoeoc-zdkeoeoc eoglqlzclkelhli zdiadhlflqlk hdaog idkdclkclk kohlo)kohlo cdqfl~lil( ~lhok` idialkut( elkidk`tkutk`clk( cdftftqlk elk cqdluoroul~ tkutc eolzhocl~oclk elhli zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk ~dgok``l idk`gl~ohclk ~tlut zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eoglqlzclk~d~tlo edk`lk utftlk elk gl~oh adhlflq ylk` eonlzlo zd~dqul eoeoc+

Lel adadqlzl zdkelzlu zlql lgho idk`dklo udmqo adhlflq gtlilko~id ylouteolkulqlkyl 6<+ Lqugtq Nmia~ '<?<1)<???/

Lqugtq Nmia~ adq~lil edk`lk Emklhe ^ky`` <?:5)<?20/ idkylulclkalgpl adhlflq udqfleo lzlaohl idiztkylo lquo alò okeoroet udq~datu+ Lquokyl algplelhli cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk zdkeoeoc uoelc amhdg idilc~lclk iludqo ylk` uoelceo~tclo mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc( ~dgok``l zd~dqul eoeoc adhlflq ~d~tlo edk`lk lzl ylkèookòkclk ulkzl lelkyl zlc~llk ~deocou ztk elqo zdkeoeoc+ ^dadklqkyl glhudq~datu udqfleo ulc hlok glkylhlg elqo cduoelciliztlk ~d~dmqlk` tkutc idhlctclk~d~tlut ylk` uoelc lclk idiadqoclk cdztl~lk alò eoqokyl+ ^dgok``l zdkeoeocglqt~ hdaog idilglio zdqohlct zd~dqul eoeoc edk`lk idknmal idilglio etkolzdq~dz~o zd~dqul eoeoc udq~datu ~dgok``l lzlaohl okòk idqtalg zdqohlctkyl(zdkeoeoc glqt~ adqt~lgl idqtalg cdylcoklk lult zlkelk`lk zd~dqul eoeoc ylk`lel+ Nmia~ adqzdkelzlu algpl alkylc zdkeoeoc idiatlu cd~lhlglk edk`lkadql~ti~o algpl zd~dqul eoeoc ilt adhlflq lzlaohl iludqo zdiadhlflqlk eo~t~tkelk eo~lfoclk ~dal`loilkl id~uokyl++1+ Il~hmp

Udmqo Il~hmp eoel~lqclk zlel l~ti~o algpl eo elhli eoqo okeoroet udqelzluetl glh 6 ~tlut t~lgl ylk` zm~ouob tkutc adqcdialk`3 cdctlulk tkutc idhlplklult idkmhlc zdqcdialk`lk out+ Il~hmp idk`ditclclk algpl okeoroetadqzdqohlct elhli tzlyl tkutc ididktgo cdatutglk ylk` adq~oblu goqlqco~+ Zleleoqo il~ok`)il~ok` mqlk` idiztkylo adqal`lo zdql~llk ulctu ~dzdquo ql~l ulctutkutc adqt~lgl lult adqcdialk`( ulctu tkutc idk`liaoh cd~dizlulk( ulctuidialglylclk lzl ylk` ~telg ol iohoco elk ~dal`lokyl( udulzo eo ~o~o hlok~d~dmqlk` ft`l idiohoco emqmk`lk tkutc hdaog ilft cd lqlg cdtutglk( cdtkoclkeoqo( cd lqlg adqbtk`~okyl ~ditl cdiliztlk( cd lqlg cdzdqnlyllk eoqoidk`glelzo etkol htlq elk zlel ~llu out ft`l ol elzlu idkdqoil eoqo ~dkeoqo+

>+ Nlqh Qm`dq ^dmqlk` z~ocmhm` gtilko~id ylk` idkdclkclk zdqhtkyl ~oclz ~lhok`



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d >:

idk`glq`lo elk ulkzl zql~lk`cl elhli idialkut okeoroet idk`lul~o il~lhlg)il~lhlg cdgoetzlkkyl+ Idktqtu Qm`dq~ ylk` udqzdkuok` elhli zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk lelhlg zdkuok`kyl zdkeoeoc idizdqgluoclk zqok~oz zdkeoeoclk elkzdiadhlflqlk+

Lel adadqlzl L~ti~o el~lq udmqo Qm`dq~ lelhlg6 Cdndkedqtk`lk bmqiluob3^d`lhl glh eo etkol aloc mq`lkoc iltztk kmk)mq`lkoc udq~t~tk elqo glh)glh ylk`hdaog cdnoh3 Cdndkedqtk`lk lcutlho~l~o3 Cdndkedqtk`lk ~duolz ilcghtc goetz tkutcadq`dqlc idktft cd cd~diztqkllk lult zdidktglk zmudk~olh eoqokyl+ Uolzokeoroetlh idiztkylo cdctlulk ylk` cqdluob tkutc idkydhd~loclk il~lhlgkyl+

Lzhocl~o udmqo gtilko~uoc hdaog idktkftc zlel qtg lult ~zoqou ~dhlil zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk ylk` idplqklo idumed)idumed ylk` eoudqlzclk+ Zdqlk zdkeoeocelhli zdiadhlflqlk gtilko~uoc lelhlg idkfleo bl~ohoulumq alò zlql zd~dqul eoeoc(~delk`clk zdkeoeoc idiadqoclk imuorl~o( cd~lelqlk idk`dklo ilckl adhlflqelhli cdgoetzlk zd~dqul eoeoc+ Zdkeoeoc idibl~ohoul~o zdk`lhlilk adhlflq cdzlelzd~dqul eoeoc elk idkelizokòkyl tkutc idizdqmhdg utftlk zdiadhlflqlk+

Zdiadhlflqlk adqel~lqclk udmqo gtilko~id oko nmnmc tkutc eoudqzclk zleliludqo)iludqo zdiadhlflqlk ylk` adq~oblu zdiadkutclk cdzqoaleolk( gluo ktqlko(zdqtalglk ~oclz( elk lklho~o~ udqglelz bdkmidkl ~m~olh+ Okeoclumq elqo cdadqgl~ohlklzhocl~o oko lelhlg zd~dqul eoeoc idql~l ~dklk` adq`loqlg( adqoko~oluob elhli adhlflqelk udqflleo zdqtalglk zmhl zocoq( zdqohlct elk ~oclz lul~ cdiltlk ~dkeoqo+ Zd~dquleoeoc eoglqlzclk idkfleo ilkt~ol ylk` adal~( adqlko( uoelc udqoclu mhdg zdkelzlumqlk` hlok elk idk`lutq zqoaleokyl ~dkeoqo ~dnlql adqulk``tk`flpla ulkzlidk`tqlkò glc)glc mqlk` hlok lult idhlk``lq lutqlk ( kmqil ( eo~ozhok lult duoclylk` adqhlct+

ûdzgdk Fly Nmthe( Mk Okudhho`dknd( Imkl~g Tkordq~ouy6 <??5( idkfdhl~clkalgpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idqtzlclk ~tlut cdiliztlk tkutc idilglio elkidk`dhmhl gtatk`lk ilkt~ol Cdndqel~lk oko lelhlg cdndqel~lk ylk` idk`lk`clubtk`~o fopl ~dal`lo zdqlk`clu okudqklh eoqo ylk` idiohoco cdiliztlk elkcdzdcllk elhli idhoglu ilckl ylk` lel eo alhoc cdkylullk lzl lelkyl oko+Talyeohhlg( eolc~d~ elqo ppp+d)z~ocmhmò+nmi/+

Zdk`dialk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idk`lkelhclk cdtk``thlk zqoaleo(iokoilh idknlctz dizlu aoelk`6 </ idialnl ioum~ elk eordq~o ~m~olh eoil~ylqlclu3 1/ idilglio zdkuok`kyl zdiaokllk eoqo ~dtitq goetz3 >/ idk`dklhlc~o ~m~olh( utkutulk ~outl~o ~m~olh( elk idqlknlk` qdbmqil~o ~m~olh3 5/

idk`dialk`clk adhl~ cl~og elk ididqgluoclk ~d~lil+ Pohholi Nglk`( 1::2/Cgoh~uqmi( Q( F+( elk Nlkumq( K+ 1::: 6 15/ elhli Atctkyl Dwzdqoidkulh ^mnolhZ~yngmhm`y Rmhtid 1< idk`lulclk algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg cdiliztlk ylkìdknlzlo cdilulk`lk zlel cd~lelqlk adqzocoq elk adquokelc tkutc idkflhlkclkzdqlk ilkt~ol ~dal`lo ilcghtc ~m~olh eo elhli idkflhok gtatk`lk edk`lkhok`ctk`lk lult cdhmizmc il~ylqlclu+

Idktqtu Okeql Elqilplk 1::7 6 >4/ elhli atctkyl Colu Fout Ulchtclk Z~ocmud~

algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idqtzlclk cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlk elhliidknozulclk elk idizdqulglkclk qdhl~o ~m~olhkyl ~dgok``l cdetl adhlg zoglcylk` adqgtatk`lk adqlel elhli cdlellk pok)pok + Eofdhl~clk zthl algpl

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idiohoco > eoidk~o tulil ylout 6



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ><

<+ ^mnolh ~dknorouy idqtzlclk ~dadqlzl fltg ~d~dmqlk` ilizt idql~lclk elkidk`liluo qd~zmk mqlk` hlok ylk` eoutkftcclkkyl aloc ~dnlql rdqalh iltztkkmk rdqalh

1+ ^mnolh ok~o`gu idqtzlclk cdiliztlk ~d~dmqlk` elhli idknlqo zdidnlglkil~lhlgylk` dbdcuob elhli qdhl~o ~m~olh~dgok``l il~lhlg udq~datu uoelcidk`glialu lult ilhlg idk`glkntqclk qdhl~o ~m~olh ylk` udhlg lel

>+^mnolh Nmiitkonluomk idqtzlclk zdk`tl~llkudqglelz cdudqlizohlk cmitkocl~o~m~olh+ Cdudqlizohlk oko eoatutgclk elhli zqm~d~ idknozulclk qdhl~o(idialk`tk qdhl~o( elk idizdqulgkclk qdhl~o ylk` udhlg eoalk`tk+Adkutccdudqlizohlk oko adqtzl cmitkocl~o rdqalh+ Kmk rdqalh elk cmitkocl~o idhlhtozdklizohlk bo~oc+ Colu Fout Ulchtclk Z~ocm Ud~ ( Okeql Elqilplk( ^D(I+ô(Zt~ulcl Poeylulil _m`ylclqul6 1::7 6>4/

Idktqtu Atvlk 1::06 5/ cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg tctqlk cdiliztlk eoqo~d~dmqlk` elhli zdq`lthlk eo il~ylqlclu elk cdiliztlk adqokudqlc~o ~m~olhedk`lk mqlk`)mqlk` eo ~dcdhohok` lult ~dcoulqkyl+ Mqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk~m~olh uok`ò uoelc lclk idkdito cd~thoulk ~llu idithlo ~tlut okudqlc~o elk`lk~d~dmqlk` lult ~datlg cdhmizmc aloc cdhmizmc cdnoh iltztk ad~lq+ Ol elzluidilkblluclk elk idk``tklclk cdiliztlk mulc elk algl~l utatgkyl tkutc‘idialnl’ udilk aonlqlkyl+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh eoalk`tk lkulql hlok lul~cdiliztlk okuo tkutc idk`dklho zdqadellk( ~dnlql cgt~t~ zdqadellk ad~lqelhli ~tl~lkl gluo( udizdqlidk( imuorl~o( elk cdgdkelc+ Elhli adkutc ylk`hdaog ilft( cdndqel~lk oko iditk`cokclk mqlk` edpl~l idialnl cdgdkelc elkcdokòklk mqlk` hlok( algclk cduocl cdokòklk out eo~diatkyoclk+ Cdndqel~lk~m~olh oko ft`l idknlctz cdiliztlk adqkd`mo~l~o( idk`lul~o ~d`lhl cmkbhoc(~d`lhl cd~lhlglk( elk ~outl~o ylk` uoiath elhli zqm~d~ kd`mo~l~o+ ^ditlcdudqlizohlk out idiamhdgclk ~d~dmqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò~lk``tz adqzdqlk ~dal`lo udilk aonlql elk ~dclho`t~ zdkedk`lq ylk` aloc( ~dqul~lk``tz adqgtatk`lk edk`lk alkylc mqlk`+

L`t~uokl( @+( L+ 1::1 6 54/ idkd`l~clk algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg tctqlkcdiliztlk eoqo ~d~dmqlk` elhli zdq`lthlk eo il~ylqlclu elk cdiliztlkadqokudqlc~o ~m~olh edk`lk mqlk`)mqlk` eo ~dcdhohok` lult ~dcoulqkyl+ Mqlk` edk`lkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò uoelc lclk idkdito cd~thoulk ~llu idithlo ~tlut okudqlc~oelk`lk ~d~dmqlk` lult ~datlg cdhmizmc aloc cdhmizmc cdnoh iltztk ad~lq+ Olelzlu idilkblluclk elk idk``tklclk cdiliztlk mulc elk algl~l utatgkyl

tkutc ‘idialnl’ udilk aonlqlkyl+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh eoalk`tk lkulql hlok lul~cdiliztlk okuo tkutc idk`dklho zdqadellk( ~dnlql cgt~t~ zdqadellk ad~lq elhli~tl~lkl gluo( udizdqlidk( imuorl~o( elk cdgdkelc+ Elhli adkutc ylk` hdaog ilft(cdndqel~lk oko iditk`cokclk mqlk` edpl~l idialnl cdgdkelc elk cdokòklkmqlk` hlok( algclk cduocl cdokòklk out eo~diatkyoclk+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh oko ft`lidknlctz cdiliztlk adqkd`mo~l~o( idk`lul~o ~d`lhl cmkbhoc( ~d`lhl cd~lhlglk(elk ~outl~o ylk` uoiath elhli zqm~d~ kd`mo~l~o+ ^ditl cdudqlizohlk outidiamhdgclk ~d~dmqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò ~lk``tz adqzdqlk ~dal`loudilk aonlql elk ~dclho`t~ zdkedk`lq ylk` aloc( ~dqul ~lk``tz adqgtatk`lkedk`lk alkylc mqlk`+

L`t~uokl( @+( L+ 1::1 6 52/ idkfdhl~clk algpl mqlk`)mqlk` ylk` udqlizoh elhlicdndqel~lk ~m~olh elzlu idkflhok gtatk`lk edk`lk mqlk` hlok edk`lk ntctz hlknlq(



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d >1

zdcl idialnl qdlc~o elk zdql~llk idqdcl( ilizt idioizok elk idk`mq`lko~oqelk zokulq idklk`lko zdq~dho~oglk ylk` itknth elhli ~duolz cdòlulk ilkt~ol+Idqdcl lelhlg zdioizok)zdioizok lhliolg( mqlk` ylk` ilizt idkylqlclkzdq~llk cmhdcuob ~dqul idqtit~clkkyl edk`lk fdhl~ ~dl`lo zlketlk alò cdhmizmctkutc idqlog ~l~lqlk( Idqdcl lelhlg fdko~ mqlk` ylk` eo~tlclo mhdg ~dcoulqkylclqdkl ~dnlql dim~omklh idqdcl idkydklk`clk( idqdcl idiatlu mqlk` hlokidql~l udkuqli( elk idkoiathclk cmidkulq6 ‘idkydklk`clk ~dclho adq`lthedk`lkkyl’

Adky idkfdhl~clk udqelzlu dizlu cdiliztlk el~lq udqzo~lg ylkèo`tklclk elhli zdq`lthlk lkulqzqoaleo elhli cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo+ Cmizmkdk)cmizmkdk udq~datu lelhlg6 <+Idk`mq lko~oq Cdhmizmc

Cdudqlizohlk d~dk~olh elqo ~dmqlk` zdioizok( oko idkylk`ctu idizqlclq~loelk idk`cmmqeokl~o tzlyl idk``dqlcclk mqlk`+ Cdudqlizohlk oko idqtzlclkalclu ylk` udqelzlu zlel ~tuqlelql lult zqmet~dq ~lkeoplql( zdqpoql iohoudq( elkcdutl)cdutl ylk` dbdcuob elhli mq`lko~l~o elk ~d`lhl ilnli tkou+ Eoudizluadqilok( alclu oko eoiohoco lklc ylk` idk`liaoh cdztut~lk lzl ylk` lclkeoilokclk mhdg ~duolz lk``mul lult ylk` idkfleo cdutl qd`t+1+Idqtkeok`clk Zdidnlglk

Alclu ~dmqlk` ideolumq ylk` idknd`lg cmkbhoc lult idkydhd~loclk cmkbhoc)cmkbhoc ylk` idhdutz+ Mqlk` ylk` idiztkylo cdiliztlk oko( gdalu elhliidknlzlo cd~dzlclulk elhli idk`lul~o lult idklk`lko zdqalkulglk( idqdclnlclz elhli aoelk` eozhmil~o( lqaouql~o lult gtcti lult ~dal`lo zdqlkulql lultilklfdq mzdql~o+ Idqdcl oko lelhlg lklc)lklc ylk` idkelilokclk zdqalkulglk eoudizlu adqilok+>+Gtatk`lk ZqoaleoDizluo elk alclu idkflhok gtatk`lk+ Alclu oko iditelgclk tkutc il~tccdelhli hok`ctz zdq`lthlk lult tkutc idk`dklho elk idqd~zmk~ edk`lk udzlulclk zdql~llk elk cdzqogluoklk mqlk` hlok( ~dko idkflhok gtatk`lk+ Mqlk`~dilnli oko idqtzlclk zdilok uoi ylk` al`t~( zl~lk`lk goetz ylk` eolkelhclk(~lglalu lult qdclk t~lgl ylk` ~duol( eoetkol ao~ko~ idqdcl ~tc~d~ ~dal`lo udkl`lzdkftlh lult zlql ilklfdq lult elzlu idkfleo `tqt ylk` gdalu+ Alclu oko zlel lklc)lklc ylk` elzlu adq`lth zqlcuo~ edk`lk ~olzl ~lfl( itelg idil~tco qtlk` hok`ctzzdqiloklk( elk ~dklk` gluo idhlctclkkyl+ Lklc)lklc oko ndkedqtk` zlhok` zokulqidialnl dim~o elqo tk`clzlk plflg elk zlhok` ~tclo mhdg udilk)udilk~dcdhl~kyl+5+Lklho~o ^m~olh

Ilizt idkedudc~o elk idiztkylo zdilglilk udkulk` zdql~llk( imuob(elk cdzqogluoklk mqlk` hlok+ Zdilglilk lclk al`loilkl zdql~llk mqlk` hlok okoelzlu idialpl cd ~tlut cdokuoilk ylk` idkydklk`clk lult zdql~llkcdadq~lillk+ Elhli adkutc ylk` udqaloc( cdiliztlk oko elzlu idiatlu~d~dmqlk` idkfleo lgho udqlzo lult cmk~dhmq ylk` cmizdudk lult aohl eo`latk`clkedk`lk alclu ~l~uql lclk idkfleo eqlilplk lult zdktho~ kmrdh ylk` adqalclu+guuz6--ulhlplk`+ahm`~zmu+nmi-1::?-:2-el~lq)el~lq)cdndqel~lk)~m~olh+guih

Cdndqel~lk okudhdcutlh idilk` ~lk`lu zdkuok` tkutc udqt~ eocdialk`clk+Klitk( cdndqel~lk ylk` uoelc clhlg zdkuok`kyl lelhlg cdndqel~lk ~m~olh+

http://talawang.blogspot.com/2009/06/dasar-dasar-kecerdasan-sosial.html





Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d >>

^tk``tg( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh oko ~lil ~dclho uoelc amhdg eolaloclk+ ^dala(cdndkedqtk`lk il~ylqlclu imedqk( ylk` ~lut ~lil hlok ~dqok` adq~oud`lk` edk`lkplcut clqdkl lelkyl ulq`du lult algclk liao~o( zdq~lok`lk ylk` ~lk`lu cdulu eo~d`lhl aoelk`( cdatutglk udqglelz zdidktglk iludqo ~dclho`t~ `dk`~o ylk`~dilcok idk`tlu( lclk idiatlu cdglk`lulk gtatk`lk ~m~olh ~dilcok adqctqlk`+Eo ~okohlg zdkuok`kyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh zlel lklc tkutc udqt~ eocdialk`clk l`lqcdhlc lklc)lklc coul ilizt goetz ~dnlql ~m~olh edk`lk aloc+Adulzl zdkuok` cdndqel~lk ~m~olh eocdialk`clk clqdkl ~llu oko ft`l il~og alkylcmqlkùtl ylk` ~lk`lu alk``l aohl lklckyl adqgl~oh elhli ~uteokyl eo ~dcmhlg ylkèoutkftcclk edk`lk kohlo qlzmq ylk` al`t~+ Glh oko idilk` uoelc ~lhlg( udulzo ft`luoelc ao~l aohl eoclulclk adklq ~dqlut~ zdq~dk+ ^dala( adadqlzl zdkdhouolk ft~uqtidktkftcclk algpl cdndqel~lk dim~omklh( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh( elk cdndqel~lk~zoqoutlh udqkylul hdaog adqzdk`lqtg alò cd~tc~d~lk lklc elhli cdgoetzlkkyl eoil~l idkelulk` aohl eoalkeok` edk`lk cdndqel~lk okudhdcutlh+Glh oko elzlu coul cdulgto elqo gl~oh zdkdhouolk ylk` eohlctclk mhdg Elkodh @mhdilk<??4 elk <??7/+ Elhli zdkdhouolk udq~datu( udqkylul cdndqel~lk okudhdcutlh glkylidiadqoclk cmkuqoat~o etl zthtg zdq~dk udqglelz cd~tc~d~lk goetz ~d~mqlk`+^delk`clk ylk` edhlzlk zthtg zdq~dk ~lk`lu udq`lkutk` zlel cdndqel~lkdim~omklh( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh( elk cdndqel~lk ~zoqoutlh+ Algclk( elhli cdadqgl~ohlkeo etkol cdqfl( cdndqel~lk okudhdcutlh glkyl idiadqoclk cmkuqoat~o ~dalkylcdizlu zdq~dk ~lfl+ Idk`lzl ao~l ediocolk= ^d~dmqlk` ylk` idiztkylo cdndqel~lk~m~olh ylk` aloc lclk idiztkylo alkylc udilk( zlkelo adqcmitkocl~o( itelgadqlelzul~o elhli ~datlg hok`ctk`lk ~m~olh( elk goetzkyl ao~l adqilkbllu uoelcglkyl tkutc eoqokyl ~dkeoqo( udulzo ft`l alò mqlk` hlok+ ^tk``tg( cdiliztlk ylkèo lkulqlkyl ~dzdquo outhlg ylk` ~lk`lu eoatutgclk mhdg lklc coul l`lq cdhlc hdaogitelg elhli idk`glelzo ulkulk`lk cdgoetzlk eo vlilk ylk` ~dilcok cduluedk`lk zdq~lok`lk+ Edk`lk ediocolk( ~dim`l lklc coul hdaog itelg elhli idqlogcd~tc~d~lk+

Idktqtu Atvlk 1::0 6 >/ cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg tctqlk cdiliztlk eoqo~d~dmqlk` elhli zdq`lthlk eo il~ylqlclu elk cdiliztlk adqokudqlc~o ~m~olhedk`lk mqlk`)mqlk` eo ~dcdhohok` lult ~dcoulqkyl+ Mqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhuok`ò uoelc lclk idkdito cd~thoulk ~llu idithlo ~tlut okudqlc~o elk`lk ~d~dmqlk`lult ~datlg cdhmizmc aloc cdhmizmc cdnoh iltztk ad~lq+ Ol elzlu idilkblluclkelk idk``tklclk cdiliztlk mulc elk algl~l utatgkyl tkutc ‘idialnl’ udilk

aonlqlkyl+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh eoalk`tk lkulql hlok lul~ cdiliztlk okuo tkutcidk`dklho zdqadellk( ~dnlql cgt~t~ zdqadellk ad~lq elhli ~tl~lkl gluo(udizdqlidk( imuorl~o( elk cdgdkelc+ Elhli adkutc ylk` hdaog ilft( cdndqel~lkoko iditk`cokclk mqlk` edpl~l idialnl cdgdkelc elk cdokòklk mqlk` hlok(algclk cduocl cdokòklk out eo~diatkyoclk+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh oko ft`l idknlctzcdiliztlk adqkd`mo~l~o( idk`lul~o ~d`lhl cmkbhoc( ~d`lhl cd~lhlglk( elk ~outl~oylk` uoiath elhli zqm~d~ kd`mo~l~o+ ^ditl cdudqlizohlk out idiamhdgclk~d~dmqlk` edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh uok`ò ~lk``tz adqzdqlk ~dal`lo udilk aonlqlelk ~dclho`t~ zdkedk`lq ylk` aloc( ~dqul ~lk``tz adqgtatk`lk edk`lk alkylcmqlk`+

Idktqtu @mhdilk udqelzlu etl zohlq tulil ^mnolh Okudhho`dknd lelhlgcd~lelqlk ~m~olh elk bl~ohoul~ ~m~olh lult ilklfdidk qdhl~o/+ Cd~lelqlk ~m~olh udqclou




edk`lk dizluo el~lq( cdudzlulk dizluoc( idkedk`lqclk( elk zdilglilk ~m~olh+Bl~ohoul~ ~m~olh udqclou edk`lk ~okcqmko( zqd~dkul~oeoqo( zdk`lqtg( cdzqogluoklk+

Eofdhl~clk zthl algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ~mnolh okudhho`dknd/ coko ulizlckylcolk idketetco zdqlk ylk` lilu zdkuok` cduocl coul gdkelc idialk`tk ~datlgqdhl~o ylk` zqmetcuob klk glqimko~+ Qdhl~o coul edk`lk cdqlalu( edk`lk udulk``l(edk`lk qdclk cdqfl lult ft`l edk`lk lul~lk itk`cok ao~l adqflhlk edk`lk hdaogl~yoc clhlt ~lfl coul ilizt idkedimk~uql~oclk ~dftihlg dhdidk zdkuok` elhlicdndqel~lk ~m~olh+

^dnlql `lqo~ ad~lq( Lhaqdngu 1::5 6 54/ idkydatu lelkyl hoil dhdidk ctknoylk` ao~l idk`l~lg cdndqel~lk ~m~olh coul( ylk` ol ~ok`clu idkfleo clul ^ZLND+Clul ^ idqtftc zlel clul ~outluomklh lplqdkd~~ cd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh/+ Ilcklelqo cd~lelqlk oko lelhlg ~datlg cdgdkelc tkutc ao~l idilglio elk zdcl lclkcdatutglk ~dqul glc mqlk` hlok+ Mqlk` ylk` ulkzl ql~l em~l idk`dhtlqclk `l~ eohobu ylk` zdktg ~d~lc out zl~uohlg atclk uozd mqlk` ylk` zlgli lclk ilcklcd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh+ Ediocolk ft`l mqlk` ylk` idqmcmc eo qtlk` adq LN lultylk` idqmcmc eo qtlk` udqatcl elk idk`gdiat~clk l~lz ~dnlql ~dqlizlk`lkzlel ~ditl mqlk` eo~dcoulqkyl+

Dhdidk ylk` cdetl lelhlg zqd~dk~d lult cdiliztlk idialpl eoqo/+Al`loilkl duocl zdklizohlk Lkel( ututq clul elk ~lzl ylk` Lkel adkulk`clk(`dqlc utatg cduocl aonlql elk idkedk`lqclk lelhlg ~dftihlg l~zdc ylk` udqnlctzelhli dhdidk oko+ ^duolz mqlk` zl~uo lclk idkok``lhclk oizqd~o ylk` adqhloklkudkulk` itut zqd~dk~d ylk` eogleoqclkkyl+ Lkel itk`cok ao~l idk`ok`lu ~olzlqdclk lult lul~lk Lkel ylk` idiohoco ctlhoul~ zqd~dk~d ylk` aloc elk ilkl ylk`atqtc+

Dhdidk ylk` cduo`l lelhlg ltugdkuonouy ltudk~oul~/ lult ~okylh elqo zdqohlctcoul ylk` lclk idiatlu mqlk` hlok idkohlo coul ~dal`lo mqlk` ylk` hlylc eozdqnlyluqt~ude/( ftftq( udqatcl( elk ilizt idk`gleoqclk ~dftiztu cdutht~lk+ Dhdidk okolilu zdkuok` ~dala glkyl edk`lk l~zdc okohlg coul ao~l idiadkulk`clk adqfdflcqdhl~o ylk` ithol klk adqilqulalu+Dhdidk ylk` cddizlu lelhlg nhlqouy cdfdhl~lk/+ L~zdc oko idkfdhl~clk ~dfltg ilklcoul eoadclho cdiliztlk tkutc idkylizloclk `l`l~lk elk oed coul ~dnlql qdkylgklk zdq~tl~ob ~dgok``l mqlk` hlok ao~l idkdqoilkyl edk`lk ulk`lk udqatcl+ Lnlzcoul idiohoco `l`l~lk ylk` aloc( klitk `l`lh idk`cmitkocl~oclkkyl ~dnlqlnlkuoc ~dgok``l lul~lk lult qdclk cdqfl coul kelc adqgl~oh eoylcokclk+ Cdndqel~lk

~m~olh ylk` zqmetcuob alqlk`clho idilk` glkyl lclk ao~l eoalk`tk edk`lk okelgilklclhl coul ilizt idk`lquocthl~oclk ~d`dklz zdiocoqlk coul edk`lk zdktgcdfdqkoglk elk cdadkok`lk+ ^lyl ~dkeoqo ~telg zdqklg idk`thl~ udcko~idk`lquocthl~oclk `l`l~lk ~dnlql dbdcuob +

Dhdidk ylk` udqlcgoq lelhlg dizlugy lult dizluo/+ L~zdc oko idqtftc zlel~dfltg ilkl coul ao~l adqdizluo zlel zlkelk`lk elk `l`l~lk mqlk` hlok+ Elk ft`l~dfltg ilkl coul idiohoco cduqlizohlk tkutc ao~l idkedk`lqclk elk idilglioilc~te zdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok+ Coul alqlk`clho lclk ao~l idqlftu ~datlg flhoklkqdhl~o ylk` `tyta elk idlkok`bth clhlt ~lfl coul ~ditl ~dhlht eoadclho edk`lk ql~ldizluo ylk` ctlu udqglelz ~d~lil qdclk coul+

Ediocolkhlg hoil dhdidk ctkno ylk` idktqtu Clqh Lhaqdngu idqtzlclk l~zdczdkuok` ylk` hlylc eozdqgluoclk tkutc ao~l idkdktk aok`clo cdndqel~lk dim~omklh




~dnlql mzuoilh+ Udkut ~lfl coul glqt~ ~dhlht idkydiztqklclk eoqo elhli cdhoileoidk~o zdkuok` oko( ~tzlyl coul ~ditl ft`l ao~l idkfleo zqoaleo)zqoaleo ylk`ndqel~ ~dnlql ~m~olh+

Edk`lk cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh ylk` udqulkli elhli eoqo elzlu idkfleo zoflclk(lzlaohl utftlkkyl idk`lhlio glialulk lult idk`glelzo il~lhlg edk`lk mqlk`hlok+ Cdudqlizohlk udq~datu ft`l adqilkbllu( cduocl cdokòklkkyl lel qokulk`lklult eoqokyl ~delk` ztkyl il~lhlg edk`lk mqlk` lult cdhmizmc hlok+ Eol lclkidk`ma~dqrl~o( idk`liluo( elk idknlqo ulgt adqcloulk edk`lk zqmahdi ylk`~delk` eoglelzokyl+ Gl~oh elqo zdknlqolkkyl udq~datu( elzlu idkfleo zmkel~o tkutcidkdkutclk hlk`clg)hlk`clg tkutc idkydhd~loclk il~lhlg+

^dudhlg eouditclk ~uqludò dbdcuob tkutc ididnlgclk il~lhlg(hlht eocmitkocl~oclk cdzlel mqlk` hlok edk`lk dizluo+ Elqo zqm~d~ oko elzluudqflhok gtatk`lk okudqzdq~mklh idkelhli ylk` ao~l idiatcl ~dclu)~dcluzdqadellk( idiaoknlk`clk adqal`lo il~lhlg elqo gluo cd gluo( idknlqo flhlkudqaloc ylk` idiadqo cdil~hlglulk ~ditl zoglc( elk htpd~ idkdqlzclk zmhlylk` ~telg eouditclk tkutc idkydhd~loclk il~lhlg edk`lk eo~d~tloclk zlel~outl~o+ Lzlaohl tzlyl oko eoudqlzclk( udkut lclk idk`gl~ohclk cdelilolk elkcd~lkutklk elhli idkydhd~loclk ~duolz zdq~mhllk+

L`lq cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idkfleo ~mht~o tkutc idkydhd~loclk il~lhlg( zdqhtlel `dqlclk idilgliclk( idiatelylclk( elk idkòizhdidkul~oclk cdndqel~lk~m~olh eo udk`lg)udk`lg cmitkoul~ il~ylqlclu+ Tkutc idptfteclk `dqlclkudq~datu( eozdqhtclk ~tialk`~og elqo adqal`lo dhdidk il~ylqlclu+

Hlk`clg cmk`cqdu ylk` eohlctclk tkutc idilgliclk( idiatelylclkelk idkòizhdidkul~oclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idhlhto zdiadqelylk il~ylqlclu(ylk` idkfleo ~l~lqlkkyl lelhlg mq`lko~l~o)mq`lko~l~o eo uok`clu hmclh( ~dzdquoulcioq il~foe( clqlk` ulqtkl( qtctk udulk``l( el~l po~il( lqo~lk( zl`tytalkcdhtlq`l elk hlok)hlok+ Imedh zdiadqelyllk ~dzdquo out idqtzlclk nlql dbdcuobclqdkl uoelc udqcd~lk idk``tqto( ~dal`lo zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ylk` idk``t`lgcd~lelqlk elk idklkliclk kohlo)kohlo idk`dklo lquo zdkuok`kyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh+ôkdqò elzlu eoalk`tk tkutc idk`dialk`clk elk idil~ylqlcluclk cdndqel~lk~m~olh Eo lkulqlkyl idhlhto cdqfl~lil lkulql etkol oket~uqo t~lgl/ elk zdq`tqtlkuok`ò+ Etkol t~lgl ~llukyl zdetho tkutc adqzdqlk ~dqul elhli nmiitkouyedrdhmzidku+

Adqel~lqclk tqlolk udq~datu eo lul~ elzluhlg eo~oizthclk algpl cdndqel~lk

~m~olh ylk` eoilc~te elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg cdiliztlk ~d~dmqlk` elhliidilglio( idkedk`lqclk elk zdcl udqglelz ilc~te elk zdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok(~dqul idql~lclk elk idk`liluo qdlc~o)qdlc~o elk zdqtalglk mqlk` hlok( ylk` eoutkftcclk aloc ~dnlql rdqalh iltztk kmk rdqalh elk ilizt idknlqo zdidnlglkil~lhlg ylk` dbdcuob elhli ~tlut okudqlc~o ~m~olh elk idiohoco zdk`tl~llkcduqlizohlk cmitkocl~o+ Lelztk okeoclumq elqo cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg3 zdqnlyleoqo( ~oclz zm~ouob( cd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh( cdiliztlk idialpl eoqo( cduqlizohlkadqcmitkocl~o elk idiohoco ~oclz dizluo+

E+ Glcoclu Zqm`qli Zlcdu AZqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dulql ÎZ eocdialk`clk tkutc idiadqo zdhtlk` zlel




il~ylqlclu ylk` udhlg idkydhd~loclk zqm`qli Zlcdu L ~dulql Ê elk ylk` udhlgidkydhd~loclk zdkeoeoclk ~dcmhlg ~duok`clu Ê ylk` uoelc idhlkftuclk cd ÎZalò idqdcl ylk` ztut~ ÎZ tkutc idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk eoqo ~dgok``lidiohoco zdk`dulgtlk elk cdiliztlk ~dulql edk`lk htht~lk ÎZ+

Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk idqtzlclk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ylk` idhoztuocdhmizmc adhlflq cdflq/ Zqm`qli Zlcdu L ~dulql Ê-IO( Zqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dulqlÎZ-IU~( elk Zqm`qli Zlcdu N ~dulql ÎL-IL ylk` elzlu eo~dhdk``lqlclkidhlhto ^lk``lq Cdòlulk Adhlflq ^CA/( Zt~lu cdòlulk adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/(lult ~lutlk ~dfdko~ hlokkyl+ Elhli zqm`qli oko zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` udhlg ~dhd~loidkòctuo zdiadhlflqlk elk idkòctuo Tfolk Kl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllkTKZC/ lclk idizdqmhdg ofl~lg ~dulql Ê+ ^dhlok idizdqmhdg adclh zdk`dulgtlktiti( elk cduqlizohlk+ Zdidkeockl~ QO Km+ > Ulgtk 1::7guuz6--ppp+ihk`+n+oe-zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk( eolc~d~ 11 ^dzudiadq 1:<</+

Zqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dulql ÎZ idqtzlclk ~lhlg ~lut zqm`qli tk``thlk zlel flhtq Zdkeoeoclk htlq ~dcmhlg+ Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eocdialk`clk tkutc idk`lul~ozdqil~lhlglk cdudqalul~lk zdhlylklk zdkeoeoclk ylk` lel ~dclqlk` oko+ ^lhlg ~lutnoqo zdkeoeoclk htlq ~dcmhlg lelhlg bhdc~oaohoul~+ Zqm`qli Zlcdu A adq~oblu bhdc~oadhelhli glh plcut zdiadhlflqlk elk t~ol zd~dqul eoeoc+ Edk`lk ediocolk ~lk`luiditk`cokclk il~ylqlclu eo lul~ t~ol ~dcmhlg elk ~telg adcdqfl udulzo adhti~dizlu idk`dkyli lult idkliluclk zdkeoeoclk ~dulql ÎZ( idkòctuo zqm`qliZlcdu A ulkzl glqt~ idkok``lhclk zdcdqfllkkyl+

Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk ~dal`lo ~lhlg ~lut adkutc hlylklk zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh eoglqlzclk elzlu adqcmkuqoat~o hdaog alkylc udqtulil elhliidketctk` ~tc~d~kyl zqm`qli plfoa adhlflq zdkeoeoclk el~lq ~diaohlk ulgtkPlflq Eocel~ ? Ulgtk/ ylk` eonlklk`clk zdidqokulg ~dflc ulgtk <??5( ylckoidhlhto zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cdflq Zlcdu L elk Zlcdu A( ~dqulzdqhtl~lk lc~d~ zdkeoeoclk idkdk`lg idhlhto zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu N+Zdkfdhl~lk Zl~lh 12 Lylu > TT ô~eockl~ Km+ 1:-1::> elhli ^mdhloilk 1::761>/Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk lelhlg zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ylkìdkydhdk``lqlclk zdkeoeoclk titi ~dulql Ê-IO( ÎZ-IU~( elk ÎL-ILylk` idknlk`ctz zqm`qli Zlcdu L( Zlcdu A( elk Zlcdu N+ Hdaog hlkftu idktqtu TTKm 1:-1::> ô~eockl~ Zl~lh 12 Lylu 2 elhli ^mdhloilk 1::761>/+

Gl~oh zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh elzlu eoglq`lo ~dulql edk`lk gl~oh zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk bmqilh ~dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~ zdkohlolk zdkydulqllk mhdg hdial`l ylk`

eoutkftc mhdg Zdidqokulg lult zdidqokulg eldqlg edk`lk idk`lnt zlel ûlkelqKl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk+ ^mdhloilk 1::7615/Zqm`qli Zlcdu A lelhlg zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk el~lq zlel flhtq zdkeoeoclk

kmkbmqilh ylk` elzlu eooctuo mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` okòk idkydhd~loclkzdkeoeoclk ~dulql ÎZ-IU~+ Htht~lk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A adqglc idkelzlu oflvlg elkeolcto ~dulql edk`lk oflvlg ÎZ-IU~+ Utftlk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli cdflqzlcdu A lelhlg idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk ~oclz zd~dqul eoeoc~dgok``l elzlu idiohoco zdk`dulgtlk ( cdudqlizohlk+ ^teflkl( 1::>6>0/+

Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A lelhlg ~tlut zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk ~dulqlÎZ-IU~ edk`lk Utftlk tkutc idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk

~oclz zd~dqul eoeoc ~dqul zdkyolzlk cmizdudk~o zd~dqul eoeoc l`lq idiohoco

http://www.mlng.c.id/pendidikan







cd~olzlk tkutc udqftk cd il~ylqlclu elk etkol cdqfl( clqdkl ~dalòlk ad~lq elqoidqdcl uoelc idhlkftuclk cd fdkflk` ylk` hdaog uok`ò ^teflkl( 1::>6>7/+

Elqo zdkelzlu eolul~ elzlu eo~oizthclk algpl zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk zlcdu Alelhlg zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk el~lq zlel flhtq zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ylk` elzlueooctuo mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` okòk idkydhd~loclk zdkeoeoclk ~dulql ÎZ-IU~+Gl~oh zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh elzlu eoglq`lo ~dulql edk`lk gl~oh zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk bmqilh ~dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~ zdkohlolk zdkydulqllk mhdg hdial`l ylkèoutkftc mhdg Zdidqokulg lult zdidqokulg eldqlg edk`lk idk`lnt zlel ûlkelqKl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk+1+Btk`~o elk Utftlk Zqm`qli Zdkeoeoclk Zlcdu A

Zdqlk zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk ylk` idhoztuo zqm`qli Zlcdu A( ~lk`lu ~uqludò~elhli qlk`cl zdiadqolk adclh zdk`dulgtlk+ Zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli okoudqtulil eoutftclk alò il~ylqlclu ztut~ ~dcmhlg clqdkl cdudqalul~lk dcmkmio(il~ylqlclu ylk` adqudizlu uok``lh eo eldqlg)eldqlg cgt~t~( ~dzdquo eldqlgzdqalul~lk( eldqlg adknlkl( elk eldqlg ylk` udqo~mhoq ylk` adhti idiohoco bl~ohoul~zdkeoeoclk ylk` idilelo+ ^teflkl( 1::>6>0/+

Idilglio kohlo elk ilkbllu zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk alòzdkok`clulk ctlhoul~ cdgoetzlk il~ylqlclu idkfleo ~lhlg ~lut blcumq tulil ylkìdkemqmk` il~ylqlclu tkutc adqzlquo~ozl~o zlel zqm`qli ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclkedk`lk lkut~ol~+

Tkutc ~clhl kl~omklh( zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllkeoilc~teclk ~dal`lo tzlyl tkutc idketctk` elk idk~tc~d~clk zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk plfoa adhlflq ? ulgtk ylk` idqtzlclk zdkflalqlk elqo qdknlkl ~uqludò~Edzlqudidk Zdkeoeoclk kl~omklh ylk` idhoztuo zdqhtl~lk lc~d~( zdidqlullk( elkzdkok`clulk itut zdkeoeoclk+ Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk zlel glcdclukyl adqutftlkidiadqoclk cd~dizlulk cdzlel plq`l il~ylqlclu tkutc idkòctuo zdkeoeoclkel~lq elk idkdk`lg ylk` adqitut elk qdhdrlk edk`lk cdatutglk zd~dqul eoeocylk` uoelc idiohoco cd~dizlulk adhlflq zlel zdkeoeoclk bmqilh+

_lko 1:<:6<1/ btk`~o elqo zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk zlcdu A lelhlgidk`dialk`clk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk( ~oclz elk kohlo ylk` ~dulql edk`lkÎZ( cdzlel zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` clqdkl adqal`lo glh uoelc elzlu adq~dcmhlg(~dgok``l elzlu idkok`cluclk zlquo~ozl~o ÎZ alò cdhmizmc t~ol <>)<4 ulgtk( elkidiadqoclk lc~d~ udqglelz zdkeoeoclk ~dulql ÎZ alò mqlk` edpl~l ~d~tloedk`lk zmudk~o elk cdatutglkkyl+

Eoqdcumqlu zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk elhli _lko 1:<:6<5/( zdkok`clulkzdqgluolk elk zdqlk ~dqul il~ylqlclu udqglelz zqm`qli Zlcdu A zdqht eooialkòedk`lk tzlyl zdkyolzlk cmizdudk~o zd~dqul eoeoc l`lq idiohoco cd~olzlk tkutcudqftk cd il~ylqlclu elk etkol cdqfl( clqdkl ~dalòlk ad~lq elqo idqdcl uoelcidhlkftuclk cd fdkflk` ylk` hdaog uok`ò+ Glh oko ~dflhlk edk`lk cdaoflclkEoqdcumqlu Fdkedqlh Zdkeoeoclk Kmkbmqilh elk Okbmqilh Eoufdk ZKBO/ tkutcidk`dialk`clk zqm`qli Cdnlclzlk Goetz Hobd ^cohh~/ zlel zdkeoeoclkcd~dulqllk+

^mdhloilk 1::7617/ idk`lulclk Utftlk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qlicdflq zlcdu A lelhlg idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk ~oclz zd~dqul

eoeoc ~dgok``l elzlu idiohoco zdk`dulgtlk ( cdudqlizohlk+Lelztk utftlk elqo zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk zlcdu A idktqtu _lko 1:<:6<4/




lelhlg6<+ idk`dialk`clk el~lq)el~lq zdiadkutclk plq`l kd`lql ylk` adqoilk( elk

adqul|pl adqclqlcudq elk adqilqulalu+1+ idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk idialnl( idktho~ elk adqgoutk`( ~dal`lo lhlu

tkutc idilglio ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk hlokkyl+>+ idkok`cluclk zdk`lhlilk adhlflq ylk` ilkeoqo( cqdluob( elk zqmetcuob+

idiadqoclk cdnlclzlk goetz tkutc adcdqfl elk adqt~lgl ilkeoqo+5+ idiadqoclk adclh zdk`dulgtlk( cdiliztlk( elk ~oclz el~lq ylk`

iditk`cokclk zd~dqul eoeoc idkòctuo zdkeoeoclk hlkftulk eoÎL-ÎC-IL lult zlcdu N+

Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zlcdu A lelhlg ~tlut zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk ~dulqlÎZ-IU~ edk`lk Utftlk tkutc idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk~oclz zd~dqul eoeoc ~dqul zdkyolzlk cmizdudk~o zd~dqul eoeoc l`lq idiohococd~olzlk tkutc udqftk cd il~ylqlclu elk etkol cdqfl( clqdkl ~dalòlk ad~lq elqoidqdcl uoelc idhlkftuclk cd fdkflk` ylk` hdaog uok`ò+>+ Ilckl Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk

Adqel~lqclk TT Km+ 1: ulgtk 1::> udulk` ô~udi Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh Zl~lh12 lylu >/ elk zdkfdhl~lkkyl algpl zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk lelhlg zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ylk` idkydhdk``lqlclk zdkeoeoclk titi ~dulql Ê-IO(ÎZ-IU~ elk ÎL-IL ylk` idknlctz zqm`qli Zlcdu L( Zlcdu A elk Zlcdu N+Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk idhoztuo Zqm`lqi Zlcdu L ~dulql Ê( Zlcdu A ~dulql ÎZ elkZlcdu N ~dulql ÎL eoutftclk alò zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` adql~lh elqo il~ylqlcluylk` ctqlk` adqtkutk`( uoelc zdqklg ~dcmhlg( ztut~ ~dcmhlg elk ztut~ hlkftu( ~dqult~ol zqmetcuob ylk` okòk idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk elk cdnlclzlk goetz( elkplq`l il~ylqlclu hlok ylk` ididqhtclk hlylklk cgt~t~ elhli ididktgocdatutglk goetzkyl ~dal`lo elizlc elqo zdqtalglk zdkok`clulk ulqlb goetz( ohitzdk`dulgtlk elk udckmhmò+

Edbio~o idk`dklo ~dulql lelhlg ~dzlelk elhli noroh dbbdnu( tctqlk(zdk`lqtg( btk`~o elk cdetetclk+ ^dal`loilkl udqnlkuti elhli Tkelk`)Tkelk`Km+ 1: Ulgtk 1::> udkulk` ô~udi Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh( zl~lh 12 lylu 2/ algpl!gl~oh zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh elzlu eoglq`lo ~dulql edk`lk gl~oh zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk bmqilh ~dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~ zdkohlolk zdkydulqllk mhdg hdial`lylk` eoutkftc mhdg zdidqokulg lult zdidqokulg eldqlg edk`lk idk`lnt zlel~ulkelq kl~omklh zdkeoeoclk!+ Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk idqtzlclk flhtq zdkeoeoclk

kmkbmqilh edk`lk ~ulkelq cmizdudk~o htht~lk ylk` ~lil edk`lk ~dcmhlg bmqilh(udulzo cmkudk( cmkudc~( idumemhmò( elk zdkedclulk tkutc idknlzlo ~ulkelqcmizdudk~o htht~lk udq~datu hdaog idiadqoclk cmk~dz)cmk~dz udqlzlk( udiluoc(oketcuob( ylk` udqclou edk`lk zdqil~lhlglk hok`ctk`lk elk idhluogclk cdnlclzlkgoetz adqmqodkul~o cdqfl lult adqt~lgl ilkeoqo+ Mhdg clqdkl out cmizdudk~ohtht~lk Zqm`qli Zlcdu L eolqlgclk zlel cdzdiohoclk cdudqlizohlk el~lq tkutcididktgo cdatutglk goetz ~dglqo)glqo( Zqm`qli Zlcdu A zlel zdiohoclkcdudqlizohlk tkutc ididktgo utkutulk etkol cdqfl( elk Zqm`qli Zlcdu N zlelzdiohoclk cdudqlizohlk adqpoqlt~lgl+ Zdqadellk oko eo~dalaclk mhdg cdcgl~lkclqlcudqo~uoc zd~dqul eoeoc ylk` clqdkl adqal`lo glh uoelc idkòctuo flhtq bmqilh

clqdkl ididqhtclk ~ta~ulk~o zqlcuoclh ylk` qdhdrlk edk`lk cdgoetzlk kylul+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d >?

Zqok~oz zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk edk`lk nlqlidizdqgluoclk zd~dqul eoeoc lul~ zdqadellk fdko~ cdhliok( cdiliztlk lplh(uok`clu okudhdcutlh( ioklu( alclu( imuorl~o adhlflq( zmudk~o( cdiliztlk ~m~olh(dim~o( `lyl adhlflq( cdatutglk cgt~t~( cdnlzlulk adhlflq( hlulq adhlclk` atelyl(kohlo( hok`ctk`lk zd~dqul eoeoc ~dqul idkemqmk` zlquo~ozl~o lcuob zd~dqul eoeoc+l+ Ctqocthti Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk

Ctqocthti zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk eolqlgclk tkutc idptfteclk zd~dquleoeoc ndqel~ cmizqdgdk~ob ~zoqoutlh( dim~omklh( ~m~olh( okudhdcutlh elk cokd~uduoc/(~dqul idiohoco elyl ~lok` cmizduouob/+ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk edk`lkidk``tklclk zdkedclulk oketcuob( cmk~uqtcuob( dbdcuob elk dbo~odk idhlhtocdòlulk ululz itcl( zdkeoeocolh( ilkeoqo elk lult cmiaokl~o cduo`lkyl+ Adqcloulkedk`lk out( ~o~udi zdiadhlflqlk 'edhordqy ~y~udi/ eoqlknlk` ~dediocolk qtzl l`lqidiohoco cdctlulk udq~dkeoqo tkutc idk`dialk`clk cdnlclzlk cmizqdgdk~ob elkcmizduouob ylk` adq`tkl elhli zdkok`clulk cdiliztlk adhlflq ~dzlkflk` glylu+

Ctqocthtikyl eocdialk`clk adqel~lqclk Zdqlutqlk Zdidqokulg Kmimq <?Ulgtk 1::4 udkulk` ulkelq Kl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk idhoztuo6

</ Cdhmizmc ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk Zdkeoeoclk L`lil elk Lcghlc Ithol

1/ Cdhmizmc ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk Zdkeoeoclk Cdplq`lkd`lqllk elkcdzqoaleolk>/ Cdhmizmc ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk Ohit Zdk`dulgtlk elk Udckmhmò5/ Cdhmizmc ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk D~uduocl4/ Cdhmizmc ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk Zdkeoeoclk Fl~ilko( Mhlgql`l elk

Cd~dglulkO~o ctqocthti uok`clu ~lutlk zdkeoeoclk zqm`qli zlcdu A idhoztuo <: ilul

</ zd~dqul eoeoclk ylk` cdhtl~lk elk cdelhlilkkyl idqtzlclk adalk adhlflqalò zd~dqul eoeoc+ Cd~dzthtg ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk udq~datu idhoztuo6 </Zdkeoeoclk L`lil( 1/ Zdkeoeoclk Cdplq`lkd`lqllk( >/ Algl~l( 5/Iludiluocl( 4/ Ohit Zdk`dulgtlk Lhli( 2/ Ohit Zdk`dulgtlk ^m~olh( 0/ ^dkoelk Atelyl( 7/ Zdkeoeoclk Fl~ilko( Mhlgql`l elk Cd~dglulk( ?/Cdudqlizohlk-Cdftqtlk elk <:/ Itlulk Hmclh

Elhli Zdqlutqlk Zdidqokulg Kmimq <7 Ulgtk 1::>3 Ctqocthti ÎZ-IU~-lult adkutc hlok ylk` ~dedqlflu Zqm`qli Zlcdu A/ elk ÎL-ÎC-IL lultadkutc hlok ylk` ~dedqlflu Zqm`qli Zlcdu N/ elzlu idil~tclk zdkeoeoclkcdnlclzlk goetz3 idknlctz cdnlclzlk zqoaleo( cdnlclzlk ~m~olh( cdnlclzlk

lcledioc elk cdnlclulk rmcl~omklh ylk` idqtzlclk alòlk elqo ~duolz cdhmizmcilul zd~dqul eoeoclk+ Elhli Zdqlutqlk Idkudqo Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh Kmimq >ulgtk 1::7 udkulk` ûlkelq Zqm~d~ Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu L(Zqm`qli Zlcdu A( elk Zqm`qli Zlcdu N3 adalk adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllkidk`dialk`clk ~o~udi ^lutlk Cqdeou Cmizdudk~o ^CC/+ ^duolz zqm`qlieokylulclk elhli ^CC ylk` idktkftcclk amamu cmizdudk~o ylk` glqt~ eonlzlomhdg zd~dqul eoeoc elhli idkòctuo zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk+ Elhli cdòlulkzdiadhlflqlk ~o~udi ^CC( ~duolz zd~dqul eoeoc plfoa idkòctuo cdòlulkzdiadhlflqlk elhli adkutc ululz itcl( zdkeoeocolh elk ilkeoqo edk`lkzdqalkeok`lk ululz itcl iokoilh 1:$( zdkeoeocolh iokoilh >:$ elk adhlflq ilkeoqo

ilc~oilh 4:$( edk`lk fleplh zdkeoeocolh iokoilh 1 glqo zdq iok``t+




Cgt~t~ tkutc zqm`qli Zdcdu A Uok`clulk >-Udqlizoh < ^dulql cdhl~ ROO )ROOO/idiztkylo adalk 27 ^CC( ~dulql edk`lk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eohlc~lklclk

ikoilh <0 ^CC zd~q ~did~udq+ ^delk`clk Uok`clulk 5-Udqlizoh 1 ^dulql cdhl~OW/ idiztkylo adalk >5 ^CC( ~dulql edk`lk cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk ylkèohlc~lklclk iokoilh <0 ^CC zdq ~did~udq ^ta~ulk~o cdqtilgulk``llkeookud`ql~oclk cd elhli ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk udqclou

Cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk zd~dqul eoeoc zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk eohlc~lklclkidhlhto qmiamk`lk adhlflq-cdhmizmc adhlflq edk`lk ftihlg zd~dqul eoeoc zdqqmiamk`lk adhlflq tkutc Zqm`qli Zlcdu L ~dulql Ê-IO 6 1: zd~dqul eoeoc(Zqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dulql ÎZ-IU~ 6 14 zd~dqul eoeoc( elk Zqm`qli Zlcdu N ~dulqlÎL-IL6 >: zd~dqul eoeoc( lult eo~d~tloclk edk`lk cdidiztlk elkcdudq~deollk ~tiadq elyl ylk` lel zlel ~duolz ~lutlk zdkeoeoclk+ n+ Zdk`dhmhllkZdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk

Zdqlutqlk Idkudqo Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh Kmimq 5? ulgtk 1::0 udkulk`ûlkelq Zdk`dhmhllk Zdkeoeoclk mhdg ^lutlk Zdkeoeoclk Kmk Bmqilh(idkd`l~clk algpl ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kyl dizlu glh glqt~ eohlc~lklclk mhdg ~duolz~lutlk zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh elhli zdk`dhmhllkkkyl ithlo elqo zdqdknlkllkzqm`qli( zdhlc~lkllk qdknlkl cdqfl( zdk`lplkl elk drlhtl~o( ~dqul ~o~udiokbmqil~o ilklfdidk+ Zdk`dhmhl zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A udqeoqoelqo zdkzdkeoeocl~-cdutl zdk`dhmhl cdhmizmc adhlflq( zdkeoeoc-utqmqzdklk``tk` flpla ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk( klql ~tiadq udcko~ tkutc zd~dquleoeoclk adqmqodkul~o rmcl~omklh/ lult zdkeoeoc cdnlclzlk goetz( udkl`lleiko~uql~o elk udkl`l zdqzt~ulcllk+e+ Udizlu Adhlflq

Zqm~d~ adhlflq idk`lflq elzlu eohlc~lklclk eo adqal`lo hmcl~o elk udizluylk` ~telg lel aloc iohoc zdidqokulg( il~ylqlclu iltztk zqoaleo( ~dzdquo`detk` ~dcmhlg( ileql~lg( ~lqlkl)~lqlkl ylk` eoiohoco zmkemc zd~lkuqdk(^lk``lq Cdòlulk Adhlflq ^CA/( Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/( il~foe(zt~lu)zt~lu ilfdho~ ulchoi( alhlo ed~l( clkumq mq`lko~l~o)mq`lko~l~ocdil~ylqlclulk( qtilg zdketetc elk udizlu)udizlu hlokkyl ylk` hlylceo`tklclk tkutc cdòlulk adhlflq idk`lflq+d+ Leioko~uql~o

Tkutc idktkflk` cdhlknlqlk zdk`dhmhllk cdhmizmc adhlflq eozdqhtclk~lqlkl leioko~uql~o lkulql hlok6 </ zlzlk klil cdhmizmc adhlflq( 1/ zlzlk

~uqtcutq mq`lko~l~o zdkydhdk``lql( elk >/ cdhdk`clzlk leioko~uql~ozdkydhdk``lqllk elk zdiadhlflqlk idhoztuo6 atct oketc zd~dqul eoeoc elk udkl`lzdkeoeoc( atct elbulq gleoq zd~dqul eoeoc elk udkl`l zdkeoeoc( atct cdtlk`lk-cl~titi( atct elbulq okrdkulqo~( atct l`dkel zdiadhlflqlk( atct hlzmqlk athlklkudkl`l zdkeoeoc( atct l`dkel ~tqlu il~tc elk cdhtlq( atct elbulq kohlo zd~dquleoeoc( elk atct ulkel udqoil oflvlg

Elhli idkfliok zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk adqhlk`~tkèdk`lk aloc( ilcl eohlctclk zdiaokllk elk zdk`lpl~lk elqo tk~tq)tk~tq 6 </Eoqdcumqlu Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk( Eoqdcumqlu Fdkedqlh Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilhidhlc~lklclk zdiaokllk udqglelz zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk

zqm`qli Zlcdu L( Zlcdu A elk Zlcdu N idhlhto ~ulkelq( kmqil( zqm~detq elklntlk udcko~ zdk`dhmhllk cdhmizmc adhlflq+




1/ Eokl~ Zdkeoeoclk Uok`clu Zqmrok~o elk Clatzludk-Cmul ylk` idiaoelkòZdkeoeoc~lk kmkbmqilh idiaokl zdhlc~lkllk zdkydhdk``lqllk( cdòlulkadhlflq( drlhtl~o elk cdòlulk hlok ylk` adqcloulk+

>/ Zdkohoc Eocil~-UHE Udkl`l Hlzlk`lk Eocil~/ eo Cdnlilulk( idilkultzdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk zdkeoeoclk elk zdiadhlflqlk zlel cdhmizmc( adhlflq~dnlql qtuok+

b+ Drlhtl~o Adhlflqô~udi zdkohlolk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk eohlctclk idhlhto6 </ zdkohlolk

ilkeoqo edk`lk idk`dqflclk adqal`lo hluoglk ylk` udqokud`ql~o elhli ~duolzimeth( 1/ zdkohlolk bmqiluob mhdg zdkeoeoc idhlhto zdk`lilulk( eo~ct~o(zdkt`l~lk( thlk`lk( zqmydc elk zmqumbmhom elhli zqm~d~ zdkeoeocolh( >/ zdkohlolk~did~udq( elk 5/ tfolk kl~omklh mhdg Zt~lu Zdkohlolk Zdkeoeoclk( Alelk Zdkdhouolkelk Zdk`dialk`lk( Edzlqudidk Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh+

Tfolk kl~omklh tkutc zqm`qli Zlcdu L( Zlcdu A elk Zlcdu N elkeoilc~teclk tkutc idkydulqlclk htht~lk zd~dqul eoeoc elqo zdkeoeoclkkmkbmqilh+ Glh oko ~d~tlo edk`lk Tkelk`)Tkelk` Km+ 1: ulgtk 1::> udkulk`ô~udi Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh elk Zdqlutqlk Zdidqokulg Km+ <? Ulgtk 1::4udkulk` ûlkelq Kl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk+ Edk`lk ediocolk( htht~lk tfolk kl~omklhzqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk idizdqmhdg zdk`lctlk( htht~lk Zlcdu L ~dulqledk`lk htht~lk Ê-IO( htht~lk Zlcdu A ~dulql edk`lk htht~lk ÎZ-IU~( elkhtht~lk Zlcdu N ~dulql edk`lk htht~lk ÎL-IL+ Tfolk Kl~omklh eo~dhdk``lqlclk~dhlil 1 clho ~duolz ulgtk ylout zdqomed zdqulil zlel athlk Lzqoh elk Ido(cditeolk zdqomed cdetl zlel athlk Mcumadq+ Zdkyd~tlolk elzlu eohlctclk aohlzlel athlk udq~datu adqudzlulk edk`lk athlk qlileglk lult lel l`dkel kl~omklhylk` idhoaluclk ~ditl cmizmkdk il~ylqlclu+ Lult tkutc idklk``thlkòzdqlil~lhlg ylk` adq~oblu kl~omklh ~dzdquo glhkyl zdkydhdk``lqllk tfolk kl~omklhzdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk tkutc idk`lkuo~ozl~o clqdkl lelkyl zd~dqul eoeoc elqo~lutlk zdkeoeoclk bmqilh uoelc htht~ elhli idkdiztg tfolk kl~omklh+

Zd~dqul tfolk kl~omklh zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk lelhlg zd~dqul eoeoc zlelzqm`qli Zlcdu L( Zlcdu A elk Zlcdu N edk`lk zdq~ylqlulk leioko~uqluob ~dal`loadqoctu6</ Udqelbulq ~dal`lo zd~dqul eoeoc elk udqnlulu elhli atct oketc zlel ~lutlk

zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh zdkydhdk``lql Zqm`qli Cd~dulqllk31/ Idiohoco ÛUA lult Oflvlg lult ^tqlu Cdudqlk`lk _lk` Adqzdk`glq`llk

^lil ^C_A^/ edk`lk ÛUA-Oflvlg elqo ~lutlk zdkeoeoclk ylk` ~duok`cluhdaog qdkelg+>/ Etetc eo cdhl~-uok`clu udqlcgoq Cdhl~ RO tkutc Zlcdu L( Cdhl~ OOO tkutc

Zlcdu A elk Zlcdu N/+5/ Udhlg idkydhd~loclk ~dhtqtg iludqo zdiadhlflqlk elk idiohoco hlzmqlk gl~oh

zdkohlolk-qlzmq+4/ Udhlg adqtitq ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kyl <1 ulgtk tkutc Zlcdu L( <4 ulgtk tkutc

Zlcdu A( elk <7 ulgtk Zlcdu N+Ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk ylk` eotfoclk ~dal`lo adqoctu6 </ Zlcdu L( idhoztuo ilul

zd~dqul eoeoclk ZZCk( Iludiluocl( OZ^( Algl~l Okemkd~ol( Algl~l Ok``qo~( elk OZ L(

1/ Zlcdu A( idhoztuo ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk ZZCk( Iludiluocl( OZ^( Algl~l




Okemkd~ol( Algl~l Ok``qo~( elk OZ L( >/ Zlcdu N OZ^( idhoztuo ilul zd~dqul eoeoclkZZCk( Algl~lOk``qo~( ^m~omhmò( Ululkd`lql( Algl~l elk ^l~uql Okemkd~ol elk Dcmkmio3 Zlcdu NOZL( idhoztuo ilul zd~dqul eoeoclk ZZCk( Algl~l Ok``qo~( Aomhmò( Coiol( Algl~lelk ^l~uql Okemkd~ol( Bo~ocl elk Iludiluocl3 Zlcdu N Algl~l( idhoztuo ilulzd~dqul eoeoclk ZZCk( Algl~l Ok``qo~( Algl~l Okemkd~ol( ^dflqlg Atelyl( ^l~uqlOkemkd~ol elk Algl~l L~ok`+D+ Glcoclu Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq 'ZCAI/

TKD^NM " AZ)ZH^Z Flylòqo 1::>6</+ idkfdhl~clk algpl Zt~lu CdòlulkAdhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ~dal`lo !hdial`l! ylk` eoadkutc mhdg elk tkutcil~ylqlclu idiohoco lquo ~dal`lo !~tlut plelg ylk` idkydeolclk okbmqil~o elkcdòlulk adhlflq ~dzlkflk` glylu alò ~duolz plq`l il~ylqlclu l`lq idqdcl hdaogadqelyl+ Idktqtu Alhoualk` Edzeockl~( 1:::6 <?/ ZCAI lelhlg ~tlut udizlucdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk il~ylqlclu ylk` eolqlgclk zlel zdiadqelyllk zmudk~oed~l tkutc idk``dqlcclk zdialk`tklk eo aoelk` ~m~olh( dcmkmio elk atelyl!+

^dhlkftukyl Clioh I+ 1::0 6 71/ idk`ditclclk algpl 6

‘ZCAI elhli idkflhlkclk btk`~okyl( udkut ft`l ~dal`lo ~lhlg ~lut iouqlcdqfl zdidqokulg elhli idkndqel~clk cdgoetzlk il~lylqlclu alk`~l/idhlhto zqm`qli zdkeoeoclkf kmkbmqilh( eoglqlzclk ilizt idktiatgclkil~ylqlclu adhlflq hdlqkok` ~mnoduy/ ~dgok``l zlel lcgoqkyl lclkidkok`cluclk cdilkeoqolk( cdadqelyl eoeoclk( elk okmrl~o elhli idknlqoadqal`lo okbmqil~o alqt elhli qlk`cl idkok`cluclk cdgoetzlkkyl+ ^dal`lo~datlg zt~lu zdiadhlflqlk hdlqkok` ndkuqd/ ZCAI eoalk`tk lul~ el~lqcdatutglk il~ylqlclu edk`lk idkouoc adqluclk ~plelyl( `mumk` qmymk`( elkzlquo~ozl~o il~ylqlclu out ~dkeoqo+’

Adqel~lqclk edboko~o udq~datu eo lul~ elzluhlg eoclulclk algpl Zt~luCdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu lelhlg ~tlut plelg elqo adqal`lo cdòlulkzdiadhlflqlk il~ylqlclu ylk` eolqlgclk zlel zdiadqelyllk zmudk~o tkutcidk``dqlcclk zdialk`tklk eo aoelk` ~m~olh( dcmkmio( elk atelyl+ ZCAIeoadkutc mhdg il~ylqlclu( idqtzlclk iohoc il~ylqlclu( elk eocdhmhl mhdgil~ylqlclu tkutc idizdqhtl~ zdhlylklk cdatutglk adhlflq il~ylqlclu+Zdiadkutclk ZCAI eohlctclk edk`lk idizdqgluoclk ~tiadq ~tiadq zmudk~o

ylk` udqelzlu eo eldqlg ylk` adq~lk`ctulk( udqtulil ftihlg cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk elk fdko~ t~lgl cdudqlizohlk ylk` ~dnlql dcmkmio( ~m~olh elk atelyl elzlueocdialk`clk tkutc idkok``cluclk cd~dflgudqllk pzd~dqul eoeoc cgt~t~kyl elkplq`l il~ylqlclu zlel titikyl+ Eozlglio zthl algpl ZCAI eo~dhdk``lqlclklul~ el~lq elk lvl~ Elqo( Mhdg elk Tkutc Il~ylqlclu EMTI/+ Lquokyl algplzqlclq~l zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk cgt~t~kyl zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh(eoglqlzclk elzlu utiatg elk adqcdialk` lul~ zqlclq~l il~ylqlclu ~dkeoqo(~dgok``l lclk hdaog udqmqodkul~o zlel cdatutglk adhlflq il~ylqlclu ~dudizlu(gok``l idqdcl hdaog idql~l idiohoco( elk elzlu idkfliok cd~okliatk`lkcdòlulk zdiadhlflqlkkyl nmkuoktok` hdlqhok`/+

^dnlql titi ZCAI eoadkutc edk`lk utftlk tkutc idizdqhtl~ cd~dizlulkplq`l il~ylqlclu cgt~t~kyl ylk` ~dnlql dcmkmio uoelc ilizt idkòctuo




zdkeoeoclk zlel flhtq ~dcmhlg bmqilh tkutc idkoial zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk(~oclz elk zdk`lhlilk ylk` eoatutgclk tkutc idk`dialk`clk eoqo elk adcdqflididktgo cdatutglk goetz idqdcl ~dglqo glqo+

Edk`lk eolctokyl ~dnlql dc~zho~ou ZCAI ~dal`lo ~lhlg ~lut ~lutlkzdkeoeoclk kmk bmqilh elhli Tkelk`)Tkelk` Kmimq 1: Ulgtk 1::> udkulk`ô~udi Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh( idkfleo ulk``tk`flpla ~ditl zoglc aloc zdidqokulgzt~lu( zdidqokulg zqmzok~o( zdidqokulg clatzludk-cmul elk il~ylqlclu htl~ tkutcidk`dialk`clk ZCAI elhli qlk`cl idk~tc~d~clk utftlk zdkeoeoclk kl~omklh+Edk`lk ediocolk cdadqlellk cmk~dz ZCAI ylk` hdaog fdhl~ elk hdaog idileloalò zdk`dialk`lk ZCAI hdaog hlkftu ~lk`lu eoatutgclk+ Ulkzl lelkyl cmk~dzZCAI ylk` fdhl~ elk idilelo lclk ~thou eoalk`tk qdknlkl ~uqludò~ ylk` alocelhli zdk`dialk`lk ZCAI ~dhlkftukyl aloc eo uok`clu ok~uout~o( eo uok`clu hmclh(qdòmklh( iltztk kl~omklh+ Glh oko udkutkyl lclk idk`lcoaluclk uoelc lelkyl~okdqò( qdkelgkyl dbdcuoroul~ elk okdbo~odk~o elhli zdk`dialk`lk ZCAI hdaoghlkftu(

Bmqti Cmitkocl~o ZCAI Okemkd~ol idkfdhl~clk algpl bohm~mbo ZCAI~dnlql qok`cl~ lelhlg elqo( mhdg elk tkutc il~ylqlclu+ Oko adqlquo algpl ZCAIlelhlg ~tlut ok~uout~o ylk` adqal~o~ il~ylqlclu 'Nmiitkouy al~de Ok~uoutuomk/+Glh oko elzlu eotqloclk ~dnlql hdaog qokno ~dal`lo adqoctu 6&Elqo il~lylqlclu adqlquo algpl zdkeoqolk ZCAI glqt~hlg ~dhlht idqtzlclk

oko~oluob elqo il~ylqlclu out ~dkeoqo ylk` elulk` elqo ~tlut cd~lelqlk lclkzdkuok`kyl zdkok`clulk itut cdgoetzlkkyl idhlhto ~tlut zqm~d~)zqm~d~uqlk~bmqil~omklh elk zdiadhlflqlk+ Oko~oluob oko elzlu ~lfl eogl~ohclk mhdg ~tlutzqm~d~ ~m~olho~l~o lclk zdkuok`kyl ZCAI elk glh)glh hlokkyl udkulk` ZCAIcdzlel adadqlzl lk``mul lult umcmg il~ylqlclu ~dudizlu mhdg zoglc zdidqokulglultztk mhdg zoglc hlok eo htlq cmitkoul~ udq~datu+ Elhli glh zdkeoqolk ~tlutZCAI zdqlk zdidqokulg lultztk zoglc hlok eo htlq cmitkoul~ udq~datu glkylhlgadqtzl zqm~d~ ~m~olho~l~o( imuorl~o( ~uoithl~o elk zdhluoglk tkutcidizdqcdklhclk ZCAI ~dnlql tutg elk idiatcl zdq~zdcuob ~dqul plpl~lk elkhlk`clg)hlk`clg ylk` elzlu eohlctclk elhli idiadkutc ZCAI ~dqul elhlizdk`dialk`lk ~dhlkftukyl+ Zqm~d~ ~m~olho~l~o oko gdkelckyl uoelc idk`liaoh lhogoko~oluob zdkeoqolk ylk` glqt~ itqko elulk` elqo cd~lelqlk( cdiltlk elkcmiouidk lk``mul il~ylqlclu out ~dkeoqo+ Glh oko ~lk`lu zdkuok` edio idkfl`l

cdhlgoqlk ZCAI out ~dnlql ~dglu ylk` eo cditeolk glqo lclk ~lk`lu idkdkutclkcdndqel~lk ~m~olhelk cdadqhlkftulk ZCAI udq~datu+&Mhdg il~ylqlclu adqlquo algpl zdkydhdk``lqllk elk zdk`dialk`lk ~dqul

cdadqhlkftulk ZCAI ~dzdktgkyl idkfleo ulk``tk`flpla il~ylqlclu out ~dkeoqo+Oko ft`l adqilckl lelkyl ~dilk`lu cdndqel~lk ~m~olhelk cd`mumk`qmymk`lkelhli zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI+ Edk`lk clul hlok( zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI uoelcglqt~ idktk``t cdhdk`clzlk lultztk cdnlk`òglk ~lqlkl elk zql~lqlkl ylkèoiohoco mhdg ~tlut il~ylqlclu elk uoelc glqt~ idktk``t lel lult uoelckyl ofokhd`lh elqo zdidqokulg ~dudizlu+ ZCAI elzlu ~lfl adqhlk`~tk` elhlicd~dedqglkllk lzlztk ylk` eoiohoco mhdg ~tlut il~ylqlclu+ Zdkydhdk``lqllk

ZCAI glqt~ eoel~lqclk elk idizdqgluoclk zmudk~o ylk` eoiohoco mhdg ~tlutil~ylqlclu+ Zdkydhdk``lqllk mhdg il~ylqlclu udkutkyl uoelc adqlquo idktutz




cditk`coklk zlquo~ozl~o elk cmkuqoat~o adqal`lo zoglc hlok eo htlq il~ylqlcluudq~datu+ Zdidqokulg( zdqmqlk`lk( hdial`l)hdial`l t~lgl( hdial`l)hdial`l~m~olh( cdl`lillk elk ~dal`lokyl algclk zdqmqlk`lk ylk` adql~lh elqo htlqil~ylqlclu out ztk elzlu ~lfl utqtu adqzlquo~ozl~o elk adqcmkuqoat~o+ Klitk~ditl adkutc etctk`lk out gdkelckyl glqt~ udulz eo~dqulo ~dilk`lu cdndqel~lk~m~olhelk cmiouidk il~ylqlclu out ~dkeoqo tkutc idialk`tk elkidk`dialk`clk ZCAI udq~datu+

&Tkutc Il~ylqlclu adqlquo algpl cdadqlellk ZCAI glqt~hlg ~dzdktgkyl ediocdilftlk cdgoetzlk il~ylqlclu eoilkl ZCAI udq~datu adqlel+ Out adqlquo ft`lalgpl zdiohoglk zqm`qli)zqm`qli ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk eo ZCAI glqt~ adklq)adklq ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk il~ylqlclu ~dudizlu+ Glh oko udkutkyl ft`l uoelcadqlquo idktutz cditk`coklk lk``mul il~ylqlclu eo htlq il~ylqlclu udq~datutkutc elzlu utqtu ~dqul idkòctuo adqal`lo zqm`qli elk cdòlulk ylkèo~dhdk``lqlclk mhdg ZCAI+ Cditk`coklk udq~datu elzlu ~lfl eoptfteclk~dzlkflk` uoelc idk`glialu zdiadqolk ilkbllu alò il~ylqlclu ~dcoulqkyl+Zqomqoul~ elk bmct~ zdiadqelyllk udkutkyl glqt~hlg udulz udqutft cdzlelil~ylqlclu ~l~lqlk ZCAI out ~dkeoqo+ Il~ylqlclu adquokelc ~dclho`t~ ~dal`lo~taydc elk maydc elhli adqal`lo cdòlulk ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk mhdg ZCAI+

^dnlql Lcqmkoi eofdhl~clk zthl algpl ZCAI adqlquo Zt~lu Cdòlulk AdhlflqIl~ylqlclu+ Zdilckllk klil okoztk elzlu idkfdhl~clk bohm~mbo ZCAI+ Glh okoelzlu eofdhl~clk ~dnlql hdaog qokno ~dal`lo adqoctu 6l+ Zt~lu( adqlquo algpl zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI glqt~hlg udqcdhmhl elk

udqhdial`lclk edk`lk aloc+ Glh oko ~lk`lu zdkuok` tkutc dbdcuoroul~ zdknlzlolkutftlk( itut zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli)zqm`qli( dbo~odk~o zdilkbllulk ~tiadq)~tiadq( ~okdqòul~ lkulq adqal`lo zqm`qli elk cdadqhlkftulk cdadqlellk ZCAIout ~dkeoqo+ Glh oko ft`l adqcloulk edk`lk cditelglk tkutc eocdklho elk eolc~d~mhdg ~dhtqtg lk``mul il~ylqlclu tkutc adqcmitkocl~o( adqcmmqeokl~o elkadcdqfl~lil edk`lk adqal`lo zoglc aloc ylk` adqlel eo pohlylg cdadqlellkZCAI udq~datu iltztk edk`lk adqal`lo zoglc eo htlq pohlylg udq~datu io~lhkylzdidqokulg( hdial`l)hdial`l kl~omklh iltztk okudqkl~omklh( elk ~dal`lokyl+Lelkyl zdhdial`llk adqal`lo cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk oko ft`l idqtzlclk ~lhlg~lut cdhdaoglk elqo cdadqlellk ZCAI elhli ~tlut cdhmizmc il~ylqlcluudqudkut+ Zlel titikyl( elhli ~duolz cdhmizmc il~ylqlclu glizoq ~dhlht leladqal`lo tzlyl zdiadhlflqlk ylk` adq~oblu kmk bmqilh+ Klitk ~dqok`clho

adqal`lo cdòlulk elk zqm`qli udq~datu uoelc udqcdhmhl elk udqhdial`lclkedk`lk aloc elk uoelc udqzlet ~dgok``l cdadqhlkftulk elk itut cdòlulkkyl~thou eozdqulglkclk elk eouok`cluclk+

a+ Cdòlulk( adqlquo algpl eo ZCAI eo~dhdk``lqlclk adqal`lo cdòlulk)cdòlulkylk` adqilkbllu alò cdgoetzlk il~ylqlclu ~dudizlu+ Oko ft`l adqlquo algplZCAI ~dhlht eoklio~( cqdluob elk zqmetcuob idhlctclk adqal`lo cdòlulk)cdòlulk ylk` zm~ouob alò il~ylqlclu ~dudizlu+ Cdòlulk)cdòlulk okohlg ylkìdqtzlclk okuo elqo cdadqlellk ZCAI+ Cdòlulk)cdòlulk oko udkutkyl ft`l~lk`lu udq`lkutk` zlel cmkudc~ cdatutglk elk ~outl~o cmkeo~o il~ylqlclu~dudizlu+

n+ Adhlflq( adqlquo algpl adqal`lo cdòlulk ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk eo ZCAI glqt~hlgidqtzlclk cdòlulk ylk` ilizt idiadqoclk udqnozulkyl ~tlut zqm~d~




uqlk~bmqil~o elk zdkok`clulk clzl~oul~ ~dqul zdqohlct lk``mul cmitkoul~udq~datu cd lqlg ylk` hdaog zm~ouob+ Adhlflq elzlu eohlctclk mhdg ~duolz mqlk`~dzlkflk` glylukyl eo ~duolz cd~dizlulk+ Adhlflq uoelc glkyl imkmzmho cltiitel( udulzo ft`l ithlo elqo alyo ~lizlo zlel mqlk`)mqlk` utl+ Adhlflq ft`lelzlu eohlctclk elhli adqal`lo eoidk~o cdgoetzlk+ Adhlflq elzlu eohlctclkelhli cdgoetzlk adqcd~dkolk( adql`lil( adqmhlgql`l( lelu o~uolelu elk atelyl(dcmkmio( ~m~olh( zmhouoc elk ~dal`lokyl+ Eoidk~o adhlflq ~dhtl~ eoidk~ocdgoetzlk out ~dkeoqo+ Edk`lk ediocolk ZCAI idqtzlclk ~tlut ok~uout~oudqedzlk ylk` hlk`~tk` adqlel eo udk`lg)udk`lg il~ylqlclu ylk` idk`dhmhlelk idkòizhdidkul~oclk cmk~dz adhlflq ~dzlkflk` glylu lult Hobd Hmk` Hdlqkokèlk Hobd Hmk` Detnluomk ~dqul zdkeoeoclk tkutc ~ditl lult Detnluomk Bmq Lhh+Zdk``tkllk clul ‗adhlflq‟ elhli ZCAI elk atclk clul ‗zdkeoeoclk‟ ft`lidiohoco ilckl udq~dkeoqo+ Adhlflq hdaog idkdclkclk zlel oko~oluob elk cdiltlkylk` ctlu ~dqul cdedpl~llk ~d~dmqlk` tkutc edk`lk ~lelq idk`gdkelco tkutcidk`talg eoqokyl cd lqlg ylk` hdaog aloc+ Adhlflq hdaog idkdclkclk tzlyl)tzlyl zd~dqul eoeoc out ~dkeoqo ~delk`clk zdqlk ~tiadq adhlflq lult zdk`lflqhdaog ~dal`lo bl~ohoulumq ~dgok``l hdaog adq~oblu amuumi tz elk hdaog adqcd~lk kmkbmqilh+ ^delk`clk zdkeoeoclk ~dalhockyl hdaog adq~oblu umz)empk( elk hdaogadqcd~lk bmqilh( oko~oluob hdaog alkylc elulk` elqo ~tiadq adhlflq lult zdk`lflq+

e+ Il~ylqlclu( adqlquo algpl ZCAI lelhlg tzlyl adq~lil ~tlut il~ylqlclu tkutcidilftclk eoqokyl ~dkeoqo ~dnlql adq~lil)~lil ~d~tlo edk`lk tctqlk)tctqlkoedlho~l~o il~ylqlclu out ~dkeoqo lclk ilckl cdgoetzlk+ Edk`lk ediocolk noqo)noqo ~tlut il~ylqlclu lclk ~lk`lu cdkulh idplqklo ~tlut ZCAI aloc idplqkloutftlk)utftlkkyl( zohoglk elk eo~lok zqm`qli elk cdòlulk ylkèo~dhdk``lqlclk( ~dqul atelyl ylk` eocdialk`clk elk eofoplo elhlicdzdioizoklk elk zdk`dhmhllk cdhdial`llkkyl+ Glh oko ft`l adqlquo algplelhli ~tlut il~ylqlclu ylk` gdudqm`dk ZCAI lclk hdaog idkndqiokclkithuocthutqlho~id ~delk`clk elhli il~ylqlclu ylk` qdhluob hdaog gmim`dk ilclZCAI ft`l lclk hdaog idkndqiokclk atelyl cgl~ il~ylqlclu udq~datu+ ZCAIatclkhlg ~tlut ok~uout~o ylk` eocdhmhl ~dnlql zdq~mklh( okeoroetlh elk dhouo~+Edk`lk zdilglilk oko udkutkyl lclk hdaog aloc lzlaohl ZCAI uoelcidqtzlclk ok~uout~o ylk` eoiohoco mhdg zdqmqlk`lk lult cdhmizmc dhouo~ udqudkutelhli ~tlut il~ylqlclu+ Udulzo cdadqlellk zdkydhdk``lql iltztk zdk`dhmhlZCAI udkutkyl idkndqiokclk zdqlk ~dqul ~dhtqtg lk``mul il~ylqlclu udq~datu+

Elhli ~outl~o uqlk~o~o lultztk ~outl~o cgt~t~ udqudkut zdqlk zdqmqlk`lk lultumcmg)umcmg udqudkut lult ~dcdhmizmc lk``mul il~ylqlclu udqudkut elzlu ~lfl~lk`lu emioklk elhli zdkydhdk``lqllk elk zdk`dhmhllk ZCAI edio dbo~odk~oelk dbdcuoroul~ zdkydhdk``lqllk( zqlcudckyl uoelchlg idkfleo clct( elzlu ~lflhdaog bhdc~oadh+ Clul ‗il~ylqlclu‟ ft`l tkutc idiadelclk ~dnlql eocmumio~edk`lk zdidqokulg+ Lquokyl ~dym`ylkyl ZCAI out iohoc il~ylqlclu atclk iohoczdidqokulg+ Cmkuqoat~o zdidqokulg lelhlg elhli idketctk` elk idibl~ohoul~ocdadqhlk`~tk`lk elk zdk`dialk`lk ZCAI elzlu ~lfl fltg hdaog ad~lq zmq~okyleoalkeok`clk cmkuqoat~o il~ylqlclu elhli kohlo ctlkuoul~ udulzo ~ditlkyl outglqt~hlg eozm~o~oclk elhli cdqlk`cl etctk`lk atclk idk`liaoh)lhog

ulk``tk`flpla il~ylqlclu+ Glh oko atclkhlg idk`lqlg zlel ~dadqlzl ad~lqzqmzmq~o ctlkuoul~( udulzo hdaog cdzlel ~dilk`lu( ctlhoul~ elk cmiouidk+ Udkut




~lfl glh oko glqt~ eoel~lqclk zlel cmkudc~ elk zmudk~o il~ok` il~okìl~ylqlclu+ Oko ft`l uoelc adqlquo algpl it~ulgoh lelkyl zd`lplo kd`dqo ~ozohadcdqfl elhli ~tlut ZCAI aloc ~dal`lo udkl`l zdkeoeoc iltztk udkl`lcdzdkeoeoclk( lultztk oko uoelc adqlquo it~ulgoh lelkyl lhmcl~o lk``lqlkzdidqokulg tkutc idialk`tk elk idkok`cluclk ~lqlkl elk zql~lqlkl ZCAI~dqul elkl mzdql~omklh ZCAI+ Algclk ~dalhockyl( ulk``tk`flpla zdidqokulgelhli zdialk`tklk elk zdiaokllk ZCAI glqt~hlg udqndqiok elhli lhmcl~o)lhmcl~o lk``lqlk zdidqokulg ylk` ~o`koboclk elhli idizdqctluzdkydhdk``lqllk elk itut zm`qli ZCAI klitk cd~dhtqtglkkyl out glqt~hlgeocdialk`clk ~dhlql~ edk`lk etctk`lk alò zdk`tlulk zdqlk elkulk``tk`flpla il~ylqlclu elhli idkydhdk``lqlclk elk idk`dhmhl ZCAI+Clul ‗il~ylqlclu‟ elhli ZCAI hdaog eoilc~teclk zlel zdk`dquolk il~ylqlcluelhli lquo hdaog ~dizou elk udqalul~+ Elhli algl~l Ok``qo~( zlelklk clulkyllelhlg nmiitkouy( lult eoudqfdilgclk idkfleo ‗cmitkoul~‟+ Zdilglilk okoidiadqo oizhocl~o algpl ZCAI glqt~hlg idqtzlclk ok~uout~o ylk` eoalk`tkelk eocdialk`clk elhli ~tlut il~ylqlclu ylk` adq~oblu udqalul~ elk adq~oblu~dudizlu( adq~oblu hmclh+ Alul~lk oko elzlu eoclud`mqoclk elhli alul~lk `dm`qlbo~iltztk alul~lk clqlcudqo~uoc+ Alul~lk `dm`qlbo~ elzlu adqlquo elhli ~tlutpohlylg udqudkut ~dzdquo ~tlut Cliztk` lult Et~tk udqudkut( ~tlut Ed~l lultCdhtqlglk udqudkut lultztk ~tlut Cdnlilulk udqudkut+ Alul~lk Clqlcudqo~uocelzlu ~lfl idk`lnt zlel ~tlut cdhmizmc il~ylqlclu ylk` idk`lhlio ~tlutzdq~lillk zdqil~lhlglk udqudkut io~lhkyl ~tlut cdhmizmc il~ylqlclu ylk`clqdkl zdqil~lhlglk ~m~olh udqudkut ~lil)~lil adqlel elhli ~tlut Hdial`lZdil~ylqlclulk udqudkut elk ~dal`lokyl+ Edk`lk zdilglilk oko udkut ~thouhlgeozlglio lelkyl ~tlut ZCAI ylk` idk`chloi ZCAI ~clhl ylk` udqhlht htl~pohlylg nlctzlkkyl io~lhkyl ~clhl zqmzok~o lult ~clhl kl~omklh+

ZCAI ~dal`lo ~datlg hdial`l ylk` eoadkutc elqo( mhdg elk tkutcil~ylqlclu idiohoco btk`~o ~dal`lo adqoctu6 </ udizlu cdòlulk adhlflq alòplq`l il~ylqlclu( 1/ udizlu zt~lqlk adqal`lo zmudk~o ylk` lel elkadqadqcdialk` il~ylqlclu( >/ ~tiadq okbmqil~o ylk` glkelh alò plq`lil~ylqlclu ylk` idiatutgclk cdudqlizohlk btk`~omklh( 5/ lflk` utclqidktclq adqal`lo zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk btk`~omklh eo lkulql plq`lil~ylqlclu( 4/ udizlu ctizthkyl plq`l il~ylqlclu ylk` okòk idkok`cluclkzdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlkkyl+ Alhoualk` Edzeockl~ 1:::61:/+

TKD^NM " AZ)ZH^Z Flylòqo 1::<6>)5/ idk`ditclclk btk`~o elqo ZCAIeoalò cdelhli etl alòlk( ylk` idhoztuo btk`~o tulil elk btk`~o zdketctk`+Btk`~o tulil elqo ZCAI lelhlg ~dal`lo plelg adqal`lo cdòlulk lflqil~ylqlclu tkutc idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk ~oclz ylkèozdqhtclk tkutc idk`dialk`clk eoqo elk il~ylqlclu+ ^delk`clk btk`~ozdketctk` elqo ZCAI oko eoalò hlò idkfleo dizlu alòlk ylk` idhoztuo 6 </~dal`lo zt~lu okbmqil~o aloc alò il~ylqlclu ~dcoulq iltztk alò hdial`lzdidqokulg elk hdial`l ~plelyl il~ylqlclu ylk` adqcdzdkuok`lk zlelzdialk`tklk il~ylqlclu3 1/ ~dal`lo zt~lu flqok`lk okbmqil~o elk cdqfl ~lilalò hdial`l ylk` lel eo il~ylqlclu iltztk ylk` lel eo htlq il~ylqlclu3 >/

~dal`lo udizlu cmmqeokl~o( cmk~thul~o( cmitkocl~o elk adqit~ylplqlg zlqlzdiaokl udcko~( umcmg il~ylqlclu elk zlql zditcl l`lil tkutc idqdknlklclk




zdialk`tklk elk zdiadqelyllk il~ylqlclu ed~l3 5/ ~dal`lo udizlu cdòlulkzdkydalqhtl~lk zqm`qli elk udckmhmò udzlu tkl+

T+ ôgmiaok` <???6<<:)<<</ idk`tk`clzclk zthl algpl btk`~o ZCAI lelhlg6 </ ~dal`lo plelg zdiadhlflqlk( lquokyl udizlu plq`l il~ylqlclu idkoialohit zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk btk`~omklh ylk` elzlu eoelyl`tklclk~dnlql ndzlu elk udzlu elhli tzlyl zdqaloclk ctlhoul~ goetz( 1/ ~dal`lo udizluzt~lqlk ~ditl zmudk~o il~ylqlclu( lquokyl ZCAI ~dal`lo udizlu zdqutclqlkadqal`lo zmudk~o ylk` lel elk adqcdialk` eo il~ylqlclu( ~ditl plq`lil~ylqlclu idiohoco cdhdaoglk ohit zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk ~oclz ylkèlzlu eofleoclk klql ~tiadq alò lk``mul il~ylqlclu hlokkyl( >/ ~dal`lo zt~lu elk~tiadq okbmqil~o( lquokyl udizlu il~ylqlclu idklkylclk adqal`lo okbmqil~oudkulk` adqal`lo fdko~ cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk elk cdudqlizohlk btk`~omklh ylkèoatutgclk il~ylqlclu( aloc cdòlulk ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk eo ZCAI lultztkeoudizlu hlok( clqdkl uoelc ~duolz cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk glqt~ eo~dhdk``lqlclk eoZCAI ulzo elzlu ft`l eo udizlu hlok ylk` hdaog qdzqd~dkuluob elk udqflk`clt mhdgil~yqlclu( 5/ ~dal`lo lflk` utclq idktclq cdudqlizohlk elk zdk`lhlilk( lquokyludizlu zdqutclqlk adqal`lo fdko~ cdudqlizohlk elk zdk`lhlilk ylk` eoiohocoil~ylqlclu edk`lk zqok~oz ~lhok` idiadhlflqclk( 4/ ~dal`lo ~dkuql zdquditlklkulql zdk`dhmhl elk ~tiadq adhlflq( lquokyl udizlu eolelclkkyl adqal`lozdquditlk aloc ~dnlql okudqk ZCAI iltztk eo htlq ZCAI( udulzo adqcdkllkedk`lk adqal`lo zdqil~lhlglk elk cdkelhl ylk` eoglelzo elhli zdk`dhmhllkzdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI( 2/ ~dal`lo hmclh adhlflq ylk` uoelc zdqklg cdqok`(lquokyl udizlu ylk` ~dnlql udqt~ idkdqt~ eo`tklclk tkutc cdòlulk adhlflq alòil~ylqlclu( ZCAI ylk` adqal~o~ il~ylqlclu elzlu eo~dkutg mhdg ~duolz hlzo~lk

il~ylqlclu edk`lk adqal`lo lcuoroul~kyl+Adqel~lqclk tqlolk)tqlolk udq~datu eo lul~( elzluhlg eo~oizthclk algplZt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylclu ylk` eoilc~te elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg~dal`lo ~tlut ok~uout~o iohoc il~ylqlclu idqtzlclk ideol alò zdkylhtqlkokbmqil~o aloc ~dnlql rdquoclh elqo il~ylqlclu cd zdidqokulg( iltztk~dalhockyl elqo zdidqokulg cdzlel il~ylqlclu( ft`l okbmqil~o ylk` adq~oblugmqovmkulh lkulqplq`l il~ylqlclu elk iouql ~dflflq hlokkyl adq~oblu udqatcl ylkìdk`dhml elk idkydhdk``lqlclk zqm`qli)zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilhudqil~tc eo elhlikyl zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zldu A elhli glh oko Zt~luCdòlulk Adhlflq il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ eo Cmul @mqmkulhm+




ALA OOOIDUMEL ZDKDHOUOLK

L+ Idumed ZdkdhouolkIdumed ylk` eo`tklclk elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg idumed edc~qozuob

edk`lk zdkedclulk ctlhouluob+ Idumed oko eozohog tkutc idked~cqoz~oclk lultidk``lialqclk gl~oh uditlk zdkdhouolk elhli adkutc clhoilu)clhoilu adqtzlcdudqlk`lk lult zdqkylullk)zdqkylullk elqo qd~zmkedk ~d~tlo edk`lkcdkylullk ylk` lel+

Zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob idqtzlclk idumed zdkdhouolk ylk` adqt~lglidk``lialqclk elk idkòkudqzqdul~o mafdc ~d~tlo edk`lk lzl lelkylIthylkl( 1::<6 <<?/+ Zdkdhouolk oko ft`l ~dqok` eo~datu kmk dc~zdqoidk( clqdklzlel zdkdhouolk oko zdkdhouolk uoelc idhlctclk cmkuqmh elk ilkozthl~o rlqoladhzdkdhouolk+ Edk`lk idumed ed~cqozuob( zdkdhouolk iditk`cokclk tkutc

idhlctclk gtatk`lk lkulq rlqoladh( idk`tfo gozmud~o~( idk`dialk`clk`dkdqlho~l~o( elk idk`dialk`clk udmqo ylk` idiohoco rlhoeoul~ tkordq~lhIthylkl( 1::<6 <1:/+ Eo ~lizok` out( zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob ft`l idqtzlclkozdkdhouolk tkutc zdk`tizthlk elul `tkl idk`tft zdqulkyllk zdkdhouolk lultgozmud~o~ ylk` adqcloulk edk`lk cdlelk elk cdfleolk ~dclqlk`+ Idqdclidhlzmqclk cdlellk mafdc lult ~tafdc ylk` eoudhouo ~d~tlo edk`lk lzl lelkyl+

Zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob zlel titikyl eohlctclk edk`lk utftlk tulil( yloutidk``lialqclk ~dnlql ~o~udiluo~ blcul elk clqlcudqo~uoc mafdc elk ~mafdc ylkèoudhouo ~dnlql udzlu+ Elhli zdqcdialk`lk lcgoq)lcgoq oko( idumed zdkdhouolked~cqozuob ft`l alkylc eo hlctclk mhdg zlql zdkdhouolk clqdkl etl lhl~lk+

Zdqulil( elqo zdk`lilulk dizoqo~ eoelzlu algpl ~dalòlk ad~lq hlzmqlkzdkdhouolk eo hlctclk elhli adkutc ed~cqozuob+ Cdetl( idumed ed~cqozuob ~lk`luadq`tkl tkutc idkelzluclk rlqol~o zdqil~lhlglk ylk` adqcloulk edk`lkaoelk` zdkeoeoclk iltztk uok`clg hlct ilkt~ol+

Eo ~lizok` cdetl lhl~lk ~dzdquo udq~datu eo lul~( zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob zleltitikyl idklqoc zlql zdkdhouo itel( clqdkl adkutckyl ~lk`lu ~delqglkledk`lk itelg eo zlglio ulkzl zdqht ididqhtclk udckoc ~uluo~cl ylk`cmizhdc~+ Plhltztk ~dadklqkyl uoelc ediocolk cdkylullkkyl+ Clqdklzdkdhouolk oko ~dadklqkyl ft`l elzlu eoulizohclk elhli adkutc ylk` hdaog

cmizhdc~( io~lhkyl elhli zdkdhouolk zdk``lialqlk ~dnlql blcutlhzdqcdialk`lk ~dcmhlg( cdhmizmc lklc( iltztk zdqcdialk`lk okeoroetlh+Zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob ft`l elzlu eocdialk`clk cd lqlg zdkdkdhouolk klutqlho~uonylk` idk``tklclk cl~t~ ylk` ~zd~oboc idhlhto ed~cqozuob idkelhli lultedk`lk zdkdhouolk ~duuok` lhlio bdkmidkmhmò~ elk eohlzmqclk ~dnlql ugonced~nqozuomk ed~cqoz~o idkelhli/ lult elhli zdkdhouolk dw)zm~u blnum edk`lkgtatk`lk lkulqrlqoladh ylk` hdaog cmizhdc~+

Elhli zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob( zdkdhouo uoelc idhlctclk ilkozthl~o rlqoladhelk uoelc idkdulzclk zdqo~uopl ylk` lclk udqfleo( elk aol~lkyl idkylk`ctuzdqo~uopl)zdqo~uopl ylk` ~llu ~dclqlk` udqfleo+ Edk`lk zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob(

zdkdhouo iditk`cokclk tkutc idkflpla zdqulkyllk zdkdhouolk ylk` adqcloulk

<<2




edk`lk gtatk`lk rlqoladh lult l~m~ol~o( elk ft`l idknlqo gtatk`lk cmizlql~olkulqrlqoladh+

Elhli zdkdhouolk oko eo`tklclk fdko~ zdkdhouolk ed~cqozuob elhli adkutc~uteo zdk`dialk`lk elk ~uteo hlkftulk+ ûteo zdqcdialk`lk lult edrhmzidkulh

~utey alkylc eohlctclk mhdg zdkdhouo eo aoelk` zdkeoeoclk lult aoelk` z~ocmhmòylk` adqcloulk edk`lk uok`clg hlct( ~l~lqlk zdkdhouolk zdqcdialk`lk zleltitikyl idkylk`ctu rlqoladh uok`clg hlct ~dnlql okeoroetlh iltztk elhlicdhmizmc+ Elhli zdkdhouolk zdqcdialk`lk udq~datu zdkdhouo udqulqoc edk`lkrlqoladh ylk` tulilclk idiadelclk lkulql uok`clu titq( zdqutiatglk lultcdedpl~llk ~tafdc ylk` eoudhouo+ ûteo zdqcdialk`lk elhli zdkdhouolk okoeohlctclk tkutc idk`tctq Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob Alò Zdkok`clulkCdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

ûteo cdhlkftulk eohlctclk mhdg zdkdhouo tkutc idkdkutclk ~ulut~qd~zmkedk ~dudhlg adadqlzl zdqomed udqudkut idizdqmhdg zdqhlctlk+ Elhli

zdkdhouolk oko ~uteo cdhlkftulk eohlc~lklclk tkutc idk`tctq zdqtalglkzdqohlct ~oclz ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dudhlg idkòctuozdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+

A+ Zqm~detq ZdkdhouolkZqm~detq zdkdhouolk edk`lk idk``tklclk idumed ed~cqozuob edk`lk

zdkedclulk ctlhouluob idiztkylo hlk`clg ~dzdquo adqoctu+<+ Idkòedkuobocl~o lelkyl zdqil~lhlglk ylk` ~o`koboclk tkutc eozdnlgclk

idhlhto idumed ed~cqozuob+1+ Idialul~o elk idqtit~clk zdqil~lhlglk ~dnlql fdhl~+

>+ Idkdkutclk utftlk elk ilkbllu zdkdhouolk+5+ Idhlctclk ~uteo zt~ulcl ylk` adqcloulk edk`lk zdqil~lhlglk+4+ Idkdkutclk cdqlk`cl adqzocoq( elk zdqulkyllk zdkdhouolk elk lult gozmud~o~

zdkdhouolk+2+ Idked~lok idumed zdkdhouolk ylk` gdkelc eo`tklclk udqil~tc elhli glh oko

idkdkutclk zmzthl~o( ~lizdh( udckoc ~lizhok`( idkdkutclk ok~uqtidk(idk`tizthclk elul( elk idk`lklho~o~ elul+

0+ Idk`tizthclk( idk`mq`lko~l~oclk( elk idk`lklho~o~ elul edk`lkidk``tklclk udckoc ~uluo~uocl ylk` qdhdrlk+

7+

Idiatlu hlzmqlk zdkdhouolk

N+ Hmcl~o elk ^tafdc ZdkdhouolkHmcl~o ylk` eofleoclk udizlu zdkdhouolk lelhlg Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq

Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ Cmul @mqmkulhm ylout ZCAI ZCAI Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk

Cdhtqlglk Ulzl Cdnlilulk Cmul Tulql elk Lh)vocql Cdhtqlglk Zledatmhm Cdnlilulk

Cmul Uoitq+ Udizlu oko eofleoclk hmcl~o zdkdhouolk lul~ el~lq zdquoialk`lk6<+ Cdetl ZCAI oko ~telg idhlc~lkklclk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob1+ Cdetl ZCAI oko ~telg idhlc~lklclk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql cmkuokt

elk ~dnlql ~o~udioc adqflhlk edk`lk aloc

>+ Lelkyl cd~deollk zdkydhdk``lql( utumq elk plq`l adhlflq tkutc eofleoclkhmcl~o zdkdhouolk




Edk`lk idizdquoialk`clk algpl bmct~ zdkdhouolk oko lelhlgzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ZlcduA( ilcl ~tiadq tulil ~dal`lo ~tafdc elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg cdutl)cdutlZCAI( utumq elk plq`l adhlflq+

E+ Udckoc Zdk`tizthlk Elul( Ok~uqtidk Zdkdhouolk elk Zdk`dialk`lkkylElul ylk` eozdqhtclk elhli zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg3 </ zqmboh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob

zlel plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm3 1/ imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob zlel zqm`qli zlcdu A ylk` ~dnlql gozmud~o~ elzlu idkok`cluclkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkul3 >/ elul tkutc idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~

imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel zqm`qli zlcdu A alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

Elul zdkdhouolk eoctizthclk idhlhto plplknlql( ma~dqrl~o( ctd~omkdq( ~uteoemctidkul~o( elk eo~ct~o cdhmizmc bmct~+ Plplknlql elk ma~dqrl~o eo`tklclk tkutc

idk`liluo cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI eo

Cmul @mqmkulhm+ ûteo emctidkul~o elk eo~ct~o cdhmizmc bmct~ eo`tklclk tkutcidk`tk`clz elul ylk` eozdqhtclk elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobzlel zqm`qli zlcdu A ylk` ~dnlql gozmud~o~ elzlu idkok`cluclk Cdndqel~lk

~m~olh plq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI eo Cmul @mqmkulhm^delk`clk ctd~omkdq eo`tklclk tkutc idk`tctq cdndqel~lk ~m~olh elhli qlk`cl

idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~ imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Lh)vocql Cdhtqlglk Zledatmhm Cdnlilulk Cmul Uoitq elkZCAI Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk Cdhtqlglk Ulzl Cdnlilulk Cmul Tulql Ctd~omkdq ylkèocdialk`clk elhli zdkdhouolk oko adqtzl elbulq zdqkylullk ylk` idk`tk`clz

cdnmnmclk qd~zmkedk edk`lk o~o ylk` udqclketk` elhli ~duolz zdqkylullk+Ok~uqtidkelhli zdkdhouolk oko eocdialk`clk ~d~tlo edk`lk utftlkkyl ylout tkutc

idkflqok` elul( aloc elul udkulk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq( iltztk elulzdketctk` tkutc idirlhoel~o imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk( elk elulzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhli cloulkkyl edk`lk zdk`dialk`lk imedh+

Zdk`dialk`lk ok~uqtidk zdkdhouolk ylk` eo`tklclk( eoutftclk tkutcidk`dbdcuobclk zqm~d~ zdkdhouolk+ Lel dizlu fdko~ lhlu zdk`tizth elul ylkèo`tklclk zdkdhouo elhli zdkdhouolk oko( ylcko6<+ Ud~( eocdialk`clk elk eo`tklclk tkutc idkflqok` elul ylk` adq~oblu

zdk`dulgtlk elhli zdk`tl~llk cdiliztlk ~d~dmqlk` elhli idilglio(

idkedk`lqclk elk zdcl udqglelz ilc~te elk zdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok( ~dqul idql~lclkelk idk`liluo qdlc~o)qdlc~o elk zdqtalglk mqlk` hlok( ylk` eo utkftcclk aloc ~dnlqlrdqalh iltztk kmk rdqalh elk ilizt idknlqo zdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` dbdcuob elhli~tlut okudqlc~o ~m~olh elk idiohoco zdk`tl~llk cduqlizohlk cmitkocl~o+ Lelztkokeoclumq elqo cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg3 zdqnlyl eoqo( ~oclz zm~ouob( cd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh(

cdiliztlk idialpl eoqo( cduqlizohlk adqcmitkocl~o elk idiohoco ~oclz dizluo+ Ud~eohlctclk udqglelz plq`l adhlflq ~taydc zdkdhouolk ~dadhti uqdluidku oizhdidkul~o imedh zqdud~u/( elk ~d~telg uqdluidku oizhdidkul~o imedh zm~uud~u/+ Flplalk lul~ atuoq ud~ idqtzlclk ~cmq( ylk` ~dhlkftukyl eolklho~o~elk eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dnlql ctlkuouluob+

1+ Ma~dqrl~o eocdialk`clk edk`lk idk``tklclk ~clhl mqeoklh( eo`tklclktkutc idkflqok` elul ylk` eoctlkuobocl~o adqtzl ~cmq/ zdk`tl~llkzdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk adqel~lqclk zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk lcutlh




plq`l adhlflq( ylk` idhoztuo hlk`clg)hlk`clg ~dal`lo adqoctu6 </

Idkylizloclk utftlk elk idimuorl~o plq`l adhlflq(1/ Idkylfoclk okbmqil~o+ >/Idk`mq`lko~l~oclk plq`l adhlflq cd elhli cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc adhlflq 5/(Idiaoiaok` cdhmizmc adcdqfl elk adhlflq( 4/ Drlhtl~o( elk 2/ Idiadqoclk

zdk`glq`llk+ Ma~dqrl~o eohlc~lklclk ~dadhti elk ~d~telg uqdluidku

oizhdidkul~o imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk+ Mad~dqrl~o eohlctclk cdzlelplq`l adhlflq elhli zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk tkutc idk`dulgtozdqcdialk`lk cdiliztlk+ Elul gl~oh ma~dqrl~o ~duolz l~zdc eolklho~o~ elkeoed~coz~oclk ~dnlql ctlkuoulob+

>+ Zdemilk plplknlql( eocdialk`clk tkutc idk`tizthclk okbmkkl~o elhli~uteo zdkelgthtlk udqclou edk`lk zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli zlcdu N( elkzqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cdudqlizohlk idkflgou edk`lk ~l~lqlk tulilkyl lelhlgzoglc ^CA cdzlhl ^CA elk utumq/( elk ^taeok Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Eokl~Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm+ Zdemilk plplknlql tkutc idk``lho okbmqil~o

udq~datu( lelhlg zdemilk plplknlql udqatcl eo~t~tk tkutc idiadqoclkcdhdhtl~llk cdzlel ~tiadq okbmqil~o elul/ elhli idiadqoclk flplalk ylk`hdaog udqatcl( ~d~tlo edk`lk zdkelzlu il~ok`)il~ok`+ Flplalk ylkèozdqmhdg elqo ~duolz atuoq zdqulkyllk eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dnlql ctlhouluob+^delk`clk plplknlql tkutc idk`tizthclk okbmil~o zdhdk`clz elkidkfleo blcumq)blcumq zdketctk` lultztk cdkelhl elhli zqm~d~ tfonmal elkoizhdidkul~o imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk( zdkdhouo ~dkeoqo adquokelc ~dal`look~uqtidkkyl flplalk ylk` eozdqmhdg eoed~coz~oclk ~dnlql ctlhouluob+

5+ Emctidkul~o ylout emctidk)emctidk ylk` lel eo Eokl~ Zdkeoeoclk Cmul@mqmkulhm( elk ZCAI Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk elk ZCAI Lh)Vocql Cmul @mqmkulhm

ylk` adqcloulk edk`lk bmct~ zdkdhouolk ~dal`lo zdhdk`clz cdhtl~lk lklho~o~elul+ Udckoc ~uteo emctidkul~o eo`tklclk tkutc idk`goiztk elul udqutho~ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk il~lhlg)il~lhlg cmizdudk~o utumq( cmizdudk~oplq`l adhlflq( ~lqlkl elk zql~lqlkl zdiadhlflqlk( ~dqul ~duolz ulglzlkzdqdknlkllk( zdhlc~lkllk( elk drlhtl~o zdkeoeoclk cdudqlizohlk idkflgouylk` udhlg eohlc~lklclk+ Elul ylk` eozdqmhdg elqo ~uteo emctidkul~oeofleoclk lhlu tkutc idk`dndc cd~d~tlolk elul ylk` eozdqmhdg elqo cdòlulkma~dqrl~o elk plplknlql

D+ Hlk`clg)Hlk`clg ZdkdhouolkZdkdhouolk oko eobmct~clk zlel zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A ~dal`lo ~ta ~o~udi zdiadhlflqlkzlel~lutlk Zdkeoeoclk Kmkbmqilh+ Zdkdhouolk idqtzlclk cdòlulk zdkdhllglkudqglelz ~tlut il~lhlg ~dnlql udqlknlk` edk`lk idk``tklclk idumed elkhlk`clg)hlk`clg ~o~udiluo~( Idumed out ~dkeoqo idqtzlclk ~tlut zqm~detq lultnlql idk`dulgto ~d~tlut edk`lk hlk`clg)hlk`clg ylk` ~o~udiluo~ ^tòymkm(1::06 <?/+ ^d~tlo edk`lk utftlk ylk` okòk eonlzlo elhli zdkdhouolk oko( yloutidk`gl~ohclk ~datlg imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A ylk` udqrlhoel~o tkutc

eoqdcmidkel~oclk( ilcl cdòlulk zdkdhouolk eolqlgclk zlel dizlu ulglzcdòlulk tulil( idhoztuo6 </ ~uteo zdkelgthtlk( 1/ zdk`dialk`lk imedh




cmk~dz( >/ idhlctclk tfonmal udqalul~( 5/ oizhdidkul~o imedh tfonmalhlzlk`lk/( 4/ zdkyt~tklk imedh ylk` eoqdcmidkel~oclk+ ^duolz ulglz elqocdòlulk zdkdhouolk oko ~dhlkftukyl eotqloclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+<+ ûteo Zdkelgthtlk

Cdòlulk ylk` eoudiztg zlel ~uteo zdkelgthtlk idhlhto hlk`clg)hlk`clg6l+ Idhlctclk clfolk udmqouoc ylk` idhoztuo cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk lkulql hlok6</ Idk`clfo cmk~dz( imedh( l~l~ elk ilkbllu zdkeoeoclk( udmqo( cmk~dz)

cmk~dz zdiadhlflqlk( udmqo adhlflq mqlk` edpl~l( elk cmk~dz cmizdudk~ooedlh plq`l adhlflq elhli zdiadhlflqlk+

1/ Idk`clfo gl~oh)gl~oh zdkdhouolk ylk` qdhdrlk edk`lk zdkdqlzlk imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob

>/ Lklho~o~ ytqoeo~ elk cdaoflclk oizhdidkul~o zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A ylk` ~dhlil okoeohlc~lklclk eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

5/ Idkdulzclk cmk~dz elk udmqo zmcmc( ~dal`lo hlkel~lk zdk`dialk`lkimedh( idhoztuo6 zdk`dquolk( Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob( Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh(Lkeql`mòc( Zqm`qli Zlcdu A elk Cmk~dz ZCAI+

a+ Idhlctclk ~tqrdy udqclou zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllkzqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( cdòlulk ylk` eohlc~lklclklelhlg6</ Idhlctclk clfolk lplh udkulk` zqmboh cdetl ZCAI ylout ZCAI Ulilk

Zdkeoeoclk elk ZCAI Lh)Vocql1/ Idhlctclk ~uteo zdkelgthtlk udkulk` cmkeo~o zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu eoZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

>/ Idhlctclk clfolk lplh zqm`qli zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobalò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu eo ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm Idked~cqoz~oclk uditlk zdkdhouolk zdkelgthtlk udkulk`cmizmkdk cdòlulk ylk` eohlc~lklclk+

1+ Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Cmk~dzutlhCdòlulk ylk` eoudiztg zlel ulglz zdk`dialk`lk imedh cmk~dz oko(

idhoztuo6l+ Zdkyt~tklk eqlb imedh( cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk zlel ulglz oko lelhlg6

</ Idqlknlk` imedh gozmud~o~ zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adqel~lqclk gl~ohclfolk udmqouoc( cmkeo~o mafdcuob hlzlk`lk( gl~oh)gl~oh clfolk zdkdhouolkudqelgtht ylk` qdhdrlk( ~dqul cdudkutlk)cdudkutlk bmqilh udkulk`zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq Zlcdu eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

1/ Idk`lklho~o~ cd~dkflk`lk lkulql zqmboh cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflqelhli zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A edk`lkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` oedlh ~d~tlo cdudkutlk bmqilh ~ulkelq cmizdudk~oplq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A/+

>/ Idked~cqoz~oclk ~uqtcutq zqm`qli imedh zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu eo




ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( elk cdqlk`cl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobeohlctclk lul~ el~lq il~tclk elqo zqlcuo~o elk zlclq( elhli tzlylidk`tfo cdhlylclk imedh gozmud~o~ ylk` eocdialk`clk+

a+ Rdqobocl~o imedh gozmud~o~( cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk lelhlg6

</

Eohlctclk rlhoel~o udmqduoc cmk~dzutlh imedh gozmud~o~ cdzlel zlql lgho+1/ Eohlctclk rlhoel~o cdhlylclk imedh gozmud~o~ cdzlel zlql zqlcuo~o eohlzlk`lk+

>/ Qdro~o imedh gozmud~o~( elk ~olz tkutc eohlctclk tfonmal imedh ~dnlqludqalul~ tfo udqalul~/

>+ Idhlctclk Tfonmal Udqalul~Idhlctclk tfonmal imedh udqalul~( cdòlulk ylk` eoudiztg zlel ulglz oko

lelhlg6</ Idhlc~lklclk tfonmal imedh ~dnlql udqalul~ ~dal`lo tfonmal mhdg zdkdhouo

udqglelz plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI1/ Idhlctclk eo~ct~o udkulk` gl~oh tfonmal tkutc idk`dulgto cdhdilglk)

cdhdilglk elhli cmizmkdk imedh ylk` udhlg eoed~lok elk eorlhoel~oidhlhto tfo cdhlylclk zlclq elk zqlcuo~o+

>/ Idqtit~clk tzlyl)tzlyl idk`lul~o cdhdilglk)cdhdilglk elhli qlk`clzdkydiztqkllk imedh( eoel~lqclk zlel uditlk( ~lqlk( zdkelzlu zd~dqul~dhlil tfo udqalul~+

5/ Idked~cqoz~oclk gl~oh zdhlc~lkllk tfonmal imedh( elk ~dclho`t~( idhlctclkqdro~o-zdkydiztqkllk imedh+

4/ Gl~oh qdro~o-zdkydiztqkllk imedh( eolk``lz ~telg ~olz tkutc eooizhdidkul~oclk elhli tfo hlzlk`lk tfo dizoqoc+

5+ Oizhdidkul~o Imedh Tfonmal Hlzlk`lk/Zlel oizhdidkul~o imedh ulglz cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk lelhlg ~dal`lo

adqoctu6l+ Zdhlc~lkllk oizhdidkul~o imedh zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò

zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhmeohlctclk zlel cdhmizmc uqdluidku( idhlhto dc~zdqoidk |tl~o( edk`lkhlk`clg cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk ~dal`lo adqoctu6</ ^dadhti zdhlc~lkllk zdkeoeoclk oizhdidkul~o imedh/( idhlctclk

zdk`lilulk lplh udkulk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq idhlhtoma~dqrl~o udqglelz cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk( elk zqdud~u eocdklclk zlelcdhmizmc uqdluidku elk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh+

1/ Idhlc~lklclk zdhluoglk( ylout idkdqlzclk imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk zlel cdhmizlc uqdluidku+

>/ Cdòlulk drlhtl~o ylk` eohlctclk elhli zdhlc~lkllk oizhdidkul~oimedh idhoztuo6 drlhtl~o zqm~d~ zdkeoeoclk cdudqhlc~lkllk imedh/(drlhtl~o gl~oh zdkeoeoclk zl~nl oizhdidkul~o zdkeoeoclk idhlhto zm~uud~u(elk ma~dqrl~o udkulk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli cdòlulkqdbhdc~o gl~oh zdiadhlflqlk




Lklho~l udqglelz gl~oh oizhdidkul~o imedh zdkeoeoclk cdudqlizohlkidkflgou ylk` eocdialk`clk( edk`lk hlk`clg cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclkkyllelhlg6</ Idhlctclk lklho~o~ elul ~dadhti zdhlc~lkllk zdkeoeoclk-oizhdidkul~o

imedh zqdud~u elul ud~u elk elul ma~dqrl~o zdiadhlflqlk plq`l adhlflq~dadhti zdkeoeoclk/ edk`lk ~d~telg zdhlc~lgllk zdkeoeoclk-oizhdidkul~o imedh zm~uud~u elul ud~u elk elul ma~dqrl~o zdiadhlflqlkplq`l adhlflq zl~nl zdkeoeoclk/ zlel cdhmizmc uqdluidku( udqclou edk`lklel uoelckyl zdqtalglk zdqohlct cdpoqlt~lgllk

1/ Idhlctclk zdk`lilulk udqglelz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq( idhoztuo6zdqnlyl eoqo( ~oclz zm~ouob( cd~lelqlk ~outl~omklh( cdiliztlk idialpl eoqo(

cduqlizohlk adqcmitkocl~o elk idiohoco ~oclz dizluo+>/ Idhlctclk lklho~o~ elul zdqadellk gl~oh zdk`lilulk udqglelz cdndqel~lk

~m~olh ~dadhti elk ~d~telg zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+ Lklho~o~

dq~datu eoilc~teclk tkutc idk`cmizlql~oclk zdqadellkkyl ~dal`lo el~lqelhli idk`tfo ~o`koboclk~o zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhcdhmizmcuqdluidku/ ylk` eolk``lz ~dal`lo zdk`lqtg elqo oizhdidkul~o imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+

5/ Lklho~o~ elul ylk` eoudiztg ~dzdquo udq~datu eo lul~( eoilc~teclk tkutcidk`dulgto lzlclg imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clkudq~datu dbdcuob tkutc cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm

4+ Zdkyt~tklk Imedh ylk` Eoqdcmidkel~oclk+Zdk`dialk`lk imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( eoed~cqoz~oclk~dal`lo adqoctu6 Zdqulil( eohlctclk zdk`clfolk adqal`lo udmqo ylk` qdhdrlkedk`lk zdkeoeoclk tulilkyl udqclou edk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob(cdndqel~lk ~m~olh( lkeql`mòc( clfolk udkulk` zqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dqul Cmk~dzudkulk` ZCAI+ L`lq zdkdhouo idiohoco `lialqlk lplh ylk` hdaog hdk`clzudkulk` imedh ylk` lclk eocdialk`clk( zdkdhouo ft`l idhlctclk zdk`clfolkgl~oh)gl~oh zdkdhouolk hlok ylk` eolk``lz qdhdrlk( Cdetl( eohlctclk ~uteozdkelgthtlk tkutc idkòedkuobocl~o zdqil~lhlglk ylk` udqclou edk`lk tzlylzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A+ ^tqrdy zlel ~uteo

zdkelgtotlk eohlctclk idhlhto zoglc udqclou zlel zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zlel plq`l adhlflq+ ^tqrdy zlel zdkydhdk``lqllkzdiadhlflqlk zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI elk zoglc ylk` udqclou edk`lkzdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI+ ^dhtqtg okbmqil~o eozdqmhdg elqozoglc)zoglc udqclou udq~datu( ~dqul hlkel~lk ytqoeo~ bmqilh ylk` qdhdrlk( elkclfolk udmqduo~ eofleoclk lntlk elhli ~uteo zdkelgthtlk tkutc idqtit~clkimedh elk zdk`dialk`lk ~dhlkftukyl+

Cduo`l( idqlknlk` imedh gozmud~o~ zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A( zdkdhouo idhlctclk lklho~o~cd~dkflk`lk lkulql qkmedh gozmud~o~ edk`lk cmkeo~o lcutlh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob ylk` eohlctclk plq`l adhlflq eo hlzlk`lk+ ^dhlkftukyl gl~oh lklho~o~udq~datu eo`tklclk ~dal`lo lntlk elhli idqtit~clk imedh gozmud~o~+




Cddizlu( idhlctclk tfo cdhlylclk imedh gozmud~o~ idhlhto fte`didku zlclqtkutc zdqaloclk cmk~dzutlh elk cd~d~tlolk imedh gozmud~o~ udq~datu+ Tfocdhlylclk imedh gozmud~d~ udq~datu eohlctclk idhlhto zdkohlolk mhdg zqlcuo~oelk ~dflplu zdkdhouo( tkutc idiadqoclk il~tclk cd~d~tlolk imedh udq~datu eo

uok`clu hlzlk`lk+ Tfo cdhlylclk eoilc~teclk tkutc idizdqaloco eqlb imedhgozmud~o~ ylk` udhlg eoqtit~clk( ~dgok``l imedh gozmud~o~ udq~datu ~olz tkutceotfonmalclk ~dnlql udqalul~+ Cdhoil( idhlctclk tfonmal udqalul~ imedh gozmud~o~gl~oh tfo cdhlylclk ylk` idhoaluclk plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A+ Tfonmalimedh ~dnlql udqalul~ oko( eoilc~teclk tkutc idirlhoel~o imedh( idhlhtozdkydiztqkllk imedh gozmud~o~ ylk` udhlg eotfo cdhlylclkkyl mhdg zlclq elkzqlcuo~o( adqel~lqclk uditlk)uditlk elhli tfonmal udq~datu( ~dgok``l ~olztkutc eohlctclk oizhdidkul~o imedh elhli tfo hlzlk`lk+ Cddkli( idhlctclktfo cdndqel~lk ~m~olh cdhmizmc uqdluidku ~dadhti oizhdidkul~o imedh( tfozdk`tl~llk cmizdudk~o eohlctclk idhlhto ud~ elk ma~dqrl~o ~dadhti

oizhdidkul~o imedh+ Zdk`lilulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dadhtioizhdidkul~o imedh udq~datu( eoilc~teclk tkutc idizdqmhdg elul cdndqel~lk~m~olh plq`l adhlflq tkutc eocmizlql~oclk edk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq zl~nl oizhdidkul~o imedh zl~nl zdiadhlflqlk ~dal`lo zm~uud~u/+ Lklho~o~cmizlql~o cdetl ilnli elul udq~datu eo`tklclk tkutc idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk+ Cdutftg( oizhdidkul~o imedh tfo hlzlk`lk( cdòlulkoizhdidkul~o imedh zlel ulglz oko eohlctclk udqglelz cdhmizmc uqdluidku(ylout cdhmizmc plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A+ hizhdidkul~o imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob eohlc~lklclk eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+ Cdedhlzlk( drlhtl~o gl~ohoizhdidkul~o imedh( eohlc~lklclk idhlhto cdòlulk zdk`tfolk zl~nlzdiadhlflqlk `tkl idizdqmhdg elul cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zl~nloizhdidkul~o imedh+ Elul ylk` eozdqmhdg lelhlg elul gl~oh ud~ zl~nlzdiadhlflqlk( elk elul ma~dqrl~o lel ~llu zdhlc~lkllk zl~nl zdiadhlflqlk+ Elulgl~oh zm~uud~u elhli lklho~o~kyl eocmizlql~oclk edk`lk elul gl~oh zqdud~u ~dal`loel~lq lklho~o~ dbdcuoroul~ imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk+^dhlkftukyl( tkutc idk`dulgto algpl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylkèocdialk`clk dbdcuob elk adqzdk`lqtg udqglelz zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk plq`ladhlflq Zlcdu A( hdaog hlkftu eohlctclk lklho~o~ imedh adqel~lqclk gl~ohoizhdidkul~o imedh-tfo hlzlk`lk udq~datu+ Lklho~o~ eohlctclk adqel~lqclk elul

zdk`lilulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ~dadhti elk ~dudhlg zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob+ Elqo gl~oh lklho~o~ oko eoqlknlk` imedh !lcgoq! zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dal`lo !imedhylk` lclk eoqdcmidkel~oclk!+

Ulglzlk)ulglzlk zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhmelzlu eo`lialqclk idhlhto cdqlk`cl zdk`dialk`lk imedh ~dal`lo adqoctu6

ÛTEO ZDKELGTHTLK

Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob( Cdndqel~lk m~olh

IMEDH CMK^DZUTLH

Ql~omklho~l~o( L~ti~o Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh(

Utftlk Zdk`dialk`lk( Cmizmkdk




>+<+ Ulglzlk Zdk`dialk`lk Zdkeoeoclk Cdudqlizohlk Idkflgou Plq`l Adhlflq

Zlcdu N elhli Zdq~zdcuob Cdpoqlt~lgllk

B+ Zdk`mhlglk Elul elk Udckoc Lklho~o~ ElulUlglzlk elhli zqm~d~ zdkdhouolk( udqeoqo lul~ hlk`clg6 </ idkdhouo gl~oh

zdkdhouolk adqcloulk edk`lk zqmetc ylk` lclk eocdialk`clk( 1/idk`dialk`clk zqmetc adqel~lqclk gl~oh zdkdhouolk( >/ tfo hlzlk`lk( elk 5/idk`tqlkò edro~odk~o ylk` eouditclk elhli ulglz tfo nmal hlzlk`lk+

Idqtftc zlel ulglzlk elhli zdkdhouolk oko( lklho~o~ elul ylk` eo`tklclk

eoalò cd elhli adadqlzl ulglz ylout6 h/ zdcdqfllk idktho~clk elul( 1/idk`deou( >/ idk`chl~obocl~oclk elul( 5/ idqdetc~o( elk 4/ okudqzqdul~o lultidiadqo ulb~oqlk+ Adqel~lclk zlel qdknlkl lklho~o~ elul udq~datu( ilcl udckoclklho~o~ elul ylk` eo`tklclk elhli zdkdhouolk oko eohlctclk elhli uo`l ulglz(ylout6<+ Lklho~o~ Elul Ulglz Zdqulil

Lklho~o~ elul zdkdhouolk ulglz zdqulil( udqclou edk`lk ~uteo zdkelgthtlk(eohlctclk ~dnlql ctlhouluob elk ctlkuouluob+ Lklho~o~ elul ~dnlql ctlhouluobeohlctclk tkutc idilcklo ed~cqoz~o maydcuob udkulk` oizhdidkul~ozdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel cmkeo~o lcutlh elk cmkudc~utlh ylk` zdqklg

eohlctclk udqclou zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu A+ Lklho~o~ elul ctlkuouluobgl~ou ~uteo zdkelgthtlk eohlctclk tkutc idilcklo cmkeo~o ZCAI UlilkZdkeoeoclk elk ZCAI Lh)Vocql+ Lklho~o~ elul ~dnlql ctlhouluob ylkèoilc~teclk eo lul~( ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk tkutc idked~cqoz~oclk gl~oh ~uteozdkelgthtlk ~dal`lo ~lhlg ~lut cmizmkdk zdkuok` tkutc udqtit~clkkyl imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk+ ^delk`clk lklho~o~ elulctlkuouluob zlel ~uteo zdkelgthtlk tkutc idimuqdu cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq( ~dal`lo cmizmkdk zdkuok` ~dal`lo el~lq idizdqmhdg `lialqlk cmkeo~ocdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dal`lo blcumq zdketctk` zdkuok`kyl

zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq idhlhto imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk1+ Lklho~o~ Elul Ulglz CdetlLklho~o~ elul zlel ulglz oko eo`tklclk zqm~detq ctlhouluob3 elk adkutckyl

lelhlg idkdhllg blcumq)blcumq ylk` ~dnlql cmk~dzutlh lclk idkfleo cdkelhlelhli qkdkòizhdidkul~oclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eoqlknlk`+Lklho~o~ elul zlel ulglz oko tkutc idilcklo cmkeo~o maydcuob lul~ zlkelk`lkzlql zdk`dhmhl ZCAI( zqlcuo~o( elk zlql zlclq+ Gl~oh lklho~o~ oko elzlu eofleoclkzdemilk( elhli idirdqobocl~o imedh lplh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI+




ALA OR

GLÔH ZDKDHOUOLK ELK ZDIALGL^LK

L+ Gl~oh Zdkdhouolk

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk eoed~cqoz~oclk edk`lk idk`lnt zlel utftlk zdkdhouolk( ylcko6 </idked~cqoz~oclk cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( 1/idk`dialk`clk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( >/ idkòizhdidkul~oclk imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli ZlcduA eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( elk 5/ idk`dulgto dbdcuoroul~ imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobalò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

<+ Ed~cqoz~o Cmkeo~o Mafdcuob Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob Eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

Tkutc idkelzluclk cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhmeozdqmhdg idhlhto plplknlql( ma~dqrl~o elk lk`cdu zlel cdòlulk ûteo Zdkelgthtlk+ Plplknlqleohlc~lklclk edk`lk Cdutl Bmqti ZCAI Alzlc Zqmrok~o @mqmkulhm Eq~+Atglqok Oòqo~l+I+Ze/

zlel ulk``lh > ^dzudiadq 1:<< tkutc idiadqoclk qdcmidkel~o udqglelz Zt~lu cdòlulk AdhlflqIl~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ~dal`lo udizlu zdhlc~lkllk zdkdhouolk+ Elqo gl~oh plplknlql udq~datu eozdqmhdgalgpl elqo <0 ZCAI ylk` lel eo Cmul @mqmkulhm glkyl etl ZCAI ylk` eoqdcmidkel~oclk yloutZCAI Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk elk ZCAI Lh)Vocql+ Zlel ulk``lh 5 ^dzudiadq 1:<< zdkdhouo idhlctclkplplknlql edk`lk Cdutl ZCAI Hl Ztut/ ~dclho`t~ ma~dqrl~o zlel Zt~lu Cdòlulk AdhlflqIl~ylqlclu ZCAI/ Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk ylk` adqhmcl~o eo Cdhtqlglk Ulzl Cdnlilulk Cmul Tulql(eohlkftuclk plplknlql edk`lk Cdutl ZCAI Eq~+Elq~mkm Elte I+Ze/ zlel ulk``lh 4 dzudiadq1:<< ~dclho`t~ idhlc~lklclk ma~dqrl~o zlel Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ Lh)Vocqlylk` adqhmcl~o eo cdhtqlglk Zledatmhm Cdnlilulk Cmul Uoitq+ ûteo zdkelgthtlk ylk` eohlctclkzdkdhouo udqglelz cdetl ZCAI oko idk`gl~ohclk okbmqil~o idk`dklo zqmboh ZCAI hmcl~o zdkdhouolkelk al`loilkl cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk ylk` lel eo ZCAI+l+ Zqmboh Zt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu 'ZCAI/ Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk

ZCAI !Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk! idqtzlclk hdialfl eo flhtq Zdkeoeoclk kmk bmqilhylk` eoeoqoclk mhdg il~ylqlclu elk tkutc il~ylqlclu eo Cdhtqlglk Ulzl CdnlilulkCmul Tulql Cmul @mqmkulhm+ ZCAI oko eoklilclk !Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk! edk`lk ilc~tel`lq idhlhto hdial`l oko elzlu eonozulclk ~tiadq elyl ilkt~ol ylk` glkelh( adqctlhoul~elk adqelyl ~lok` cgt~t~kyl alò il~ylqlclu ylk` adqlel eo Cdhtqlglk Ulzl elkCdnlilulk Cmul Tulql zlel titikyl+ ZCAI !Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk! eoeoqoclk zlelulk``lh 7 L`t~ut~ ulgtk 1::7 eo Cdhtqlglk Ulzl Cdnlilulk Cmul Tulql elk udhlgeoctctgclk edk`lk lcul kmulqo~ kmimq 5< eoglelzlk kmulqo~ Ho~l Ztqklilpluo Kdkum(^G zlel ulk``lh <? Ftko 1::?+

Elhli idhlc~lklclk adqal`lo zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli ZCAI !Ulilk

Zdkeoeoclk! udhlg adqmhdg ovok mzdql~omklh elqo Zdidqokulg Cmul @mqmkulhm elhli glu okoEokl~ Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm kmimq 510-Eockl~)ZKBZ-1:77l+

Tkutc( qkdktkflk` cdhlknlqlk zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk mhdgZCAI !Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk! cgt~t~ elhli alh idk`lutq ilklfdidk mzdql~omklhcdtlk`lk ilcl ZCAI !Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk! udhlg idiohoco qdcdkok` alkc eo AQO TkouLkelhl~ edk`lk kmimq qdcdkok` 4<14):<)::2077)4>)7 elk ft`l eohdk`clzo edk`lk udhlgudqelbulq zlel Clkumq Zlflc Kmimq Zmcmc Plfoa Zlflc :1+7>0+::0+:)711+:::

a+ Zqmboh Zt~lu Cd olulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu 'ZCAI/ Lh)VocqlZt~lu Cdòlulk Adhlflq Il~ylqlclu ZCAI/ ‘LH)Vocql’ lelhlg hdial`l eoflhtq Zdkeoeoclk

kmk bmqilh ylk` eoeoqoclk mhdg il~ylqlclu Cdhtqlglk Zledatmhm idhlhto Eokl~ Zdkeoeoclk Cmul

@mqmkulhm+ ZCAI oko eoklilclk ‘LH)Vocql’ edk`lk ilc~te l`lq idhlhto hdial`l oko elzlueonozulclk ~tiadq elyl ilkt~ol ylk` glkelh( adqctlhoul~ elk adqelyl ~lok` cgt~t~kyl alò

http://02.837.007.0-822.000/

http://02.837.007.0-822.000/

http://02.837.007.0-822.000/

http://02.837.007.0-822.000/




il~ylqlclu ylk` adqlel eo Cdhtqlglk Zledatmhm elk Cdnlilulk Cmul Uoitq zlel titikyl+ZCAI ‘LH)Vocql’ eoeoqoclk zlel ulk``lh 17 Ftho ulgtk 1::7 eo Flhlk Ilumhmethl CdhtqlglkZledatmhm Cdnlilulk Cmul Uoitq elk udhlg eoctctgclk edk`lk lcul kmulqo~ kmimq <5 eoglelzlkkmulqo~ Ho~l Ztqklilpluo Kdkum(^G zlel ulk``lh 4 L`t~ut~ 1::7+

Elhli idhlc~lklclk adqal`lo zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli ZCAI ‘LH)Vocql’ udhlg

adqmhdg ovok mzdql~omklh elqo Zdidqokulg Cmul @mqmkulhm elhli glh oko Eokl~ ZdkeoeoclkCmul @mqmkulhm Kmimq 510-Eockl~)ZKBZ-1<57+

Tkutc idktkflk` cdhlknlqlk zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk ylk` eo~dhdk``lqlclk mhdgZCAI ‘Lh)Vocql’ cgt~t~ elhli glh idk`lutq ilklfdidk mzdql~omklh cdtlk`lk ilclZCAI ‘Lh)Vocql’ udhlg idiohoco qdcdkok` alkc eo AQO tkou Cmul Uoitq edk`lk kmimqqdcdkok` 4<>>):<):14<1>)4>)1 elk ft`l eohdk`clzo edk`lk udhlg eoelbulqclkkyl ZCAI ‘Lh)Vocql’ eo clkumq zlflc Kmimq Zmcmc Plfoa Zlflc :1+27:+>07+>)711+:::

Cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk zlel Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A ~dal`lo ~tafdczdkdhouolk oko eoel~lqclk zlel ~lulkelq ylk` eoadqhlctclk Zdidqokulg cgt~t~kyl ylk`

udqnlkuti elhli Zdqlutqlk Zdidqokulg Kmimq <? ulgtk 1::4 udkulk` ^lulkelq Kl~omklhZdkeoeoclk+ Elhli cdkylullkyl ~d~tlo gl~oh uditlk eo hlzlk`lk zlel ulk``lh > ~lizloedk`lk ulk``lh 4 ^dzudiadq 1:<< ~d~tlo edk`lk gl~oh plplknlql edk`lk adadqlzl zdk`dhmhl

eo adadqlzl ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm eozqmhdg algpl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu

A zlel titikyl il~og idk``tklclk zdiadhlflqlk cmkrdk~omklh ylout zdiadhlflqlk ylkàdqzt~lul zlel utumq+

^dnlql qokno cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm elzlu eotqloclk ~dal`lo adqoctu6

<+Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adhti eohlctclk ~dzdktgkyl zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI

Cmul @mqmkulhm1+ Lel cdcglpluoqlk algpl zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob glkyl lclk idk`lcoaluclk cdclnltlk eo

cdhl~( elk zd~dqul eoeoc uoelc lclk adhlflq focl idqdcl eoudizluclk elhli cdhmizmc+>+ Alkylc cd~lk ylk` kd`luob idk`dklo cdòlulk cdqfl ~lil lult adhlflq elhli cdhmizmc5+ Plq`l adhlflq uoelc ~dklk` eo~tqtg adcdqfl ~lil edk`lk mqlk` hlok4+ Plq`l adhlflq ylk` lcuob elk udctk idql~l glqt~ adcdqfl idhdaogo plq`l adhlflq ylk` hlok

elhli cdhmizmc( ~didkulql plq`l adhlflq ctqlk` ilizt idql~l qdkelg eoqo clqdkleoudizluclk ~lut cdhmizmc edk`lk plq`l adhlflq ylk` hdaog zokulq elk lcuob+

2+Plq`l adhlflq ylk` zokulq idql~l algpl udilkkyl ylk` ctqlk` ilizt glkyl idktizlk`~lfl zlel gl~og fdqog zlylg idqdcl+

0+Lel zdql~llk pl~)pl~ zlel lk``mul cdhmizmc lclk gohlk`kyl clqlcudqo~uoc lult cdtkoclkzqoaleo clqdkl glqt~ idkyd~tloclk eoqo edk`lk cdhmizmc+

Clfolk oko eolqlgclk zlel tzlyl idk``lho blcumq)blcumq okudqklh imedh blcutlh

zdiadhlflqlk zlel Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zlcdu A eo ZCAI ylk` eol~ti~oclk elzluidizdk`lqtgo cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli idkòctuo zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk~dqul cdiliztlk udkl`l utumq-utumq elhli idialk`tk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk+Eo~lizok` out zthl lclk eoalgl~ adqal`lo zdqil~lhlglk ylk` udqclou edk`lk

zdkydhdk``lqllk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` adqhlk`~tk` eo ZCAI+

l+ Zlquo~ozl~o plq l adhlflq elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk

Elhli zdk`dialk`lk zqm`qli eo ZCAI ~lutlk Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh/ cgt~t~kylzqm`qli Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk( zlquo~ozl~o elqo ~dhtqtg cmizmkdk zdiadhlflqlk

cgt~t~kyl plq`l adhlflq aloc elhli idkyt~tk zdqdknlkllk zdiadhlflqlk iltztk




elhli zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk idqtzlclk umhlc tctq tulil+ Glh oko eoilc~teclk edk`lk

utftlk6

</ Plq`l adhlflq adhti idiohoco ql~l ulk``tk`flpla udqglelz zqm`qli ylk` lclkeocdialk`clk( udqtulil cdadqgl~ohlk elk cdadqhlk`~tk`lk zqm`qli+

1/ Cdudqhoalulk plq`l adhlflq elhli zdkyt~tklk zdqdknlkllk zqm`qlk

zdiadhlflqlk zqm`qli Zlcdu A adhti klizlc idqtzlclk ~datlg zqm~d~ lplh elqo

udqfleokyl zqm~d~ adhlflq+

>/ Zdktht~tqlk elk lklho~o~ cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq lclk ~dnlql eoko eouditclk(~dgok``l iditelgclk utumq elhli idk`dialk`clk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk

udqtulil3 iludqo zdiadhlflqlk( ~uqludò elk idumed zdiadhlflqlk ~dqul imedhdrlhtl~o zdiadhlflqlk ylk` lclk eocdialk`clk Eo~lizok` out zthl cdudqhoalulkplq`l adhlflq elhli zdqdknlkllk zdiadhlflqlk lclk iditelgclk utumq elhli

idk`lklho~o~ zdqil~lhlglk)

zdqil~lhlglk ylk` lclk eouoiathclk elk lclk iditelgclk elhlizdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` eouditclk aloc elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk iltztkelhli idk`tctq cdadqgl~ohlk zdiadhlflqlk+ Cqoudqol el~lq ylk` glqt~

eozdktgo plq`l adhlflq elhli zlquo~ozl~okyl elhli idkyt~tk qdknlkl

zqm`qli idhoztuo6 l/ cdiliztlk el~lq elk cdudqlizohlk ylk` eoiohoco(udqtulil idilglio il~lhlg eoqo elk hok`ctk`lkkyl( n/ idiohoco cdiltlk( e/ elzluadcdqfl~lil( elk n/ udqatcl udqglelz zdk`dialk`lk eoqo elk zdk`dialk`lk zqm`qli+

Cdòlulk tulil tkutc idialk`tk cmkeo~o zlquo~ozl~o plq`l adhlflq eo ZCAIelhli zdk`dialk`lk elk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eohlctclk idhlhto adqal`locdòlulk ylout6

l/ Zdkedclulk Lplh

Zdkedclulk lplh eohlctclk mhdg utumq cdzlel plq`l adhlflq( tkutc hdaog idk`dklh~lut ~lut ~lil hlok udqtulil( adqal`lo glh ytlk` adqcloulk edk`lk zmudk~o)zmudk~o eoqo/ylk` eoiohoco plq`l adhlflq+ Eo~lizok` out zthl cdòlulk oko eohlctclk tkutc

idktiatgclk ql~l ~outluomklh lplqkd~~ plq`l adhlflq elhli idkòctuo Zdkeoeoclkcd~dulqllk eo ZCAI imuorl~o/ idkòk`lu gdudqmòkoul~ plq`l adhlflq eohoglu elqo t~ol( hlulqadhlclk` cdhtlq`l dcmkmio/( fdko~ cdhliok( elk hlulq adhlclk` zdk`dulgtlk elk

cdudqlizohlk ylk` eoiohoco elhli idketctk` zqm~d~ elk zdqdknlkllk zdiadhlflqlk+

Cdòlulk zmcmc ylk` eohlctclk adq~lil plq`l adhlflq zlel ulglzlk oko idhoztuo6

</ Utumq adq~lil plq`l adhlflq ~lhok` adqcdklhlk ~lhok` idizdqclklhclk eoqo/( glh okoeohlctclk tkutc idialk`tk cdlcqlalk eolkulql il~ok`)il~ok`+

1/ Idhlctclk oedkuobocl~o lplh udkulk` plq`l adhlflq cdiliztlk elk

cdudqlizohlkkyl/ idhlhto plplknlql ~dnlql okbmqilh tkutc idk`dulgtooedkuoul~ eoqo( cdiliztlk ylk` eoiohoco( fdko~ cdudqlizohlk ylk` eoiohoco(cdatutglk( fdko~c cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk eohtlq adhlflq eo ZCAI( l~lh udizlu

uok``lh( elk cdaol~llk elhli adhlflq+>/ Idkydalqhtl~clk elk ididulclk cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlk ylk` eoiohoco plq`l

adhlflq cdzlel utumq hlok l`lq iditelgclk elhli idiatlu umzoc)umzoc udil)udil/

zdiadhlflqlk+

5/ Idiaokl cdzdqnlyllk plq`l adhlflq( l`lq udqt~ idk`dialk`clk eoqo elkzdqnlylcdzlel cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlk ylk` eoiohocokyl+

4/ Idiadkutc cdhmizmc adhlflq( ~d~tlo edk`lk cdilztlk elk cdudqlizohlk ylk`




eoiohoco elk cdatutglk il~ok`)il~ok`+

Gl~oh elqo cdòlulk oko lelhlg6 </ idiadqoclk lhudqkluob ~uqludòzdiadhlflqlk ~dgok``l zlquo~ozl~o plq`l adhlflq elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk udqfleoedk`lk ~daloc)alockyl elk ulkzl zlc~llk+ 1/ idkok`cluclk cdzdqnlyllk eoqo plq`l

adhlflq( >/ idkòctuo zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql udqt~ idkdqt~ cmkuokt/+

a/ L~~d~idku Plq`l Adhlflq

L~~d~idku eohlctclk tkutc idk`dulgto cdiliztlk lplh plq`l adhlflq(

cdatutglk( cdokòklk elk imuorl~o ylk` ~dadklqkyl lel elhli eoqo plq`l adhlflq+L~~d~~idku oko eohlctclk cduocl zdqulil clho plq`l adhlflq lclk idkòctuo zdiadhlflqlk+^dhlil cdòlulk oko utumq idiadqoclk imuorl~o elk idkok`cluclk okudk~oul~ cmitkocl~oedk`lk plq`l adhlflq ~dgok``l eozdqmhdg cdfdhl~lk( algpl plq`l adhlflq aduth)aduth lclk

idkòctuo edk`lk ~tk``tg)~tk``tg zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+ Cdòlulkl~~d~idku idknlctz6 </ oedkuobocl~o il~lhlg)il~lhlg cdoctu~dqullk elhli zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk( 1/ oedkuobocl~o adqal`lo zmudk~o ylk` eoiohoco plq`l adhlflq ~dqul

eogtatk`clk edk`lk cdatutglk kylul plq`l adhlflq elhli idkòctuo zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk(

>/ hlulq adhlclk` plq`l adhlflq eo il~ylqlclu elk eo qtilg( 5/ cmkeo~o hok`ctk`lk plq`ladhlflq eo ilkl idqdcl uok``lh elk adcdqfl alò ylk` ~telg adcdqfl( 4/ qoplyluzdkeoeoclk plq`l adhlflq( 2/ cmkeo~o cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo+ Oedkuobocl~o oko eohlctclk tkutc

idialkut ididnlgclk zdq~mlhlk)zdq~mlhlk elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk elk ~uqludò ylkèoudqlzclk udqtuli elhli idiohog udil)udil ylk` nmnmc edk`lk iludqo zdiadhlflqlkylk` lclk eoalk`tk eo ZCAI+ Gl~oh l~d~~idku elzlu eofleoclk lntlk lult btkel~o elhli

idkyt~tk qdknlkl zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~dnlql hlk`~tk` adqoial~ zlel zdkdulzlk ~uqludòzdiadhlflqlk( idumel zdiadhlflqlk elk alglk lflq ~tiadq/ adhlflq ylk` lclk eo`tklclkutumq elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+

a+ Zqm`qli Zdiadhlflqlk elk Qdknlkl Zdiadhlflqlk

</ Zqm`qli Zdiadhlflqlk

Zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eocdialk`clk eo ZCAI idk``tklclk ctqocthti

Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A Zdkeoeoclk El~lq Cd~dulqllk/ ylk` eolutq elhliZdqlutqlk Zdidqokulg Kmimq <? ulgtk 1::4 udkulk` ûlkelq Kl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk+

l/ ûqtcutq Ctqocthti ( ylk` idqtzlclk zmhl ~t~tklk ilul zdhlflqlk zqm`qliZdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A udqeoqo lul~ adqal`lo ilul zdhlflqlk tkutcidk`dialk`clk cdiliztlk mhlggluo( mhlgzocoq( mhlgql~l( mhlgql`l elk

mhlgclqyl( udqil~tc itlulk hmclh( elk zdk`dialk`lk cdzqoaleolk zqmbd~omklh+

a/ Adalk Adhlflq ( zqm`qli Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zlcdu A eokylulclk elhli~lutlk cqdeou cmizdudk~o ^CC/ ylk` idktkftcclk amamu cmizdudk~o ylk` glqt~

eonlzlo mhdg plq`l adhlflq elhli idkòctuo zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk aloc idhlhto ululzitcl( zqhludc cdudqlizohlk( elk- lult cdòlulk ilkeoqo+

n/ Ctqocthti Uok`clu ^lutlk Cdòlulk Adhlflq ZCAI/ elk ôhlat~ (eocdialk`clk elk eoudulzclk adq~lil lkulql Eokl~ Zdkeoeoclk Clatzludk

Cmul ylk` adqulk``tk`flpla eoaoelk` Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh ~dqul ~d~tloedk`lk cdpdklk`lkkyl+ Cdelhlilk ctqocthti eoutlk`clk elhli ~ulkelqcmizdudk~o ^C/ elk cmizdudk~o el~lq CE/ il~ok`)il~ok` ilul zdhlflqlk+

Ilul zdhlflqlk OZUDC idiohoco ^C elk CE ylk` ~lil edk`lk Zdkeoeoclk

bmqilh eo ZCAI( glh oko eozlclo tkutc cdzdkuok`lk tfolk zdkydulqllk uok`clukl~omklh+




e/ Clhdkedq Zdkeoeoclk Clhdkedq Zdkeoeoclk ylk` eo`tklclk zlel ZCAI

eo~t~tk ~d~tlo cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI+ Zdqithllk ulgtk lflqlk~d~tlo edk`lk clhdkedq Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk ylk` eocdhtlqclk EoqdcumqluZdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Eoqdcumqlu fdkedqlh Zdkeoeoclk Kmkbmqilh elk

Okbmqilh Edzeockl~ lplh ulgtk lflqlk zlel Athlk Io/+ Plq`l adhlflq elzlu

idkòctuo cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk ~d~tlo edk`lk cd~dizlulk il~ok`)il~okèdk`lk idizdqgluoclk adalk adhlflq elk nlql idkdiztgkyl ~d~tlo edk`lk

lutqlk ylk` eoadqhlctclk+1/ Qdknlkl Zdiadhlflqlk

Gl~oh l~~d~~idku eofleoclk el~lq tkutc zdqdknlkllk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eo~lizloclkeo ZCAI+ Zoglc ylk` udqhoalu elhli zdqdknlkllk zdiadhlflqlk lelhlg zdk`dhmhl elkutumq( lelztk plq`l adhlflq udqalul~ glkyl idkylizloclk

adadqlzl okbmqil~o zdqil~lhlglk ylk` eoglelzo cduocl eohlctclk eolhm` ~dqul adadqlzlzdqulkyllk ylk` eo~lizloclk cdzlel idqdcl+ Eo~lizok` out plq`l adhlflq udqhoalu

elhli zdkyt~tklk zdqdknlkllk zdiadhlflqlk glkyl zlel zdkylizlolk zdqil~lhlglk)

zdqil~lhlk ~dqul cdatutglk ylk` okòk eozdhlflqokyl+

Cmizmkdk)cmizmkdk ylk` eoqdknlklclk idhoztuo adqal`lo glh ylk` adgtatk`lk

dqlu edk`lk zdiadhlflqlk ~dzdquo6 iludqo zdiadhlflqlk( zdkfleplhlk( ~dqul udizlu zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk adqhlk`l~tk`+ Eo ~lizok` out zthl eoliluo adadqlzl cqdluoroul~ utumqylk` ~d~tlo edk`lk umzoc)umzoc iludqo zdiadhlflqlk+ Elhli zqm~d~ oko lel adadqlzl

cdctqlk`lk ylk` udqliluo eolkulqlkyl lelhlg3 ctqlk` idizdqgluoclk cdatutglk qdlhplq`l adhlflq ~dqul ~tiadq adhlflq ylk` idketctk`+ Utftlk zdiadhlflqlk eoudkutclkhlk`~tk` mhdg zdk`dhmhl elk utumq( edk`lk l~ti~o algpl plq`l adhlflq ~dal`lo ~l~lqlk

zdiadhlflqlk zl~ob( ~dgok``l cdudqhoalulk elhli zqm~d~ zdkyt~tklk qdknlkl zdiadhlflqlkil~og udqalul~+

Plq`l adhlflq idkòctuo zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI cdalkylclk uoelc eoel~lqclklul~ imuorl~o ylk` elulk` elqo elhli eoqokyl ok~uqok~oc/ udulzo lul~ el~lq imuorl~o elqo

htlq dc~uqok~oc/ ~dzdquo3 lflclk udilk)udilkkyl( lflclk zdk`dhmhl elk utumq( eo~tqtgmqlk` utl elk zdqt~lgllk eoilkl plq`l adhlflq adcdqfl( ft`l eoclqdklclk lelkyluqlk~zmqu elqo zdk`dhmhl+ Qdcqtuidku utumq eohlctclk lul~ el~lq ~tclqdhl elk cdocghl~lk(

uoelc adqel~lq zlel cmizdudk~o+ Elhli zqm~d~ zdkyt~tklk qdknlkl zdiadhlflqlk(eocdulgto algpl zqm~d~ adhlflq eohlctclk utumq ~d~tlo edk`lk plcut ~dk``lk` ylkèoiohoco( eo~lizok` out zthl utumq idkdqoil utkflk lk okudk~ob/ ~d~tlo edk`lk ~ulkelq ylk`

eoudulzclk ZCAI+

Zlel ulglz lplh/ mqodkul~o zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI( plq`l adhlflq zdqulil)ulil

eocdklhclk zdqlk elk btk`~o ZCAI eo il~ylqlclu cgt~tkyl elhli zdiadhlflqlk ro~o(io~o elk utftlk ZCAI/( eofdhl~clk zthl adqal`lo lutqlk ylk` glqt~ eohlc~lklclk plq`ladhlflq( zdqlk zdk`dhmhl elk utumq elhli qlk`cl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ Adadqlzl cdòlulk

ylk` eohlctclk elhli idketctk` ulglz mqdokul~o eolkulqlkyl lelhlg6 idkyt~tk fleplh zdiadhlflqlk elk fleplh ulialglk tkutc cdudqlizohlk( idiatlu fleplhzdialòlk ut`l~ cdadq~oglk ZCAI( idkyt~tk cdòlulk ylk` idkydklk`clk ~dzdquo

zdqiloklk( mhlgql`l elk cd~dkolk+ Cdòlulk)cdòlulk out eo~t~tk adqel~lqcd~dzlclulk lkulql utumq-zdk`dhmhl edk`lk plq`l adhlflq+

Elhli ulglz mqodkul~o zdiadhlflqlk eo~t~tk zthl zdk`mq`lko~l~olk plq`l adhlflq

elk zdiadkutclk cdhmizmc adhlflq( cdòlulk oko eozoizok mhdg plq`l adhlflq elk

eolqlgclk mhdg utumq+




n+ Zdhlc~lkllk Zdiadhlflqlk

Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk idqtzlclk zqm~d~ cmitkocl~o lkulql utumq elk plq`l adhlflqidhlhto adqal`lo ideol elk idumel ylk` ~d~tlo edk`lk iludqo lflq-zd~lk ylk` ~dnlqlcmmzdqluob eoatutgclk plq`l adhlflq+ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eohlctclk tkutc idkok`cluclk

zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk ~dgok``l udqfleo zdqtalglk ~oclz elk zdqohlct plq`l adhlflq+

Elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eohlctclk zthl zdiadqolk

imuorl~o l`lq plq`l adhlflq adqzlquo~ozl~o ~dnlql lcuob eo elhlikyl

Zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk ~dnlql adqrlqol~o mhdg utumq ylk` eoalkut mhdgzdk`dhmhl+ Rlqol~o zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk uoelc cmk~o~udk edk`lk zdqdknlkllk ~dithl/

elzlu eondqiluo elqo plcut( elk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk+ Cduoelc cm~o~udklk zdhlc~lkllkzdiadhlflqlk eo~dalaclk mhdg adqal`lo blcumq eolkulqlkyl lelhlg3 qdkelgkyl imuorl~oplq`l adhlflq( utumq adqglhlk`lk gleoq( uoelc lel zdkfdiztulk plq`l adhlflq cd udizlu

zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI ylk` ao~l idk`glialu cdhlknlqlk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI+

ZCAI elhli idkydhdk``lqlclk zdiadhlflqlk ndkedqtk` clct elk ctqlk`

idizdqgluoclk cdatutglk adhlflq plq`l adhlflq elk eo~d~tloclk edk`lk zmudk~o hmclhil~ylqlclu/ ylk` elzlu eoelyl `tklclk tkutc idketctk` cdadqgl~ohlk zdiadhlflqlk+Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk adq~oblu udlngdq ndkudqde utumq hdaog emioklk idkylizloclk iludqo

~delk`clk plq`l adhlflq zl~ob/+ Glh udq~datu eolcoaluclk mhdg cqdluoroul~ utumq ylk` qdkelglult elhli zqm~d~ adhlflq glkyl idk``tklclk idumed ndqlilg elk ulkyl flpla lultidumed cmkrdk~omklh+

Udizlu zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk zlel titikyl idk``tklclk qtlk`lk ylk` lel

eo ZCAI( lult glhlilk ZCAI( id~coztk ~dalòlk qtlk`lk ZCAI ~telg zdqilkdk(klitk udizlu)udizlu udq~datu adhti ~dzdktgkyl idketctk` zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk aloc

ylk` okuql iltztk dc~uql+ Plcut zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk ~d~tlo

cd~dzlclulk lkulql utumq( zdk`dhmhl elk plq`l adhlflq( klitk elhli zdhlc~lkllkkyl ~dqok`clho adqtalg)talg clqdkl adqal`lo lhl~lk cdudqalul~lk utumq elk alglk lflq+ Elhli zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk eohlctclk zthl cdòlulk zdiaokllk( eoilkl cdòlulk oko eo~d~tloclk

edk`lk cmizmkdk iludqo zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk+ Edk`lk glqlzlk utftlk zdiadhlflqlkelzlu eonlzlo ~dnlql dbdcuob elk dbo~odk+

Cmkeo~o ZCAI( udq~datu eo lul~ ~dnlql kylul eoetctk` mhdg elul)elul zdkdhouolkctlkuouluob( idhoztuo3 utftlk eo~dhdk``lqlclkkyl adqal`lo zqm`qli eo ZCAI( 5:$/eoel~lqclk zlel zdidktglk lclk cdlkdclql`lilk ioklu plq`l adhlflq( >:$/ zdk`dhmhl

idkylulclk eoel~lqclk cdzlel zdidktglk cdlkdclql`lilk cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq(

>:(12$/ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk eoel~lqclk zlel cdlkdclql`lilk lelu-cdaol~llkil~ylqlclu nlhmk plq`l adhlflq( elk >:$/ eoel~lqclk cdzlel cdlkdclql`lilk

utkutulk-cdatutglk zl~lq+

Plcut zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI adqrlqol~o+ Idktqtu utumqZCAI( plcut zdiadhlflqlk zlel titikyl idqtzlclk gl~oh cd~dzlclulk lkulql utumq

edk`lk plq`l adhlflq ylout 04$/ eo~dqlgclk cdzlel utumq( 1:$/ eo~dqlgclk cdzlel plq`l

adhlflq ( elk 4$/ eo~d~tloclk edk`lk udizlu+ Hlilkyl plcut zdiadhlflqlk zdq iok``tzlel ZCAI( 04$/ ~dhlil etl clho( elk 140$/ ~dhlil ~lut clho+ ^tiadq elklzdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI adhti adqcdialk`( ~ditlkyl adq~tiadq elqo zdidqokulg <::$/(

Idumed zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~dqok` eo`tklclk eo ZCAI( idktqtu plq`l adhlflq

lelhlg ndqlilg( ulkyl flpla( elk eo~ct~o 7:$/+ Idumed zqlcudc glkyl ~dcoulq 1:$+Idumed zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eo`tklclk( idktqtu plq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI ~d~tlo edk`lk




cmkeo~o plq`l adhlflq ?>(>>$/( ctqlk` ~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~o plq`l adhlflq 4(>>$/ elk

uoelc ~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~o plq`l adhlflq <(>>/+ Lhlu elk ~tiadq zdiadhlflqlk ylkèo`tklclk eo ZCAI( zlel titikyl utumq idilkelk` ~lk`lu idktkflk` cdiliztlkplq`l adhlflq >:(42$/( ctqlk` idktkflk` cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq 22(20$/ elk uoelc

idktkflk` cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq 1(07$/+

Idktqtu plq`l adhlflq( zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk eo~t~tk ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglkplq`l adhlflq 45(20$/( adqel~lqclk zqm`qli zdidqokulg >7(20$/( elk eo~t~tk ~d~tloedk`lk cdiliztlk utumq 2(20$/+

e+ ûqludò Zdiadhlflqlk

^dzdquo udhlg eofdhl~clk ~dadhtikyl ~uqludò zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eoudqlzclk

eo ZCAI lelhlg3 zdiadhlflqlk zlquo~ozluob( eo~ct~o cdhmizmc( adhlflq ilkeoqo elk Olok)

hlok+ Klitk lel idumel hlok ylk` eocdialk`clk eo ZCAI ylcko utumq ~dalyl+ ûqludòzdiadhlflqlk oko eocdialk`clk clqdkl cdudqalul~lk ZCAI elhli idkydeolclk utumq

elk cdudqalul~lk ~tiadq adhlflq+

Elhli idkydhdk``lqlclk ~uqludò zdiadhlflqlk oko eozdqhtclk cd~olzlk elk

cdiliztlk utumq elhli idk`cmmqeokl~oclk adqal`lo zdk`lhlilk idk`lflq cdzlellklc( ft`l cdiliztlk utumq elhli idiohog lklc ylk` tk``th eo lkulql udilk)udilkkyl+Zdiadhlflqlk zlquo~ozluob utumq ~dalyl eohlctclk zlel plq`l adhlflq ylk` adqlel zlel

hdrdh cdhl~/ ? tkutc zqm`qli Zlcdu A elk cdhl~ <1 tkutc zqm`qli Zlcdu N lult cdhl~lcgoq zlel Zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk+ ûqludò zdiadhlflqlk oko eohlctclk edk`lk nlql utumqidkyolzclk alglk-iludqo lflq ylk` nmnmc elk elzlu eozdnlgclk lult eoeo~ct~oclkplq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI elk eozoizok mhdg udilkkyl ylk` hdaog zokulq tk``th/+ Imedh

zdiadhlflqlk zlquo~ozluob utumq ~dalyl eozletclk ft`l edk`lk ~uqludò zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob ûqludò zdiadhlflqlk oko ididqhtclk alglk lflq imeth/ ylk` ~telg ~dediocolkqtzl eo~olzclk edk`lk adqal`lo alglk alnllk ylk` ~dnlql cmmzdqluob adqcloulk edk`lkilude lflq elk il~lhlg)il~lhlg-cdatutglk adhlflq ylk` glqt~ eozdnlgclk plq`l adhlflq+

Adadqlzl blcumq ylk` idkfleo zdqgluolk utumq elhli idk`dialk`clk ~uqludòzdiadhlflqlk utumq ~dalyl eo lkulqlkyl lelhlg6

</ Cdòlulk Zdiadhlflqlk adqzt~lu zlel plq`l adhlflq+

1/ Cd~d~tlolk cdòlulk elk o~o iludqo zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk ~oblu)~obluokeoroetlhoul~ plq`l adhlflq+

>/ Blcumq cdutqtklk elk cd~d~tlolkkyl edk`lk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk+5/ Cd~d~tolk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk blcumq hok`ctk`lk 'dkroqmkidkulh

blnumq/+

4/ Cd~d~tlolk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk zmudk~o eoqo plq`l adhlflq+2/ Cd~d~tlolk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk zdqcdialk`lk cdgoetzlk+0/ Cd~d~tlolk ilckl edk`lk zdk`dialk`lk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk+

Zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk hlok ylk` eo`tklclk elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI

lelhlg zdkedclulk zlquo~ozluob lkeql`mò~+ Zdkedclulk oko eohlctclk elhli qlk`clidialkut idktiatgclk cdqfl~lil elhli idkditclk elk

idk``tklclk gl~oh)gl~oh uditlkkyl ylk` ~dnlql cmmzdqluob adqcloulk edk`lk hok`ctk`lk

il~ylqlclu eoilkl plq`l adhlflq uok``lh elk adcdqfl+ Cmkeo~o elk ~outl~o Zdkeoeoclkylk` eoalk`tk elzlu idqlk`~lk` zdqutiatglk elk zdqcdialk`lk plq l adhlflq+

Eo ~lizok` zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk zlquo~ozluob lkeql`mò~( ft`l eohlctclkzdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk adqal~o~ hok`ctk`lk-cmkudc~utlh3 zdkedclulk oko eohlctclk




l`lq zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql cmmzdqluob qdhdrlk elk adqilkbllu alò plq`l adhlflq

~d~tlo zmudk~o elk cdatutglk hmclh hok`ctk`lk ~dcoulq eoilkl idqdcl uok``lh elk adcdqfl/+Mhdg clqdkl out zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk oko glqt~ udqclou edk`lk hok`ctk`lk eo ilklplq`l adhlflq goetz elk adcdqfl+ ^dgok``l plq`l adhlflq idql~lclk( algpl

zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk ylk` eozdhlflqokyl adqilkbllu elk udqclou hlk`~tk`

edk`lk cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqokyl+

d+ Elkl Adhlflq

Adqel~lqclk gl~oh plplknlql edk`lk ~dhtqtg qd~zmkedk ylk` udqclou elk idk`dquoudkulk` elkl adhlflq ylk` eocdhmhl lult ylk` eo`tklclk eo ZCAI elk gl~oh zdk`mhlglkelbulq o~olk( ~tiadq elkl adhlflq ZCAI elzlu eooedkuobocl~o ~dal`lo adqoctu6 zdidqokulg(

il~ylqlclu( bmqti ZCAI( Otqlk plq`l Adhlflq( elk alkutlk emklumq+ Elqo ~tiadq)~tiadqelkl udq~datu( udqad~lq udqad~lq eozdqmhdg elqo zdidqokulg+ Elkl ylk` il~tc elqo adqal`lo~tiadq udq~datu( eocdhmhl mhdg ZCAI ~dnlql mumkmi( aloc elhli zdknlqolk iltztk

elhli zdk``tkllkkyl idkfleo ulk``tk` flpla ZCAI+ ^duolz ZCAI glqt~ idhlzmqclk

elk idizdqulk``tk`flplaclkkyl cdzlel zdiadqo elkl lult zoglc hlok ylkèozlkelk` zdqht idkelzlu hlzmqlk+ Zdk`dhmhllk elk zdk``tkllk elkl zlel ~duolz ZCAIadqrlqol~o Gl~oh oedkuobocl~o zdk`dhtlqlk elkl mhdg Zdk`dhmhl ZCAI elzlu

eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+

</ ^dalkylc 2$ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk zdk`dhtlqlk elhli ~lut ulgtk eo alplgQz <:+:::+:::3

1/ ^dalkylc ?$ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk lkulql Qz+ <:+:::+::: ~-e

Qz+ <1+4::+:::3>/ ^dalkylc <2$ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk adqco~lq lkulql Qz+ <1+4::+::: ~-e

Qz+<4+:::+:::(

5/ ^dalkylc ?$ idkylulclk adqco~lq lkulql Qz+<4+:::+::: ~-e <0+4::+:::34/ ^dalkylc 2:$ idkylulclk eo lul~ Qz+ 1:+:::+:::()

Zdk``tkllk elkl udq~datu eolkulqlkyl tkutc uqlk~bmu utumq( idiadho alglk glao~

zlclo( LUC( atct utho~( idialylq qdcdkok` ho~uqoc elk elk qdcdkok` loq+ ^ditl elklylk` eozdqmhdg tkutc zdiaolyllk ~ditl zqm`qli ylk` lel eo ZCAI adq~tiadq elqoelkl LZAK+

b+Drlhtl~o Gl~oh Adhlflq

Drlhtl~o gl~oh adhlflq( eohlctclk tkutc idhoglu zdknlzlolk zqm`qli ylk` ylkèohlc~lklclk eo ZCAI( ~dqul ~dal`lo okbmqil~o uoialh alhoc cdzlel 'utumq elk plq`l

adhlflq idk`dklo cdilftlk ylk` udhlg eonlzlo+ Gl~oh elzlu eofleoclk el~lq

zdquoialk`lk tkutc zdkdulzlk zdkok`clulk okudqrdk~o( qdro~o lult udqiokl~o+Ok~uqtidk drlhtl~o adqtzl qlknlk`lk zqm`qli( ok~uqtidk ud~u( nl~d qdnmqe( bohdzdqcdialk`lk lklc elk zdemilk ma~dqrl~o( ylk` eozdq`tklclk aloc ~dnlql cmkuokt(

iltztk ~dnlql zdqomeoc athlklk( uqopthlk( ~did~udqlk elk ulgtklk+

Zdkohlolk eohlctclk mhdg zdk`dhmhl elk utumq elk adq~oblu ok~oedkulh uoelc cmkuokt( lel ft`l drlhtl~o ylk` adq~oblu l~~d~idk idhlhto zdk`tizthlk okbmqil~o elqo utumq( elk plq`l

adhlflq+ Cdòlulk zdkohlolk zlel titikyl adqcloulk edk`lk cdplfoalk idhogluzdqcdialk`lk gl~oh adhlflq plq`l adhlflq elk hlzmqlk ZCAI elhli idkydhdk``lqlclkzqm`qli+

Gl~oh adhlflq eoqtit~clk elhli adkutc zdk`dulgtlk( cdudqlizohlk elk ~oclz+Elhli adqal`lo glh zlql zdk`dhmhl ZCAI ft`l idk`dklh o~uohlg cmizdudk~o+ ^ditl




l~zdc udq~datu eodrlhtl~o edk`lk adqal`lo nlql( aloc edk`lk nlql ud~ iltztk kmkud~(

~dnlql ho~lk( utho~lk iltztk zdqatlulk+ Zdhlc~lkllk drlhtl~o eohlctclk idhlhto drlhtl~o~tiluob elk bmqiluob elk eohlctclk ~dnlql udqdknlkl elk udqzqm`qli+

^dhlil oko zdhlc~lkllk drlhtl~o zdkeoeoclk zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A il~og

idk``tklclk ~o~udi zdqok`clu+ Elhli ~o~udi oko( plq`l adhlflq eoalkeok`clk edk`lkudilk)udilk hlokkyl adqtqtu adqel~lqclk zqd~ul~o adhlflqkyl+ ^dnlql bohm~mbo~ iltztkzdel`mò~ zqlcudc oko ctqlk` udqztfo+ Clqdkl edk`lk nlql oko elzlu idk`mqalkclk lklcelk idk`dqeohclk ilckl ~dqul utftlk zdkeoeoclk+

ô~udi drlhtl~o elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idk`lktu blh~lblg gmim gmioko~mnot~ ylk` idkdclkclk ~lhok` cdudq`lkutk`lk lkulql ilghtc goetz+ Cdqfl~lilidqtzlclk cdatutglk ylk` ~lk`lu zdkuok` lquokyl alò cdhlk`~tk`lk goetz+ Ulkzl cdqfl~lil( ulc lclk lel okeoroet( cdhtlq`l( mq`lko~l~o( lult il~ylqlclu+ Ulkzl cdqfl~lil(cd~doialk`lk hok`ctk`lk goetz lclk ztklg+

Drlhtl~o zdiadhlflqlk elhli etkol zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh cgt~t~kyl zlelzqm`qli Zlcdu A adhti alkylc eoudqlzclk+ Lhl~lkkyl edk`lk idk``tklclk drlhtl~o okoeolk``lz ctqlk` leoh+ Alò plq`l adhlflq ylk` udctk elk zlkelo idql~l eoqtòclk clqdkludilkkyl ylk` ctqlk` ilizt glkyl idkòctuo zlel gl~oh fdqog zlylg idqdcl( ~delk`clkplq`l adhlflq ylk` ctqlk` ilizt idql~l eoqokyl fleo adklht+

ô~udi zdkohlolk elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( plq`l adhlflq idkelzlu kohlozqoaleo elk kohlo cdhmizmc+ Idqdcl ~lhok` idialkut elk idizdq~olzclk eoqo tkutc ud~+Cditeolk( il~ok`)il~ok` idk`dqflclk ud~ ~dkeoqo)~dkeoqo elk idkdqoil kohlozqoaleo+^delk`clk kohlo cdhmizmc ao~l eoadkutc edk`lk adadqlzl nlql+ Zdqulil( kohlocdhmizmc ao~l eoliaoh elqo kohlo udqdkelg ylk` eoelzlu mhdg plq`l adhlflq elhlicdhmizmc+ Cdetl( kohlo cdhmizmc ft`l ao~l eoliaoh elqo qlul)qlul kohlo ~ditl lk``mul

cdhmizmc( elqo ~tialk`lk ~duolz lk``mul+ Cdhdaoglk cdetl nlql udq~datu lelhlg ~dilk`lu`mumk` qmymk` ylk` eoulkliclk+ Edk`lk nlql oko( cdhmizmc ao~l adqt~lgl hdaog cdql~tkutc idialkut ~ditl lk``mul elhli idizdq~olzclk eoqo tkutc ud~+

Zdkohlolk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lult `mumk` qmymk` zdqht hdaog ~dqok` eohlctclkelhli zqm`qli Zlcdu A oko( tkutc iditztc ~oclz edpl~l+ ô~udi okoztk idqtzlclklhudqkluord ylk` idklqoc tkutc idknd`lg uoiathkyl ~oclz l`qd~ob elk udql~ok`+

Gl~oh adhlflq ylk` adqtzl zdk`dulgtlk( eokohlo idhlhto ud~ gl~oh adhlflq udqutho~+Gl~oh adhlflq udq~datu( mhdg zlql qd~zmkedk utumq( zdk`dhmhl( elk zdkohoc/ eokohlo

adqctlhobocl~o aloc 24$/( algclk 14$/ qd~zmkedk idkylulclk ~lk`lu aloc( ~dqul <:$/

qd~zmkedk idkylulclk ntctz aloc+ Drlhtl~o zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~dhlil oko eohlctclk(idktqtu plq`l adhlflq hdaog idkdclkclk cdzlel cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq 0:$/(

1:$/ idkylulclk hdaog idkdclkclk zlel ctqocthti elqo zdidqoku~g( <:$/idkdclkclk cdatutglk hok`ctk`lk( elk udqkylul idktqtu plq`l adhlflq drlhtl~o ylkèohlctclk glkyl adq~oblu bmqilhoul~

Plhltztk al`loilkl idktqtu qd~zmkedk plq`l adhlflq( gl~oh adhlflq ylk` eozdqmhdg

mhdg idqdcl ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk elk utftlk idqdcl adhlflq idkòctuo cdòlulk?2$/( elk glkyl 5$/ qd~zmkedk ylk` idkylulclk ctqlk` ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk elkutftlk idqdcl+ Elizlc zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eozdqmhdg( 2?$/ qd~zmkedk plq`l adhlflqadqzdkelzlu algpl gl~oh adhlflq ylk` idqdcl zdqmhdg elzlu idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk elk

cdudqlizohlk plq`l adhlflq+`+ Elyl Etctk`




Idktqtu cdudqlk`lk zdk`dhmhl ZCAI( utftlk eo~dhdk``lqlclkkyl adqal`lo zqm`qli eo

ZCAI( >>(>>$/ eoel~lqclk zlel zdidktglk lclk cdlkdclql`lilk ioklu plq`l adhlflq(1:(::$/ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk eoel~lqclk cdzlel zdidktglk cdlkdclql`lilkcdatutglk plq`l adhlflq( 12(20$/ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk eoel~lqclk zlel

cdlkdclql`lilk lelu-cdaol~llk il~ylqlclu nlhmk plq`l adhlflq( elk 1:(::$/

eoel~lqclk cdzlel cdlkdclql`lilk utkutulk-cdatutglk zl~lq+

g+ Plcut Zdiadhlflqlk

Plcut zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI adqrlqol~o+ Idktqtu utumqZCAI( plcut zdiadhlflqlk zlel titikyl idqtzlclk gl~oh cd~dzlclulk lkulql utumqedk`lk plq`l adhlflq 72(20$/( eo~dqlgclk cdzlel utumq 2(20$/( eo~dqlgclk cdzlel plq`l

adhlflq 2(20$/ elk eo~d~tloclk edk`lk udizlu <:$/+ Hlilkyl plcut zdiadhlflqlk zdqiok``t zlel ZCAI( 0>(>>$/ ~dhlil etl clho( elk 12(20$/ ~dhlil ~lut clho+ ^tiadq elklzdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI

adhti adqcdialk`( adq~tiadq elqo zdidqokulg 72(20$/( ^o~lkyl lel ylk` elqo

il~ylqlclu( bmqti ZCAI( elk plq`l adhlflq+

o+ Idumed Zdiadhlflqlk

Idumed zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~dqok` eo`tklclk eo ZCAI( idktqtu plq`l adhlflqlelhlg ndqlilg( ulkyl flpla( elk eo~ct~o 7:$/+ Idumed zqlcudc glkyl ~dcoulq 1:$+ Idumedzdiadhlflqlk ylk` eo`tklclk( idktqtu plq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI ~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~oplq`l adhlflq ?>(>>$/( ctqlk` ~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~o plq`l adhlflq 4(>>$/ elk uoelc

~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~o plq`l adhlflq <(>>/+ Lhlu elk ~tiadq zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eo`tklclkeo ZCAI( zlel titikyl utumq idilkelk` ~lk`lu idktkflk` cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq>:(42$/( ctqlk` idktkflk` cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq 22(20$/ elk uoelc idktkflk`

cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq 1(07$/+

Idktqtu plq`l adhlflq ZCAI( zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk eo~t~tk ~d~tlo edk`lkcdatutglk plq`l adhlflq 45(20$/( adqel~lqclk zqm`qli zdidqokulg >7(20$/( elkeo~t~tk ~d~tlo edk`lk cdiliztlk utumq 2(20$/+

f+ Cmkeo~o Dc~udqklh Zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI

Blcumq)blcumq dc~udqklh zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI elhli zdkdhouolk oko

oooedkuobocl~o ~dal`lo adqoctu+

O/ Zdiaokllk

Zdiaokllk zlel zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI eohlctclk mhdg Zdkohoc elk elqo tk~tq

Aoelk` ZKBO Eokl~ Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm ~dul elqo tk~tq bmqti ZCAI aloc eo uok`cluCmul iltztk Uok`clu Zqmrok~o @mqmkulhm+ Bqdctdk~o zdiaokllk elhli ~lut ulgtk elzlueoqokno ~dal`lo adqoctu6 < ulgtk ~dclho ~dalkylc 14$( idkylulclk 1 clho elhli ~dulgtk

~dalkylc 14$( > clho elhli ~dulgtk ~dalkylc >4$( 5 clho elhli ~dulgtk ~dalkylc <4$( elkqd~zmkedk ylk` idkylulclk hdaog elqo 5 clho ~dalkylc <4$+ Iludqo ylk` eoadqoclk eoZCAI ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk idknlctz iludqo6 zdk`dhmhllk ZCAI( zdk`dhmhllkZdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk( cdlc~lqllk( cdpoqlt~lgllk( Zdkeoeoclk lklc t~ol eoko( ctq~t~elk zdhluoglk( cdl`lillk( zdhlylklk okbmqil~o edk`lk idi``tklhlk udckoc aoiaok`lkokeoroetlh( aoiaok`lk cdhmizmc( iltztk edk`lk idk``tklclk ideol+

1/ Flqok`lk Okbmqil~o elk Cdqfl ^lil 'Cdiouqllk/ ZCAI




Fdko~ Hdial`l Iouql ylk` idkflhok cdqfl ~lil edk`lk ZCAI lkulql hlok6 Eokl~

Cmzdql~o elk TCI( Eokl~ Zdqoket~uqolk elk Zdqel`lk`lk( Eokl~ Udkl`l Cdqfl( EtkolT~lgl- Etkol Oket~uqo( AZCA( ^CA( Umcmg Il~ylqlclu elk Zdq`tqtlk Uok`ò cgt~t~kyl ftqt~lk Zdieoeoclk Htlq ^dcmhlg elhli zdiaokllk elk zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI+ ^dhlok

flhoklk cdqfl ~lil edk`lk ok~ulk~o udqclou eo lul~( zdkohoc idk`dulgto lelkyl flhoklk

cdiouqllk lkulql ZCAI edk`lk ZCAI hlokkyl+

>/ Elizlc Zqm`qli Zdiadhlflqlk

Elizlc zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk ZCAI elhli adkutc zdhtlk` cdqfl alò plq`ladhlflq zlel ZCAI ~dalkylc 5:$+ Elizlc zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk ZCAI elhliadkutc zdkok`clulk zdkelzlulk plq`l adhlflq zlel ZCAI ~dalkylc 5:$+ Elizlc

zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eozdqmhdg( zlel titkyl plq`l adhlflq adqzdkelzlu elzluidkok`cluclk cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlk plq`l adhlflq 0:$/+

Adqel~lqclk gl~oh ma~dqrl~o algpl cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk zlel cdetl ZCAI ylk` lel eo Cmul@mqmkulhm( aloc elqo ulglz zdqdknlkllkkyl( zdk`mq`lko~l~olk( zdhlc~lkllk( zdiaokllk( zdkohlolk

iltztk zdk`dialk`lk adhti mzuoilh+ Zdkok`clulk zdqohlct-~oclz ~m~olh ylk` eoiohoco plq`ladhlflq adhti klizlc+

Cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm elzlu eohoglu lel `lialq 5+< adqoctuoko6

ZDQDKNLKLLK

Zqm qli Zdiadhl lqlk

Zdhlc~lkllk

Zdiadhlflqlk

Drlhtl~o

Mtuztu

Zdk`dulgtlk(




@lialq 5+<+ Cmkeo~o Mafdcuob Zdiadhlflqlk zlel Zqm`qli Zlcdu A Cmul @mqmkulhm

1+ Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk

Imedh cmk~dzutlh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob algo zdkok`cluk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( elzlueoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+

l+ El~lq Zdiocoqlk

Zqm`lqi Zlcdu A eozdqtkutcclk alò plq`l adhlflq ylk` adql~lh elqo il~ylqlclu

ylk` ctqlk` adqtkutk`( uoelc zdqklg ~dcmhlg( ztut~ ~dcmhlg elk ztut~ hlkftu( ~dqul t~olzqmetcuob ylk` okòk idkok`cluclk zdk`dulgtlk elk cdnlclzlk goetz( elk plq`lil~ylqlclu hlok ylk` ididqhtclk hlylklk cgt~t~ elhli ididktgo cdatutglk goetzkyl

~dal`lo elizlc elqo zdqtalglk zdkok`clulk ulqlb goetz( ohit zdk`dulgtlk elk udckmhmò+

Edboko~o idk`dklo ~dulql lelhlg ~dzlelk elhli noroh dbbdnu( tctqlk( zdk`lqtg(

btk`~o elk cdetetclk+ ^dal`loilkl udqnlkuti elhli Tkelk`)Tkelk` Km+ 1: Ulgtk 1::>udkulk` ô~udi Zdkeoeoclk Kl~omklh( zl~lh 12 lylu 2/ algpl gl~oh Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilhelzlu eoglq`lo ~dulql edk`lk gl~oh zqm`qli Zdkeoeoclk bmqilh ~dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~

zdkohlolk zdkydulqllk mhdg hdial`l ylk` eoutkftc mhdg zdidqokulg lult zdidqokulgeldqlg edk`lk idk`lnt zlel ~ulkelq kl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk+ Mhdg clqdkl out( zdk`dquolkidk`dklo Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A lelhlg flhtq Zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh

edk`lk ~ulkelq cmizdudk~o htht~lk ylk` ~lil edk`lk ~dcmhlg bmqilh uok`clu ÎZ-IU~(

udulzo cmkudk( cmkudc~( idumemhmò( elk zdkedclulk tkutc idknlzlo ~ulkelq cmizdudk~ohtht~lk udq~datu hdaog idiadqoclk cmk~dz)cmk~dz udqlzlk( udiluoc( oketcuob( ylk` udqclou

edk`lk zdqil~lhlglk hok`ctk`lk+Edk`lk ediocolk zlel cmizdudk~o htht~lk

Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eoadqo nlululk cgt~t~ zdiohoclk cdudqlizohlktkutc ididktgo utkutulk etkol cdqfl+ Zdqadellk oko eo~dalaclk lhdg cdcgl~lkclqlcudqo~uoc plq`l adhlflq ylk` clqdkl adqal`lo glh uoelc idkòctuo flhtq bmqilhclqdkl ididqhtclk ~ta~ulk~o zqlcuoclh ylk` qdhdrlk odk`lk cdgoetzlk kylul+

Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk edk`lk idk``tklclk zdkedclulk ylk` hdaogoketcuob( cmk~uqtcuob( ~dqul cmmzdqluob idhlhto zdkdclklk zlel zdqil~lhlglkhok`ctk`lk ~dqul zdknlqolk ~mht~o edk`lk zdkedclulk iulq cdohitlk ylk` uoelc udq~dclu)

~dclu ~dgok``l hdaog qdhdrlk edk`lk cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo+ Adqcloulk edk`lk out( ~o~udizdiadhlflqlk 'edhordqy ~y~udi/ eoqlknlk` ~dediocolk qtzl l`lq idiohoco cdctlulkudq~dkeoqo( tkutc idk`dialk`clk cdnlclzlk cmizqdgdk~ob elk cmizduouob ylk`

adq`tkl elhli zdkok`clulk cdiliztlk adhlflq ~dzlkflk` glylu+ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk

Zdkeoeoclk zqm`qli Zlcdu A hdaog idkouocadqluclk zdk`dklhlk zdqil~lhlglk hok`ctk`lk~dqul nlql adqzocoq tkutc ididnlgclkkyl idhlhto zdkedclulk lkulqeo~ozhok ohit ylk`dhdrlk edk`lk zdqil~lhlglk ylk` ~delk` eozdnlgclk+ Zdkohlolkkyl hdaog kdk`tulilclk

tfo cmizdudk~o+

Zdk`dialk`lk imedh Cmmzdqluob tkutc kdkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eohlkel~clk lul~ l~zdc udmqduoc

cmk~dzutlh( ytqoeo~( elk dizoqoc ~dgok``l hlkuokyl elzlu eozdqulk``tk`flplaclk

~dnlql ohiolg elk idiohoco uok`clu o~oaohoul~ ylk` uok`ò tkutc eooizhdidkul~oclk+




a+ Hlkel~lk Cmk~dzutlh

Hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh ylk` eofleoclk qtftclk elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh okolelhlg cmk~dz el~lq zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+ Elhli idk``tklclk imedh adhlflq

nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` eo elhli cdhl~ udqil~tc zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A( lel adadqlzl cmk~dz

idkel~lq ylk` zdqht eozdqgluoclk elk eotzlylclk mhdg utumq+ Utumq edk`lk cdetetclkkyl~dal`lo zdqlknlk` elk zdhlc~lkl zdiadhlflqlk elhli idk``tklclk imedh oko gli~

ididqgluoclk adadqlzl cmk~dz el~lq ylk` idqtzlclk el~lq)el~lq cmk~dzutlh elhlizdk``tkllk nmmzdqluord hdlqkok`+ Lelztk zqok~oz)zqok~oz el~lq udq~datu idktqtu ûlgh<??5/( idhoztuo ~dal`lo adqoctu+

</+ Zdqtit~lk Utftlk Adhlflq Plq`l adhlflq Glqt~ Fdhl~

^dadhti idk``tklclk ~uqludò zdiadhlflqlk( utumq gdkelckyl idithlo edk`lkidqtit~clk utftlk zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk fdhl~ elk ~zd~oboc+ Utftlk udq~datu idkylk`ctu

lzl ylk` eookòkclk mhdg utumqtkutc eohlctclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq elhli cdòlulkadhlflqkyl+ Zdqtit~lk utftlk glqt~ eo~d~tloclk edk`lk utftlk ctqocthti elk utftlk

zdiadhlflqlk+ Lzlclg cdòlulk adhlflq plq`l adhlflq eoudclkclk zlel zdilglilk iludqo

zdhlflqlk( ~oclz( elk zqm~d~ elhli adcdqfl ~lil( lultclg cdudqlizohlk udqudkut+ Utftlkglqt~ eoqtit~clk elhli algl~l elk cmkudc~ clhoilu ylk` itelg eoidk`dquo mhdg plq`ladhlflq ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk+ Glh oko gdkelckyl eohlctclk mhdg utumq~dadhti cdhmizmc

adhlflq udqadkutc+

1/+ Zdkdqoillk ylk` Idkydhtqtg mhdg Plq`l adhlflq udkulk` Utftlk Adhlflq

Utumq gdkelckyl ilizt idk`cmkeo~oclk cdhl~ l`lq plq`l adhlflq idkdqoil utftlk

zdiadhlflqlk elqo ~tetu cdzdkuok`lk eoqo elk cdzdkuok`lk cdhl~+ Mhdg clqdkl out( plq`ladhlflq eocmkeo~oclk tkutc idk`dulgto elk idkdqoil cdkylullk algpl ~duolz mqlk`

elhli cdhmizmckyl idkdqoil eoqokyl tkutc adcdqfl ~lil elhli idizdhlflqo ~dzdqlk`clu

zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk ylk` udhlg eoudulzclk tkutc eozdhlflqo+

>/+ Cdudq`lkutk`lk ylk` Adq~oblu Zm~ouob

Tkutc idk`mkeo~oclk udqfleokyl okudqedzdkedk~o eo lkulql plq`l adhlflq elhli

cdhmizmc adhlflq( ilcl utumqglqt~ idk`mq`lko~l~oclk iludqo elk ut`l~)ut`l~ zdhlflqlk~dgok``l plq`l adhlflq idilglio elk itk`cok tkutc idhlctclk glh out elhlicdhmizmckyl Fmgk~mk( du lh+( <?77/+ Utumqglqt~ idqlknlk` ~uqtcutq cdhmizmc elk ut`l~)

ut`l~ cdhmizmc ylk` iditk`cokclk ~duolz plq`l adhlflq tkutc adhlflq elk idk`drlhtl~oeoqokyl elk udilk cdhmizmckyl elhli zdk`tl~llk elk cdiliztlk idilglio iludqozdhlflqlk+ Cmkeo~o adhlflq oko iditk`cokclk plq`l adhlflq tkutc idql~l udq`lkutk` ~dnlql

zm~ouob zlel lk``mul cdhmizmc hlokkyl elhli idizdhlflqo elk idkydhd~loclk ut`l~)ut`l~ylk` eoadqoclk utumq+

5/+ Okudqlc~o ylk` Adq~oblu Udqatcl

Elhli cdhmizmc adhlflq( okudqlc~o ylk` udqfleo adq~oblu hlk`~tk` elk udqatclelhli idkeo~ct~oclk ilude elk ut`l~)ut`l~ ylk` eoadqoclk mhdg utumq+ ^tl~lkl adhlflq~dzdquo out lclk idialkut idktiatgclk ~oclz cdudq`lkutk`lk ylk` zm~ouob elk

cdudqatcllk eo clhlk`lk plq`l adhlflq tkutc idizdqmhdg cdadqgl~ohlk elhli adhlflqkyl+Idqdcl lclk ~lhok` idiadqo elk idkdqoil il~tclk( oed( ~lqlk( elk cqouoc elqo udilkkyl~dnlql zm~ouob elk udqatcl+

4/+ Ulk``tk` Flpla Okeoroet




^lhlg ~lut el~lq zdk``tkllk nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` elhli zdiadhlflqlk lelhlg

algpl cdadqgl~ohlk adhlflq lclk hdaog itk`cok eonlzlo ~dnlql hdaog aloc lzlaohl eohlctclkedk`lk adq~lil)~lil+ Mhdg clqdkl out( cdadqgl~ohlk adhlflq elhli imedh adhlflq ~uqludòoko eozdk`lqtgo mhdg cdiliztlk okeoroet plq`l adhlflq elhli idkdqoil elk idiadqo

lzl ylk` udhlg eozdhlflqo)kyl eo lkulql plq`l adhlflq hlokkyl+ ^dgok``l ~dnlql okeoroetlh

plq`l adhlflq idiztkylo etl ulk``tk` flpla( ylout idk`dqflclk elk idilglio iludqolult ut`l~ alò cdadqgl~ohlk eoqokyl elk ft`l alò cdadqgl~ohlk lk``mul cdhmizmckyl

~d~tlo edk`lk utftlk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` udhlg eoudulzclk+

2/+ Cdhmizmc Adq~oblu Gdudqm`dk

Elhli zdiadkutclk cdhmizmc adhlflq( cdlk``mullk cdhmizmc glqt~ adq~oblugdudqm`dk ~dgok``l okudqlc~o cdqfl ~lil ylk` udqfleo idqtzlclk lctithl~o elqo adqal`loclqlcudqo~uoc plq`l adhlflq ylk` adqadel+ Elhli ~tl~lkl adhlflq ~dzdquo out lclk utiatg

elk adqcdialk` kohlo( ~oclz( imqlh( elk zdqohlct plq`l adhlflq+ Cmkeo~o oko idqtzlclk

ideol ylk` ~lk`lu aloc alò plq`l adhlflq tkutc idk`dialk`clk cdiliztlk elk idhluogcdudqlizohlk eoqokyl elhli ~tl~lkl adhlflq ylk` udqatcl elk edimcqluo~+

0/+ Okudqlc~o ôclz elk Zdqohlct ^m~olh ylk` Zm~ouob

Elhli idk`dqflclk ut`l~ cdhmizmc( plq`l adhlflq adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmc ~dal`lo~tlut cdhmizmc cdqfl ~lil+ Elhli okudqlc~o edk`lk plq`l adhlflq hlokkyl plq`l adhlflquoelc adòut ~lfl ao~l idkdqlzclk elk idilc~lclk ~oclz elk zdkeoqolkkyl zlel

lk``mul cdhmizmc hlokkyl+ Zlel cdòlulk adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmc( plq`l adhlflq glqt~adhlflq al`loilkl idkok`)cluclk cdiliztlk okudqlc~okyl elhli idioizok( adqeo~ct~o(adqkd`m~ol~o( elk idk`chlqobocl~o adqal`lo il~lhlg elhli idkydhd~loclk ut`l~)ut`l~

cdhmizmc+ Elhli glh oko utumqglqt~ idialkut plq`l adhlflq idkfdhl~clk al`loilkl~oclz elk zdqohlct ylk` aloc elhli adcdqfl ~lil ylk` ao~l eo`tklclk mhdg plq`l adhlflqelhli cdhmizmc adhlflqkyl+ Zdqohlct)zdqohlct udq~datu udqil~tc cdzdioizoklk(zdk`dialk`lk cdzdqnlyllk( adqcmitkocl~o( idkydhd~loclk il~lhlg( idkylizloclk

cqouoc( elk zdql~llk)zdql~llk ~m~olh+ Edk`lk ~dkeoqokyl plq`l adhlflq elzluidizdhlflqo elk idizqlcuocclk adqal`lo ~oclz elk zdqohlct ~m~olh elhli ~tl~lklcdhmizmc adhlflqkyl+

7/+ Uokelc Hlkftu ' Bmhhmp Tz/

^dudhlg il~ok`)il~ok` cdhmizmc adhlflq idkydhd~loclk ut`l~ elk zdcdqfllkkyl(~dhlkftukyl zdqht eolklho~o~ al`loilkl zdklizohlk elk gl~oh cdqfl plq`l adhlflq elhli

cdhmizmc adhlflqkyl( udqil~tc ft`l6 l/ al`loilkl gl~oh cdqfl ylk` eogl~ohclk( a/al`loilkl idqdcl idialkut lk``mul cdhmizmckyl elhli idk`dquo elk idilglioiludqo elk il~lhlg ylk` eoalgl~( n/ al`loilkl ~oclz elk zdqohlct idqdcl elhli

okudqlc~o cdhmizmc adhlflq alò cdadqgl~ohlk cdhmizmckyl( elk e/ lzl ylk` idqdcl

atutgclk tkutc idkok`cluclk cdadqgl~ohlk cdhmizmc adhlflqkyl eo cditeolk glqo+ Mhdgclqdkl out( utumq glqt~ idk`drlhtl~o elk idiadqoclk adqal`lo il~tclk udqglelz gl~ohzdcdqfllk plq`l adhlflq elk lcuoroul~ idqdcl ~dhlil cdhmizmc adhlflq plq`l adhlflq

udq~datu adcdqfl+ Elhli glh oko( utumqglqt~ idiadqoclk cd~dizlulk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq

tkutc idk`ditclclk oed elk ~lqlk( aloc cdzlel plq`l adhlflq hlokkyl iltztk cdzlelutumqelhli qlk`cl zdqaloclk adhlflq elqo gl~ohkyl eo cditeolk glqo+

?/+ Cdztl~lk elhli Adhlflq




^duolz plq`l adhlflq elk cdhmizmc glqt~ idizdqmhdg plcut ylk` ntctz tkutc

adhlflq elhli idk`dialk`clk zdk`dulgtlk( cdiliztlk( elk cdudqlizohlkkyl+ Lzlaohlplq`l adhlflq uoelc idizdqmhdg plcut ylk` ntctz elhli adhlflq( ilcl cdtkutk`lklcledio~ elqo zdk``tkllk nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` lclk ~lk`lu udqalul~ ûlgh( <??1/+

Zdqmhdglk adhlflq plq`l adhlflq ztk ~lk`lu udqalul~ ~dgok``l utumqgdkelckyl ilizt

idqlknlk` elk idk`lhmcl~oclk plcut ylk` idilelo elhli idk``tklclk imedh okoelhli zdiadhlf lqlkkyl+

Cmk~dz)cmk~dz eo lul~ elhli zdhlc~lkllkkyl ~dqok` eo~lhlgidk`dquoclk mhdg utumq+

Alkylc eo lkulql utumq ylk` idk`lk``lz algpl elhli idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk

edk`lk nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` ntctz ~lut lult adadqlzl cmk~dz el~lq ~lfl ylk` eoulq`duclkûlgh( <??5/+ Glh oko idkydalaclk dbdcuoroul~ elk zqmetcuoroul~ imedh oko ~dnlql lcledio~~lk`lu udqalul~+ ^dnlql cgt~t~ elhli idkdqlzclk imedh oko( utumqgdkelckyl idilglio

elk ilizt idk`dialk`clk qlknlk`lk zdiadhlflqlkkyl ~dediocolk qtzl ~dgok``liditk`cokclk udqlzhocl~oclk elk udqzdktgokyl cd~dhtqtglk cmk~dz)cmk~dz el~lq elqozdk``tkllk nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` elhli zdiadhlflqlkkyl+

Elroe elk Qm`dq Fmgk~mk <?7?/( idkylulclk algpl zdk`mq`lko~l~olk iludqo elkut`l~ ~dqul adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmc uoelc ntctz idilelo alò udqfleokyl ~tl~lkl cdqflylk` adq~oblu nmmzdqluord+ Zdk`dialk`lk ~tl~lkl ylk` cmket~ob alò cdhmizmc adhlflqelk gtatk`lk)gtatk`lk ylk` adq~oblu okudqzdq~mklh eo lkulql ~d~lil lk``mul glqt~

eoutiatgclk mhdg utumq ~dgok``l cdhmizmc adhlflq elzlu adcdqfl elk adhlflq ~dnlql

zqmetcuob+ ^ylqlu zdqulil ylk` glqt~ eohlctclk mhdg utumq~dhlct zdhlc~lkl elkzdk`dialk` cdòlulk adhlflq idk`lflq lelhlg idk`cmkeo~oclk plq`l adhlflq tkutcadcdqfl ~lil ~dadhti idk``tklclk nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` ûlgh( <??53 ^hlrok( <??1/+

Alkylc utumq ylk` idk`lulclk algpl !~lyl uoelc elzlu idk``tklclk nmmzdqluordhdlqkok` clqdkl plq`l adhlflq ~lyl uoelc idiztkylo cdudqlizohlk tkutc adcdqfl ~lil!+Glh oko idqtzlclk cdkylullk ylk` ~dqok` eouditclk eo hlzlk`lk clqdkl utumq ulkzl

zdilglilk ylk` aloc idk`dklo imedh elk zqok~oz zdk``tkllkkyl( adòut ~lflidk``tklclk imedh adhlflq nmmzdqluord hdlqkok` ulkzl zdk`mkeo~olk ochoi adhlflq ylkìdilelo+ Tkutc idk`lul~o glh udq~datu( ilcl zdk`cmkeo~olk ochoi adcdqfl ~lil eo lkulqlplq`l adhlflq elk zdiadqolk okbmqil~o idk`dklo imedh zdi)adhlflqlk ylk` lclk

eo`tklclk ad~dqul hlk`clg)hlk`clgkyl( ~dqul zqm~d~ qdbhdc~o elk drlhtl~o ~dudhlg zdiadhlflqlkadqhlk`~tk` _l`dq( du lh( <?72/( idqtzlclk ~tlut cdglqt~lk alò utumqelhli idk``tklclkimedh adhlflq udq~datu+

Hlk`clg)hlk`clg elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~dnlql titi ûlgh( <??53 ^hlrok(<?7>/ elzlu eofdhl~clk ~dnlql mzdql~omklh ~dal`lo adqoctu+ Hlk`clg zdqulil ylkèohlctclk mhdg utumq lelhlg idqlknlk` qdknlkl zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk+ Zlel hlk`clg okoutumqidizdquoialk`clk elk idkdulzclk ulq`du zdiadhlflqlk ylk` okòk eonlzlo elhli

zdiadhlflqlk+ Eo ~lizok` out( utumqztk idkdulzclk ~oclz elk cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh ylkèoglqlzclk eocdialk`clk elk eozdqhogluclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq ~dhlil adqhlk`~tk`kylzdiadhlflqlk+ Utumqelhli idqlknlk` zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk glqt~ idk`mq`lko~l~oclkiludqo elk ut`l~)ut`l~ plq`l adhlflq ylk` idkndqiokclk ~o~udi cdqfl elhli cdhmizmc cdnoh+

Lquokyl( algpl iludqo elk ut`l~)ut`l~ out lelhlg tkutc eoadhlflqclk elk eocdqflclk~dnlql adq~lil elhli eoidk~o cdqfl cdhmizmc+ Tkutc idithlo zdiadhl)flqlkkyl(utumqglqt~ idkfdhl~clk utftlk elk ~oclz ~dqul cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh ylk` okòk eonlzlo elk

eozdqhogluclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq ~dhlil zdiadhlflqlk+ Glh oko ituhlc glqt~ eohlctclkmhdg utumq( clqdkl edk`lk ediocolk plq`l adhlflq ulgt elk idilglio lzl ylk` glqt~eohlctclkkyl ~dhlil zqm~d~ adhlflq idk`lflq adqhlk`~tk`+




Hlk`clg cdetl ( elhli lzhocl~o zdiadhlflqlk eo cdhl~( utumq idqlknlk` hdialq

ma~dqrl~o ylk` lclk eo`tklclk tkutc idk`ma~dqrl~o cdòlulk plq`l adhlflq elhli adhlflq~dnlql adq~lil elhli cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc cdnoh+ Elhli idkylizloclk iludqo(utumquoelc hlò idkylizloclk iludqo ~dnlql zlkflk` hdalq( clqdkl zdilglilk elk

zdkelhlilk iludqo udq~datu klkuokyl lclk eohlctclk plq`l adhlflq cduocl adhlflq ~dnlql

adq~lil elhli cdhmizmc+ Utumqglkyl idkfdhl~clk zmcmc)zmcmc iludqo edk`lk utftlkplq`l adhlflq idiztkylo plpl~lk elk mqodkul~o ylk` idilelo udkulk` iludqo ylk`

eolflqclk+ Zlel ~llu utumq~dhd~lo idkylfoclk iludqo( hlk`clg adqoctukyl ylk` glqt~eohlctclk lelhlg idk``lho zdk`dulgtlk elk zdilglilk plq`l adhlflq udkulk` iludqozdhlflqlk adqel~lqclk lzl ylk` udhlg eoadhlflqclk+ Glh oko eoilc~teclk tkutcidk`mkeo~oclk cd~olzlk adhlflq plq`l adhlflq+ Adqoctukyl( utumqidiaoiaok` plq`l

adhlflq tkutc idiatlu cdhmizmc+ Zdilglilk elk cmk~dz~o utumq udqglelz plq`l adhlflq~dnlql okeoroetlh ~lk`lu idkdkutclk cdadq~lillk elqo cdhmizmc ylk` udqadkutc+Cdòlulk oko eohlctclk ~liaoh idkfdhl~clk ut`l~ ylk` glqt~ eohlctclk mhdg plq`l adhlflqelhli cdhmizmckyl il~ok`)il~ok`+ Zlel ~llu plq`l adhlflq adhlflq ~dnlql adqcdhmizmc(

ilcl utumqithlo idhlctclk imkoumqok` elk idk`ma~dqrl~o cdòlulk adhlflq plq`l

adhlflq adqel~lqclk hdialq ma~dqrl~o ylk` udhlg eoqlknlk` ~dadhtikyl+

Hlk`clg cduo`l ( elhli idhlctclk ma~dqrl~o udqglelz cdòlulk plq`l adhlflq(

utumqidk`lqlgclk elk idiaoiaok` plq`l adhlflq( aloc ~dnlql okeoroetlh iltztkcdhmizmc( aloc elhli idilglio iludqo ilt)ztk idk`dklo ~oclz elk zdqohlct plq`ladhlflq ~dhlil cdòlulk adhlflq adqhlk`~tk`+ Zdiadqolk ztfolk elk cqouoc idialk`tkelqo utumqcdzlel plq`l adhlflq idqtzlclk l~zdc zdkuok` ylk` glqt~ eozdqgluoclk mhdg

utumqzlel ~llu plq`l adhlflq adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmckyl+ Eo ~lizok` out( zlel ~llucdòlulk cdhmizmc adqhlk`~tk`( cduocl plq`l adhlflq udqhoalu elhli eo~ct~o elhli il~ok`)il~ok` cdhmizmc( utumq~dnlql zdqomeoc idiadqoclk hlylklk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq( aloc~dnlql okeoroetlh iltztk ~dnlql chl~oclh+

Hlk`clg cddizlu ( utumq idiadqoclk cd~dizlulk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq elqoil~ok`)il~ok` cdhmizmc tkutc idizqd~dkul~oclk gl~oh cdqflkyl+ Zlel ~llu eo~ct~o cdhl~oko( utumq adquokelc ~dal`lo imedqlumq+ Glh oko eoilc~teclk tkutc idk`lqlgclk elk

idk`mqdc~o zdk`dquolk elk zdilglilk plq`l adhlflq udqglelz iludqo lult gl~oh cdqflylk` udhlg eoulizohclkkyl+ Zlel ~llu zqd~dkul~o plq`l adhlflq adqlcgoq( utumqidk`lflc plq`l adhlflq tkutc idhlctclk qdbhdc~o eoqo udqglelz zqm~d~ flhlkkylzdiadhlflqlk( edk`lk utftlk tkutc idizdqaloco cdhdilglk)cdhdilglk ylk` lel lult

~oclz ~dqul zdqohlct idkyoizlk` ylk` eohlctclk ~dhlil zdiadhlflqlk+ Eo ~lizok` out(zlel ~llu udq~datu( utumq ft`l idiadqoclk adadqlzl zdkdclklk udqglelz kohlo( ~oclz( elkzdqohlct ~m~olh ylk` glqt~ eocdialk`clk elk eohluog mhdg plq`l adhlflq+ Elhli idhlctclk

qdbhdc~o eoqo oko( utumqudulz adqzdqlk ~dal`lo ideolumq elk imedqlumq lcuob+ Lquokyl(zdk`dialk`lk oed( ~lqlk( elk cqouoc udqglelz zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk glqt~ eotzlylclkadql~lh elqo plq`l adhlflq( cditeolk alqthlg utumqidhlctclk adadqlzl zdqaloclk elkzdk`lqlglk udqglelz oed( ~lqlk( elk cqouoc ylk` adqcdialk`+

Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idqtzlclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk ylk` idk`tulilclkcdqfl~lil eolkulql plq`l adhlflq tkutc idknlzlo utftlk zdiadhlflqlk+ Zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob idiohoco noqo)noqo6 </ tkutc iditkul~clk iludqo adhlflqkyl( plq`l adhlflq elhlicdhmizmc ~dnlql adcdqfl ~lil+ 1/ cdhmizmc eoadkutc elqo plq`l adhlflq ylk` idiohoco

cdiliztlk uok`ò( ~delk` elk qdkelg+ >/ focl elhli cdhl~ udqelzlu plq`l adhlflq)plq`ladhlflq ylk` gdudqm`dk ql~( ~tct( atelyl( elk fdko~ cdhliok( ilcl eotzlylclk l`lq uolz

cdhmizmc udqelzlu cdgdudqm`dklk udq~datu+ 5/ zdk`glq`llk hdaog eotulilclk zlel cdqfl

cdhmizmc elqozlel zdqmqlk`lk+




Utftlk Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob3 </ Gl~oh adhlflq lcledioc( ylout tkutc

idkok`cluclk cokdqfl plq`l adhlflq elhi ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledioc+ Zdiadhlflqlk imedh okoeolk``lz tk``th elhli idialkut plq`l adhlflq elhli idilglio cmk~dz)cmk~dz ylk`~thou+ 1/ Zdkdqoillk udqglelz cdql`lilk( ylout l`lq plq`l adhlflq idkdqoil udilk)

udilkkyl ylk` idiztkylo adqal`lo ilnli hlulq adhlclk`+ >/ Zdk`dialk`lk

cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh( ylout tkutc idk`dialk`clk cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflqeolkulqlkyl6 adqalò ut`l~( lcuob adqulkyl( idk`glq`lo zdkelzlu mqlk` hlok( idilknok`

udilk tkutc adqulkyl( ilt idk`tk`clzclk oed( elk adcdqfl elhli cdhmizmc+

Zdk``tkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~dglqt~kyl idkòctuo hlk`clg)hlk`clg lult

zqm~detq udqudkut elhli zdk``tkllkkyl+ Glh oko eoilc~teclk l`lq zdk``tkllkzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elzlu dbdcuob idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk adhlflq elk gl~oh adhlflqplq`l adhlflq+

Clqho elk _tholqoluokok`~og 1::16 01/ idk`ditclclk hlk`clg)hlk`clg elhlizdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( ylout6 </ Utumq idqlknlk` zdiadhlflqlk( idizdquoialk`clk elk

idkdulzclk ulq`du zdiadhlflqlk ylk` okòk eonlzlo+ 1/ Utumq idqlknlk` hdialq ma~dqrl~o

cdòlulk plq`l adhlflq elhli adhlflq ~dnlql adq~lil)~lil elhli cdhmizmc)cdhmizmccdnoh+ >/ Utumq idk`lqlgclk elk idiaoiaok` plq`l adhlflq aloc ~dnlql okeoroet iltztkcdhmizmc+ 5/ Idiadqoclk cd~dizlulk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq tkutc idizdq~dkul~dclkgl~oh cdqflkyl+

Cddizlu hlk`clg)hlk`clg elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo lul~ eotqloclk ~dal`lo

adqoctu6 </ Utumq idqlknlk` zdiadhlflqlk( idizdquoialk`clk elk idkdulzclk ulq`duzdiadhlflqlk ylk` okòk eonlzlo mhdg utumq ~d~tlo edk`lk utkutulk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk+Utumq ft`l idkdulzclk ~oclz elk cdudqlizohlk)cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh ylk` eoglqlzclk elzlu

eocdialk`clk mhdg utumq ~dhlil adqhlk`~tk`kyl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ ^dhlok out( utumq ft`lidk`mq`lko~oq iludqo ut`l~)ut`l~ ylk` eocdqflclk adq~lil)~lil elhli eoidk~o cdqflcdhmizmc mhdg plq`l adhlflq idhlhto cdlcuoblk ~ditl lk``mul cdhmizmc+ 1/ Utumq

idqlknlk` hdialq ma~dqrl~o cdòlulk plq`l adhlflq elhli adhlflq ~dnlql adq~lil)~lilelhli cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc cdnoh+ Elhli zdkylizlolk iludqo zdhlflqlk( zdilglilk elkzdkelhlilkkyl lclk eohlctclk plq`l adhlflq cduocl adhlflq ~dnlql adq~lil)~lil elhlicdhmizmc+ Zdilglilk elk cmk~dz~o utumq udqglelz plq`l adhlflq ~dnlql okeoroetlh ~lk`lu

idkdkutclk cdadq~lillk elqo cdhmizmc ylk` eoadkutc mhdg utumq elhli zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk+ >/ Elhli idhlctclk cdòlulk ma~dqrl~o udqglelz plq`l adhlflq( utumqidk`lqlgclk elk idiaoiaok` plq`l adhlflq( aloc ~dnlql okeoroetlh iltztk cdhmizmc(

elhli zdilglilk iludqo iltztk idk`dklo ~oclz elk zdqohlct plq`l adhlflq ~dhliladqhlk`~tk`kyl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ 5/ Hlk`clg ~dhlkftukyl lelhlg utumq idiadqoclk

cd~dizlulk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq tkutc idizdq~dkul~dclk gl~oh cdqflkyl+ Utumq ft`l

idiadqoclk zdkdclklk udqglelz kohlo( ~oclz( elk zdqohlct ~m~olh ylk` eocdialk`clk elkeohluog mhdg zlql plq`l adhlflq elhli cdhl~+

Oaqlgoi 1:::6 <:/ idk`ditclclk hlk`clg)hlk`clg imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobylk` udqeoqo lul~ 2 hlk`clg( ylout6 </ Idkylizloclk utftlk elk idimuorl~o plq`l adhlflq+1/ Idkylfoclk okbmqil~o+ >/ Idk`mq`lko~l~oclk plq`l adhlflq cd elhli cdhmizmc)

cdhmizmc adhlflq+ 5/ Idiaoiaok` cdhmizmc adcdqfl elk adhlflq+ 4/ Drlhtl~o+ 2/Idiadqoclk zdk`glq`llk

Hlk`clg)hlk`clg eo lul~ idktkftcclk algpl zdhlflqlk eoithlo ylout utumq

idkylizloclk utftlk zdhlflqlk elk idimuorl~o plq`l adhlflq tkutc adhlflq+ hlk`clg oko

eooctuo mhdg zdkylfolk okbmqil~o( ~dqok`clho edk`lk alglk alnllk elqozlel ~dnlql rdqalh+^dhlkftukyl plq`l adhlflq eocdhmizmcclk cd elhli uoi)uoi adhlflq+ Ulglz oko eooctuo




aoiaok`lk utumq zlel ~llu plq`l adhlflq adcdqfl adq~lil tkutc idkydhd~loclk ut`l~

adq~lil idqdcl+ Hlk`clg udqlcgoq zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idhoztuo zqd~dkul~o gl~oh lcgoqcdqfl cdhmizmc lult drlhtl~o udkulk` lzl ylk` udhlg idqdcl zdhlflqo elk idiadqozdk`glq`llk udqglelz t~lgl)t~lgl cdhmizmc iltztk okeoroet l`lq plq`l adhlflq elzlu

udqimuorl~o elhli idkòctuo imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lult cdqfl cdhmizmc+ Fleo

zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~lk`lu zm~ouob elhli idktiatgclk cdadq~lillk elhli adhlflqzlel ~duolz plq`l adhlflq ~dclho`t~ idktkutu cd~lelqlk elqo plq`l adhlflq tkutc lcuob

elhli cdhmizmc( clqdkl focl lel plq`l adhlflq ylk` zl~ob elhli cdhmizmc ilcl glh outelzlu idizdk`lqtgo ctlhoul~ zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob cgt~t~kyl adqcloulkedk`lk qdkelgkyl cdqfl~lil elhli cdhmizmc+ Edk`lk ediocolk elzluhlg eo~oizthclkalgpl udqelzlu etl cdòlulk tulil elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylout cdòlulk utumq

eli cdòlulk plq`l adhlflq+

Eo ~lizok` out zdialgl~lk imedh cmk~dzutlh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutczdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eoZCAI Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm( elzlu eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+

Elhli el~lq zdiocoqlk eotk`clzclk algpl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutczdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh adhlflq plq`l adhlflq(adqzoflc zlel hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh(hlkel~lk ytqoeo~( hlkel~lk dizoqoc+ Glh oko lilu zdkuok` clqdkl ~tlut imedh ~dhlok glqt~idiohoco zoflclk udmqo ylk` cmcmg elk eoel~lqclk zdk`lhlilk dizoqoc ylk` udqtfo( ft`l

glqt~ adqlel zlel cmqoemq elk qliat)qliat gtcti ylk` idilytkòkyl+ ^ditl out udhlg

eozdktgo elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clukcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI UlilkZdkeoeoclkCmul @mqmkulhm+

Hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh ylk` eofleoclk zoflclk elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh lelhlgdetnluomk bmq lhh elk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob nmmzdqluord hdlqkok`/ elk cmk~dz cdndqel~lk~m~olh ^mnolh Okudhho`dknd/+ Zdiohoglk hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh ~dzdquo out ~telg eozlkelk`

ntctz idkel~lq elk cmizqdgdk~ob tkutc zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobalò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAICmul @mqmkulhm+

Adqcdkllk edk`lk hlkel~lk ytqoeo~ ~dal`lo zlytk` gtcti elk cdaoflclk ylk`

idkfleo hd`lhoul~ elk lctkulaohoul~ zlel uok`clu oizhdidkul~o imedh ylk` eo~t~tk( elhlizdkdhouolk oko eozohog TTE <?54( TT Kmimq 1: ulgtk 1::> elk Okzqd~ Kmimq 4 Ulgtk 1::2udkulk` @dqlclk Kl~omklh Zdqndzlulk Plflq Eocel~ ? ulgtk elk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk

elk Cdzidk Eockl~ udkulk` zdhlc~lkllk @dqlclk Kl~omklh Zdqndzlulk Plflq Eocel~ ?ulgtk elk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk+ Imedh ylk` eo~t~tk udhlg eo~d~tloclk edk`lk qliat)qliat ylk` lel elhli zlytk` gtcti udq~datu+ Edk`lk ediocolk( imedh ylkèocdialk`clk uoelc adqudkulk`lk edk`lk cdudkutlk ylk` adqhlct elhli

zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk zlel titikyl elk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu Azlel cgt~t~kyl+

^dhlok adqhlkel~clk lntlk cmk~dzutlh elk ytqoeo~( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobalò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul

@mqmkulhm ft`l eoel~lqclk zlel uditlk dizoqoc adqtzl gl~oh zdkdhouolk ulglzzdkelgthtlk idk`dklo okbmqil~o lult elul ylk` eozdqhtclk elqo il~ylqlclu ~dcoulqelk cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk+ Elul cmkeo~o qooh zdiadhlflqlk oko ~dal`loilkl eotk`clzclk elhli

alòlk lplh gl~oh zdkdhouolk eofleoclk zoflclk elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh+ Edk`lk

ediocolk( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ~dhlok cmcmg




~dnlql cmk~dzutlh elk ytqoeo~ ft`l idiohoco bo~oaohoul~ elk lelzulaohoul~ ylk` uok`ò

tkutc eolzhocl~oclk elhli zqlcuoc zdiadhlflqlk kylul eo hlzlk`lk+

Utftlk titi Zdiadhlflqlk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A lelhlgtkutc idiadqoclk zdkeoeoclk ~dulql ÎZ-IU~ l`lq elzlu idiohoco zqd~ul~o lcledioc

elk zdk`tl~llk cdudqlizohlk zqlcuo~ ylk` elzlu eofleoclk adclh tkutc adcdqfl elk

adqt~lgl+ ^delk`clk ~dnlql cgt~t~( utftlk zdiadhlflqlk zqm`qli zlcdu A lelhlg6 </Idialkut idktqtkclk ftihlg ztut~ fdkflk` Ê-IO( eqmz mtu ÎZ-IU~3 1/Idiadhlflqclk plq`l adhlflq l`lq idiohoco zdk`dulgtlk cmmzdqluob3 adqal~o~

cdtk``thlk zmudk~o hmclh3 >/ Idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zqm`qli zlcdu A

adqal~o~ cdtk``thlk zmudk~o hmclh3 5/ Idiadqelylclk ZCAI tkutc adqzlquo~ozl~oidialkut idk`tqlkò ftihlg ztut~ fdkflk` Ê-IO elk eqmz mtu ÎZ-IU~3 4/Idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq idialnl( l`lq idqdcl elzlu ididnlgclk

il~lhlg elhli cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo3 2/ Idiadqelylclk udkl`l hmclh ylk` zmudk~olhtkutc idk`dhmhl ~tiadq elyl ylk` lel eo hok`ctk`lkkyl3 0/ Idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk~m~olh plq`l adhlflq idhlhto zdiaokllk plulc cdpoqlt~lgllk+

Utftlk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eoqtit~clk out ~dhlok idknlzlo ~ulkelq cmizdudk~ohtht~lk ft`l idkdclkclk cdzlel zdiaokllk idkulh elk plulc tkutc ~lhok` idialkut~dnlql zm~ouob+ Edk`lk ediocolk( htht~lk ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk

zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm cdndqel~lk ~m~olhkyl hdaog uok`ò edk`lk htht~lk

Zlcdu A hlokkyl+

Eo ~lizok` out utftlk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adqadel edk`lk cdhmizmccmkrdk~omklh ylk` idkdqlzclk ~o~udi cmizduo~o( eo ilkl cdadqgl~ohlk okeoroeteomqodkul~oclk zlel cd`l`lhlk mqlk` hlok+ ^delk`clk utftlk elqo zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluoblelhlg idknozulclk ~outl~o eo ilkl cdadqgl~ohlk okeoroet eoudkutclk lult eozdk`lqtgomhdg cdadqgl~ohlk cdhmizmckyl ^hlrok( <??5/+

Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eocdialk`clk tkutc idknlzlo ~duoelc)uoelckyl uo`lutftlk zdiadhlflqlk zdkuok` ylk` eoqlk`cti mhdg Oaqlgoi( du lh+ 1:::/( ylout6

<+ Gl~oh adhlflq lcledioc

Elhli adhlflq cmmzdqluob id~coztk idknlctz adql`li utftlk ~m~olh( ft`l idizdqalocozqd~ul~o plq`l adhlflq lult ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledio~ zdkuok` hlokkyl+ Adadqlzl lghoadqzdkelzlu algpl imedh oko tk``th elhli idialkut plq`l adhlflq idilglio cmk~dz)cmk~dz ~thou+ Zlql zdk`dialk` imedh oko udhlg idktkftcclk algpl imedh ~uqtcutq

zdk`glq`llk cmmzdqluob udhlg elzlu idkok`cluclk kohlo plq`l adhlflq zlel adhlflqlcledioc elk zdqtalglk kmqil ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk gl~oh adhlflq+ Eo ~lizokìdk`talg kmqil ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk gl~oh adhlflq( zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elzluidiadqo cdtkutk`lk aloc zlel plq`l adhlflq cdhmizmc alplg iltztk cdhmizmc lul~ylk` adcdqfl adq~lil idkydhd~loclk ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledioc+

1+ Zdkdqoillk udqglelz zdqadellk okeoroet

Utftlk hlok imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg zdkdqoillk ~dnlql htl~ elqo mqlk`)mqlk`ylk` adqadel adqel~lqclk ql~( atelyl( cdhl~ ~m~olh( cdiliztlk( elk cduoelciliztlkkyl+Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idiadqo zdhtlk` alò plq`l adhlflq elqo adqal`lo hlulq adhlclkèlk cmkeo~o tkutc adcdqfl edk`lk ~lhok` adq`lkutk` zlel ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledioc elkidhlhto ~uqtcutq zdk`glq`llk cmmzdqluob lclk adhlflq ~lhok` idk`glq`lo ~lut ~lil hlok+




>+ Zqm~detq Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk

Zqm~detq ylk` eoudiztg elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob oko( idhlhto dizluulglzlk( ylcko6 h/ zdqdknlkllk( 1/ zdhlc~lkllk( elk >/ drlhtl~o+ Il~ok`)il~ok` ulglzlkudq~datu elzlu eo fdhl~clk ~dal`lo adqoctu6

</ Ulglz Zdqdknlkllk

Ulglz zdqdknlkllk elhli oizhdidkul~o imedh oko idkdiztg adadqlzl cdòlulklkulql hlok6 l/ Oedkuobocl~o cdatutglk adhlflq( eoudiztg idhlhto etl ulglzlk ylcko6 zdqulil(plplknlql edk`lk Cdzlhl ^dc~o Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Aoelk` ZKBO Cmul @mqmkulhm elkZdklk`tk` flpla ^CA+ Udckoc plplknlql idk``tklclk plplknlql udqatcl tkutcidizdqmhdg `lialqlk titi cdatutglk adhlflq utumq+ Cdetl( oedkuobocl~o cdatutglkadhlflq ~duolz utumq edk`lk idk``tklclk bmqilu oedkuobocl~o cdatutglk adhlflq( elkeohdk`clzo edk`lk plplknlql tkutc idizdqmhdg `lialqlk cdatutglk adhlflq utumq udqclouedk`lk zdk`dialk`lk cmizdudk~o idqdcl elhli zdiadhlflqlk+ a/ idkdulzclk cdatutglkadhlflq adqel~lqclk zqomqoul~( cdatutglk adhlflq eoudulzclk adqel~lqclk zmq~o udqalkylc

elqo gl~oh oedkuobocl~o zdkò~olk bmqilu oedkuobocl~o elk plplknlql+ Hlk`clg oko eoudiztgtkutc idk`gokelqo udqhlht adql`likyl cdatutglk adhlflq elk ~tiadq adhlflq ylkèozdqhtclk+ Zdkdulzlk cdatutglk adhlflq( eofleoclk el~lq tkutc idkdulzclk utftlkzdiadhlflqlk( iludqo zmcmc zdiadhlflqlk( ~uqludò lult zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk( ~dqulzdqtit~lk lhlu drlhtl~o ylk` lclk eo`tklclk+ n/ Oedkuobocl~o ~tiadq adhlflq( ylout idiohogelk idkdkutclk utumq ylk` elzlu eohoaluclk idialkut idhlctclk zdiadhlflqlk elhlizdkeoeoclk( eo ~lizok` zdkdhouo ~dkeoqo ~dal`lo utumq( ft`l idqdcqtu em~dk Ftqt~lk ZH^ elkem~dk Ftqt~lk Ctqocthti elk Udckmhmò Zdkeoeoclk ylk` eolk``lz cmizdudk elhliiludqo zdkeoeoclk ylk` lclk eoadqoclk+ Eo ~lizok` idkdkutclk utumq( eozohog zthl ~tiadqadhlflq hlokkyl ylk` idketctk` cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk( ylout adqtzl alglk lflq+ Alglklflq eoudkutclk ~d~tlo edk`lk gl~oh oedkuobocl~o cdatutglk( ylk` idhoztuo alglk lflq ndulcatct udc~/( elk alglk lflq ylk` eocdialk`clk ~dkeoqo mhdg utumq+ e/ Oedkuobocl~o plq`ladhlflq3 lelhlg plq`l adhlflq ylk` idkòctuo cd~dulqllk eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

1/ Ulglz Zdhlc~lkllk

Zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk zdkeoeoclk cdudqlizohlk eomqodkul~oclk zlel ~uqludòzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+ ûqludò oko eozqmydcc~oclk zlel zdk`cmkeo~olk okudqlc~ozqmbd~omklh edk`lk idizdqulglkclk zdkedclulk zdiadhlflqlk uqlk~io~o uqlk~bdq/(uqlk~lc~omklh( elk cmhlamqluob+ Elhli zdiadhlflqlk utumq adquokelc ~dal`lo ~tiadq adhlflqtkutc idibl~ohoul~o udqfleokyl cdòlulk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk hlk`clg)hlk`clg6Bl~d)< Idkylizloclk utftlk elk idimuorl~o plq`l adhlflq Uok`clg Hlct Utumq/6 Utumq

idkylizloclk ~ditl utftlk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` okòk eonlzlo zlel zdhlflqlk udq~datu elkidimuorl~o plq`l adhlflq tkutc adhlflq+ Bl~d)1 Idkylfoclk okbmqil~o+ Uok`clg Hlct Utumq6Utumq idkylfoclk okbmqil~o cdzlel plq`l adhlflq edk`lk flhlk edimkuql~o lult hdplualglk alnllk+ Bl~d)> Idk`mq`lko~l~oclk plq`l adhlflq cd elhli cdhmizmc)cdhmizmcadhlflq+ Uok`clg Hlct Utumq6 Utumq idkfdhl~clk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq al`loilkl nlqlkylidiadkutc cdhmizmc adhlflq elk idialkut ~duolz cdhmizmc l`lq idhlctclk uqlk~o~o~dnlql dbo~odk+ Bl~d)5 Idiaoiaok` cdhmizmc adcdqfl elk adhlflq+ Uok`clg Hlct Utumq6Utumq idiaoiaok` cdhmizmc)cdhmizmc adhlflq zlel ~llu idqdcl idk`dqflclk ut`l~idqdcl+ Bl~d)4 Drlhtl~o+ Uok`clg Hlct Utumq( Utumq idk`drlhtl~o gl~oh adhlflq udkulkìludqo ylk` udhlg eozdhlflqo lult il~ok`)il~ok` cdhmizmc idizqd~dkul~oclk gl~ohcdqflkyl+ Bl~d)2 Idiadqoclk zdk`glq`llk Uok`clg Hlct Utumq6 Utumq idknlqo nlql)nlql

tkutc idk`glq`lo aloc tzlyl iltztk gl~oh adhlflq okeoroet elk cdhmizmc




Idiadqoclk zdk`lhlilk adhlflq elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob udq~datu eolqlgclktkutc idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idhoztuo6 ôutluomklh lplqkd~~( Zqd~dk~d( Ltugdkuonouy(Nhlqouy( Dizgluy+ Plq`l adhlflq adquokelc ~dnlql okeoroetlh iltztk cdhmizmc ~dnlqlcmhlamqluob edk`lk utumq idhlc~lklclk cdòlulk elhli zqm~d~ zdkeoeoclk edk`lk hlk`clg)hlk`clg6 h/ idkyoilc tqlolk iludqo ~dnlql ~dc~lil3 1/ idhlctclk cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk

~d~tlo iludqo ylk` eolflqclk edk`lk aoiaok`lk utumq3 >/ idqlknlk` oizhdidkul~ozdiadhlflqlk elhli cdòlulk zdiadhlflqlk ~dal`lo adkutc qdbhdcuob elhli zdkeoeoclk okoidhlhto hlk`clg)hlk`clg6 l/ idkyt~tk qdknlkl zdq~olzlk zdiadhlflqlk QZZ/( a/idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk eo cdhmizmc cdnoh edk`lk plq`l adhlflqkyl udilk ~dalyl elk~dclho`t~ eoma~dqrl~o ~dnlql ~dc~lil n/ idk`lklho~o~ elk eo~ct~o zdiadhlflqlk ylk` udhlgeohlctclk( elk e/ idqdknlklclk zdiadhlflqlk ulglz ~dhlkftukyl+ Hlk`clg)hlk`clgudq~datu eoudiztg adqutftlk tkutc hdaog idkok`cluclk zdilglilk plq`l adhlflq elhlizdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql udqatcl elhli cmkeo~o lctulh+

ûqludò adhlflq ~dzdquo oko elzlu eoglqlzclk utumq elzlu idk`lemz~o(idkòkudqklho~l~o( elk idk`lcutlho~l~o glh)glh ylk` eolhlio( eoliluo( elk eoudqlzclk+

Edk`lk ediocolk utumq lclk hdaog ~outluomklh lplqkd~~ elk adqtzlyl idk`dialk`clkcmizdudk~okyl ~d~tlo zdk`lhlilk zdiadhlflqlk elhli idkok`cluclk dbdcuoroul~zdiadhlflqlk cgt~t~kyl zlel zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

Zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eolqlgclk zlel zdkok`clulk cdiliztlkelhli adkutc udmqo iltztk elhli adkutc zqlcudc+ ^dnlql udmqo( plq`l adhlflq idilgliocdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` aloc elk adklq ~delk`clk ~dnlql zqlcuoc( plq`l adhlflq elzluidk`lzhocl~oclk udmqo ylk` eozdqmhdgkyl ~dhlil zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ Iludqo udmqo ~deocouadqadel edk`lk iludqo zqlcudc+ Iludqo udmqo idk`lqlg zlel cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflqtkutc idilglio iludqo( ~delk`clk zqlcudc eolqlgclk tkutc idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk~m~olhkyl+

>/ Ulglz Drlhtl~o

Ulglz drlhtl~o eohlctclk adqel~lqclk coudqol elk ok~uqtidk ylk` lclk eo`tklclktkutc idkohlo dbdcuoroul~ imedh zdiadhlflqlk+ Drlhtl~o dbdcuoroul~ imedh eoudiztg idhlhtozdk`lilulk udqglelz zdqohlct cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli zdhlc~lkllkzdhluoglk eo ^CA @mqmkulhm+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` eoliluo idhoztuo3 ôutluomklh lplqkd~~(Zqd~dk~d( Ltugdkuonouy( Nhlqouy( elk Dizgluy

Drlhtl~o elizlc oizhdidkul~o imedh mtunmid/( eohlctclk zlel cdòlulk qdbhdcuobtkutc idk`dulgto cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq( eohlc~lklclk idhlhto ma~dqrl~o udqglelzplq`l adhlflq elhli idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk+ Zdk`lilulk lult ma~dqrl~o eohlctclk

~dnlql ~dc~lil mhdg zdkdhouo+ Gl~oh zdk`lilulk ~dhlkftukyl eoeo~ct~oclk tkutc ~lhokìdiadqoclk il~tclk zdqaloclk alò cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ylk` eoliluo( tkutczdqaloclk zdiadhlflqlk ~dhlkftukyl+

Adqel~lqclk ~dhtqtg tqlolk eo lul~( hlk`clg)hlk`clg zdk`dialk`lk imedh ~dnlqlcmizqdgdk~ob( ilcl eoqtit~clk imedh gozmuduoc imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A elhli adkutc `lialq ~dal`lo adqoctu6

5/ Okeoclumq Cdadqgl~ohlk

^d~tlo edk`lk utftlkkyl zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq cd~dulqllk zlcdu N eo ^CA( okeoclumqcdadqgl~ohlkkyl lkulql hlok lelhlg idkok`clukyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq( idhoztuo6</ ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kyl 04$ ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ plq`l adhlflq idkok`clu elk




eoudqlzclkkyl elhli zdiadhlflqlk( 1/ ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kyl 04$ Zqd~dk~d plq`l adhlflqidkok`clu elk eoudqlzclkkyl elhli zdiadhlflqlk( >/ ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kyl 04$

Ltugdkuonouy idkok`clu elk eoudqlzclkkyl elhli zdiadhlflqlk( 5/ ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kyl04$ Nhlqouy idkok`clu elk eoudqlzclkkyl elhli zdiadhlflqlk( 4/ ~dctqlk`)ctqlk`kylDizgluy plq`l adhlflq idkok`clu elk eoudqlzclkkyl elhli zdiadhlflqlk+ Cd~ditl

okeoclumq udq~datu adqlel zlel clud`mqo aloc+ Gl~oh zdk`lilulk udqglelz okeoclumq udq~datuklizlc zlel uladh 5+4+

^dhlkftukyl cqoudqol zdkohlolk udqglelz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A elhlizdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg ~dal`lo adqoctu6

Uladh 5+1

Cqoudqol Zdkohlolk Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zlcdu A

Km Qdkulk` ^cmq Cqoudqol < 74 „ <:: ^lk`lu Aloc

1 04 „ 75 Aloc > 2: „ 05 Ntctz 5 8 2: Ctqlk`

^tiadq6 Ftcko~ CU^Z Eoqfdk Zdiaokllk ^IL

ZDQDKNLKLLK

<+ Lklho~o~ Cdatutglk1+ Zdkyt~tklk Zqm qli

Zdiadhl lqlk

ZDIADHLFLQLK CMMZDQLUOB

Ut`l~ Cdqfl~lil Okudk~ob cdqfl~lil

O

K

Z

T

U

Z

Q

M




5/+ Zdk`tfolk Imedh Gozmuduoc

l/ Cdhlylclk Imedh Gozmuduoc

Imedh gozmuduoc zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` udhlg eocmk~dz( ~dadhti eohlctclk tfonmal udqalul~( elk tfo hlzlk`lk( udqhdaog elgtht eohlctclk tfo cdhlylclk+ Ilc~teeohlctclkkyl tfo cdhlylclk ylout tkutc idk`gl~ohclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lplhylk` hdaog ~d~tlo elk dbdcuob cduocl eohlctclk tfo nmal+ Tfo cdhlylclk imedh eoudiztgidhlhto etl ulglz cd`olulk( ylcko6 h/ lklho~o~ imedh mhdg zqlcuo~o elk zdkohlolk mhdg zlqllgho+ Lklho~o~ imedh mhdg zqlcuo~o( eohlctclk mhdg zdkdhouo elk`lk qkdkeo~ct~oclk imedhgozmuduoc ylk` udhlg eocmk~dz adq~lil Cdzlhl ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

</ Gl~oh Rlhoeoul~ Zqlcuo~o

Lklho~o~ imedh eohlctclk tkutc idk`clfo qdhdrlk~o o~o( elk cdudqcloulk ~duolzcmizmkdk elqo imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob gozmuduoc ylk` eoqtit~clk( ~dqul idhoglu~d~tlo uoelckyl cmizmkdk udq~datu edk`lk t~lgl zdkok`clulk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobzlel ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+ Eo~ct~o tkutc idk`lklho~o~ imedh udq~datu eohlctclk edk`lknlql zdkdhouo idk`lftclk adadqlzl zdqulkyllk lul~ cdql`t)ql`tlk udqglelz adadqlzl

cmizmkdk elqo cmk~dz imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk+ Gl~oh eo~ct~o eozdqmhdg il~tclk lult~lqlk)~lqlk tkutc zdkydiztqkllk cmk~dz imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob al`ozdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A ylk` eocdialk`clk+

Adqel~lqclk il~tclk elqo eo~ct~o edk`lk zqlcuo~o udq~datu( imedh gozmuduoczdkeoeoclk ylk` udhlg eocmk~dz zdkdhouo( il~og lel adadqlzl cdctqlk`lk ylk` zdqhteoil~tcclk( eo lkulqlkyl6

l/ Zdqht eoil~tcclk cmizmkdk cmkudk ylk` adqcloulk edk`lk cdudqhoalulk lcuob plq`l adhlflq elkcdiliztlk idilglio elk idizqlcudcclkkyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh elhli zdiadhlflqlk

a/ Zdqht eohlctclk ma~dqrl~o eo elhli zdkdqlzlk zdiadhlflqlk(n/ Gl~oh ma~dqrl~o zdiadhlflqlk tkutc idhlctclk zdqaloclk zdiadhlflqlk ~dhlkftukyl+

Adqel~lqclk il~tclk udq~datu zdkdhouo ~dhlkftukyl idhlctclk zdkydiztqkllkudqglelz imedh gozmuduoc ylk` udhlg eocmk~dz+




1/ Gl~oh Rlhoeoul~ Zlclq

Zdkohlolk mhdg zlclq eohlc~lklclk edk`lk nlql idhlctclk cmk~thul~o ~d~tlo edk`lkcdatutglk elhlqk zdkydiztqkllk imedh ylk` ~delk` eocdialk`clk+ Zlclq ylkìdhlctclk fte`didk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk oko ~dalkylc uo`lmqlk`( adqutftlk tkutc qkdizdqmhdg imedh ylk` hdaog ~d~tlo elk dbdcuob elhli zdhlc~lkllk

tfonmal imedh+ ^lqlk lult il~tclk elqo zlclq ~dhlkftukyl eo`tklclk tkutc zdqaloclkimedh gozmuduoc( aloc ylk` idkylk`ctu o~o( algl~l ~dqul qdhdrlk~okyl+

Adqel~lqclk plplknlql zdkdhouo edk`lk zlclq lgho/ eozdqmhdg il~tclk ~dal`loadqoctu6

l/ ~o~udiluocl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo~t~tk cdialhoa/ cmizmkdk zdiadhlflqlk elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo~d~tloclk edk`lk cmkeo~o eo

^CA( ~dgok``l elzlu eooctuo mhdg utumq elhli tfo nmal imedh udq~datun/ cmizmkdk zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob

zdqht hdaog eobmct~clk( ~dgok``l elzlu eohoglu zdkok`clulkkyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olhkyle/ imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk zdqht lelkyl cdòlulk lcuob plq`l adhlflq idhlctclk zdiadhlflqlk

kylul ithlo elqo qdknlkl( zdhlc~lkllk( zdk`lilulk( elk qdbhdc~o edk`lk zdkedclulk lkeql`mòzlquo~ozluob

d/ imedh udq~datu zdqht eonlkuticlk cmizmkdk mtunmid/ tkutc idhoglu cdiliztlk plq`ladhlflq( elk ~duolz cmizmkdk elhli imedh zdqht eotqloclk ~dnlql qokno elk fdhl~

^dhlok imedh gozmuduoc zdkdhouo idhlctclk zdk`tfolk cdhlylclk ok~uqtidk dbdcuoroul~imedh idhlhto zdkohlolk lgho dwzdqu fte`didku/( elk tfonmal dizoqoc idhlhto zdk`lilulkudqglelz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A Cmul @mqmkulhm zlel cdòlulkzdiadhlflqlk+

a+ Qdro~o Imedh Gozmuduoc Zl~nl Tfo Cdhlylclk

Qdro~o imedh gozmuduoc zdkeoeoclk eohlctclk ~dudhlg eohlc~lklclkkyl tfo cdhlylclk

elqo imedh gozmuduoc udq~datu ~dal`loilkl udhlg eofdhl~clk eo lul~+ Eoel~lqclk zlel gl~ohzdkohlolk zqlcuo~o elk zdkohlolk zlql lgho dwzdqu fte`didku/( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobtkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A( ~telg eolk``lz hlylc tkutceooizhdidkul~oclk elhli tfo nmal eo ZCAI ylk` eofleoclk ~lizdh zdkdhouolk ylout ZCAIUlilk Zdkeoeoclk elk Lh)Vocql

Idktqtu gl~oh zdkohlolk zqlcuo~o elk zlclq( imedh gozmuduoc udq~datu ~dadhti tfonmal(il~og zdqht zdkydiztqkllk( tulilkyl adqcloulk edk`lk adadqlzl glh ~dal`lo adqoctu6 h/~o~udiluocl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo~t~tk cdialho3 1/ cmizmkdk zdiadhlflqlkelhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eo~d~tloclk edk`lk cmkeo~o eo ^CA( ~dgok``l elzlueooctuo mhdg utumq elhli tfo nmal imedh udq~datu3 >/ cmizmkdk zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk

~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zdqht hdaog eobmct~clk( ~dgok``lelzlu eohoglu zdkok`clulkkyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olhkyl( elk 5/ imedh ylk` eocdialk`clkzdqht lelkyl cdòlulk lcuob plq`l adhlflq idhlctclk zdiadhlflqlk kylul ithlo elqoqdknlkl( zdhlc~lkllk( zdk`lilulk( elk qdbhdc~o( 4/ imedh udq~datu zdqht eonlkuticlkcmizmkdk mtunmid/ tkutc idhoglu cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq( elk ~duolz cmizmkdk elhliimedh zdqht eotqloclk ~dnlql qokno elk fdhl~+

Gl~oh lklho~o~ zlclq( zqlcuo~o elk udilk ~dflplu udq~datu ylk` eofleoclk qtftclk tkutcidqdro~o imedh+ Imedh zdiadhlflqlk gl~oh qdro~o ~dnlql fdhl~ elzlu eo`lialqclk ~dal`loadqoctu eo alplg oko+




Idkok cluclk Cdndqel~lk m~olh Plq l Adhl lq

@lialq 5+>+ Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob al`o Zdkok`clulk

ZDQDKNLKLLK

<+ Lklho~o~ Cdatutglk

1+ Zdkyt~tklk Zqm qli

Zdiadhl lqlk



D R L H T L ^ O

Idkok cluclk Zqd~ul~o lcledioc

CDNDQEL^LK ^M^OLH

~outluomklh lplqkd~~( zqd~dk~d(

O

K

Z

T

U

Z

Q

M

^

D

^

MTU

ZTU

MTU

NMID




>+ Oizhdidkul~o Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob Alò Zdkok`clulk Cdndqel~lk^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI

Imedh cmk~dzutlh ylk` eo~t~tk idqtzlclk zdk`dialk`lk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobcd zdiadkutclk ~mnolh nglqlnudq atoheok` elk cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh+ Eoilkl clqlcudq elk~oclz ~m~olh lclk eozm~o~oclk ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk elhli zdkydhdk``lqllk

zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu A+ Il~ok`)il~ok`

tk~tq ylk` elzlu idiadkutc clqlcudq elk ~oclz ~m~olh eodhlamql~o cd elhli ctqocthtiitlulk hmnlh eocdil~ cdzlel ~ditl aoelk` ~uteo+ ^duolz tk~tq eocdialk`clk cd elhlialglk lflq elk ideol zdiadhlflqlk+ ^lhlg ~lut nlql tkutc cdzdkuok`lk zdk`dialk`lkzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` dbdcuob( dbo~odk elk lctkuladh eozdqhtclk adqal`lo

zdkedclulk+ Lkulql hlok idk`clfo ctqocthti ylk` adqhlk`~tk` ~dhlil oko( elkidk`dialk`clk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdil~ cdelhli imeth ~dqulidk`cmiaokl~oclk adadqlzl ilul zdhlflqlk ylk` udqclou edk`lk zdiadkutclk clqlcudq

elk ~oclz ~m~olh ylk` elzlu eoctl~lo elk eozlglio mhdg plq`l adhlflq+ Zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk zqm`qli Zlcdu A hdaog idkouocadqluclk zdk`dklhlk zdqil~lhlglk hok`ctk`lk~dqul nlql adqzocoq tkutc ididnlgclkkyl idhlhto zdkedclulk lkulq)eo~ozhok ohit ylk`

qdhdrlk edk`lk zdqil~lhlglk ylk` ~delk` eozdnlgclk+

Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk edk`lk idk``tklclk zdkedclulk ylk` hdaogoketcuob( cmk~uqtcuob( ~dqul adhlflq ilkeoqo idhlhto zdkdclklk zlel zdk`dklhlkzdqil~lhlglk hok`ctk`lk ~dqul zdknlqolk ~mht~o edk`lk zdkedclulk lkulq cdohitlk ylkùoelc udq~dclu)~dclu ~dgok``l hdaog qdhdrlk edk`lk cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo+

Adqcloulk edk`lk out( ~o~udi zdiadhlflqlk 'edhordqy ~y~udi/ eoqlknlk` ~dediocolk

qtzl l`lq idiohoco cdctlulk udq~dkeoqo( tkutc idk`dialk`clk cdnlclzlk cmizqdgdk~obelk cmizduouob ylk` adq`tkl elhli zdkok`clulk cdiliztlk adhlflq ~dzlkflk` glylu+

Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk edk`lk idk``tklclk zdkedclulk ylk` hdaog oketcuobelk cmk~uqtcuob+ Edk`lk ediocolk zlel cmizdudk~o htht~lk zqm`qli Zlcdu A eoadqonlululk cgt~t~ udkulk` cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh ylk` ~telg eoiohoco mhdg plq`l adhlflq ylk`

idkfleoclk plq`l adhlflq ao~l idkyd~tloclk edk`lk zdqcdialk`lk ylk` lel udqtulil

ao~l idkyd~tloclk edk`lk hok`ctk`lk eoilkl ~lfl idqdcl adqlel+ Ilcl tkutczdidktglk utkutulk udq~datu eozlkelk` glqt~ lel tzlyl zdk`dialk`lk elhli zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk ylk` idk`lqlg cdzlel zdiadkutclk clqlcudq elk ~oclz ~m~olh+ Eo ~lizok`

out( ft`l tkutc idhlc~lklclk lilklg Tkelk`)Tkelk` ô~eockl~ ylout ylk` udqclou edk`lk~ta~ulk~o zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlel

zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu A+

Elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zlel zqm`qli Zlcdu A(

idkòk`lu alkylckyl rlqoladh okudqrdkok` udqglelz zqm`qli Zlcdu A( ilcl elhlizdkdhouolk oko eoalul~o zlel ululqlk ~ta~ulk~o zqmboh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A( imedh cmk~dzutlh

zdk`dialk`lk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhli zqm`qli Zlcdu A( elk oizhdidkul~o

imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eohlctclk( udqglelz etl cdhmizmc ylout cdhmizmccmkuqmh elk cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk elqo ~lizdh elhli plcut ylk` adq~lillk+ Tkutccdzdkuok`lk cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk eo alplg oko lelhlg l~zdc ylk` eocdialk`clk

elqo zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk ylk` ~dhlil ~dal`loilkl ulizlc elhli uladh

adqoctu+




Uladh 5+<

L~zdc Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob Zqm`qli ZlcduA eo ZCAI

Km Zqm`qliZlcdu A

Cmkeo~o Lplh CdatutglkAdhlflq

L~zdcZdk`dialk`lk

< Plq`l Adhlflq Plq`l adhlflq~dadhtikyl uoelc

idkelzluclkzdiadhlflqlk~dnlql cmk~dzutlh

udkulk`

zdiadhlflqlkcdhmizmc

Plq`l adhlflq hdaogidiohog lult glqt~eoelgthto mhdgzdiadhlflqlk ~dnlqlcmk~dz udkulk`

zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob

Plq`l adhlflqidizdhlflqo cmk~dz

zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh

Cdiliztlk

lplh plq`ladhlflq elqocmk~dz il~og

qdkelg

Plq`l adhlflq ~telg

idk`dulgtozdiadhlflqlk ~dnlqlcdhmizmc udulzo

adhti ~d~tlo edk`lk

hlk clg)hlk clg

Zdqht eo~t~tk alglklflq ylk` ao~lidialk`tk clqlcudqelk ~oclz ~m~olh ~dnlql

lcledioc

Lctkulaohoul~okeoroetlh ~dqok`

eolaloclk~dgok``l ut`l~)

ut`l~ ~dqokèoamqmk` mhdg~lhlg ~dmqlk`

lk``mul

Plq`l adhlflq~telg idk`dulgto

algpl eohok`ctk`lkkyl

alkylc zmudk~ohmclh ylk` ao~leocdialk`clk

Alglk adhlflq glqt~eo~t~tk elk

eo~d~tloclk edk`lk

zmudk~o elk

cdiliztlk ylkèoiohoco mhdg plq`ladhlflq

Ioklu elkcdatutglkadhlflq adhtiklizlc

Elk il~og

Plq`l adhlflq

idiatutgclk iludqoylk` adq~oblucmk~dzutlh tkl

idketctk`

zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql

Zdqht lelkyl

zdk`dialk`lk l~zdczdiadhlflqlk ylkàdq~oblu cmk~dzutlh

edk`lk idk`lnt zlel

~ulkelq ylk` alct 1 Utumq Utumq adhti

idiohocozdilglilkudqglelz~ta~ulk~o iludqozdiadhlflqlk

Utumq ~dqokìdiaolqclk lelkyl

plq`l adhlflq ylkìdkemiokl~ocdhmizmc lultidk``lkutk`clk eoqo

Zlel ulglz lplheoadqoclk mqodkul~oudkulk` zdhlc~lkllkzdiadhlflqlk ylkèo~d~tloclk edk`lkcdudqlizohlk ~m~olh




Nlql idk`lflq

utumq il~ogadq~oblucmkrdk~omklhedk`lk idumed

ndqlilg(zdkedclulk~dnlql chl~oclhelk hdaogemioklk elhli~duolz

dhlc~lkllk

L~zdc zdk`dialk`lk

plulc elk clqlcudq~dqul ~oclzcdadq~lillk elkcdudqlizohlk ~m~olh

elhli zdiadhlflqlkmhdg utumq adhtiadòut klizlc(idqdcl glkyl

idk`lflqclk iludqozmcmc ylk` eo`lqo~clkelhli ctqocthti

Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk

ylk` hdaog idkdclkclkcdzlel zqm~d~cdqfl~lil elhlicdhmizmc+ edk`lk

utftlk ylk` okòkeonlzlo uoelc glkylcdiliztlk lclediocelhli zdk`dquolk

zdk`tl~llk alglkzdhlflqlk( udulzo ft`llelk l tk~tq cdq l~lil

^duolzzdhlc~lkllkzdiadhlflqlkutumq adhti

udqaol~lidkyt~tkqdknlklzdiadhlflqlk(ideol adhlflq(elk lhlu drlhtl~o

Qdknlkl Zdiadhlflqlk(ideol adhlflq elk lhludrlhtl~o zdqhtidkelzlu zdkdclklk

zlel zdk`dialk`lkzdiadhlflqlk ~dnlqluoi( glqt~ ~lhok`

idialkut tkutcidknlzlo utftlk

diadhl lqlk

Lelzul~o ^CC udqglelziludqo adhlflq ylk`~d~tlo edk`lkzdk`dialk`lk plulc

elk clqlcudq ~dqulzdiadhlflqlk ~dnlqluoi elk cdqfl~lil alò

zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq l adhl lq

> Zqm~d~Zdiadhlflqlk

Zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlkhdaog ndkedqtk`zlel

zdkedclulk

ok~uqtc~omklheoalkeok`clk

zdkedclulkzqoaleo

Zdkedclulkzdiadhlflqlk glqt~hdaog idkdclkclkzlel zdkedclulk

cdhmizmc

eoalkeok`clkok~uqtc~omklh

Zdkedclulkzdiadhlflqlkidkdclkclk zlelzdkedclulk cdhmizmc

tkutc zdk`dialk`lk

plulc elk clqlcudqzdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql

uoi elk cdqfl~lil alòzdkok`clulk

Hdaogidkdclkclkzlel zdktkul~lkzdkylizlolk

iludqo elkidk`laloclk

cdatutglk

^dklkuol~lidizdethoclkclqlcudqo~uoc elkcdatutglk plq`l

adhlflq zlel ~lluzdkylizlolk iludqo

zdhlflqlk

Clqlcudqo~uoc elkcdatutglk plq`ladhlflq eofleoclkhlkel~lk elhlizdk`dialk`lkzdiadhlflqlk

~dgok``l udqnozul

Utftlk

Zdiadhlflqlk

Utftlk

Zdiadhlflqlkzlel ulglz lplhglkyl idk`lnt

zlel

cdiliztlk PA

l`lq ao~l htht~

Utftlk adhlflq hdaog

eolqlgclk zlelzdk`dialk`lk plulcelk clqlcudqcdilkeoqolk ~dqul

~oclz cdpoqlt~lgllk

klitk udulz

Utftlk zdiadhlflqlk

uoelc glkylidkdclkclk zlelzdknlzlolk ~ulkelq

cmizdudk~o htht~lkklitk hdaog idk`lqlg

zlel zdk`dialk`lk




5+ Ideol Adhlflq Iokoikyl

ideolzdketctk`zdiadhlflqlkylk` eo~t~tk

mhdg utumq zlel~duolz zqm~d~

Ideol adhlflq elzlu

idialkutzdkok`clulkcdiliztlk elkzdilglilk PA

Utumq eoglqlzclk

elzlu idiatluideol ylk`~dedqglkl( itqlg(idklqoc elk

idiadqo ilkblluudqglelz

Ctqlkìdilkblluclkideol hmclhtkutcidketctk`zqm~d~ adhlflq

Ideol adhlflq ylkèoatutgclk zlelglcdclukyl uoelc

glqt~ ilglh( klitieo~dcoulq hok`ctk`lkPA ztk elzlu

eofleoclk ideol

zdiadhlflqlk( l~lhclk

~d~tlo edk lk o~o elk

Utumq idk`dialk`clkelk idknlqo ideolhmclh aloc edk`lk

idk``tklclk mafdckylul lultztk edk`lknlql ro~tlho~l~o

4 Alglk Adhlflq Adhti lelkylalglk adhlflq

tkutcidk`dialk`clkimedhzdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq l adhl lq

Alglk adhlflq ylk`~dnlql cgt~t~idk`lqlg zlel

zdk`dialk`lkzdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob alò

zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq

Eocdialk`clkadqal`lo alglk adhlflq

ylk` eo~d~tloclk

edk`lk utftlk elqozdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob ylout

idknozulclk ~outl~oeo ilkl cdadqgl~ohlkokeoroet eoudkutclklult eo dk lqtgo

Alglk adhlflqylk`

eocdialk`clkil~og adq~oblucmkrdk~omklh

Alglk adhlflq ylk`~dhlil oko eoadqoclkmhdg utumq il~ogadq~oblu cmkrdk~omklhelk udqcd~lkeozlc~lclk( l~zdczdk`dialk`lk plulcelk clqlcudqcdilkeoqolk ~dqul

Alglk adhlflq zdqhteocdialk`clk elk

eo~d~tloclk edk`lkcdatutglk PA+ Utumqelzlu idkyt~tk

alglk adhlflq ylk`hdaog idk`lqlg zlell~zdc zdk`dialk`lkzdiadhlflqlk

2+ Ctqocthti Utumq glqt~idilglioglcoclu iludqozdhlflqlk ylk`

eolflqclkkyl elkidilglioadqal`lo imedhzdiadhlflqlk

ylk` elzlu

idqlk`~lk`cdiliztlkplq`l adhlflq

Ctqlk`kyl

cdiliztlk utumqtkutc idilglioglcoclu iludqozdhlflqlk ylkèolflqclkkyl elkidilglio adqal`loimedh zdiadhlflqlk

ylk` elzlu

idqlk`~lk`cdiliztlk plq`ladhlflq tkutc adhlflq

Utumq elzlu

idk`dialk`clklklho~o~ udqglelz~uqludò adhlflq

idk`lflq ylkìdkdclkclk zlel~oclz lult zdqohlctadq~lil elhliadcdqfl lult

idialkut eolkulql ~d~lilelhli ~uqtcutq




ctqocthti elhlizqlcuoczdiadhlflqlkil~og ~lk`luctqlk` elk

adql`li

ctqocthti elhlizqlcuoc zdiadhlflqlkudqfleo clqdklctqlk`kylzdiaokllk-aoiaok`lk

elqo zoglc udqclou lultclqdkl blcumqcdilhl~lk elqo utumqout ~dkeoqo+

cdatutglk adhlflq PA

~dgok``l elzlueohlkftuclk zlelzdkyt~tklkctqocthti

zdiadhlflqlk ylk``dkdqoc( klitkidk`lnt zlelzdknlzlolk ~ulkelq

Ctqocthti ylk`lel adhtiidkydkutgzdk`dialk`lkplulc elkclqlcudq ~dqul

~oclz ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq

~dgok``l htht~lkzqm`qli ctqlkìdiohoco

Elhli ctqocthtizdqht lelkyl

~tzhdidkzdk`dialk`lk plulcelk clqlcudqcdilkeoqolk ~dqul

~oclz cdpoqlt~lgllkplq`l adhlflq ~dgok``l

htht~lk zqm`qliidiohoco zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh

Eocdialk`clk iludqocgt~t~ ~dal`lo

~tzhdidk ctqocthtiylk` lel udkulk`zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob alò

zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq

0+ Lhlu Drlhtl~o Drlhtl~o ylk`

udhlg eo~t~tkmhdg Eokl~ elkhdial`l udqclou

il~og udqalul~zlel tfo

cdiliztlk

zdk`tl~llkcmizdudk~olcledioc~dgok``l adhti

idiadqoclkokbmqil~o

Iludqo drlhtl~o ~dhlokidk`tctq cmizdudk~ogl~oh adhlflq lcledioc(zdkdqoillk udqglelz

zdqadellk okeoroet(elk zdk`dialk`lk

cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh

Utumq zdqht

idkfleplhclk plcutcgt~t~ alò cdhmizmctkutc idk`drlhtl~o

zqm~d~ cdqfl cdhmizmcelk gl~oh cdqfl ~lil

idqdcl l`lq

~dhlkftukyl ao~l adcdqfl~lil edk`lk hdaogdbdcuob+

+

Elhli Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cddqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq eo

ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm elzlu eohlctclk elhli adadqlzl ulglzlk ylout ulglz zdq~olzlk(

ulglz zdhlc~lkllk( elk ulglz drlhtl~o+ Tfo nmal elhli qlk`cl idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~ imedheohlctclk edk`lk hlk`clg)hlk`clg ~dal`lo adqoctu+

Ulglz Zdq~olzlk( cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk ylout6 </ idkyt~tk zqm`qli zdhluoglk

utumq( idqdcqtu elk idhluog nlhmk utumq( 1/ idkyt~tk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob3 >/ idkdkutclk cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk( 5/ idkòedkuobhcl~o cdhmizmc~l~lqlk( 4/ idizdhlflqo elul udkulk` cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk( 2/ idkdkutclk zqomqoul~

cdatutglk elk il~lhlg( 0/ idkyt~tk iludqo( 7/ idiohog elk idkdkutclk idumed(

?/ idkyolzclk ideol adhlflq3 <:/ idkyolzclk elbulq ~l~lqlk( <</ idkdkutclk plcutelk udizlu+

Ulglz Zdhlc~lkllk+ Idhlctclk zdk`lilulk ~dhlil zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql

adqcdhlkftulk( idknlulu glh)glh ylk` udqfleo aloc ylk` idkylk`ctu utumq iltztk(

imuorl~o( cqdluoroul~ elqo plq`l adhlflq elhli idkòctuo zdiadhlflqlk+ Tkutc idhoglu




cdudqzletlk elk cdudqcloulk lkulq cmizmkdk ylk` ~lut edk`lk cmizmkdk hlokkyl elk

dbdcuob uoelckyl zqm`qli ylk` udhlg eozdq~olzclk ~dadhtikyl( ao~l idialkeok`clkcqoudqol ylk` udhlg eo~t~tk edk`lk qdlhoul~ ylk` udqfleo ~dhlil zqm~d~ oko adqhlk`~tk`+ Foclzqm`qli oko ao~l idknlzlo utftlk ylk` udhlg eoudulzclk( adqlquo udqfleo ~okdqò lkulql

cmizmkdk)cmizmkdk udq~datu( ilcl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ao~l

idkydkutg elk idiohoco oclulk dim~omklh eo lkulql plq`l adhlflq ~dgok``l hdaog~outluomklh lplqkd~~ elk idiohoco elyl tk`cou elhli zdiadhlflqlk+

Ulglz Drlhtl~o( elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk( gl~oh zdkohlolk elzlu idkmhmk` utumq

tkutc idizdqaloco cdiliztlk l`lq idkfleo utumq ylk` zqmbd~omklh+ Idqlknlk`

drlhtl~o udqil~tc ut`l~ ~dmqlk` utumq cduocl elhli idiatlu qlknlk`lk zdiadhlflqlk'ok~uqtnuomklh ed~o`k/+ Drlhtl~o lelhlg ~tlut zqm~d~ adqcdhlkftulk udkulk` zdk`tizthlk elkzdklb~oqlk okbmqil~o tkutc idkohlo 'l~~d~~/ cdztut~lk)cdztut~lk ylk` eoatlu elhli

idqlknlk` ~datlg ~o~udi zdiadhlflqlk+ Gl~oh zdkohlolk oko ~dal`lo bdde alnc udqglelzzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk+ Lul~ el~lq cdudqnlzlolk utftlk zqm`qli okoylk` udqlctithl~oclk elhli gl~oh zdkohlolk( ao~l eohoglu lzlclg zqm`qli oko dbdcuob lult

uoelckyl ilklclhl eocmizlql~oclk nlzlolk cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk edk`lk cdhmizmccmkuqmh+ Cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk elhli ulglz drlhtl~o ylout6 idkdulzclk utftlkdrlhtl~o( idkyt~tk ok~uqtidk drlhtl~o( idk`tizthclk( idk`mhlg elk idkylfoclk elul(

idk``tklclk gl~oh drlhtl~o+

^dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~ rlhoel~o udqglelz qlknlk`lk imedh ilcl ~dal`lozdk`dialk`lkkyl zdqht eooizhdidkul~oclk cdzlel mafdc elk ~l~lqlk ylout plq`l adhlflqZlcdu A ylk` lel eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ylk` eoudulzclk ~dal`lo mafdc zdkdhouolk+ ^dnlql~o~udiluo~( hlk`clg elhli mzdql~omklh zdk`dialk`lkkyl idhoztuo6 zdqdknlkllk(zdhlc~lkllk elk zdk`lilulk( ~dqul drlhtl~o+ Qlknlk`lk imedh cmk~dzutlheooizhdidkul~oclk lult eotfonmalclk elhli etl ulglz( ylout tfo nmal ulglz zdqulil elk

tfonmal ulglz cdetl+ Zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk tfonmal elhli etl ulglz oko eoilc~teclk l`lqgl~oh ylk` zdiadhlflqlk elzlu ididktgo cdatutglk zd~dqul eoeoc( idk`dklo cdctqlk`lkelk cdhdilglk ylk` eouditl zlel ~llu eolelclkkyl tfonmal ulglz zdqulil( elzlueo~diztqklclk elk hdaof eoilkulzclk hlò zlel ~llu tfonmal ulglz cdetl+

Tkutc idhoglu zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idhlhto zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( lclkeohlc~lklclk cdòlulk tfonmal edk`lk idk``tklclk hdialq zdk`lilul cdndqel~lk ~m~olh~dal`lo lhlu tulil ylk` eohlc~lklclk zlel tfo nmal udqalul~

^dgtatk`lk qdcmidkel~o elqo zqlcuo~o elk zlclq elqo tfo cdhlylclk imedh gozmuduoc~dal`loilkl udhlg eofdhl~clk eo lul~( ~dhlkftukyl eohlctclk zdqaloclk)zdqaloclk udq~datueomqodkul~oclk tkutc zdkydiztqkllk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` eocdialk`clk( elk ~olz tkutc eohlctclk oizhdidkul~o imedh+

l+ Tfo nmal Imedh Udqalul~

</ Ulglz Cdòlulk

Tkutc tfonmal udqalul~( ~dudhlg lelkyl gl~oh qdro~o elqo tfo cdhlylclk zqlcuo~o elkzlclq+ ^l~lqlk tfonmal lelhlg plq`l adhlflq zlcdu A ~dnlql udqalul~ adadqlzl mqlk` plq`ladhlflq eo ZCAI Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm+ Tfonmal udqalul~ eohlctclk idhlhtodizlu ulglzlk( ylout ulglz zdqdknlkllk( zdhlc~lkllk( drlhtl~o( mtuztu elk mtunmid+

l/ Ulglz Zdqdknlkllk

Ulglz zdqdknlkllk idhoztuo cdòlulk oedkuobocl~o cdatutglk adhlflq( oedkuobocl~oalglk adhlflq( oedkuobocl~o ~uqtcutq zqm`qli+ ^dnlql qokno elzlu eotqloclk hdaog hlkftu




~dal`lo adqoctu+ h/ Oedkuobocl~o cdatutglk adhlflq( eohlctclk idhlhto zdkò~olk bmqiluoedkuobocl~o cdatutglk ylk` udhlg eo~olzclk mhdg zdkdhouo( elk plplknlql tkutcidizdqmhdg il~tclk udkulk` cdatutglk adhlflq udqclou edk`lk zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh+ 1/ Oedkuobocl~o ~tiadq adhlflq( adqtzl glkemtu ylk` eo cdil~ mhdg zdkdhouo+ Eo~lizok` out zdkdhouo ~dkeoqo ~dal`lo utumq elhli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elk eoalkut mhdg

utumq hlok elqo em~dk elk utumq ~dkomq zqm`qli zlcdu A eo Ulilk Zdkeoeoclk ZCAI Cmul@mqmkulhm+ >/ Zdkyt~tklk ~uqtcutq zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` udhlg eo~olzclkzdkdhouo eoeo~ct~oclk edk`lk uoi elk zd~dqul eoiokul idiadqoclk il~tclk tkutcidkydiztqklclk ~uqtcutq udqclou edk`lk cdatutglk adhlflq ylk` udhlg eooedkuobocl~o+

a/ Ulglz Zdhlc~lkllk

Ulglz zdhlc~lkllk tfonmal eohlctclk utumq adq~lil)~lil edk`lk zd~dqul( idkòk`luzd~dqul tfonmal lelhlg mqlk` edpl~l ilcl zdkedclulk ylk` eo`tklclk elhli zdkeoeoclklelhlg zdkedclulk lkeql`mò elk zdkedclulk zlquo~ozluob eo ilkl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlktkutc ~duolz zmcmc algl~lk( zlel el~liyl eoadelclk idkfleo uo`l ulglz cdòlulk( ylout

cdòlulk zdkelgthtlk( cdòlulk okuo-zdkylfolk( elk cdòlulk zdktutz+Zdqulil ulglz zdkelgthtlk eohlctclk uo`l cdòlulk( ylout6 </ idialk`tk zdqgluolk

plq`l adhlflq edk`lk nlql idylcokclk algpl zdk`lhlilk adhlflq ylk` lclk eohlctclkadq`tkl tkutc idhlc~lklclk ut`l~ zdiadhlflqlk( elk utumq idhlctclk okudqlc~o ylkìdkydklk`clk aloc ~dnlql okeoroetlh lultztk cdhmizmc ~dnlql eolhmò~ elk edimcqluo~31/ utumq idialk`tk imuorl~o zd~dqul edk`lk nlql idknozulclk ~tl~lkl lcqla( idkylzlelk adqcmitkocl~o ~dnlql cdcdhtlq`llk( idk`louclk zdk`lhlilk adhlflq ylk` lclkeohlc'tclk ~d~tlo cdatutglk zd~dqul elhli zdiadhlflqlk( >/ idiadqoclk lntlk lultqliat)qliat udkulk` zdiadhlflqlk ylk` lclk eohlctclk( ylout6 l/ idkfdhl~clk utftlkylk` lclk eonlzlo( a/ idkfdhl~clk ulglzlk zdiadhlflqlk( ~dgok``l zd~dqul eoglqlzclkidilglio hlk`clg)hlk`clg adhlflq ylk` glqt~ eohlctclk( elk n/ idkfdhl~clk ulq`ducdiliztlk ylk` glqt~ eoiohoco ~dudhlg zdiadhlflqlk adqhlk`~tk`+

Cdetl( ulglz zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk zdqlk utumq elk plq`l adhlflq( ~d~tk``tgkyludqeoqo cdòlulk zdkelgthtlk zdiadhlflqlk( okuo( elk cdòlulk zdktutz+ Lelzutq zdqlkutumq elk plq`l adhlflq ~dnlql ~ok`clu elzlu eofdhl~clk ~dal`lo adqoctu+ </ utumqidknozulclk okudqlc~o ylk` cmket~ob eo lkulql plq`l adhlflq( elk utumq edk`lk plq`ladhlflq3 ~dclho`t~ utumq idhlctclk zdk`cmkeo~olk plq`l adhlflq tkutc adhlflq+ 1/ utumqidhlctclk zdkflfl`lk tkutc idilglio zdk`lhlilk elk cdiliztlk el~lq plq`l adhlflq~d~tlo edk`lk udil idhlhto eolhm` elk ulkyl flpla tkutc idk`tk`clz zdk`lhlilk lzl~lfl ylk` udhlg zd~dqul lhlio ~d~tlo edk`lk udil ylk` lclk eoclfo elk eoeo~ct~oclk+ >/utumq idiadqoclk plpl~lk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq ~dal`lo zdiadclhlk udmqo tkutcidklialg zdk`dulgtlk elhli idhlc~lklclk ut`l~ elhli zdiadhlflqlk+ 5/ utumqidiadqoclk ummhcou adqtzl bmqilu ~ohlat~( QZZ elk co~o)co~o zdkohlolk ~d~tlo edk`lk udilylk` eoalgl~/( tkutc idkok`cluclk cdudqlizohlk zd~dqul ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk tzlylidkok`cluclk cdiliztlk utumq elhli zdiadhlflqlk+ 4/ utumq idiadqoclk ut`l~ hlk`~tk`cdzlel ~duolz plq`l adhlflq tkutc idizqlcudcclk iludqo tkutc eooizhdidkul~oclk elhlizdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk+ 2/ utumq idkemqmk` zd~dqul elzlu ididnlgclk zdq~mlhlkzdiadhlflqlk elhli zdhlc~lkllk zqlcudc( idhlhto zdkydhd~lolk ut`l~)ut`l~ ilkeoqo+ 0/utumq idkt`l~clk plq`l adhlflq ~dnlql okeoroetlh elhli idkyolzclk alglk elk udizlucdqfl eo~d~tloclk edk`lk ûlkelq cmizdudk~o ^C/ elk cmizdudk~o el~lq CE/ ylk` lclkeoelhlio elk idkeoc~t~oclk gl~ohkyl ~dqul idhlctclk qdro~o adq~lil+ 7/ utumq idiokulil~ok`)il~ok` plq`l adhlflq ~dnlql adqòhoq idkòizhdidkul~oclk iludqo zdhlflqlk ~dnlqllcutlh idhlhto cdgoetzlk ~dgluo)glqo( elk hlokkyl ~dnlql cmhlamqluob adq~lil utumqidhlctclk zdk`lilulk+ ?/ utumq elk plq`l adhlflq idhlctclk qdbhdc~o gl~oh zdk`lilulk




zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk lcutlh tkutc idiadqoclk il~tclk tkutc zdqaloclkzdiadhlflqlk ~dhlkftukyl( <:/ utumq-bl~ohoulumq idhlctclk drlhtl~o zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk(elhli glh oko zdkdhouo idk`lelclk zdk`lilulk udqglelz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq+

Zdqlk plq`l adhlflq ~dhlil zdhlc~lkllk tfonmal ulizlc lkut~ol~ elk adqzlquo~ozl~o

zdktg elhli zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eoutkftcclk idhlhto cdòlulk ~dal`lo adqoctu6 h/idktkftcclk ~oclz lkut~ol~id ylk` ntctz aloc cduocl idkyoilc mqodkul~o udkulk` ^qludòzdiadhlflqlk ylk` eocditclclk mhdg utumq( eoilkl idqdcl idiztkylo imuorl~oidkòctuo zdkeoeoclk ntctz aloc+ 1/ idkyoilc zdkfdhl~lk utumq ~dnlql lcuob( idk`lftclkzdqulkyllk)zdbulkyllk( ~dqul idkflpla ~duolz zdbolkyllk ylk` eolftclk mhdg utumq+ >/idkfdul~clk udkulk` zdk`lhlilk idqdcl ylk` qdhdrlk edk`lk udil ylk` eofdhl~clk utumqelk idk`lftclk il~lhlg)il~lhlg ylk` eoglelzo elhli idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk+ 5/idhlc~lklclk ut`l~ ilkeoqo ~d~tlo zdutkftc ylk` udhlg eofdhl~clk edk`lk idk``tklclkalglk adhlflq ummhcou/ elk zdkydhd~lolk zdkò~olk bmqilu ut`l~)ut`l~ zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlqlokeoroetlh+ 4/ idizdhlflqo alglk adhlflq ylk` eoadqoclk mhdg utumq( cditeolkidkeo~ct~oclk zdk`lhlilk adhlflq ylk` eolk``lz ~thou edk`lk utumq+ 2/ idqlknlk`

qdknlkl cdòlulk oizhdidkul~o zdiadhlflqlk lcutlh idhlhto zdkdqlzlk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh+0/ idkeo~ct~oclk gl~oh zqlcudc( tkutc eohlctclk zdqaloclk ~dzdqhtkyl( 7/ ~duolz zd~dqulidhlc~lklclk ~oithl~o zqlcudc zdiadhlflqlk ~d~tlo edk`lk qdknlkl zdiadhlflqlk ylkùdhlg eozdqaloco( utumq elk zd~dqul hlokkyl idhlctclk zdk`lilulk zqlcudc zdiadhlflqlkudq~datu( ediocolk ~dudqt~kyl ~dnlql adqòhoqlk+ ?/ idhlctclk qdbhdc~o ylout idkeo~ct~oclkgl~oh zdk`lilulk ~dnlql cmhlamqluob zdhlc~lkllk zqlcudc tkutc eoadqoclk il~tclkzdqaloclk( zlel zdiadhlflqlk ~dhlkftukyl elk ediocolk ~dudqt~kyl+

n/ Ulglz Drlhtl~o

Ulglz drlhtl~o eohlctclk zdkdhouo edk`lk idhoaluclk plq`l adhlflq udqglelzcd~dhtqtglk cmizmkdk zqm`qli( ithlo elqo ulglz zdqdknlkllk( zdhlc~lkllk( ~lizlo zleldrlhtl~o+ Utumq idhlctclk zdk`lilulk udqglelz cd~dhtqtglk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk( elk~dnlql titi zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk adqhlk`~tk` hlknlq+ Tkutc idizdqmhdg `lialqlkulk``lzlk plq`l adhlflq udqglelz imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eohlc~lklclk(eohlctclk zdkohlolk edk`lk qkdk``tklclk hdialq zdk`lilulk udkulk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq ~dhlil zdkeoeoclk+ Gl~oh zlel ulglz drlhtl~o oko eofleoclk ~dal`lo uditlktkutc idhlctclk qdro~o imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk+ Udkutlk gl~oh drlhtl~o eotqloclk hdaoghlkftu ~dal`lo uditlk tfonmal imedh elk eofleoclk alglk tkutc qdro~o imedh gozmuduoc+

Tkutc idhoglu zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idhlhto zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( lclkeohlc~lklclk cdòlulk tfonmal edk`lk idk``tklclk lk`cdu ~dal`lo lhlu tulil ylkèohlc~lklclk ~dudhlg zl~nl zdiadhlflqlk ylout zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk elk cdhmizmccmkuqmh( Lk`cdu oko eotfoclk zlel 5: mqlk` plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI UlilkZdkeoeoclk elk ZCAI Lh)vocql Cmul @mqmkulhm ~dal`lo adqoctu6

l+Edboko~o Cmk~dzutlh

Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg cdiliztlk ~d~dmqlk` elhli idilglio( idkedk`lqclkelk zdcl udqglelz ilc~te elk zdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok( ~dqul idql~lclk elk idk`liluoqdlc~o)qdlc~o elk zdqtalglk mqlk` hlok( ylk` eo utkftcclk aloc ~dnlql rdqalh iltztk kmkrdqalh elk ilizt idknlqo zdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` dbdcuob elhli ~tlut okudqlc~o ~m~olhelk idiohoco zdk`tl~llk cduqlizohlk cmitkocl~o+ Lelztk okeoclumq elqo cdndqel~lk~m~olh lelhlg3 ~outluomklh lplqkd~~( zqd~dk~d( ltugdkuonouy( nhlqouy( cduqlizohlk adqcmitkocl~o

elk idiohoco ~oclz dizluo+

a+Edboko~o Mzdql~omklh



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ?:

Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh zd~dqul eoeoc lelhlg ~cmq flplalk qd~zmkedk udqglelz ~clhl cdndqel~lk~m~olh ylk` okeoclumq)okeoclumqkyl ylout3 </ ôutluomklh lplqkd~~( 1/ Zqd~dk~d( >/ Ltugdkuonouy( 5/Nhlqouy( elk 4/ dizlugy+

n+ Co~o)Co~o Ok~qtidk

Uladh 5+<+Co~o)co~o Ok~uqtidk Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Zd~dqul plq`l Adhlflq ^dadhti Tfo Nmal

RLQOLADH OKEOCLUMQ ATUOQ ^CLHL

Kmimq Fih 'Zql

tfo nmal/

Fih 'Zl~nl

tfo nmal/

Cdndqel~lk

^m~olh

'Uok`ò „Qdkelg/

ôutuomklhLplqkd~~

<(1(>(5(4( 2(0(7( ?(<:(<<( <<

Zqd~dk~d <1(<>(<5(<4(<2( <0(<7(<?( 1:(1<

<:

Ltugdkuonouy 11( 1>( 15(14(12( 10+17( 1?(>: ?

Nhlqouy ><(>1(>>(>5(>4(>2(>0+>7 7

Dizluo >?(5:(5<(51(5>(55(54(52 7

F t i h l g 52

^dadhti eo`tklclk elhli zdkdhouolk( ok~uqtidk oko udqhdaog elgtht

eotfonmalclk cdzlel 5: mqlk` plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli zlcdu A zlel 1 ZCAI eo Cmul

@mqmkulhm+ Tfo nmal oko eoilc~teclk tkutc idk`tfo rlhoeoul~ ~duolz atuoq ~mlh elkidk`goutk` cmdbo~odk qdholaohoul~ zdqlk`clu ctd~omkdq+ Tfo rlhoeoul~ atuoq ~mlheohlctclk edk`lk nlql idk`cmqdhl~oclk ~cmq il~ok`)il~ok` atuoq ~mlh ylk` eozdqmhdg

~duolz qd~zmkedk edk`lk ~cmq umulh ylk` eozdqmhdg qd~zmkedk ylk` adq~lk`ctulk+Cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~o eogoutk` edk`lk idk``tklclk qtit~ qlkc mqedq nmqqdhluomk+ Zqm~d~zdqgoutk`lkkyl eohlctclk edk`lk idk`mzdql~oclk zdqlk`clu htklc ^Z^^+

Gl~oh zdqgoutk`lk idktkftcclk algpl elqo 52 atuoq ~mlh ylk` eotfo rlhoeoul~kyl(udqelzlu 52 atuoq ~mlh ylk` idiohoco cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~o ylk` ~o`koboclk zlel l 8 :+:4+Cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~okyl idqdkulk` elqo :(1<> ~lizlo edk`lk :(7??+ Edk`lk ediocolk( cd)52 atuoq ~mlh udq~dktu eokylulclk rlhoe+ ^dalqlk atuoq ~mlh ylk` rlhoe udq~datu eo~lfoclk

elhli uladh >+1+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ?<

^dhlkftukyl( ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk cd)52 atuoq ~mlh out eogoutk` cmdbo~odk

qdholaohoul~kyl edk`lk idk``tklclk udckoc Lhbl Nqmkalng eozdqmhdg cmdbo~odk qdholaohoul~~dad~lq :(?>4 ~o`koboclk zlel l 8 :+:4+ Adqel~lqclk gl~oh tfo rlhoeoul~ atuoq ~mlh elkzdqgoutk`lk cmdbo~odk qdholaohoul~ cd~dhtqtglk zdqlk`clu ctd~omkdq ~dal`loilkl

eocditclclk eo lul~( elzlu eokylulclk algpl ok~uqtidk zdk`tk`clz elul

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq out hlylc eo`tklclk ~dal`lo ok~uqtidk zdk`tk`clzelul elhli zdkdhouolk oko+

Uladh 5+1+Co~o)co~o Ok~uqtidk Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh plq`l Adhlflq Gl~oh Tfo Nmal

RLQOLADH OKEOCLUMQ ATUOQ ^CLHL

Kmimq Fih 'Zqltfo nmal/

Fih 'Zl~nltfo nmal/

Cdndqel~lk

^m~olh

'Uok`ò „Qdkelg/

ôutuomklhLplqkd~~

<(1(>(5(4( 2(0(7( ?(<:(<<( << 7

Zqd~dk~d <1(<>(<5(<4(<2( <0(<7(<?( 1:(1<

<: 0

Ltugdkuonouy 11( 1>( 15(14(12( 10+17( 1?(>: ? 0

Nhlqouy ><(>1(>>(>5(>4(>2(>0+>7 7 2

Dizluo >?(5:(5<(51(5>(55(54(52 7

0

F t i h l g 52 5<

e+ Zdqgoutk`lk Rlhoeoul~ Elk Qdholaohoul~ Atuoq

Zdqgoutk`lk rloeoul~ elk qdholaohoul~ atuoq idk``tklclk qd~zmkedk ~dalkylc 52mqlk`+ Zdk`mhlglk idk``tklclk zdq~lillk cmqdhl~o zmoku ao~dqolh+ ^delk`clk zdk`tfolkqdholaohoul~ ok~uqtidk idk``tklclk CQ)1: ~dal`loilkl zdkfdhl~lk qtit~)qtit~ udq~datuadqoctu oko+

Qtit~ cmqdhl~o ao~dqolh udq~datu lelhlg ~dal`lo adqoctu6

o

o

|

zu o

û

W W ∑9

'o/ao~q

Cdudqlk`lk6

qao~o/ 9 cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~o ao~dqolh

θo 9 qlul)qlul ~cmq tkutc ylk` idkflpla adklq atuoq cd)o

θu 9 qlul)qlul ~cmq tkutc ~dhtqtgkyl

zo 9 zqmzmq~o ylk` idkflpla adklq uok`clu cd~thoulk/ atuoq cd)o



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ?1

|o 9 ~lil edk`lk <)z

~u 9 ~ulkelq edrol~o ~cmq umulh

^dhlkftukyl tkutc zdqgoutk`lk qdholaohoul~ eo`tklclk lklho~o~ cmqdhl~o ylkìdk``tklclk bmqithl Ctedq)Qonglqe~mk)1: lult eocdklh edk`lk CQ)1:+ Bmqithl CQ)1:lelhlg ~dal`lo adqoctu6

' /

∑

∑

∑9∑

∜1

<<

<1:

w

~

z z

c

c CQ

Cdudqlk`lk6

C 9 Alkylckyl oudi elhli ud~ ylk` rlhoe

~w1 9 Rlqolk~ ~cmq ud~

z 9 Zqmzmq~o ~tafdc ylk` idkelzlu lk`cl < zlel ~tlut oudi( ylout alkylckyl~tafdc ylk` idkelzlu lk`cl < eoalò mhdg alkylckyl ~dhtqtg ~tafdc ylkìdkflpla oudi udq~datu+

Adqel~lqclk zdk`mhlglk elul( udqhoglu lel hoil atuoq ylk` ulc rlhoe+ Atuoqeokylulclk uoelc rlhoe ~dgok``l eo ‘eqmz’ clqdkl qgoutk` 8 quladh+ Atuoq)atuoq ylk` eoeqmzudq~datu lelhlg atuoq kmimq <:( 10( >>( >7( elk 5:+ ^dhlkftukyl zdkok`clulk qdholaohoul~ok~uqtidk ~dudhlg atuoq ulc rlhoe uoelc eo~dqulclk elhli zdqgoutk`lk( ylout elqo q 9 :(770idkfleo q 9 :(?:4+ Edk`k ediocolk elzlu eo~oizthclk algpl edk`lk 5: atuoq ok~uqtidk

oko idiohoco qdholahoul~ ylk` uok`ò ylout ~dad~lq :(?:4+d+ Qdro~o Imedh Zl~nl Tfonmal Udqalul~

Zdqaloclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eoel~lqclk zlel gl~oh tfonmal(eoilc~teclk tkutc zdkydiztqkllk imedh ~d~tlo uditlk elk il~tclk ~dnlql dizoqocudqglelz imedh gozmuduoc ylk` udhlg eotfo cdhlylclk ~dadhti eotfonmal+ Elqo tfo nmal imedh(lel adadqlzl uditlk ~dal`loilkl udhlg eotqloclk ~dadhtikyl+ Uditlk udq~datu( qkdktqtuzdkdhouo ~lk`lu adqglq`l ~dal`lo alglk il~tclk elhli idkydiztqklclk imedh( ~dgok``lidizdqmhdg imedh ylk` idiohoco rlhoeoul~ elk qdholaohoul~ uoelc eoql`tclk( elk hlylctkutc tfo hlzlk`lk ylk` hdaog htl~+

Adqel~lqclk uditlk gl~oh tfonmal ~dal`loilkl udhlg eotqloclk eo lul~( algpl~dclhoztk ~dnlql titi imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk ~telg zm~ouob elk eoudqoil tkutc ao~leooizhdidkul~oclk( klitk lel adadqlzl uditlk ylk` zdqht eouokelchlkftuo tkutcidkydiztqklclk imedh( ylout lkulql hlok6 h/ plq`l adhlflq il~og idk`lhlio cdaok`tk`lkelhli hlk`clg)hlk`clg zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( udqtulil zlel zqm~d~kyl ~dgok``l zdqhteozdqfdhl~ zqm~detq zdiadhlflqlkkyl( 1/ plq`l adhlflq idk`dhtgclk ctqlk`kylzdiaokllk elqo ok~uout~o ylk` udqclou tkutc idk`dialk`clk cmizdudk~o idqdcl hdaoghlkftu elhli zdiadflqlk zlel zqm`qli zlcdu A elk >/ plq`l adhlflq idk`dhtgclk il~ogctqlk`kyl lc~d~ okbmqil~o udkulk` zdkeoeoclk)zdkeoeoclk elqo ok~uout~o zdiaokl lultztkelqo ok~uout~o hlok ylk` qdhdrlk tkutc idhlctclk zdk`dialk`lk udkulk` zdkeoeoclkcd~dulqllk+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ?>

Uditlk gl~oh tfonmal udq~datu ylk` eofleoclk qtftclk tkutc idqdro~o imedh( udqhdaogelgtht eocmk~thul~oclk cdzlel zlclq( tkutc idizdqmhdg ~lqlk)~lqlk hdaog hlkftu elhliidkydiztqklclk imedh ylk` lclk eooizhdidkul~oclk eotfonmal hlzlk`lk/+ Edk`lkidizdquoialk`clk ~lqlk zlql lgho( zdkydiztqkllk imedh eohlctclk+ Elqo qdro~o imedhzl~nl tfonmal( eogl~ohclk imedh ylk` hdaog eo~diztqklclk elk ~olz tkutc eohlctclk

oizhdidkul~o tfo hlzlk`lk+ Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob gl~oh qdro~o adqel~lqclk gl~ohtfonmal udqalul~( ~dnlql fdhl~ elzlu eo`lialqclk ~dal`lo adqoctu eo alplg oko+

ZDQDKNLKLLK

l+ Lklho~o~ Cdatutglk

a+ Zdkyt~tklk Zqm qliZdiadhl lqlk



D R L H T L ^ O

CDNDQEL^LK ^M^OLH

~outluomklh lplqkd~~( zqd~dk~d(

O

K

Z

T

U

Z

Q

M

^

D

^

Mugdq Okztu

Zdkedclulk Lkeql`m`o zlquo~ozluob




5+Dbdcuoroul~ Zdk`dialk`lk Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob Alò Zdkok`clulk Cdndqel~lk m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq

Tkutc idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~ imedh eohlctclk idhlhto tfo gozmud~o~ ylk` elulkyleozdqmhdg idhlhto zdkdhouolk dc~zdqoidk+ Adkutc zdqhlctlk udqglelz cdhmizmc

dc~zdqoidk lelhlg adqtzl zdkdqlzlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm+

Elhli zdkdhouolk oko eoqtit~clk ~lut gozmud~o~ zdkdhouolk( edk`lk cmizlql~otkutc idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~ imedh+ ^dal`loilkl udhlg eoqtit~clk ~dadhtikyl elhli Ala O(gozmud~o~ zdkdhouolk ylk` eoilc~te lelhlg ~dal`lo adqoctu6 ! Udqelzlu zdqadellkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` ~o`koboclk lkulql cdhmizmc plq`l adhlflq Zdkeoeoclk Zqm`qli ZlcduA ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob edk`lk ylk` uoelc idk``tklclkimedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob !+

Elhli qtit~lk gozmud~o~ udq~datu( eozdqhlctclk etl cdhmizmc zdiadhlflqlk ylout~lut cdhmizmc ~dal`lo cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk+ Elk cdhmizmc ylk` cdetl ~dal`locdhmizmc cmkuqmh+

Zdqmhdglk ud~ gl~oh cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk elk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh oko cditeolk eohlctclkzdk`tfolkkyl idhlhto tfo)u ylk` gl~oh lklho~o~kyl eomhlg idhlhto ^Z^^)<5 ~dal`lo adqoctu6

Adqel~lqclk zdk`tfolk ~uluo~uoc( imedh zdhluoglk ylk` eocdialk`clk adqzdk`lqtg ~dnlql~o`koboclk udqglelz gl~oh plq`l adhlflq+ Glh oko elzlu eohoglu elqo elul ylk` eozdqmhdg+ Adqel~lqclkelul( elqo tfo nmal ulglz zdqulil elk ulglz cdetl gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk ~dhlht hdaog tk``theoalkeok`clk edk`lk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh+

Tkutc idhoglu zdqmhdglk ~cmq kohlo cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdhluoglkelk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh edk`lk zdiadhlflqlk ~dal`loilkl aol~l eo`tklclk bl~ohoulumq udqglelz plq`ladhlflq( ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk idknlctz etl clho ztulqlk elzlu eohoglu zlel uladh adqoctu oko+

Uladh 5+>Gl~oh Tfo u Gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u Tfo Nmal Ulglz O elk OO Cdhmizmc Dc~zdqoidk CD/ elk Cdhmizmc

Cmkuqmh CC/

Tfo Nmal Rlqoladh kQlul)Qlul

ûe Kohlo u Eb ô`

Ulglz O

Zm~u Ud~u CD/ 1: >>(<::: 1(20>52

5(5> <? +:::CC/ 1: 17(74:: >(51154

Ulglz OOZm~u Ud~u CD/ 1:

>>(14:: 1(4?>:< >(70 <? +:::




CC/ 1: 1?(5::: >(47?52

Zlel tfo nmal ulglz zdqulil( adqel~lqclk zdqgoutk`lk ~uluo~uoc( eozdqmhdg gl~oh cdhmizmcdc~zdqoidk edk`lk k91:( ~oizlk`lk alct Â/9 1(20 eozdqmhdg kohlo qlul)qlul gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u ~dad~lq>>(<:3 ~delk`clk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh edk`lk k91: Â 9 1(51 eozdqmhdg qlul)qlul gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u ~dad~lq>>(14+ eohoglu elqo gl~oh zdqgoutk`lk ôizlk`lk Alct Â/ ~cmq ylk` eozdqmhdg cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidkudqkylul hdaog gmim`dk eoalkeok`clk edk`lk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh( clqdkl Â cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk~dad~lq 1(51 8 Â cdhmizmc cmkuqmh ~dad~lq 1(47 ylk` adqlquo zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk uok`cluzdk`tl~llk iludqo zdiadhlflqlk hdaog idqlul eoalkeok` zlel cdhmizmc cmkuqmh+

^dhlkftukyl tkutc idhoglu zdqadellk ylk` ~o`koboclk lkulq zdqmhdglk Zm~u)ud~u cdetlcdhmizmc( zdqht udqhdaog elgtht eo udulzclk gozmud~o~ ylk` lclk eo`tklclk( ylout6Gm 6 Qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk ~lil edk`lk qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc

cmkuqmh+G< 6 Qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk hdaog uok`ò elqo zlel qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~

cdhmizmc cmkuqmh+Cqoudqol zdk`liaohlk cdztut~lk ylout6

Zdqulil 6 edk`lk idialkeok`clk u goutk` edk`lk uladh u uladh( focl u goutk` 8 u uladh zm~ouord uladh/ilcl Gm eo udqoil( ~dalhockyl focl u goutk` ; u uladh zm~ouord uladh/ ilcl Gm eo udqoil+Cdetl 6 edk`lk idhoglu kohlo zqmalaohoul~+ Focl zqmalaohoul~ ; :+:4 ilcl Gm eoudqoil( ~dalhockyl foclzqmalaohoul~ 8 :+:4 Gm eoudqoil+

Adqel~lqclk zdqgoutk`lk ~uluo~uoc( eozdqmhdg kohlo u goutk` ~dad~lq 5(5>+ glq`l u uladh ~dal`loalul~ cqouo~ zlel uladh eo~uqoat~o u zlel ulqlb cdzdqnlyllk ?4$ 'μ94$/ elk edqlflu adal~ 'eb/ 1:~dad~lq <+01+ mhdg clqdkl glq`l u goutk` ~dad~lq 5(5> ; elqo u uladh ~dad~lq <+01( ~dgok``l Gm uoelceoudqoil+ Zdqkylullk oko zthl eo zdqctlu mhdg kohlo zqmalaohoul~ ~dad~lq :+:: 8 :+:4+ glh oko adqlquoqlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk hdaog uok`ò elqo qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ zlel cdhmizmccmkuqmh+

Zlel tfo nmal ulglz cdetl( adqel~lqclk zdqgoutk`lk ~uluo~uoc zlel uladh eo lul~( cdhmizmcdc~zdqoidk edk`lk k91:( ~oizlk`lk alct Â/ 9 1(47 eozdqmhdg kohlo qlul)qlul gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u ~dad~lq>>(143 ~delk`clk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh edk`lk k91:( Â 9 >(47 eozdqmhdg qlul)qlul gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u ~dad~lq1?(5:+ eohoglu elqo gl~oh zdqgoutk`lk ~oizlk`lk alct Â/ ~cmq ylk` eozdqmhdg cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidkgmim`dk eoalkeok`clk edk`lk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh( clqdkl Â cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk ~dad~lq 1(47 8Â cdhmizmc cmkuqmh ~dad~lq >(47 ylk` adqlquo zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk uok`clu zdk`tl~llkiludqo zdiadhlflqlk hdaog idqlul eoalkeok`clk zlel cdhmizmc cmkuqmh+

^dhlkftukyl tkutc idhoglu zdqadellk ylk` ~o`koboclk lkulql zdqmhdglk Zm~u)ud~u cdetl

cdhmizmc( zdqht udqhdaog elgtht eoudulzclk gozmud~o~ ylk` lclk eo`tklclk ylout6Gm 6 Qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk ~lil edk`lk qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc

cmkuqmh+G< 6 Qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk hdaog uok`ò elqo zlel qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~

cdhmizmc cmkuqmh+Zdqulil 6 edk`lk idialkeok`clk u goutk` edk`lk uladh u uladh( focl u goutk` 8 u uladh zm~ouob uladh/

ilcl Gm eo udqoil( ~dalhockyl focl u goutk` ; u uladh zm~ouord uladh/ ilcl Gm eo udqoil+Cdetl 6 edk`lk idhoglu kohlo zqmalaohoul~+ Focl zqmalaohoul~ ; :+:4 ilcl Gm eoudqoil( ~dalhockyl foclzqmalaohoul~ 8 :+:4 Gm eoudqoil+

Adqel~lqclk zdqgoutk`lk ~uluo~uoc( eozdqmhdg kohlo u goutk` ~dad~lq >(70+ glq`l u uladh ~dal`loalul~ cqouo~ zlel uladh eo~uqoat~o u zlel ulqlb cdzdqnlyllk ?4$ 'μ94$/ elk edqlflu adal~ 'eb/ 1:~dad~lq <+01+ mhdg clqdkl glq`l u goutk` ~dad~lq >(70 ; elqo u uladh ~dad~lq <+01( ~dgok``l Gm uoelceoudqoil+ Zdqkylullk oko zthl eo zdqctlu mhdg kohlo zqmalaohoul~ ~dad~lq :+:: 8 :+:4+ glh oko adqlquoqlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk hdaog uok`ò elqo qlul)qlul gl~oh ud~ zlel cdhmizmccmkuqmh+

Zdqadellk ~cmq Zm~u)ud~u cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk elk cdhmizmc cmkuqmh elhli etl ztulqlk eolul~( focl eoro~tlho~l~oclk elhli adkutc `qlboc( ilcl zdqadellk ~cmq cdetl cdhmizmc udq~datu lclkulizlc ~dal`loilkl `qlboc adqoctu oko+




@lialq 5+4+ Zm~u)ud~u Ulglz O elk Ulglz OOTfo dbdcuoroul~ oko ~dhlok eoutftclk edk`lk idialkeok`clk lkulql kohlo Zm~u)ud~u cdhmizmc

dc~zdqoidk edk`lk kohlo Zm~u)ud~u cdhmizmc cmkuqmh aloc out tfo nmal ulglz zdqulil iltztk tfo nmalulglz cdetl( eoutkftcclk zthl edk`lk idialkeok`clk kohlo Zm~u)ud~u cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk tfo nmalulglz zdqulil edk`lk kohlo Zm~u)ud~u cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk tfo nmal ulglz cdetl+ Elqo gl~ohzdqgoutk`lk ylk` eogl~ohclk udqkylul elzlu eozlglio algpl zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdhluoglkilklfdidk adqal~o~ cmizdudk~o tkutc idkok`cluclk cqdluoroul~ zdk`dhmhl ZCAI elhli zdkdhouolkoko idizdqhogluclk gl~oh ylk` eook`okclk ylcko udqfleokyl zdkok`clulk gl~oh adhlflq plq`l adhlflq+Glh oko adqel~lqclk gl~oh zdk`tfolk zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk idiadqoclk `lialqlk lelkylzdkok`clulk ylk` ntctz adqlquo zdhlc~lkllk gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal cdetl ndkedqtk` kloceoalkeok`clk gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal zdqulil ~dal`loilkl uladh adqoctu oko+

Uladh 5+5Gl~oh Tfo Nmal Zm~u)ud~u Cdhl~ Dc~zdqoidk

Ulglz K ^cmk Iok ^cmq Ilc~ ^cmq Qlul)Qlul ^ue+

< 1: 12 >0 >>(<::: 1(20>52

1 1: 17 >7 >>(14:: 1(4?>:<

Ilcl lclk ulizlc ~dal`loilkl udqhoglu elhli `qlboc adqoctu+

@lialq 5+2+ Gl~oh Tfo Nmal Zm~u)ud~u Cdhl~ Dc~zdqoidk^dhlkftukyl tkutc idhoglu ~o`koboclk~o zdqadellk ylk` udqfleo zlel gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal

4

<:

<4

1:

14

>:

>4

Zm~uud~u Tfo Nmal Ulglz O Zm~uud~u Tfo Nmal Ulglz OO

Cdhmizmc Dc~zdqoidk 'CD/ Cdhmizmc Cmkuqmh 'CC/

<:

<4

1:

14

>:

>4

Zm~uud~u O Zm~uud~u OO




ulglz zdqulil ~lizlo Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk( eohlctclk lklho~o~~uluo~uoc edk`lk tfo u etl ~lizdh adqzl~lk`lk+ Elhli glh oko gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz zdqulileozl~lk`clk edk`lk gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl+

Gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal zdqulil ylk` eozl~lk`clk edk`lk gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl

edk`lk idk``tklclk zqm`qli ^Z^^ rdq+ <>( eozdqmhdg tfo u ~dal`loilkl gl~oh adqoctu oko+Uladh 5+4

Gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u Tfo Nmal Zdqulil _lk` Eozl~lk`clk Edk`lk Gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u Tfo Nmal Ulglz Cdetl

Rlqoladh k Qlul)Qlul ûe Kohlo u Eb ô`

Zm~u Ud~u < 1: >>(<::: 1(20>52)5(<1 <? +:::

Zm~u Ud~u 1 1: >>(14:: 1(4?>:<

^dadhti idk``tklclk zdk`tfolk zdqadellk qlul)qlul ~cmq Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz zdqulilelk Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl( udqhdaog elgtht eoudulzclk gozmud~o~ ~dal`lo adqoctu+Gm 6uoelc udqelzlu zdqadellk ylk` adqilckl lkulql gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz

zdqulil edk`lk gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl+G< 6 udqelzlu zdqadellk ylk` adqilckl lkulql gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz zdqulil

edk`lk gl~oh Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl+

Cqoudqol zdk`liaohlk cdztut~lk ylout6Zdqulil 6 edk`lk idialkeok`clk u goutk` edk`lk uladh u uladh( focl u goutk` 8 u uladh zm~ouob uladh/ilcl Gm eo udqoil( ~dalhockyl focl u goutk` ; u uladh zm~ouob uladh/ ilcl Gm eo udqoil+Cdetl 6 edk`lk idhoglu kohlo zqmalaohoul~+ Focl zqmalaohoul~ ; :+:4 ilcl Gm eoudqoil( ~dalhockyl foclzqmalaohoul~ 8 :+:4 Gm eoudqoil+

Adqel~lqclk uladh eo lul~( eozdqmhdg kohlo u goutk` ~dad~lq )5+<1+ Glq`l u uladh ~dal`lo alul~cqouo~ zlel uladh eo~uqoat~o u zlel ulqlb cdzdqnlyllk ?4$ 'μ94$/ elk edqlflu adal~ 'eb/ 1: ~dad~lq<+01+ Mhdg clqdkl glq`l u goutk` ~dad~lq )5+<1 ; elqo u uladh ~dad~lq <+01( ~dgok``l Gm uoelc eoudqoil+Zdqkylullk oko zdqctlu mhdg kohlo zqmalaohoul~ ~dad~lq :+:: 8 :+:4+ Glh oko idizdqhogluclk algpl lelzdqadellk ylk` adqilckl lkulql gl~oh adhlflq plq`l adhlflq zlel Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz zdquliledk`lk Zm~u)ud~u tfo nmal ulglz cdetl+ Edk`lk ediocolk elzlu eoclulclk udhlg udqfleo zdkok`clulkgl~oh adhlflq plq`l adhlflq elqo Zm~u)ud~u ulglz zdqulil cd Zm~u)ud~u ulglz cdetl+

^dhlkftukyl adqel~lqclk gl~oh zdk`lilulk udqglelz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh( idknlctz6 </ôutluomklh lplqkd~~( 1/ Zqd~dk~d( >/ Ltugdkuonouy( 5/ Nhlqouy( elk 4/ Dizgluy tkutc tfo ulglz Oelzlu eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu

Uladh 5+5

Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Tfo Ulglz O ^dadhti Tfo Nmal

Km Cmizmkdk Cmizdudk~o Zdq~dkul~d ~cmq Clud`mqo < ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ 57(04 Ctqlk` 1 Zqd~dk~d 41(:7 Ctqlk` > Ltugdkuonouy 44(51 Ctqlk`

5 Nhlqouy 57(04 Ctqlk` 4 Dizgluy 40(4: Ctqlk`

Qdqlul Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh 41(4: Ctqlk`

Adqel~lqclk uladh udq~datu( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli idhlc~lklclkzdiadhlflqlk ~dadhti imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( elzlu eo`lialqclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+




@lialq 5+5+ @qlboc Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Tfo Ulglz O ^dadhti ZdiadhlflqlkCmmzdqluob

Adqel~lqclk elul eo lul~( klizlc algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dadhtizdhluoglk adhti ~d~tlo ylk` eoglqlzclk lult il~og ~dad~lq 41(4:$+

Tfo ulglz OO zdkdqlzlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh elzlu eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu

Uladh 5+5

Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Tfo Ulglz OO ^dadhti Tfo Nmal

Km Cmizmkdk Cmizdudk~o Zdq~dkul~d ~cmq Clud`mqo < ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ 4:(51 Ctqlk` 1 Zqd~dk~d 4>(>> Ctqlk` > Ltugdkuonouy 42(20 Ctqlk` 5 Nhlqouy 4:(2> Ctqlk` 4 Dizgluy 4?(:2 Ctqlk`

Qdqlul Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh 45(:1 Ctqlk`

Adqel~lqclk uladh udq~datu( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli idhlc~lklclk

zdiadhlflqlk ~dadhti imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tfo Ulglz OO( elzlu eo`lialqclk~dal`lo adqoctu+

55

52

57

4:

41

45

42

47

ôutluomklh

Lplqkd~~

Zqd~dk~d Ltugdkuonouy Nhlqouy Dizgluy

57+04

41+:7

44+51

57+04

40+4



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d ??

@lialq 5+5+ @qlboc Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Tfo Ulglz OO ^dadhti ZdiadhlflqlkCmmzdqluob

Adqel~lqclk elul eo lul~( klizlc algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dadhtizdhluoglk adhti ~d~tlo ylk` eoglqlzclk lult il~og ~dad~lq 45(:1$+ Mhdg ~dala out(eohlc~lklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq zlcdu A+

Zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dudhlg zdkdqlzlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob elzlu eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu6Uladh 5+5

Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Tfo Ulglz O ^dudhlg Tfo Nmal

Km Cmizmkdk Cmizdudk~o Zdq~dkul~d ~cmq Clud`mqo < ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ 07(04 Aloc 1 Zqd~dk~d 00(?1 Aloc > Ltugdkuonouy 00(4: Aloc 5 Nhlqouy 0?(>7 Aloc 4 Dizgluy 07(55 Aloc

Qdqlul Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh 07(5: Aloc Adqel~lqclk uladh udq~datu( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli idhlc~lklclk

zdiadhlflqlk ~dadhti imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( elzlu eo`lialqclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+

52

57

4:

41

45

42

47

2:

ôutluomklh

Lplqkd~~


4:+51

4>+>>

42+20

4:+2>

4?+:2



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <::

@lialq 5+5+ @qlboc Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Tfo Ulglz O ^dadhti ZdiadhlflqlkCmmzdqluob

Adqel~lqclk elul eo lul~( klizlc algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dadhtizdhluoglk adhti ~d~tlo ylk` eoglqlzclk lult il~og ~dad~lq 41(4:$+

Tfo ulglz OO zdkdqlzlk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh elzlu eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu

Uladh 5+5

Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Tfo Ulglz OO ^dudhlg Tfo Nmal

Km Cmizmkdk Cmizdudk~o Zdq~dkul~d ~cmq Clud`mqo < ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ 7<(14 Aloc 1 Zqd~dk~d 7:(51 Aloc > Ltugdkuonouy 7:(:: Aloc 5 Nhlqouy 7>(04 Aloc 4 Dizgluy 7:(>< Aloc

Qdqlul Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh 7<(<4 Aloc

Adqel~lqclk uladh udq~datu( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli idhlc~lklclkzdiadhlflqlk ~dudhlg imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tfo Ulglz OO( elzlu eo`lialqclk~dal`lo adqoctu+

:$

<:$

1:$

>:$

5:$

4:$

2:$

0:$

7:$

?:$

<::$

ôutluomklh

Lplqkd~~


07+04 00+?1 00+4 0?+>7 07+55



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <:<

@lialq 5+5+ @qlboc Cdndqel~lk ^m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Tfo Ulglz OO ^dudhlg ZdiadhlflqlkCmmzdqluob

Adqel~lqclk elul eo lul~( klizlc algpl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dadhtizdhluoglk adhti ~d~tlo ylk` eoglqlzclk lult il~og ~dad~lq 7<(<4$+ Mhdg ~dala out(eohlc~lklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq zlcdu A+

N+ Zdialgl~lk Gl~oh Zdkdhouolk

^d~tlo edk`lk zdqil~lhlglk elk gl~oh zdkdhouolk ylk` udhlg eocditclclk elhlitqlolk ~dadhtikyl( zdialgl~lk gl~oh zdkdhouolk oko eolqlgclk zlel uo`l glh( ylout6 </

zdialgl~lk udkulk` cmkeo~o mafdcuob zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhliZdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A zlel ZCAI eoCmul @mqmkulhm( 1/ zdialgl~lkudkulk` imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( >/ zdialgl~lk udkulk` dbdcuoroul~ imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elhli zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Zdkeoeoclk

Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A+

<+ Cmkeo~o Mafdcuob Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob elhli Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu Aeo ZCAI eo Cmul @mqmkulhm

Elhli zdkdhouolk oko eouditclk algpl plq`l adhlflq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAICmul @mqmkulhm ~dalòlk ad~lq adqt~ol <>)11 ulgtk 7:$/+ Zdk``lqlzlk plq l adhlflqt~ol <>)<4 ulgtk tkutc eohoaluclk elhli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI(

idk`lketk` lquo algpl ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm idiohoco lkeoh zdkuok` elhli qlk`clzdktkul~lk plflq Eocel~ ~diaohlk ulgtk eo Cmul @mqmkulhm cgt~t~kyl elk Okemkd~oltitikyl+ Lelkyl plq`l adhlflq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A ylk` adqt~ol eo lul~ 11 ulgtk(idkòkeocl~oclk algpl lel ~dalòlk il~ylqlclu ylk` adhti idiohoco oflvlg ÎZ lult

~dedqlflu( idqdcl okòk idkok`cluclk ctlhobocl~o zdkeoeoclkkyl+ Cmkeo~o oko zdqht

eocdialk`clk clqdkl utiatgkyl cd~lelqlk okudqklh elqo il~ylqlclu tkutcadqzlquo~ozl~o elhli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk idqtzlclk zdhtlk` alò cdadqgl~ohlk zqm`qli

ylk` zlel òhoqlkkyl lclk idiadqoclk ~tialk`lk adqlquo alò tzlyl zdk`dialk`lk

ctlhoul~ ÊI+

:$

<:$

1:$

>:$

5:$

4:$

2:$

0:$

7:$

?:$

<::$

ôutluomklh

Lplqkd~~


7<+14 7:+51 7: 7>+04 7:+><



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <:1

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk eouditclk okbmqil~o algpl adqel~lqclk fdko~ cdhliokkyl( plq`l

adhlflq hlco)hlco adqftihlg 42$ elk zdqdiztlk ~dalkylc 55$+ Idk`lketk` lquo algplhlulq adhlclk` zdkeoeoclk zdketetc hlco)hlco eo Cmul @mqmkulhm qdhluob hdaog uok`òeoalkeok` zdqdiztlk+ Glh oko idktkftcclk algpl zdketetc ylk` adqfdio~ cdhliok hlco)

hlco ylk` adhti idiohoco oflvlg ÎZ-~dedqlflu hdaog alkylc ylk` okòk idkok`cluclk

ctlhobocl~o zdkeoeoclkkyl eoalkeok` zdketetc zdqdiztlk+

Clfolk oko zthl idk`tk`clz algpl ~dalòlk ad~lq plq`l adhlflq adhti clpok04$/+ Idkòkeocl~oclk algpl t~ol idqdcl idqtzlclk zqomqoul~ O `lqlzlk zqm`qli

Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A+ Eo hlok zoglc ~dudhlg htht~ idqdcl ~dalòlk ad~lq

idiohoco zdhtlk` tkutc idhlkftuclk cd ÎL-ÎC-IL eo ~lizok` cd Zqm`qli Zlcdu N+

Elul hlok ft`l idktkftcclk algpl ~dalòlk ad~lq plq`l adhlflq adhti adcdqfl?:$/+ Glkyl <:$ ylk` ~telg adcdqfl( out ztk elhli ~dcumq okbmqilh+ Ad~lqkyl zdq~dkul~d

plq`l adhlflq ylk` adhti adcdqfl idk`lketk` lquo algpl Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qliZlcdu A idqdcl `tklclk ~dal`lo flhlk tkutc idizdqmhdg zdcdqfllk eo ~lizok` tkutc

idhlkftuclk cd fdkflk` zdkeoeoclk hdaog uok`ò+ Glh oko elzlu eoilchtio clqdkl eo

Zqmrok~o @mqmkulhm ~llu oko ~telg ithlo eoalk`tk zdqt~lgllk elk zlaqoc algclkudizlu)udizlu t~lgl hlokkyl ylk` idiatutgclk udkl`l cdqfl ylk` idizdq~ylqluclkiokoilh htht~lk ÎZ - ~dedqlflu elhli idqdcqtu zd`lplokyl+ Utkutulk oko idkfleozdiont alò il~ylqlclu Cmul @mqmkulhm ylk` adhti idiohoco oflvlg ÎZ clqdkl adqal`lo

cdudqalul~lk udqtulil il~lhlg dcmkmio( tkutc idkòctuo Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli

Zlcdu A+

ûteo oko ztk idialgl~ algpl flqlc udizlu uok``lh plq`l adhlflq elqo ZCAItitikyl < ~lizlo 1 ci lult hdaog( algclk adadqlzl eolkulqlkyl glqt~ eoudiztg edk`lk

nlql adqflhlk clco+ Cmkeo~o oko udhlg idkfleo il~lhlg udq~dkeoqo alò cdhlknlqlk zdhlc~lkllkzqm`qli+ Plq`l adhlflq alkylc ylk` la~dk clqdkl lhl~lk uoelc ztkyl mk`cm~( ntlnl gtflk(zlkl~( lult nlzd+ Glh oko ztk eocdhtgclk mhdg zlql zdkydhdk`lql zqm`qli udqtulil zlql

zdkeoeoc ylk` idk`lflq yltut utumq+

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk idktkftcclk algpl utftlk ylk` idimuorl~o idqdcl idkfleoplq`l adhlflq eo ZCAI titikyl lelhlg idizdqmhdg ~dquoboclu-oflvlg ?0$/+ Glh oko ~dflhlkedk`lk uditlk ~dadhtikyl elhli zdkdhouolk oko algpl ~dalòlk ad~lq plq`l adhlflq

t~olkyl qdhluob itel elk adhti adcdqfl+ Oflvlg ylk` idqdcl zdqmhdg amhdg fleo lclkeofleoclk adclh tkutc idil~tco cdqfl( io~lhkyl idkfleo clqylplk eo adqal`lo zdqt~lgllk+

+ Udkl`l Zdkeoeoc 'Utumq/

Elhli zdkdhouolk oko eouditclk okbmqil~o algpl ~dalòlk ad~lq 2:$/ utumq lelhlgzdqdiztlk( eli hlco)hlco glkyl 5:$/+ Zqmzmq~o oko idkòkeocl~oclk algpl zlquo~ozl~ohlco)hlco elk zdqdiztlk tuktc idkfleo utumq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zlcdu A qdhluob

oialk`+ T~ol ~tiadq adhlflq-utumq adqdkulk` elqo 1< ulgtk ~lizlo 42 ulgtk( edk`lk qlul)qlul >4 ulgtk( ntctoz ilulk` alò zdkeoeoc cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A+

Eoelzlu zthl okbmqil~o algpl ~dalòlk ad~lq 7?$/ utumq ~telg idkoclg elk ~telg

idiohoco zdcdqfllk udulz ~dal`lo ZK^ lult `tqt ylk` udq~dalq eo

ÎZ-ÎL-IU~-IL ylk` udqedclu edk`lk ZCAI ~dhlok ~dal`lo utumq 7:$/+ Cmkeo~ooko ~lk`lu idk`tkutk`clk clqdkl ~dhlok utumq lclk qdhluob hlil idkdulz eo udizlu ~llu okoelk idqdcl ztk lclk adqulglk idkfleo utumq clqdkl idqdcl idiohoco zdcdqfllk ~dhlok

~dal`lo utumq+ Zdcdqfllk ~dal`lo utumq idqtzlclk ptfte zdk`laeolk elk lcutlho~l~o eoqo

idqdcl+ Klitk ~lk`lu eo~lylk`clk( cdkeluo ~dalòlk ad~lq elqo idqdcl zdqklg idkòctuo



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <:>

idkòctuo ZKB cdpoqlt~lgllk( ctq~t~ elk zdhluoglk+ Klitk ~dnlql bmqilh( hlulq adhlclk`

zdkeoeoclk utumq ?1$/ lelhlg zlhok` uok`ò ÎL elk ~dedqlflu+ Glkyl 7$ utumq ylk`htht~lk zdqutumqlk uok`ò+ Glh oko il~og eo alplg ~ulkelq ylk` eoglqlzclk algpl udkl`lzdkeoeoc kmkbmqilh tkutc Zlcdu A iokoilh E1 Eoqdcumqlu Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk( 1::0/+

Zdkdhouolk oko ft`l idk`gl~hclk uditlk algpl zdk`gl~ohlk utumq ~dadhti idkfleo

utumq ~duolz athlkkkyl iokoiti Qz+ >14+::: elk ilc~oiti lelhlg Qz+ <+:::+::: edk`lkzdk`gl~ohlk qlul)qlul Qz+5::+:::+ ^dudhlg idkfleo utumq zdk`gl~ohlk adqtalg iokoitiQz+ 4::+::: ilc~oiti Qz+ <+>4:+::: edk`lk qlul)qlul Qz+ 2::+:::+ Uditlk oko

idkòkeocl~oclk algpl zdk`gl~ohlk ulialglk

~dal`lo utumq adhti idiadqoclk zdqtalglk ylk` adqlquo alò zdk`gl~ohlk utumq ~dnlqlcd~dhtqtglk+ Oko elzlu eozlglio clqdkl gmkmq ylk` eoudqoil utumq uoelc idkdkut aloceohoglu elqo ~dò plcut zdialylqlk iltztk ftihlgkyl+

ûteo oko idk`gl~ohclk zdk`lhlilk zlql utumq idkfleo ~tiadq adhlflq adqrlqol~o

elqo ylk` ctqlk` elqo < ulgtk ~lizlo ylk` hdaog elqo > ulgtk+ Qlul)qlul zdk`lhlilk idqdclidkfleo lelhlg eo lul~ 1 ulgtk+ Oko idiadqo ilckl algpl cdudqhoalulk idqdcl ~dal`loutumq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk Zlcdu A il~og qdhluob alqt+ Idqdcl il~og zdqht idkelhlio

adqal`lo glh udkulk` zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk( udqtulil adqcloulk edk`lk zdkedclulk

zdiadhlflqlk kmkbmqilh+ Glh ylk` idk`cglpluoqclk ft`l ao~l itknth ilklclhl idqdcl~dadhtikyl atclk ~dmqlk` zdkeoeoc lult adhti zdqklg udqhoalu elhli lcuoroul~zdkeoeoclk+ Cdkeluo ediocolk cdcglpluoqlk out uoelc zdqht udqhlht fltg clqdkl elhli

zdiohoglk utumq el~lq zdkeoeoclk bmqilh adklq)adklq eozdqgluoclk( uoelc l~lh zohog+

Gl~oh clfolk okoztk eoudqoil okbmqil~o algpl ftihlg utumq ylk` lel eo uolz)uolzZCAI( aloc idktqtu plq`l adhlflq iltztk zdk`dhmhl ~telg eozlkelk` ~d~tlo edk`lk

cdatutglk ?4$/( algclk idktqtu 4$/ qd~zmkedk eolk``lz idhdaogo cdatutglk+

Uditlk oko idkòkeocl~oclk algpl ~dnlql ctlkuoul~ utumq ZCAI out ~telg idilelo(~dhlkftukyl idqdcl zdqht eocdialk`clk ctlhoul~ ~dgok``l ididktgo ~ulkelq iokoilh~dmqlk` utumq zlcdu A+

Okbmqil~o hlok elqo zdkdhouolk oko lelhlg algpl utftlk zlql utumq tkutc idkfleoutumq udqhoglu 0$ tkutc idizdqmhdg zdkelzlulk ulialglk( >$ tkutc idkok`cluclkcdiliztlk ylk` eoiohoco( 4$ tkutc idialkut plq`l ylk` ctqlk` ilizt( elk

74$/ tkutc idhlc~lklclk ut`l~ zdidqokulg+ Uditlk oko

idk`lketk` lquo algpl idqdcl udqhoalu elhli Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk zlcdu A clqdkl

idhlc~lklclk ut`l~ zdidqokulg elhli qlk`cl idk`dkul~clk Plflq Eocel~ ? ulgtk+

Utftlk idqdcl lelhlg zdk`laeolk( ilclkyl plflq ylk` idkfleo utftlk idqdcl idkfleoutumq uoelc adqcloulk hlk`~tk` edk`lk tzlyl idizdqmhdg zdk`gl~ohlk ~dgok``l

zdk`gl~ohlk idqdcl uoelc adqtalg ~dnlql adqlquo+

a+ ûqludò Zdiadhlflqlk

Clfolk oko idk`gl~ohclk uditlk algpl zdiadhlflqlk zlel ZCAI( ~dnlql titizdk`mq`lko~l~olk plq`l adhlflq eoulk`lko elk eocdhmhl elhli ~tl~lkl-~duuok`cdhmizmc adhlflq+ Glh oko ~telg ~dflhlk edk`lk zdemilk zdkydhdk``lqllk ZdkeoeoclkCd~dulqllk+ ^duolz cdhmizmc adhlflq adqlk`mulclk 1:)14 mqlk` plq`l adhlflq+ Cdhmizmc

~dzdquo oko ntctz oedlh tkutc zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+

n+ Udizlu Cdòlulk Alhlflq




Elhli clfolk oko ft`l eozdqmhdg okbmqil~o algpl cmkeo~o alk`tklk ZCAI ~dal`lo

zlkuo adhlflq ~dalòlk ad~lq zdqilkdk 42(20$/( edk`lk qlul)qlul htl~ alk`tklk zlkuo/ <77i1( edk`lk htl~ iokoilh >4 i1 elk ilc~oilh ?2: i1+ ^lqlkl zql~lqlkl adhlflq ylkùdq~deol eo ZCAI ~dalòlk ad~lq udqeoqo elqo atct-alglk adhlflq( elk hlokkyl adqtzl

bl~ohoul~ adhlflq( zdqzt~ulcllk( elk ideol adhlflq+ ûlut~ cdzdiohoclk zlkuo adhlflq zlel

ZCAI lelhlg idkylulclk iohoc ylyl~lk 2:(::$/( ~dpl 12(20/( iohoc zdk`dhmhl elk iohocplq`l adhlflq 2(20 $/+ Cmkeo~o ~dzdquo out( elzlu idkfliok cdadqhlk`~tk`lk zdkeoeoclk

~dnlql aloc elk lilk tkutc flk`cl hlil+ Zoglc zdk`dhmhl glkyl uok``lh idkok`cluclkzdidhoglqllk elk zdklullk zlkuo l`lq hdaog ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk zqm~d~

zdiadhlflqlk( udqtulil il~lhlg cdadq~oglk elk cdkylilklk+ Oko zdkuok` clqdkl zlel~llu zdkdhouolk eocdulgto algpl cmkeo~o zlkuo ylk` lel ~llu oko titikyl ctqlkùdqzdhoglql cdadq~oglk elk cdkylilklkkyl+

e+ Zdqdknlkllk elk Zqm~d~ Zdiadhlflqlk

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk idktkftcclk algpl utftlk eo~dhdk``lqlclkkyl adqal`lo zqm`qli eo

ZCAI( idktqtu zdk`dhmhl ~dalkylc >>(>>$ eoel~lqclk zlel zdidktglk lclkcdlkdclql`lilk ioklu plq`l adhlflq( 1:(::$ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk eoel~lqclk cdzlelzdidktglk cdlkdclql`lilk cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq( 12(20$/ zdk`dhmhl idkylulclk

eoel~lqclk zlel cdlkdclql`lilk lelu-cdaol~llk il~ylqlclu nlhmk plq`l adhlflq( elk

1:(::$/ eoel~lqclk cdzlel cdlkdclql`lilk utkutulk-cdatutglk zl~lq+ Glh oko ~telg~dflhlk edk`lk glcdclu utftlk zdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk ylckoidkydeolclk hlylklk lhudqlluob ylk` elzlu ididktgo cdlkdclql`lilk cdatutglk

il~ylqlclu ad~dqul adqal`lo zdqil~lhlglk ylk` idkìalu idqdcl idkdiztg zdkeoeoclkzlel flhtq bmqilh+

Elhli ~uteo oko ft`l eozdqmhdg okbmqil~o algpl plcut zdkydhdk``lqllk zqm`qli

zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI adqrlqol~o+ Idktqtu utumq ZCAI( plcut zdiadhlflqlk zlel

titikyl idqtzlclk gl~oh cd~dzlclulk lkulql utumq edk`lk plq`l adhlflq 72(20$/(eo~dqlgclk cdzlel utumq 2(20$/( eo~dqlgclk cdzlel plq`l adhlflq 2(20$/ elkeo~d~tloclk edk`lk udizlu <:$/+ Hlilkyl plcut zdiadhlflqlk zdq iok``t zlel ZCAI(

0>(>>$/ ~dhlil etl clho( elk 12(20$/ ~dhlil ~lut clho+ Cdql`lilk oko uoelc zdqht

eozdqil~lhlgclk( ylk` zdkuok`

ididktgo ~ulkelq iokoilh zdkydhdk``lqllk Zlcdu A ylcko 7<2 fli-ulgtk( <7:glqo-ulgtk( 5(4 fli-glqo( >5 iok``t-ulgtk( elk >5 ^C^-~did~udq J 5: idkou

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk idktkftcclk algpl elkl zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI adq~tiadq

elqo zdidqokulg 72(20$/+ ô~lkyl lel ylk` elqo il~ylqlclu( bmqti ZCAI( elk plq`ladhlflq+ Oko elzlu eozlglio clqdkl ~dalòlk ad~lq ZCAI idkydhdk``lqllk ZdkeoeoclkCd~dulqllk Zlcdu A clqdkl lel elkl alkutlk elqo zdidqokulg+ Adòut ft`l ~dalòlk ad~lq

plq`l adhlflq idkòctuo Zlcdu A clqdkl idqdcl uoelc zdqht idialylq+ Flk`lkclktkutc idialylq ~tialk`lk zdkeoeoclk( idqdcl ztk ~dqok` amhm~ uoelc idkòctuozdiadhlflqlk clqdkl uoelc ztkyl mk`cm~+ Cmkeo~o oko ~dflhlk edk`lk zdiaolyllk

~dal`loilkl eo`lqo~clk elhli Lntlk elk Zdiadhlflqlk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk EoqdcumqluZdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk( 1::0/+

Gl~oh zdkdhouolk adqcdkllk edk`lk idumed( lhlu elk ~tiadq adhlflq idktkftcclkalgpl idumed zdiadhlflqlk ylk` ~dqok` eo`tklclk eo ZCAI( idktqtu plq`l adhlflq

lelhlg ndqlilg( ulkyl flpla( elk eo~ct~o 7:$/+ Idumed zqlcudc glkyl ~dcoulq 1:$+

Cdkeluo ediocolk( idumed zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eo`tklclk out( idktqtu plq`l adhlflq eo




ZCAI ~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~o plq`l adhlflq ?>(>>$/+ Lhlu elk ~tiadq zdiadhlflqlk ylk`

eo`tklclk eo ZCAI( zlel titikyl ctqlk` idktkflk` cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq22(20$/+ Lzl ylk` udqtk`clz elhli zdkdhouolk oko idkòkeocl~oclk algpl idumed ylkèo`tklclk il~og adq~oblu cmkrdk~omklh+ Glh oko adhti ~dflhlk edk`lk lntlk ylk` eo~lqlkclk

Eoqdcumqlu Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk 1::0/ algpl zdiadhlflqlk gdkelckyl idkdclkclk

cdòlulk ylk` adqzt~lu zlel zd~dqul eoeoc+ Bmct~ zdiadhlflqlk

lelhlg tkutc idk`mzuoilhclk zdk`tl~llk gl~oh zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql utkul~+ Cdòlulkzdiadhlflqlk oko gdkelckyl elzlu idkok`cluclk zdqmhdglk zdk`dulgtlk elk cdudqlizohlk

ylk` zdqht eoctl~lo mhdg zd~dqul eoeoc elhli idkydhd~loclk il~lhlg lult idiatlu

cdztut~lk ylk` aoflc+ Tkutc out( idumed ylk` elzlu eoudqlzclk lelhlg zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob( zdiadhlflqlk okudqlcuob( zdiadhlflqlk edk`lk zdul cmk~dz( zdiadhlflqlkadqal~o~ zdkt`l~lk( dc~zdqoidk( eo~ct~o( ~oithl~o( elk clfolk hlzlk lk+ ^dhlok out( lhlu elk

~tiadq adhlflq ylk` lel il~og zdqht eo~d~tloclk edk`lk cdzdqhtlk zdknlzlolk utftlkzdiadhlflqlk+

Idktqtu plq`l adhlflq ZCAI( zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk eo~t~tk ~d~tlo edk`lk

cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq 45(20$/( adqel~lqclk zqm`qli zdidqokulg >7(20$/( elkeo~t~tk ~d~tlo edk`lk cdiliztlk utumq 2(20$/+ Zqmzmq~o oko ~telg ntctz aloc( klitkylk` zdqht eozdqgluoclk lelhlg ~dfltgilkl zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk out eo~t~tk ~dgok``lelzlu idibl~ohoul~o zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zd~dqul eoeoc+

d+ Elkl Adhlflq

ûteo oko idktkftcclk algpl elkl adhlflq ylk` eocdhmhl lult ylk` eo`tklclk eoZCAI elk gl~oh zdk`mhlglk elbulq o~olk( ~tiadq elkl adhlflq ZCAI elzlu

eooedkuobocl~o ~dal`lo adqoctu6 zdidqokulg( il~ylqlclu( bmqti ZCAI( Otqlk plq`lAdhlflq( elk alkutlk emklumq+ Elqo ~tiadq)~tiadq elkl udq~datu( elkl udqad~lq lelhlgelqo zdidqokulg+ Lzl ylk` eouditclk elhli zdkdhouolk oko elzlu eozlglio clqdkl aolyl

zqm`qli Zlcdu A adq~tiadq elqo zdidqokulg+ Udhlg eotk`clzclk elhli tqlolk

~dadhtikyl algpl elkl zdiadhlflqlk eo ZCAI adq~tiadq elqo zdidqokulg 72(20$/+ô~lkyl lel ylk`

elqo il~ylqlclu( bmqti ZCAI( elk plq`l adhlflq+ Cmkeo~o oko ~dflhlk edk`lk zdiaolyllk~dal`loilkl eo`lqo~clk elhli Lntlk elk Zdiadhlflqlk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Eoqdcumqlu

Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk( 1::0/+b+ ^lqlkl Adhlflq

Clfolk oko idktkftcclk algpl ~dalòlk ZCAI idiohoco ~lqlkl adhlflq adqtzl

`detk` ~dal`lo udizlu adhlflq( atct)atct ~dal`lo alglk adhlflq( adqal`lo ideolzdiadhlflqlk( elk zdqzt~ulcllk+ ^dalòlk hlò adhti idiohoco `detk` udizlu adhlflq~dkeoqo+ Udizlu adhlflqkyl il~og ktizlk` eo ~dcmhlg)~dcmhlg el~lq lult udizlu hlok

ylk` idqdcl ~dpl+ Glh oko uoelc idkfleo il~lhlg clqdkl elhli Lntlk elk ZdiadhlflqlkZdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Eoqdcumqlu Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk( 1::0/ ft`l cmkeo~o ~dzdquo outuelc eozdq~mlhclk+ _lk` zdkuok` zdqht eohdk`clzo mhdg leioko~uql~o tkutc idktkflk`

cdhdknlqlk zdk`dhmhllk cdhmizmc adhlflq+




`+ Gl~oh Adhlflq

Elhli ~uteo oko eozdqmhdg okbmqil~o algpl gl~oh adhlflq ylk` adqtzl zdk`dulgtlk(eokohlo idhlhto ud~ gl~oh adhlflq udqutho~( udqil~tc ctlhobocl~o aloc 2<$/( algclk 1>$/

qd~zmkedk idkylulclk ~lk`lu aloc( elk <2$/ qd~zmkedk idkylulclk ntctz aloc+ Gl~oh

adhlflq ylk` eozdqmhdg out ~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk elk utftlk idqdcl adhlflq+ Elizlczdiadhlflqlk ylk` eozdqmhdg elzlu idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlk plq`l

adhlflq+ Uditlk oko idk`lketk` lquo algpl zdiadhlflqlk Zlcdu A udhlg ididktgo ~ulkelqelk ft`l ididktgo cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq+ Elizlckyl uoelc glkyl cdzlel zdk`dulgtlkudulzo ft`l zlel cmizdudk~o elk cdudqlizohlk plq`l adhlflq+

Adqcdkllk edk`lk blcumq)blcumq dc~udilh zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI ylk` eouditclk

elhli zdkdhouolk oko eoalgl~ ~dal`lo adqoctu+

g+ Zdiaokllk

Elhli ~uteo oko eouditclk okbmqil~o algpl zdiaokllk zlel

zdkydhdk``lqllk ZCAI eohlctclk mhdg zdkohoc elk Udkl`l Hlzlk`lk Eocil~ UHE/ qlul)qlul 5 clho elhli ~dulgtk edk`lk udckoc aoiaok`lk okeoroetlh( aoiaok`lk cdhmizmc( elkedk`lk zdk`tkllk ideol+ Iludqokyl lelhlg ZKB cd~dulqllk( zdkeoeoclk cdlc~lqllk(

cdpoqlt~lgllk( zdkeoeoclk lklc t~ol eoko( ctq~t~ elk zdhluoglk( cdl`lillk( zdhlylklkokbmqil~o( elk zdk`dhmhllk ZCAI+ Lzl ylk` eouditclk out ~telg ntctz idilelo( ylk`zdkuok` zdiaokllkkyl eohlctclk ~dnlql idqlul elk adqcd~okliatk`lk+ Ulizlckyliludqo zdiaokllk ylk` eoadqoclk ztk ntctz cmizqdgdk~ob( elhli lquo idknlctz adqal`lo

lcuoroul~ ylk` idkfleo aoelk` `lqlzlk ZCAI( udqil~tc eo elhlikyl zdkeoeoclkcd~dulqllk+

o+ Flqok`lk Okbmqil~o elk Cdqfl ^lil 'Cdiouqllk/ ZCAI

^lhlg ~lut uditlk zdkdhouolk oko olhlg algpl ZCAI idkflhok cdiouqllk edk`lkEokl~ Cmzdql~o elk TCI( Eokl~ Zdqoket~uqolk elk Zdqel`lk`lk( Eokl~ Udkl`l Cdqfl(

Clilq El`lk` elk Oket~uqo CLEOK/( Zdqalkclk( Etkol T~lgl-Etkol Oket~uqo( AZCA(

^CA( Umcmg Il~ylqlclu elk zdqutumqlk uok`ò elhli zdiaokllk elk zdkydhdk``lqllkZCAI+ Oko idk`lketk` lquo algpl ZCAI qdhluob ntctz eocdklh mhdg ok~ulk~o hlok+ Fdflqok`ylk` coko udhlg eoalk`tk zdqht eocdialk`clk elk eohd~ulqoclk l`lq adqal`lo lcuoroul~ eo

ZCAI eocdulgto elk eozlglio mhdg zoglc)zoglc udqclou+ Algclk alò zdqt~lgllk-etkoloket~uqo(

zqm`qli cd~dulqllk elzlu eofleoclk hlglk tkutc eo`lqlz idhlhto zqm`qli nmqzmqlud

~mnolh qd~zmk~oaohouy N^Q/ zdqt~lgllk ylk` adq~lk`ctulk+ Edk`lk nlql oko( cdetl adhlg

zoglc ~lil)~lil eotkutk`clk( ZCAI lclk idizdqmhdg alkutlk zqm`qli elk elklkyl(~didkulql zdqt~lgllk elzlu idptfteclk ulk``tk` flpla ~m~olhkyl ~dnlql kylul elk~d~tlo edk`lk cdatutglk il~ylqlclu ~dcoulq+ Algclk zdqt~lgllk ao~l idknlk`cmcclk

zqm`qli alò nlhmk udkl`l cdqflkyl ~dgok``l hdaog ididktgo cdatutglk zdqt~lgllk+

f+ Elizlc Zqm`qli Zdiadhlflqlk

Elhli ~uteo oko udqelzlu okbmqil~o algpl elizlc zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk ylk`zlhok` eoql~lclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq lelhlg adqtzl zdhtlk` cdqfl alò plq`l adhlflq ~dqulzdkok`clulk cdiliztlk elk cdudqlizohlk+ Uditlk oko elzlu eoilchtio clqdkl edk`lk

eoqlogkyl oflvlg Zlcdu A adqlquo idqdcl idiztkylo zdhtlk` tkutc adcdqfl zlel

zdqt~lgllk)zdqt~lgllk ylk` lel eoCmul @mqmkulhm clqdkl tkutc eoudqoil adcdqfl




iokoilh glqt~ htht~lk ^IZ-^dedqlflu+ Eo ~lizok` out( idqdcl ft`l idiohoco zdk`dulgtlk

elk cdudqlizohlk alqt ylk` eolflqclk+

^dnlql qok`cl~( uditlk udkulk` zdhlc~lkllk zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobzlel zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm elzlu eoalgl~

~dal`lo adqoctu+ </ Plq`l adhlflq ~dadhtikyl uoelc idkelzluclk zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlql

cmk~dzutlh

udkulk` zdkeoeoclk cdnlclzlk goetz( aol~lkyl hlk`~tk` hthtg edk`lk zqlcudc

cdudqlizohlkkyl3 cdiliztlk lplh plq`l adhlflq elqo cmk~dz il~og qdkelg3

zdk`lhlilk plq`l adhlflq elhli aoelk` cdudqlizohlk adqpoqlt~lgl adhti

utiatg3 ioklu elk cdatutglk adhlflq adhti klizlc+

1/ Utumq adhti idiohoco zdilglilk udqglelz ~ta~ulk~o ilude zdkeoeoclk3 nlqlidk`lflq utumq il~og adq~oblu chl~oclh elk hdaog emioklk elhli ~duolzzdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk3 ~duolz zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk utumq adhtiudqaol~l idkyt~tk qdknlkl zdiadhlflqlk( ideol adhlflq( elk lhlu drlhtl~o

zdiadhlflqlk+>/ Zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk hdaog ndkedqtk` zlel zdkedclulk ok~uqtc~omklh

eoalkeok`clk zdkedclulk zqoaleo3 hdaog idkdclkclk zlel zdktkul~lkzdkylizlolk iludqo elk idk`laloclk cdatutglk zqoaleo plq`l adhlflq

5/ Utftlk zdiadhlflqlk zlel ulglz lplh glkyl idk`lnt zlel cdiliztlk PAl`lq ao~l htht~ elhli tfolk zlcdu A elk idqdcl idiztkylo oflvlg

4/ Iokoikyl ideol zdketctk` zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eo~t~tk mhdg utumq zlel ~duolz

zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk3 ctqlk` idilkblluclk ideol hmclh tkutc idketctk`

zqm~d~ adhlflq2/ Adhti lelkyl alglk adhlflq tkutc idk`dialk`clk plulc elk clqlcudq

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ~dqul ~oclz cdpoqlt~lgllk ylk` eo~t~tk mhdg zoglc utumq~dnlql hmclh lultztk kl~omklh3 alglk adhlflq ylk` eocdialk`clk il~og adq~oblucmkrdk~omklh

0/ Ctqocthti ylk` lel adhti idkydkutg zdk`dialk`lk plulc elk clqlcudq

cdndqel~lk ~mnolh ~dqul ~oclz cdpoqlt~lgllk plq`l adhlflq ~dgok``l htht~lkzqm`qli ctqlk` idiohoco cdndqel~lk ~m~olh3 cdiliztlk utumq tkutcidkudqfdilgclk ctqocthti elhli zqlcuoc zdiadhlflqlk il~og ~lk`lu ctqlk`elk adql`li

7/ Drlhtl~o ylk` udhlg eo~t~tk mhdg Eokl~ elk hdial`l udqclou il~og udqalul~ zlel tfo

cdiliztlk zdk`tl~llk cmizdudk~o lcledioc ~dgok``l adhti idiadqoclkokbmqil~o udkulk` cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq Ud`l~kyl( zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk

~dzdquo ylk` eouditclk elhli zdkdhouolk okoadhti ilizt idkydeolclk cmkeo~oylk` idibl~ohoul~o plq`l adhlflq idk`dialk`clk cdndqel~lk ~m~olhkyl ~dnlqlmzuoilh+

1+ Imedh Cmk~dzutlh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob ylk` Eocdialk`clk

Zdialgl~lk imedh cmk~dzutlh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Ulilk

ZdkeoeoclkCmul @mqmkulhm( elzlu eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu+

Elhli el~lq zdiocoqlk eotk`clzclk algpl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh adhlflq plq`l adhlflq(




adq~lkelq zlel hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh( hlkel~lk ytqoeo~( hlkel~lk dizoqoc+ Glh oko lilu

zdkuok` clqdkl ~tlut imedh ~dhlok glqt~ idiohoco zoflclk udmqo ylk` cmcmg elk eoel~lqclkzdk`lhlilk dizoqoc ylk` udqtfo( ft`l glqt~ adqlel zlel cmqoemq elk qliat)qliat gtctiylk` idilytkòkyl+ ^ditl out udhlg eozdktgo elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk

cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`cluk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk

zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Ulilk ZdkeoeoclkCmul @mqmkulhm+

Hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh ylk` eofleoclk zoflclk elhli zdk`dialk`lk imedh lelhlgdetnluomk bmq lhh elk cmmzdqluob hobd ~cohh~/ elk cmk~dz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh+ ^dhlok out ft`l

ft`l idk`lnt zlel cmk~dz el~lq cdnlclzlk goetz 'hobd ~cohh~/( cdnlclzlk goetz elhli

zdkeoeoclk kmkbmqilh( gtatk`lk cdgoetzlk kylul( cdnlclzlk goetz( elk ilul zdhlflqlk(zdkeoeoclk adqal~o~ htl~ ~dal`lo plglkl zdkeoeoclk adqmqodkul~o cdnlclzlk goetz( elk fdko~)fdko~ hobd ~cohh~( zdk`dialk`lk hobd ~cohh~ elhli zdkeoeoclk adqal~o~ il~ylqlclu+

Zdiohoglk hlkel~lk cmk~dzutlh ~dzdquo out ~telg eozlkelk` ntctz idkel~lq elkcmizqdgdk~ob tkutc zdk`dialk`lk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul

@mqmkulhm+

Adqcdkllk edk`lk hlkel~lk ytqoeo~ ~dal`lo zlytk` gtcti elk cdaoflclk ylkìdkfleo hd`lhoul~ elk lctkulaohoul~ zlel uok`clu oizhdidkul~o imedh ylk` eo~t~tk( elhlizdkdhouolk oko eozohog TTE <?54( TT Kmimq 1: ulgtk 1::> elk Okzqd~ Kmimq 4 Ulgtk 1::2

udkulk` @dqlclk Kl~omklh Zdqndzlulk Plflq Eocel~ ? ulgtk elk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk

elk Cdzidk Eockl~ udkulk` zdhlc~lkllk @dqlclk Kl~omklh Zdqndzlulk Plflq Eocel~ ?ulgtk elk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~lulqllk+ Imedh ylk` eo~t~tk udhlg eo~d~tloclk edk`lk qliat)qliat ylk` lel elhli zlytk` gtcti udq~datu+ Edk`lk ediocolk( imedh ylk`

eocdialk`clk uoelc adqudkulk`lk edk`lk cdudkutlk ylk` adqhlct elhlizdkydhdk``lqllk zdkeoeoclk zlel titikyl elk zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A

zlel cgt~t~kyl+

^dhlok adqhlkel~clk lntlk cmk~dzutlh elk ytqoeo~( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobtkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qlizlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ft`l eohlkel~clk zlel uditlk dizoqoc adqtzl gl~ohzdkdhouolk ulglz zdkelgthtlk idk`dklo okbmqil~o lult elul ylk` eozdqhtclk elqo

il~ylqlclu ~dcoulq elk cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk+ Elul cmkeo~o qooh zdiadhlflqlk oko ~dal`loilkleotk`clzclk elhli alòlk lplh gl~oh zdkdhouolk eofleoclk zoflclk elhli zdk`dialk`lkimedh+ Edk`lk ediocolk( imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk

~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ~dhlokcmcmg ~dnlql cmk~dzutlh elk ytqoeo~ ft`l idiohoco bo~oaohoul~ elk lelzulaohoul~ ylk`

uok`ò tkutc eolzhocl~oclk elhli zqlcuoc zdiadhlflqlk kylul eo hlzlk`lk+Utftlk titi Zdiadhlflqlk Zdkeoeoclk Cd~dulqllk Zqm`qli Zlcdu A lelhlg

tkutc idiadqoclk zdkeoeoclk ~dulql ÎZ-IU~ l`lq elzlu idiohoco zqd~ul~o lclediocelk zdk`tl~llk cdudqlizohlk zqlcuo~ ylk` elzlu eofleoclk adclh tkutc adcdqfl elkadqt~lgl+ ^delk`clk ~dnlql cgt~t~( utftlk zdiadhlflqlk zqm`qli zlcdu A lelhlg6 </Idialkut idktqtkclk ftihlg ztut~ fdkflk` Ê-IO( eqmz mtu ÎZ-IU~3 1/

Idiadhlflqclk plq`l adhlflq l`lq idiohoco zdk`dulgtlk cmmzdqluob3 adqal~o~cdtk``thlk zmudk~o hmclh3 >/ Idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zqm`qli zlcdu Aadqal~o~ cdtk``thlk zmudk~o hmclh3 5/ Idiadqelylclk ZCAI tkutc adqzlquo~ozl~o

idialkut idk`tqlkò ftihlg ztut~ fdkflk` Ê-IO elk eqmz mtu ÎZ-IU~3 4/Idkok`cluclk cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq idialnl( l`lq idqdcl elzlu ididnlgclkil~lhlg elhli cdgoetzlk ~dglqo)glqo3 2/ Idiadqelylclk udkl`l hmclh ylk` zmudk~olh



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <:?

tkutc idk`dhmhl ~tiadq elyl ylk` lel eo hok`ctk`lkkyl3 0/ Idkok`cluclk cdndqel~lk

~m~olh plq`l adhlflq idhlhto zdiaokllk plulc cdpoqlt~lgllk+

Ulizlc algpl utftlk zdiadhlflqlk ylk` eoqtit~clk out ~dhlok idknlzlo ~ulkelqcmizdudk~o htht~lk ft`l idkdclkclk cdzlel zdiaokllk idkulh elk plulc tkutc

~lhok` idialkut ~dnlql zm~ouob+ Edk`lk ediocolk( htht~lk ylk` idk``tklclk imedh

zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclkcd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm cdndqel~lk ~m~olhkyl hdaog uok`òedk`lk htht~lk Zlcdu A hlokkyl+

Eo ~lizok` out Utftlk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adqadel edk`lk cdhmizmccmkrdk~omklh ylk` idkdqlzclk ~o~udi cmizduo~o( eo ilkl cdadqgl~ohlk okeoroeteomqodkul~oclk zlel cd`l`lhlk mqlk` hlok+ ^delk`clk utftlk elqo zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluoblelhlg idknozulclk ~outl~o eo ilkl cdadqgl~ohlk okeoroet eoudkutclk lult eozdk`lqtgomhdg cdadqgl~ohlk cdhmizmckyl ^hlrok( <??5/+

Imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob eocdialk`clk tkutc idknlzlo ~duoelc)uoelckyl uo`lutftlk zdiadhlflqlk zdkuok` ylk` eoqlk`cti mhdg Oaqlgoi( du lh+ 1:::/( ylout6

<+ Gl~oh adhlflq lcledioc

Elhli adhlflq cmmzdqluob id~coztk idknlctz adql`li utftlk ~m~olh( ft`lidizdqaloco zqd~ul~o plq`l adhlflq lult ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledio~ zdkuok` hlokkyl+ Adadqlzllgho adqzdkelzlu algpl imedh oko tk``th elhli idialkut plq`l adhlflq idilgliocmk~dz)cmk~dz ~thou+ Zlql zdk`dialk` imedh oko udhlg idktkftcclk algpl imedh ~uqtcutqzdk`glq`llk cmmzdqluob udhlg elzlu idkok`cluclk kohlo plq`l adhlflq zlel adhlflqlcledioc elk zdqtalglk kmqil ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk gl~oh adhlflq+ Eo ~lizokìdk`talg kmqil ylk` adqgtatk`lk edk`lk gl~oh adhlflq( zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob elzlu

idiadqo cdtkutk`lk aloc zlel plq`l adhlflq cdhmizmc alplg iltztk cdhmizmc lul~ylk` adcdqfl adq~lil idkydhd~loclk ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledioc+

1+ Zdkdqoillk udqglelz zdqadellk okeoroet

Utftlk hlok imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg zdkdqoillk ~dnlql htl~ elqo mqlk`)mqlk` ylk` adqadel adqel~lqclk ql~( atelyl( cdhl~ ~m~olh( cdiliztlk( elkcduoelciliztlkkyl+ Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob idiadqo zdhtlk` alò plq`l adhlflq elqoadqal`lo hlulq adhlclk` elk cmkeo~o tkutc adcdqfl edk`lk ~lhok` adq`lkutk` zlel ut`l~)ut`l~ lcledioc elk idhlhto ~uqtcutq zdk`glq`llk cmmzdqluob lclk adhlflq ~lhokìdk`glq`lo ~lut ~lil hlok+

>+ Zdk`dialk`lk cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh

Utftlk zdkuok` cduo`l zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob lelhlg( idk`lflqclk cdzlel plq`ladhlflq cdudqlizohlk adcdqfl ~lil elk cmhlamql~o+ Cdudqlizohlk)cdudqlizohlk ~m~olh(zdkuok` eoiohoco mhdg plq`l adhlflq ~dala ~llu oko alkylc lklc itel il~og ctqlk` elhlicdudqlizohlk ~m~olh+

^l~lqlk hlylklk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zqm`qli zlcdu A lelhlg lk``mul

il~ylqlclu ylk` udqil~tc ~l~lqlk plflq eocel~ ? ulgtk cdhmizmc titq <>)<4 ulgtk+Edk`lk ediocolk( ~l~lqlk zqm`qli oko lelhlg zqomqoul~ zqm`qli+ Edk`lk ediocolk(zqm`qli oko idiadqoclk lkeoh ylk` adqlquo elhli zdktkul~lk plflq Eocel~ ? ulgtk+ Eo hlok

~o~o( htht~lk ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <<:

cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI

Cmul @mqmkulhm lclk hdaog ilkeoqo eoalkeok`clk htht~lk zlcdu A eo ZCAI hlokkyl+

Zdkydhdk``lqllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob zqm`qli zlcdu A eocdialk`clk edk`lkidk``tklclk etl ~uqludò( ylout6 </ glkyl ilul zdhlflqlk ylk` d~dk~olh ~lfl ylk`

eoadqoclk( ~delk`clk ilul zdhlflqlk hlokkyl eoglqlzclk elzlu eozdhlflqo mhdg zlql plq`l

adhlflq ~dkeoqo+ Ilul zdhlflqlk ylk` eoadqoclk lelhlg ZZCk( Algl~l Okemkd~ol( Algl~lOk``qo~( Iludiluocl( OZL Aomhmò( Bo~ocl/3 elk 1/ zdiadhlflqlk eohlc~lklclk edk`lkzmhl adhlflq ilkeoqo( adhlflq cdhmizmc( elk utumqolh+

Ctqocthti eocdialk`clk elhli imedh oko adqel~lqclk Zdqlutqlk Zdidqokulg

Kmimq <? Ulgtk 1::4 udkulk` ûlkelq Kl~omklh Zdkeoeoclk idhoztuo6 </ Cdhmizmc ilulzdhlflqlk Zdkeoeoclk L`lil elk Lcghlc Ithol3 1/ Cdhmizmc ilul zdhlflqlkZdkeoeoclk Cdplq`lkd`lqllk elk cdzqoaleolk3 >/ Cdhmizmc ilul zdhlflqlk Ohit

Zdk`dulgtlk elk Udckmhmò3 5/ Cdhmizmc ilul zdhlflqlk D~uduocl3 elk 4/ Cdhmizmcilul zdhlflqlk Zdkeoeoclk Fl~ilko( Mhlgql`l elk Cd~dglulk+ O~o ctqocthti uok`clu

~lutlk zdkeoeoclk idhoztuo <: ilul zdhlflqlk ylk` cdhtl~lk elk cdelhlilkkyl

idqtzlclk adalk adhlflq alò zd~dqul eoeoc zlel ~lutlk zdkeoeoclk+ Cd)<: ilul zdhlflqlkudq~datu idhoztuo6 Zdkeoeoclk L`lil3 Zdkeoeoclk Cdplq`lkd`lqllk3 Algl~l3 Iludiluocl(Ohit( Zdk`dulgtlk Lhli( Ohit Zdk`dulgtlk ^m~olh( ^dko elk Atelyl( Zdkeoeoclk Fl~ilko( Mhlgql`l elk Cd~dglulk3 Cdudqlizohlk-Cdftqtlk3 Itlulk Hmclh+ ^dhlok out(

Ctqocthti zqm`qli Zlcdu A ~dulql ÎZ-IU~ idk`dialk`clk cdnlclzlk goetz ylk`

udqeoqo lul~6 cdnlclzlk zqoaleo( cdnlclzlk okudhdcutlh( cdnlclzlk ~m~olh elk cdnlclzlkrmcl~omklh+ Oko idk`lketk` lquo algpl imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk idk``tklclkctqocthti ylk` ~d~tlo edk`lk ~ulkelq kl~omklh ~dgok``l iditk`cokclk ~duolz htht~lk

ao~l hmhm~ tfolk kl~omklh Zlcdu A+ ^dal`lo cdcgl~lk imedh oko( elhli zdiadhlflqlkeoil~tcclk iludqo cgt~t~ tkutc idiaokl clqlcudq cdndqel~lk ~m~olhc z~ocmhmò~ elk

~oclz idkulh pq`l adhlflq+ Idudqo oko adq~oblu ~tzhdidk klitk eoadqhlctclk ~lil

zdkuok`kyl edk`lk iludqo hlok ylk` eo`lqo~clk elhli ctqocthti kl~omklh+ Edk`lkediocolk( htht~lk Zlcdu A ylk` idk``tklclk imedh oko lclk hdaog ilkeoqo eoalkeok`htht~lk Zlcdu A ylk` idk``tklclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk hlokkyl+

Bl~ohoulumq lult utumq zlql ~lqlflkl zdkeoeoclk ylk` ilt idk`laeoclk ohitkyl

tkutc zdkok`clulk ~tiadq elyl ilkt~ol eo eldqlg ~d~tlo koelk` cdlgholk ilok`)il~ok` lult aoelk` ~uteo io~lhkyl ~lqflkl Algl~l Okemkd~ol( Algl~l Ok``qo~(iludiluocl lult `tqt aoelk` ~uteo ylk` okòk idklialg ftihlg fli idk`lflq elk

ocghl~ idk`laeoclk ohitkyl tkutc cdil~hlglulk tilu+ Utumq oko udqhdaog elgthteohluog udkulk` adqal`lo imedh zdiadhlflqlk udqil~tc eo elhlikyl imedh

zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob+ Idqdcl Zlgli lclk idumemhmò elk ~uqludò adhlflq(

Ilizt idkyt~tk qdknlkl zdiadhlflqlk( Idiohoco imuorl~o tkutc idiadhlflqclk mqlk`hlok( Hdulc `dm`qlbo~ edclu edk`lk cdhmizmc adhlflq+ Edk`lk ediocolk( utumq ylkìdkdqlzclk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`ladhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm hdaog

cmizdudk eoalkeok`clk edk`lk ylk` hlok( cgt~t~kyl elhli idialk`tk ~oclz idkulhelk clqlcudq cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq+

Idumed zdiadhlflqlk elhli imedh cmmzdqluob tkutc zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk zqm`qli zlcdu A eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

idk``tklclk idumed zdiadhlflqlk zlquo~ozluob+ ^delk`clk udckoc zdiadhlflqlk ylkèo`tklclk lelhlg edk`lk idialò plq`l adhlflq lul~ cdhmizmc cdnoh( eohlkftuclk edk`lkeo~ct~o cdhmizmc( ~oithl~o( zdqiloklk( edimk~uql~o( cdqfl cdhmizmc ylk` eolcgoqo

edk`lk hlzmqlk il~ok`)il~ok` cdhmizmc elhli adkutc zqd~dkul~d mhdg cdutl



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <<<

cdhmizmc+ Edk`lk nlql oko zdiadhlflqlk hdaog adqrlqoluob elk qd~zmk~ob udqglelz

cdlkdclql`lilk clqlcudq~ouoc elk cdatutglk plq`l adhlflq ~drnlql okeoroetlh iltztkcdhmizmc+

Alglk adhlflq ylk` eocdialk`clk adql~lh elqo plq`l adhlflq ~dkeoqo( hok`ctk`lk

elk zoglc zdkydhdk``lql+ ^tiadq elk alglk adhlflq ylk` eo`tklclk lkulql hlok6 Atct(

@lialq( Zdul( Eol`qli( Lhlu ~oithl~o goutk` elk ~tiadq hlok+

^dhlok out( alglk elk ~tiadq adhlflq elzlu zthl eoatlu elk eocdialk`clk adq~lilplq`l adhlflq+ ^tiadq elk alglk adhlflq udq~datu ylout ylk` eouditclk elk eoudkutclkmhdg plq`l adhlflq edk`lk idilkblluclk zmudk~o hmclh lult zmkudk~o lhli ylk` lel eo

~dcoulq idqdcl+ Edk`lk nlql oko( zdiadhlflqlk idkfleo hdaog blioholq edk`lk plq`l adhlflq+^ditl ideol ylk` eo`tklclk ~telg idqdcl cdklh elk eo`tklclk elhli cdgoetzlkcd~dglqolk idqdcl edk`lk glqlzlk elzlu idk`tqlkò glialulk adhlflq elk io~cmk~dz~o

lclk elzlu eoiokoilho~l~oclk+

Drlhtl~o eohlctclk edk`lk idk``tklclk udckoc zmqumbmhom ~dhlil zqm`qli adqflhlk+Drlhtl~o eohlctclk ~dnlql adqulglz ylk` idhoztuo ud~ ho~lk elk utho~lk aloc tqlolk lultzohoglk `lkel( elk zqlcudc+ Ud~ oko eohlctclk ~dhlil zqm~d~ edk`lk atelyl idqdcl+ Zlel

lcgoq zqm`qli lclk eohlctclk ud~ cmizdudk~o tkutc idk`tctq cdiliztlk plq`l adhlflq

~dhlil zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ ^dhlok out( elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk oko( zlel lplh~did~udq eohlctclk zdk`tctqlk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dal`lo zqdud~u elk zlellcgoq ~did~udq ft`l eohlctclk zdk`tctqlk thlk` ~dal`lo zm~u ud~u+ Nlql ~dzdquo oko ~telg

ntctz cmizqdgdk~ob tkutc idk``lialqclk cdiliztlk adhlflq plq`l adhlflq ~dnlqlkylul elk hdk clz+

>+ Oizhdidkulo Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob elhli Zdkok`clulk Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zqm`qli Zlcdu A Eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

Elhli Zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cddqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq eoZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm elzlu eohlctclk elhli adadqlzl ulglzlk ylout ulglz zdq~olzlk(

ulglz zdhlc~lkllk( elk ulglz drlhtl~o+ Tfo nmal elhli qlk`cl idk`tfo dbdcuoroul~ imedheohlctclk edk`lk hlk`clg)hlk`clg ~dal`lo adqoctu+

Ulglz Zdq~olzlk( cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk ylout6 </ idkyt~tk zqm`qlizdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob3 1/ idkdkutclk cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk( >/ idkòedkuobhcl~o

cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk( 5/ idizdhlflqo elul udkulk` cdhmizmc ~l~lqlk( 4/ idkdkutclk

zqomqoul~ cdatutglk elk il~lhlg( 2/ idkyt~tk iludqo( 0/ idiohog elk idkdkutclkidumed( 7/ idkyolzclk ideol adhlflq3 ?/ idkyolzclk elbulq ~l~lqlk( <:/ idkdkutclkplcut elk udizlu+

Ulglz Zdhlc~lkllk+ Idhlctclk zdk`lilulk ~dhlil zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ~dnlqladqcdhlkftulk( idknlulu glh)glh ylk` udqfleo aloc ylk` idkylk`ctu utumq iltztk(imuorl~o( cqdluoroul~ elqo plq`l adhlflq elhli idkòctuo zdiadhlflqlk+ Tkutc idhoglu

cdudqzletlk elk cdudqcloulk lkulq cmizmkdk ylk` ~lut edk`lk cmizmkdk hlokkyl elk

dbdcuob uoelckyl zqm`qli ylk` udhlg eozdq~olzclk ~dadhtikyl( ao~l idialkeok`clkcqoudqol ylk` udhlg eo~t~tk edk`lk qdlhoul~ ylk` udqfleo ~dhlil zqm~d~ oko adqhlk`~tk`+ Foclzqm`qli oko ao~l idknlzlo utftlk ylk` udhlg eoudulzclk( adqlquo udqfleo ~okdqò lkulql

cmizmkdk)cmizmkdk udq~datu( ilcl zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ao~lidkydkutg elk idiohoco oclulk dim~omklh eo lkulql plq`l adhlflq ~dgok``l hdaog~outluomklh lplqkd~~ elk idiohoco elyl tk`cou elhli zdiadhlflqlk+



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <<1

Ulglz Drlhtl~o( elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk( gl~oh zdkohlolk elzlu idkmhmk` utumq

tkutc idizdqaloco cdiliztlk l`lq idkfleo utumq ylk` zqmbd~omklh+ Idqlknlk`drlhtl~o udqil~tc ut`l~ ~dmqlk` utumq cduocl elhli idiatlu qlknlk`lk zdiadhlflqlk'ok~uqtnuomklh ed~o`k/+ Drlhtl~o lelhlg ~tlut zqm~d~ adqcdhlkftulk udkulk` zdk`tizthlk elk

zdklb~oqlk okbmqil~o tkutc idkohlo 'l~~d~~/ cdztut~lk)cdztut~lk ylk` eoatlu elhli

idqlknlk` ~datlg ~o~udi zdiadhlflqlk+ Gl~oh zdkohlolk oko ~dal`lo bdde alnc udqglelzzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk+ Lul~ el~lq cdudqnlzlolk utftlk zqm`qli oko

ylk` udqlctithl~oclk elhli gl~oh zdkohlolk( ao~l eohoglu lzlclg zqm`qli oko dbdcuob lultuoelckyl ilklclhl eocmizlql~oclk nlzlolk cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk edk`lk cdhmizmccmkuqmh+ Cdòlulk ylk` eohlctclk elhli ulglz drlhtl~o ylout6 idkdulzclk utftlkdrlhtl~o( idkyt~tk ok~uqtidk drlhtl~o( idk`tizthclk( idk`mhlg elk idkylfoclk elul(

idk``tklclk gl~oh drlhtl~o+

^dudhlg idhlhto zqm~d~ rlhoel~o udqglelz qlknlk`lk imedh ilcl ~dal`lozdk`dialk`lkkyl zdqht eooizhdidkul~oclk cdzlel mafdc elk ~l~lqlk ylout plq`l adhlflqZlcdu A ylk` lel eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm ylk` eoudulzclk ~dal`lo mafdc zdkdhouolk+ ^dnlql

~o~udiluo~( hlk`clg elhli mzdql~omklh zdk`dialk`lkkyl idhoztuo6 zdqdknlkllk(zdhlc~lkllk elk zdk`lilulk( ~dqul drlhtl~o+ Qlknlk`lk imedh cmk~dzutlheooizhdidkul~oclk lult eotfonmalclk elhli etl ulglz( ylout tfo nmal ulglz zdqulil elktfonmal ulglz cdetl+ Zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk tfonmal elhli etl ulglz oko eoilc~teclk l`lqgl~oh ylk` zdiadhlflqlk elzlu ididktgo cdatutglk zd~dqul eoeoc( idk`dklo cdctqlk`lkelk cdhdilglk ylk` eouditl zlel ~llu eolelclkkyl tfonmal ulglz zdqulil( elzlueo~diztqklclk elk hdaof eoilkulzclk hlò zlel ~llu tfonmal ulglz cdetl+

Tkutc idhoglu zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh idhlhto zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( lclkeohlc~lklclk cd olulk tfonmal edk`lk idk``tklclk lk`cdu ~dal`lo lhlu tulil ylkèohlc~lklclk ~dudhlg zl~nl zdiadhlflqlk ylout zlel cdhmizmc dc~zdqoidk elk cdhmizmc

cmkuqmh( Lk`cdu oko eotfoclk zlel 5: mqlk` plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli Zlcdu A eo ZCAI UlilkZdkeoeoclk elk ZCAI Lh)vocql Cmul @mqmkulhm ~dal`lo adqoctu6

^dnlql cmk~dzutlh cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg cdiliztlk ~d~dmqlk` elhliidilglio( idkedk`lqclk elk zdcl udqglelz ilc~te elk zdiocoqlk mqlk` hlok( ~dqulidql~lclk elk idk`liluo qdlc~o)qdlc~o elk zdqtalglk mqlk` hlok( ylk` eo utkftcclk aloc~dnlql rdqalh iltztk kmk rdqalh elk ilizt idknlqo zdidnlglk il~lhlg ylk` dbdcuobelhli ~tlut okudqlc~o ~m~olh elk idiohoco zdk`tl~llk cduqlizohlk cmitkocl~o+ Lelztkokeoclumq elqo cdndqel~lk ~m~olh lelhlg3 ~outluomklh lplqkd~~( zqd~dk~d( ltugdkuonouy( nhlqouy(cduqlizohlk adqcmitkocl~o elk idiohoco ~oclz dizluo+

^delk`clk ~dnlql mzdql~omilh cdndqel~lk ~m~olh zd~dqul eoeoc lelhlg ~cmq flplalk

qd~zmkedk udqglelz ~clhl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` okeoclumq)okeoclumqkyl ylout3 </ ~outluomklhlplqkd~~( 1/ zqd~dk~d( >/ ltugdkuonouy( 5/ nhlqouy( '2/ dizgluy+

^clhl ylk` eo`tklclk adqadkutc ~clhl :)< edk`lk cqoudqol aohl adklq ~cmq < elk aohl ~lhlg~cmq :+ ^dadhti eo`tklclk elhli zdkdhouolk( ok~uqtidk oko udqhdaog elgtht eotfonmalclk cdzlel5: mqlk` plq`l adhlflq zqm`qli zlcdu A zlel 1 ZCAI eo Cmul @mqmkulhm+ Tfo nmal oko eoilc~teclktkutc idk`tfo rlhoeoul~ ~duolz atuoq zdqkylullk elk idk`goutk` cmdbo~odk qdholaohoul~ zdqlk`cluctd~omkdq+ Tfo rlhoeoul~ atuoq zdqkylullk eohlctclk edk`lk nlql idk`cmqdhl~oclk ~cmq il~ok`)il~ok` atuoq zdqkylullk ylk` eozdqmhdg ~duolz qd~zmkedk edk`lk ~cmq umulh ylk` eozdqmhdgqd~zmkedk ylk` adq~lk`ctulk+ Cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~o eogoutk` edk`lk idk``tklclk qtit~ qlkcmqedq nmqqdhluomk+ Zqm~d~ zdqgoutk`lkkyl eohlctclk edk`lk idk`mzdql~oclk zdqlk`clu htklc ^Z^^+

Gl~oh zdqgoutk`lk idktkftcclk algpl elqo 52 atuoq zdqkylullk ylk` eotfo

rlhoeoul~kyl( udqelzlu 52 atuoq ~mlh ylk` idiohoco cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~o ylk` ~o`koboclk zlel

l 8 :+:4+ Cmdbo~odk cmqdhl~okyl idqdkulk` elqo :(1<> ~lizlo edk`lk :(7??+ Edk`lk



Eq+ Qt~eok Efoat( I+Ze x Zl`d <<>

ediocolk( cd)52 atuoq ~mlh udq~dktu eokylulclk rlhoe+ ^dalqlk atuoq ~mlh ylk` rlhoe

udq~datu eo~lfoclk elhli uladh >+1+

^dhlkftukyl( ~dnlql cd~dhtqtglk cd)52 atuoq zdqkylullk out eogoutk` cmdbo~odkqdholaohoul~kyl edk`lk idk``tklclk udckoc Lhbl Nqmkalng eozdqmhdg cmdbo~odk qdholaohoul~

~dad~lq :(?>4 ~o`koboclk zlel l 8 :+:4+ Adqel~lqclk gl~oh tfo rlhoeoul~ atuoq zdqkylullk

elk zdqgoutk`lk cmdbo~odk qdholaohoul~ cd~dhtqtglk zdqlk`clu ctd~omkdq ~dal`loilkleocditclclk eo lul~( elzlu eokylulclk algpl ok~uqtidk zdk`tk`clz elulcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq out hlylc eo`tklclk ~dal`lo ok~uqtidk zdk`tk`clz

elul elhli zdkdhouolk oko+

5+ Zdialgl~lk udkulk` Dbdcuoroul~ Imedh Zdiadhlflqlk Cmmzdqluob elhli Zdkok`clulkCdndqel~lk ~m~olh Plq`l Adhlflq Zlcdu A Eo ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm

Tfo Dbdcuoroul~ imedh eohlc~lklclk edk`lk idhlctclk tfo oizhdidkul~o udqhdaogelgtht+ Oizhdidkul~o imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olheohlctclk eo Qtlk` adhlflq ZCAI Cmul @mqmkulhm( eoel~lqclk zlel ~uqludò zdk``tkllkhoil cmizmkdk ylout cmizmkdk zhlkkok`( zdhlc~lkllk( Mtuztu( Mugdq Okztu( elk mtunmid+Elqo gl~oh oizhdidkul~o imedh ylk` eocdialk`clk udhlg elzlu eoudqoil elk ~d~tlo tkutccdndqel~lk ~m~olh edk`lk glqlzlk hdaog dbdcuob elk dbo~odk ~d~tlo edk`lk cmkeo~o ^CA+

</ Zdqdknlkllk( lkulql hlok idhoztuo cdòlulk oedkuobocl~o cdatutglk( elk ~uqtcutq zqm`qlizdkeoeoclk( eohlctclk ~dal`lo zdq~olzlk ~dadhti zdhlc~lkllk zdkeoeoclk edk`lk idhoaluclkplq`l adhlflq+ Zdqdknlkllk zdkeoeoclk( ~dal`lo cmizmkdk tulil elhli zdkeoeoclk(idktkftcclk ~lk`lu idketctk` udqfleokyl cdhlknlqlk adhlflq zd~dqul elhli zdhlc~lkllk ~d~tloimedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk+Glkemcm elhli ^teqlflu( 1:<:6 1/ algpl idk`ditclclk algpl udqelzlu dizlu ulglz elhlizdqdknlkllk( ylout 6 l/ idkdulzclk utftlk lult ~dqlk`clolk utftlk3 a/ idqtit~clk cdlellk

~llu oko3 n/ idkòedkuobocl~o ~d`lhl cditelglk elk glialulk3 e/ idk`dialk`clk qdknlkllult ~dqlk`clolk cdòlulk tkutc zdknlzlolk utftlkElhli zdkyt~tklk zqm`qli zdiadhlflqlk( glh)glh ylk` eozdqgluoclk lelhlg6 l/ oedkuobocl~outftlk zdkeoeoclk3 a/ oedkuobocl~o iludqo zdkeoeoclk3 n/ oedkuobocl~o ideol zdkeoeoclk3 e/oedkuobocl~o ~lqlkl zdkeoeoclk3 d/ oedkuobocl~o idumed zdkeoeoclk3 b/ oedkuobocl~o utumqzdkeoeoclk3 `/ idkdulzclk fletlh zdkeoeoclk3 elk g/ oedkuobocl~o ~tiadq zdiaolyllk+ ^dhtqtgcmizmkdk elhli cdòlulk zdk`mq`lko~l~olk udq~datu ~dal`lo ~lut cd~lutlk ~lhok` udqclou ~dal`lohlk`clg cdòlulk idhlc~lklclk ~uqludò zdkeoeoclk+ Elhli zdhlc~lkllkkyl( ~uqludò ylkèocdialk`clk idiadqoclk lqlg ylk` hdaog fdhl~ elhli idkdiztg zqm~d~ zdkeoeoclk ~dgok``lzdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk elhli zdkeoeoclk elzlu adqhlk`~tk` hlknlq ~d~tlo edk`lk cmizmkdkelk zqm~detqzdhluohqlk ylk` ecdialk`clk

1/ Zdhlc~lkllk zqm~d~ zdkeoeoclk udhlg elzlu adqhlk`~tk` edk`lk aloc eoel~lqclk zlel

zdk`cmkeo~olk zdiadhlflqlk mqlk` edpl~l lkeql`mò/( ~dgok``l plq`l adhlflq iliztidkòctuo zdkeoeoclk edk`lk aloc elk idktkftcclk cd~d~tlolk zqok~oz)zqok~oz zdiadhlflqlkylk` udhlg eoqlknlk`+ Cdudqhoalulk zd~dqul elhli idkdiztg zdkeoeoclk adqel~lqclk zqok~ozzdiadhlflqlk zlquo~ozluob3 okuqdqlcuob cmhlamqluoh( elk edimcluo~( udhlg elzlu eoutkftcclk mhdgzd~dqul elhli zdhlc~lkllk cdòlulk adq~lil utumq( idk`dqflclk ut`l~)ut`l~( idhlc~lklclkzqlcudc idk`lflq( elk eo~ct~o cd~thoulk elhli idk`dqflclk ut`l~)ut`l~ zqlcudc+ Qdbhdc~o gl~ohadhlflq( ~dal`lo cdòlulk ylk` eoudiztg mhdg zd~dqul tkutc idqdbhdc~o gl~oh adhlflq zl~nlzdkeoeoclk elhli adkutc idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk elhli uokelclk kylul zd~dqul+^teqlflu 1:<:6 1/ idk`ditclclk algpl glh ylk` zdkuok` tkutc eozdqgluoclk elhli zdhlc~lklklnutluok`/ oko lelhlg algpl ~dmqlk` utumq lclk udqimuorl~o tkutc idk`dqflclk ~d~tlut focl 6 </idql~l ylcok lclk ilizt idk`dqflclk( 1/ ylcok algpl zdcdqfllk udq~datu idiadqoclkilkbllu alò eoqokyl( >/ uoelc ~delk` eoadalko mhdg zqmahdi zqoaleo lult ut`l~ hlok ylk` hdaog

zdkuok`( lult idked~lc( 5/ ut`l~ udq~datu idqtzlclk cdzdqnlyllk alò ylk` adq~lk`ctulk elk4/ gtatk`lk lkulq udilk elhli mq`lko~l~o udq~datu glqimko~+

>/ Mtuztu




Cmizmkdk Mtuztu idqtzlclk gl~oh adhlflq zd~dqul zl~nl zdkeoeoclk ylk` eozdqmhdgadqel~lqclk gl~oh cdòlulk zdk`lilulk+ Zdk`lilulk ylk` eohlctclk idhoztuo cdndqel~lk~m~olh ~dadhti elk ~dudhlg zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( elk ma~dqrl~o cdndqel~lk ~m~olh zd~dqulzl~nl zdkeoeoclk ylk` eocmizlql~oclk edk`lk gl~oh zdk`lilulk zdhlc~lkllkzdiadhlflqlk mhdg zd~dqul ~dadhti elk ~dudhlg zdkeoeoclk+

Gl~oh zdk`lilulk udqglelz cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq alò zdkok`clulkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh idktkftcclk zdkok`clulk ylk` ntctz ~o`koboclk+ Cdndqel~lk ~m~olhplq`l adhlflq ~dadhti zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~dad~lq 41(4:$ ~dadhti tfonmal ulglz O elk ~dudhlg zdiadhlflqlk idk`lhlio zdkok`clulk idkfleo ~dad~lq 07(7:$+^delk`clk zlel tfo Ulglz OO( cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dadhti tfo nmal ~dad~lq45(:1$ elk ~dudhlg tfo nmal idkfleo 7<(<4$+ Edk`lk ediocolk zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh plq`l adhlflq ~dad~lq 12(>$ zlel tfo ulglz O elk ~dad~lq 10+<>$+ zlel tfo ulglz OO+

5/ Mugdq Okztu

Adqel~lqclk tfonmal udqalul~( elk tfo dizoqoc zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alòzdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh( udhlg udqtk`clz uditlk algpl6 zdqulil( ctqlk`kylokbmqil~o udkulk` zqm`qli)zqm`qli zdkok`clulk elk zdk`dialk`lk ctlhoul~ utumq ylkèlzlu eohlctclk edk`lk alkylc zdkedclulk+ Zqm`qli zdkok`clulk elk zdk`dialk`lkplq`l adhlflq ylk` ~dhlil oko eocdulgto alqt udqalul~ zlel zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk ~dnlqltiti elk bmqilh bmqilh ~dqul ndkedqtk` idk``tklclk zdkedclulk ylk` cmkrdk~omklh+Zlel glh zdkedclulk hlok alkylc ~dzdquo zdkeoeoclk adqal~o~ cmizdudk~o ylk` ao~leohlctclk( udqil~tc6 zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob alò zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh( ~uteohlkftu( elk cdòlulk ohiolg ~dedqglkl ~dzdquo eo~ct~o elk ~dioklq+

Cdetl( zdiaokllk elk zdilkultlk ~tzdqro~o elk imkoumqok`/ mhdg zoglc Eokl~Zdkeoeoclk Cmul @mqmkulhm tkutc idk`mzuoilhclk zdhlc~lkllk zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk

cd~dulqllk zlel ^CA( tulilkyl tkutc idk`mzuoilhclk zdkok`clulk elk zdk`dialk`lkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq( udqtk`clz adhti lelkyl cdòlulk ~tzdqro~o elkimkoumqok` ylk` aloc udqclou ilklfdidk zdkydhdk``lqllk iltztk zdhlc~lkllkzdiadhlflqlk zlel oizhdidkul~o zqm`qli zdkeoeoclk cd~dulqllk udq~datu elk adhtiokudk~ob eohlctclk ~dnlql udqzqm`qli mhdg zoglc)zoglc udqclou+ Zdkok`clulk elkzdk`dialk`lk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq idhlhto zdkeoeoclk mhdg Eokl~ Zdkeoeoclkelhli glh oko ZKB il~og udqalul~( adhti lel uokelc hlkftu idhlhto idkoumqok` ~dnlqludqzqm`qli udqglelz gl~oh zdkeoeoclk eo il~ok`)il~ok` ZCAI+ Cdetl tk~tq ~dal`loilkleofdhl~clk eo lul~ idqtzlclk uditlk zdkuok` ~dal`lo cmizmkdk il~tclk hlok Mugdq Okztu/udqclou edk`lk cmizmkdk elhli imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk+

4/ Mtunmid

Mtunmid zdhlc~lkllk imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylk` eocdialk`clk( udqfleoidkok`clukyl cdndqel~lk ~m~olh elhli idhlc~lklclk zdiadhlflqlk+ Oizhdidkul~o imedhzdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob adqzdk`lqtg zlel zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh cd~dulqllk zlcduA( elzlu eoedudc~o elqo zdk`lilulk zdiadhlflqlk ~dal`lo cdòlulk qdbhdc~o gl~ohzdkeoeoclk( idktkftcclk qdqlul cdndqel~lk ~m~olh elzlu eoclulclk idkfleo hdaog aloc+

Adqel~lqclk gl~oh zdkdhouolk udq~datu( ~d~tlo edk`lk ~duolz cmizmkdkkyl ~dal`lohlkel~lk algpl imedh zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob( elzlu adqzdk`lqtg idkok`cluclkcdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq cd~dulqllk zlcdu A+ ^dnlql eol`qli imedh ylk`

eoqdcmidkel~oclk udq~datu( elzlu eo`lialqclk ~dal`lo adqoctu6

ZDQDKNLKLLK

<+ Lklho~o~ Cdatutglk

1+ Zdkyt~tklk Zqm qli

Zdiadhl lqlk

O

K

Z

T




Cdndqel~lk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq zlel zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ~dudhlg zdhlc~lkllk imedhudq~datu idk`lhlio zdkok`clulk ylk` ntctz ~o`koboclk+ Zlel tfo ulglz O( zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh idhoztuo3 ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ elqo 57(04$ idkfleo 07(04$( Zqd~dk~d elqo 41(:7$ idkfleo 0?(51$( Ltugdkuonouy elqo 44(51$ idkfleo 00(4:$( Nhlqouy elqo 57(04$ idkfleo0?(>7$( elk Dizgluy elqo 40(4:$idkfleo 07(55$+ Zlel tfo ulglz OO idk`lhlio zdkok`clulk6 ôutluomklh lplqkd~~ elqo 4:(51$ idkfleo

7<(14$( Zqd~dk~d elqo 4>(>>$ idkfleo 7:(51$( Ltugdkuonouy elqo 42(20$ idkfleo 7:(::$( Nhlqouy elqo4:(2>$ idkfleo 7>(04$( elk Dizgluy elqo 4?(:2$ idkfleo 7:(><$+

Zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk ~m~olh ylk` eoutkftcclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq elhli zdhlc~lkllkzdiadhlflqlk eoed~cqoz~oclk ~dal`lo adqoctu6<+ ôutluomklh Lplqkd~~

Zdqohlct cd~lelqlk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluobklizlc elqo lelkyl cd~lelqlk plq`l adhlflq tkutc idkulluo lutqlk)lutqlk ~dcmhlg(~dzdquo6 </ il~tc cdhl~ udzlu plcut( id~co adhti ~ditl plq`l adhlflq idhlctclkkyledk`lk aloc( 1/ uoelc ilclk elk iokti eo elhli cdhl~ zlel ~llu zdiadhlflqlkadqhlk`~tk`( >/ uoelc idiatlk` ~lizlg zlel ~dialqlk` udizlu( elk idiadq~ogclkcdhl~ lzlaohl zdiadhlflqlk ~dhd~lo( 5/ idkok``lhclk qtlk` cdhl~ elhli cdlelllk qlzo(

ctq~o elk idfl eohdulcclk elk eolutq ~d~tlo edk`lk edklg cdhl~( 4/ idknozulclk zqm~d~zdiadhlflqlk cmket~ob( lquokyl uoelc qoatu zlel ~llu utumq idkfdhl~clk iludqo zdhlflqlk+



E Q eo Efoa I Ze x Z <<2

Cd~lelqlk ~m~olh plq`l adhlflq udq~datu idkòkeocl~oclk algpl zdiadhlflqlkcmmzdqluob udhlg adqgl~oh edk`lk aloc+ Id~coztk plq`l adhlflq adhti ~ditlkylidktkftcclk zdqohlct udq~datu klitk ~dnlql titi zdiadhlflqlk cmmzdqluob ylkèoudqlzclk elhli idkok`cluclk cd~lelqlk ~m~olh udhlg adqgl~oh edk`lk aloc(

1+

Zqd~dk~d Cdgleoqlk plq`l adhlflq elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk ntctz uok`ò+ Glh udq~datuklizlc elqo lelkyl cdeo~ozhoklk plq`l elhli zdhlc~lkllk zdiadhlflqlk+ plq`l adhlflqidk``tklclk ~dql`li ylk` udhlg eoudkutclk mhdg zoglc ZCAI( id~coztk uoelc idiohoco~dql`li ~dzdquo zd~dqul eoeoc zlel zdkeoeoclk bmqilh ÎZ-~dedqlflu/ plqkl ztuogemk`cdq( udulzo zdklizohlk idqlcl idklqoc+ Elhli adqaonlql utumq idiaol~lclk idqdcltkutc ~mzlk elk idkflhok cdqfl~lil ylk` aloc eo lkulql plq`l adhlflq iltztk edk`lkutumq+ Elhli idiadqoclk zdqulkyllk lult idkflpla zdqulkyllk utumq( plq`l adhlflqadqt~lgl edk`lk ~daloc itk`cok adqaonlql edk`lk ~mzlk elk uoelc idkyok``tk` zoglchlokkyl+

>+ Ltugdkuonouy

Zdqohlct hlokkyl ylk` eoutkftcclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq elhli zdkok`clulk cdndqel~lk~m~olh eo lkulqlkyl3 lelkyl cdftftqlk plq`l adhlflq elhli idkflpla zdqulkyllk)zdqulkyllk utumq3 aohlilkl plq`l adhlflq udqhlialu( ilcl idkflpla ~d~tlo edk`lk lzlylk` eolhliokyl+ Ediocolk zthl cdndqel~lk plq`l adhlflq zlel l~zdc cdudqatclllkidk`lhlio zdkok`clulk+ ^duolz plq`l adhlflq idkdqoil ~lqlk elk cqouoc elqo udilk)udilkkyl+ ^dhlok out idqdcl ilizt idk`tk`clzclk oed)oed lult `l`l~lk)`l`l~lk elhlizqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk+ Zdqohlct hlok ylk` eoutkftcclk mhdg plq`l adhlflq lelhlg cdiliztlktkutc idkmhmk` udilkkyl ylk` idk`lhlio cd~thoulk elhli adhlflq+ Aohl udqelzlu udilk)udilkkyl ylk` idk`lhlio cdkelhl elhli zdiadhlflqlk( ilcl eoalkut mhdg udilk hlokkylaloc ~dnlql iludqolh iltztk oiiludqolh+

5+ Nhlqouy Elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk( plq`l adhlflq ~dhlht adqt~lgl idkflhok cmitkocl~o ylk`

aloc+ Cmitkocl~o udq~datu adqtzl zdiadqolk okbmqil~o)okbmqil~o udkulk` l~zdc)l~zdc ylkùdhlg eozdhlflqo iltztk ylk` lclk eozdhlflqo+ Udqelzlu plq`l adhlflq ylk` uoelc elzluidilglio edk`lk itelg iludqo zdhlflqlk ~dgok``l eoalkut mhdg udilk hlokkyl+ Elhliglh oko( cmitkocl~o ylk` udqflhok lelhlg cmitkocl~o eo lkulql zlql plq`l adhlflq( ~delk`clkcmitkocl~o edk`lk utumq ~dhlht udqflhok zlel zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk iltztk eo htlqzdiadhlflqlk aloc elhli adkutc aoiaok`lk adhlflq eo ~dcmhlg iltztk eo qtilg+

4+ Dizgluy

Zdqohlct ylk` eoutkftcclk plq`l adhlflq elhli zqm~d~ zdiadhlflqlk( udqtulil elhli glh

idizdqgluoclk iludqo ylk` eo~lizloclk mhdg utumq ntctz aloc+ Plq`l adhlflqidktkftcclk ~oclz ylk` zlutg elk ullu udqglelz utumq elk idktkftcclk cdeo~ozhoklkylk` ntctz uok`ò+ Aohl udqelzlu ut`l~)ut`l~ ylk` eoadqoclk mhdg utumq hlk`~tkèo~dhd~loclk ~d~tlo edk`lk zdutkftc ylk` eoadqoclk+ ^dhlok out ut`l~ eo~dhd~loclk udzluplcut+

Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif (Cooperative Learning)

Documents

Transcript of Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif (Cooperative Learning)