Pengantar akuntansi bab 1
Transcript of Pengantar akuntansi bab 1
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PENGANTAR AKUNTANSI
Mochammad AchsinDr., SE., SH., MM., M.Kn., M.Ec.Dev., Ak., CA., CPA
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S-1 : Sarjana Ekonomi (Akuntansi) FEB UB (SE); S-1 : Sarjana Hukum (Pidana) FH UB (SH); S-2 : Magister Manajemen (Pemasaran) FEB UB (MM); S-2 : Magister Kenotariatan FH UB (M.Kn); S-2 : Magister Ekonomi Pembangunan FEB UGM (M.Ec.Dev); S-2 : Magister Psikologi Sosial UMM (M.Si); S-3 : Doktor Akuntansi (Forensic Accounting) - FEB UB (Dr); S-3 : Doktor Hukum (Legal Forensik Audit) - FH UB (Dr);
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PENDIDIKAN FORMAL
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Profesi • Dosen S-1, S-2, dan S-3 FEB Univ Brawijaya;• Ketua Institut (Asosiasi) Akuntan Publik Indonesia (IAPI);• Ketua Dewan Sertifikasi IAPI;• Wakil Ketua Komite Profesi Akuntan Publik (KPAP);• Ketua Dewan Kehormatan Himpunan Kurator dan
Pengurus Indonesia (HKPI);• Akuntan Publik pada Kantor Akuntan Publik (KAP) KBAA;• Penilai Publik pada Kantor Jasa Penilai Publik (KJPP)
ASR;
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LITERATUR YANG DIPAKAI
• Accounting Principles- Jerry J Weygrandt, Donald E Kieso, Paul D Kimmel
• Pengantar Akuntansi- Al-Haryono Yusuf
• Akuntansi Pengantar - Suwardjono
• Literatur lain yang kalian suka, enak dibaca dan inspiratif
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Kontrak Belajar• Setiap masuk kelas untuk pelajaran yang akan datang, mahasiswa
harus membuat resume dan pertanyaan-2 atas materi sebelumnya. Jika tidak membuat, maka mahasiswa dianggap tidak masuk kelas (di absensi akan dicoret seperti ketidakhadiran)...
• Yang bertanya dan/atau menjawab pertanyaan, dapat bonus nilai...• Maksimal, minggu ketiga seluruh mahasiswa, wajib membawa buku
literatur wajib, jika tidak membawa (baik alasan lupa membawa atau belum punya), maka mahsiswa dianggap tidak masuk kelas...
• Nilai akan terdiri dari sekumpulan: kehadiran, keaktifan di kelas, tugas perorangan, tugas kelompok, quiz, UTS, dan UAS...
• Mahasiswa tidak boleh telat (on time), jam masuk adalah jam 13::00, apapun alasannya...
• Ketua/wakil ketua kelas dan sekretaris, bertanggungjawab atas beroperasinya LCD dan semua instrumen proses belajar mengajar di kelas...
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MATERI HARI INI:Accounting An Overview and Analysis
• The father of accounting?• Apa accounting itu? Mengapa ia diperlukan?• Laporan keuangan (Financial Statements)?• Apa standar akuntansi itu? Ada berapa macam
standar akuntansi itu? Mengapa ia diperlukan?• Apa saja profesi akuntansi itu?• Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean 2015• Ujian CPA di Indonesia
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7
father of accounting – Lucca Paciolli• Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli was born in 1445 in Sansepolcro (Tuscany) , Italy• Dia menulis dalam salah satu bukunya, yang berisi: Summa de arithmetica, geometria,
proportioni et proportionalità, was published in Venice In 1497• He was also notable for including the first published description of the method of
bookkeeping that Venetian merchants used during the Italian Renaissance, known as the double-entry accounting system. The system he published included most of the accounting cycle as we know it today.
• He described the use of journals and ledgers, and warned that a person should not go to sleep at night until the debits equaled the credits. His ledger had accounts for assets (including receivables and inventories), liabilities, capital, income, and expenses — the account categories that are reported on an organization's balance sheet and income statemen respectively.
• He demonstrated year-end closing entries and proposed that a trial balance be used to prove a balanced ledger. He is widely considered the "Father of Accounting". Also, his treatise touches on a wide range of related topics from accounting ethics to cost accounting.
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Chapter 1
Accounting in Action
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Ethics in financial reporting
Accounting standards
Assumptions
What is Accounting?What is Accounting?
The Building Blocks of Accounting
The Building Blocks of Accounting
The Basic Accounting Equation
The Basic Accounting Equation
Using the Accounting Equation
Using the Accounting Equation
Financial StatementsFinancial Statements
Three activities
Who uses accounting data?
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Transaction analysis
Summary of transactions
Income statement
Retained earnings statement
Statement of financial position
Statement of cash flows
Accounting in ActionAccounting in Action
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What is Accounting?What is Accounting?
SO 1 Explain what accounting is.
The purpose of accounting:(1) to identify, record, and communicate the economic events of an
(2) organization to
(3) interested users.
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Three Activities
What is Accounting?What is Accounting?
The accounting process includes the bookkeeping function.
Illustration 1-1The activities of theaccounting process
SO 1 Explain what accounting is.
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Accounting process
Economic event (transactionsto its business)
identifying
recording
classifying
summarizing
reporting
Communicating economic event
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Mengapa akuntansi diperlukan?Bahasa komunikasi bisnis (tool of management)
Sarana pertanggungjawaban pengelolaan keuangan (stewardship)
Alat pengambilan keputusan ekonomi bagi para pihak (stakes holders)
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Pelaporan Keuangan (Financial statements)
Laporan laba rugi (Income statement)
•Bertemunya hasil dan pengorbanan (pendapatan dengan biaya)
Laporan perubahan modal (Owner’s equity statement)
•Perubahan modal akibat diraihnya laba atau dideritanya kerugian
Neraca (Balance Sheet) •Posisi aset (harta), hutang dan modal perusahaan
Laporan arus kas (cash flows statement)
•Perubahan penggunaan kas dalam perusahaan
Catatan atas laporan keuangan (Notes to financial statement)
•Disclosure (umum, kebijakan akuntansi, penjelasan atas pos laporan keuangan)
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Management
Human Resources
Taxing Authorities
Labor Unions
Regulatory Agencies
Marketing
Finance
Investors
Creditors
SO 2 Identify the users and uses of accounting.
Customers
Internal Users
External Users
What is Accounting?What is Accounting?
Who Uses Accounting Data
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The users and uses of accounting information
Management for POAC
Investors (owners) – to buy, hold or sell
Creditors (suppliers and bankers) to evaluate granting credit or lending money
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Common Questions Asked User
1. Can we afford to give our employees a pay raise?
Human Resources
2. Did the company earn a satisfactory income?
3. Should any product lines be eliminated?
4. Is cash sufficient to pay dividends to shareholders?
5. What price for our product will maximize net income?
What is Accounting?What is Accounting?
SO 2 Identify the users and uses of accounting.
6. Will the company be able to pay its debts?
Investors
Management
Finance
Marketing
Creditors
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Building blocks accounting
Ethics in financial reportingGenerally accepted accounting principlesassumptions
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The Building Blocks of AccountingThe Building Blocks of Accounting
Ethics In Financial Reporting
SO 3 Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.
Standards of conduct by which one’s actions are judged as right or wrong,
honest or dishonest, fair or not fair, are Ethics.
Recent financial scandals include: Enron (USA),
Parmalat (ITA), Satyam Computer Services (IND), AIG
(USA), and others.
Effective financial reporting depends on sound ethical
behavior.
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Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions are judged as:
a. right or wrong.
b. honest or dishonest.
c. fair or not fair.
d. all of these options.
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions are judged as:
a. right or wrong.
b. honest or dishonest.
c. fair or not fair.
d. all of these options.
Review Question
SO 3 Understand why ethics is a fundamental business concept.Solution on notes page
The Building Blocks of AccountingThe Building Blocks of Accounting
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International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
SO 4 Explain accounting standards and the measurement principles.
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)http://www.fasb.org/
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)http://www.iasb.org/
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
The Building Blocks of AccountingThe Building Blocks of Accounting
Accounting Standards
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Cost Principle (Historical) – dictates that companies record
assets at their cost.
Issues:
Reported at cost when purchased and also over the time the
asset is held.
Cost easily verified, market value is often subjective.
Fair value information may be more useful.
The Building Blocks of AccountingThe Building Blocks of Accounting
Measurement Principles
SO 4 Explain accounting standards and the measurement principles.
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Fair Value Principle – indicates that assets and liabilities should
be reported at fair value.
In determining which measurement principle to use, companies
weigh the factual nature of cost figures versus the relevance of
fair value.
Only in situations where assets are actively traded, such as
investment securities, is the fair value principle applied.
The Building Blocks of AccountingThe Building Blocks of Accounting
Measurement Principles
SO 4 Explain accounting standards and the measurement principles.
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STANDARD AKUNTANSI & AUDITING
USA
GAAP
GAAS
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Pilar Standar Akuntansi Keuangan INDONESIA
IFRS •International Financial Reporting Standards
ETAP •Entitas Tanpa Akuntabilitas Publik
SYARIAH •Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Syari’ah
NEGARA •Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah
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Asumptions Monetary unit assumption
Economic entity asumption
Going concern asumption
Mathcing concept asumption
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Monetary Unit Assumption – include in the accounting records
only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money.
Economic Entity Assumption – requires that activities of the
entity be kept separate and distinct from the activities of its
owner and all other economic entities.
Proprietorship.
Partnership.
Corporation.
Forms of Business Ownership
Assumptions
The Building Blocks of AccountingThe Building Blocks of Accounting
SO 5 Explain the monetary unit assumption and the economic entity assumption.
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Badan hukum, Badan Usaha & Non Badan Hukum/Usaha di Indonesia
Badan hukum
Perseroan Terbatas
Yayasan
Koperasi
Badan Hukum Milik Negara (BHMN)
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AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities EquityEquity= +
Provides the underlying framework for recording and summarizing economic events.
Applies to all economic entities regardless of size.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
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AssetsAssets
Provides the underlying framework for recording and summarizing economic events.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
Resources a business owns.
Provide future services or benefits.
Cash, Inventory, Equipment, etc.
Assets
LiabilitiesLiabilities EquityEquity= +
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
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Provides the underlying framework for recording and summarizing economic events.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
Claims against assets (debts and obligations).
Creditors - party to whom money is owed.
Accounts payable, Notes payable, etc.
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Liabilities
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities= + EquityEquity
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Provides the underlying framework for recording and summarizing economic events.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
Ownership claim on total assets.
Referred to as residual equity.
Share capital and retained earnings.
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Equity
AssetsAssets LiabilitiesLiabilities EquityEquity= +
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Revenues result from business activities entered into for the purpose of earning income.
Generally results from selling merchandise, performing services, renting property, and lending money.
Illustration 1-7
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
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Expenses are the cost of assets consumed or services used in the process of earning revenue.
Common expenses are salaries expense, rent expense, utilities expense, tax expense, etc.
Illustration 1-7
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
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Dividends are the distribution of cash or other assets to shareholders.
Reduce retained earnings
Not an expense
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
Illustration 1-7
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Classification
Classify the following items as issuance of
shares, dividends, revenues, or expenses.
Solution on notes page
1. Rent expense
2. Service revenue
3. Dividends
4. Salaries expense
SO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
The Basic Accounting EquationThe Basic Accounting Equation
Then indicate whether each item increases or decreases equity.
Effect on Equity
Expense Decrease
Revenue Increase
Dividends Decrease
Expense Decrease
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SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
Using The Accounting EquationUsing The Accounting Equation
Transaction Analysis
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Transaction (1). Investment by Shareholders. Ray and Barbara Neal decides to open a computer programming service which he names Softbyte. On September 1, 2011, they invest $15,000 cash in exchange for capital shares. The effect of this transaction on the basic equation is:
Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transaction (2). Purchase of Equipment for Cash. Softbyte purchases computer equipment for $7,000 cash.
Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (3). Purchase of Supplies on Credit. Softbyte purchases for $1,600 from Acme Supply Company computer paper and other supplies expected to last several months.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (5). Purchase of Advertising on Credit. Softbyte receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising but postpones payment until a later date.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (4). Services Provided for Cash. Softbyte receives $1,200 cash from customers for programming services it has provided.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (5). Purchase of Advertising on Credit. Softbyte receives a bill for $250 from the Daily News for advertising but postpones payment until a later date.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (6). Services Provided for Cash and Credit. Softbyte provides $3,500 of programming services for customers. The company receives cash of $1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of $2,000 on account.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (7). Payment of Expenses. Softbyte pays the following Expenses in cash for September: store rent $600, salaries of employees $900, and utilities $200.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (8). Payment of Accounts Payable. Softbyte pays its $250 Daily News bill in cash.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (9). Receipt of Cash on Account. Softbyte receives $600 in cash from customers who had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Transaction (10). Dividends. The corporation pays a dividend of $1,300 in cash.
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Transactions AnalysisTransactions Analysis
Summary of TransactionsIllustration 1-10Tabular summary ofSoftbyte transactions
SO 7 Analyze the effects of business transactions on the accounting equation.
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Companies prepare four financial statements from the summarized accounting data:
Companies prepare four financial statements from the summarized accounting data:
Statement of Financial Position
Income Statement
Statement of Cash Flows
Retained Earnings Statement
Financial StatementsFinancial Statements
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Financial StatementsFinancial Statements Income Statement
Reports the revenues and expenses for a specific period of time.
Net income – revenues exceed expenses.
Net loss – expenses exceed revenues.Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Financial StatementsFinancial Statements Net income is needed to determine the ending balance in retained earnings.
Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
SO 8
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Financial StatementsFinancial Statements
Statement indicates the reasons why
retained earnings has increased or
decreased during the period.
Retained Earnings Statement
Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Financial Statements
Financial Statements
The ending balance in retained earnings is needed in preparing the statement of financial position
Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Financial StatementsFinancial Statements Balance Sheet
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
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Financial Statements
Financial Statements
Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
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Financial StatementsFinancial Statements Statement of Cash Flows
Illustration 1-11Financial statements andtheir interrelationships
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Financial StatementsFinancial Statements
Information for a specific period of time.
Answers the following:
1. Where did cash come from?
2. What was cash used for?
3. What was the change in the cash balance?
Statement of Cash Flows
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Which of the following financial statements is prepared as of a specific date?
a. Balance sheet.
b. Income statement.
c. Retained earnings statement.
d. Statement of cash flows.
Which of the following financial statements is prepared as of a specific date?
a. Balance sheet.
b. Income statement.
c. Retained earnings statement.
d. Statement of cash flows.
Financial StatementsFinancial Statements
Review Question
Solution on notes page.
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
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Langkah lengkap accounting process
Data/dokumen analisis jurnal
Buku besar/led
gerNeraca saldo
Jurnal Adjustme
nt
Neraca salado setelah
adjustment
Pelaporan keuangan
Jurnal Closing entris
Neraca saldo
setelah closing entries
Reversing entries
Neraca saldo
setelah reversing
entries
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accounting career opportunities in Indonesia
PROFESI AKUNTANSI
Akuntan publik
Akuntan manjemen
(Private)
Akuntan sektr publik (pemrintah)
Akuntan penddilk
Akuntan syariah
Akuntan pasar modal
Akuntan forensik
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Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean 2015
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Skills bagi Akuntan Publik
63
Technical Skills
Enterpreneurship SkillsLeadership Skills
Managerial/organizational
Skills
Ethical Skills
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Jumlah Anggota Asosiasi Profesi Akuntansi di Negara ASEAN
No Negara Asosiasi 2013
1 Brunei BICPA 56
2 Cambodia KICPAA 284
3 Indonesia IAI (IIA) 14.735
IAPI (IICPA) 1.511
4 Lao PDR (per Des 2011) LICPA 172
5 Malaysia MIA 29.654
6 Phillipines PICPA 21.031
7 Singapore ISCA 26.572
8 Thailand FAP 52.805
9 Vietnam VAA 8.000
10 Myanmar MAC & MICPA 1.460
Sumber: ASEAN Federation of Accountant (AFA) Secretariat, Juli 2013
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Mata Ujian CPA
Akuntansi dan Pelaporan Keuangan (APK)
Auditing dan Assurance (AAS)
Lingkungan Bisnis, Hukum Komersial dan Perpajakan
(LBHP)
Akuntansi Manajemen, ManKeu dan Sistem
Informasi (AMSI)
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Durasi Ujian CPA
Durasi ujian secara keseluruhan 14 jam:– AAS 4 jam– APK 4 jam– AMSI 3 jam– LBHP 3 jam
Silabus lengkap silahkan kunjungi: www.iapi.or.id, www.cpaindonesia.or.id
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Test CentersKODE
TEST CENTER
TEST CENTER ALAMAT KOTA
IO11Q INSTITUT AKUNTAN PUBLIK INDONESIA (IAPI) PERKANTORAN OFFICE 8, LANTAI 12, JL. SENOPATI RAYA NO. 8B JAKARTA
IO4 PT EXECUTRAIN NUSANTARAJAYA SETIABUDI 2 BUILDING, 6 FL SUITE 606, JL. H.R. RASUNA SAID KAV 62 JAKARTA
IO6 PT IVERSON TECHNOLOGY 9TH FLOOR CHASE PLAZA, JL JEND SUDIRMAN KAV 21 JAKARTA
IO64 ASABA EBENEZER BUILDING 3RD FLOOR JL.SETIABUDI SELATAN NO.1 JAKARTA
IO10 PT. ACTIVINDO SYSTEM INFORMATIKA WISMA NUGRAHA SANTANA 2FL SUITE 203, JL JEND SUDIRMAN KAV 7-8 JAKARTA
IO80 TELKOM PDC Jl BELITUNG NO. 7 BANDUNG
IO11 EBIZ EDUCATION ENTERPRISE AMD CENTER, JL. PUCANG ANOM TIMUR Nomor 23 SURABAYA
IO11W SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU EKONOMI INDONESIA (STIESIA) JL. MENUR PUMPUNGAN NO.30 SURABAYA
IO12A FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA (FE-UII) Jl. RINGROAD UTARA, CONDONG CATUR YOGYAKARTA
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Pengelolaan AP dan Staf KAP
CPAS1/S2/S3/D4 akuntansi
Program Pengmbangan
Professional bagi staf KAP
Universitas Kantor Akuntan Publik
•Izin AP•CPD/ CPE
Usia 22 – 23 tahun
Usia > 30 tahun
Gap waktu AP/CPA member IAPI
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Certified Public
Accountant of Indonesia
(CPA)
(Level IES8)
Certified Profesional Accountant
(CPACC)
(Level IES 6)
Certified Accountant
(CACC)
Izin Akuntan
Publik
STL UPAP sesuai UU AP
•Foundation Level•Associate Member
•D4/S1/S2 Akuntansi•Masa kerja 0 – 3 tahun•Staf KAP junior level
•Professional Level•Full Member
•S1 akuntansi/D4•Masa kerja ≥3 tahun•Staf KAP senior level
•Professional Level•Full Member
•S1 akuntansi/D4•Pengalaman kerja 1500 jam Auditing
•Staf KAP senior level•Partner
Entry Level
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Rencana Program Sertifikasi di IAPI
– LEVEL REKAN PERIKATAN (enggagement partner), yaitu sertifikasi yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sertifikat tanda lulus ujian profesi akuntan publik sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2011 tentang Akuntan Publik;
– LEVEL PROFESIONAL, yaitu sertifikasi yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sertifikat kompetensi sebagai seorang profesional di bidang akuntansi dan auditing yang akan menjalankan peran sebagai auditor pada kantor akuntan publik atau peran lain yang relevan;
– LEVEL SPESIALISASI, yaitu sertifikasi yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sertifikat kompetensi pada bidang spesifik tertentu yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan peran khusus sebagai auditor pada kantor akuntan publik atau peran lainnya.
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Manual Mengunduh Contoh-contoh
Soal Ujian CPA
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Menemukan contoh soal & jawaban Ujian CPA
• Buka website www.iapi.or.id• Lihat di “home” di bagian kanan ada contoh
Soal Ujian CPA;• Mata Ujian yang akan dipilih;• File dapat diunduh (di download)) dalam
format pdf.
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TAMPILAN COVER AAS dan AMSI
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TAMPILAN COVER
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