P2 Penggunaan komputer dalam pasar internasional & implikasi etika dari TI.ppt

7/30/2019 P2 Penggunaan komputer dalam pasar internasional & implikasi etika dari TI.ppt

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Computer Use in anInternational Marketplace


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Parent company and group ofsubsidiaries

Operates across Products

Markets

Nations Cultures


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Geography

Goals

Policies Procedures


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Influenced by internal and externalconditions

Seeks to minimize environmentaluncertainty Uncertainty - Difference between information

required and information possessed

Requires good use of informationtechnology to achieve desiredperformance


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Each structure requires its own informationprocessor

Worldwide functional divisions

Organized along functional lines Marketing in subsidiary reports to marketing in

parent company

Strategic planning done at top executive level

Data that integrates operations does not exist atlower levels


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International regions

International division separate from domesticdivision

Geographic regions Each region responsible for its subsidiaries

No communication between regions

Communication coordinated by parent company


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Worldwide product divisions

Product division responsible for

operations worldwideHelps recognize product specific

needs


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Greater need than domestic companies

Companies unable to gain strategic control of

their worldwide operations and manage them ina globally coordinated manner will not succeedin the emerging international economy

Resources are widely distributed


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Improvements in informationtechnology and methodology have

made global coordination somewhateasier

Still, coordination is big challenge


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Flexibility in responding to competitors

Ability to respond in one country to a change

in another Ability to keep abreast of market needs

around the world

Ability to transfer knowledge between unitsin different countries


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Reduced overall costs of operation

Increased efficiency and effectiveness in meeting

customer needs Ability to achieve and maintain diversity in

firms products, their production, anddistribution


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Multinational strategy

Global strategy

International strategy Transnational strategy

All use global information systems

(GISs) in various ways


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Joint resources

Flexible operations

Rationalized operations

Risk reduction

Global products

Scarce supplies

Corporate customers


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All GBDs do not apply to all MCNs

Drivers have many influences

Industry

Country Own characteristics

Business units within firm

Provide vehicle for mapping out SPIR


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Politically imposed constraints

Hardware purchases and imports

Data processing

Data communications

Trans border data flows (TDF)

Operational data

Personal data

Electronic funds transfer

Technical and scientific data


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Technological problems

Unreliable power

Slow telecommunications Software copyrights and blackmarket

products

Lack of support from subsidiary managers

View corporate office as an outsider Drag heels to improve local profitability


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Multinational strategy

Development teams derived from subsidiaries

Global strategy

Development teams derived from parent location


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International

Development teams can travel from parent tosubsidiaries

Transnational strategy

Development team includes members from bothparent and subsidiaries


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Link the GIS to business strategy Define the information resources

Provide for data sharing

Consider the cultural environment

Caution: the tasks and issues listed above are issues to be

addressed, not steps to always be followed in strict sequence


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Group Support Systems (GSS) in Africa Top management influences

Computing literacy

Referent power

Oral communication preference

Satisfaction with use


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Systems that typically support problem solversmeeting in groups settings

Also called group decision support systems

(GDSS) An expansion of the DSS area


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Endorsement

by Top

Management

Satisfaction

with Use

Oral

Communication

Preference

Referent

Power

Computer

Literacy

Acceptance

of GSS

+

+

+

- -


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Strategic Decision Support System (SDS) inSwitzerland

SDS helps managers understand businessstrategy and its implications

Tools and models

Cases

Tutorials Applications


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Great deal of attention given to GIS in pastfew years

GIS built on solid foundation Cultural differences can influence computer

work

A better understanding of GIS is required


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Ethical Implications of

Information Technology


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Morals Traditions of right and wrong

Ethics Suite of guiding beliefs, standards, or ideals that

promote an individual or community Laws

Formal rules of conduct that a sovereignauthority imposes on its citizens


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Software that is illegally copied and then usedor sold

35% in U.S.

92% in Japan 99% in Thailand

Some cultures encourage sharing


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Corporate credo Succinct statement of values a firm seeks to

uphold

Ethics programs

System of multiple activities designed to provideemployees with direction in carrying outcorporate credo

Tailored corporate codes

Codes of ethics for a particular organization orindustry


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2. Establish

ethics

programs

3. Establish

corporate

ethics code

1. Establishcorporate

credo

Top-level Management

Imposes the Ethics Culture

In a Top-down Manner

An Ethics

Culture


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Commitment to customer:

The first commitment is to provide our customers with

quality products and services that are innovative and

technologically responsive to their current requirementsat appropriate prices. To perform these tasks with integrity

requires that we maintain confidentiality and protect

customer privacy, promote customer satisfaction, and

serve customer needs. We strive to serve qualifiedcustomers and industries that are socially responsible

according to broadly accepted community and company

standards.


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Internal auditor meets with a manager for thepurpose of learning how the managers unit iscarrying out the corporate credo


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Analysis of the nature and social impact of

computer technology as well as

corresponding formulation and justificationof policies for the ethical use of suchtechnology


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CIO holds primary responsibility

CIO Must:

Be aware of how the computer is affecting society

Do something about this by formulating policies toensure technology is being used in the right way

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Logical malleability Ability to program computer to do anything you

want it to do

The transformation factor

Computers can change the way things are done

The invisibility factor

Invisible programming

Invisible complex calculations Invisible abuse

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Right to computer access

Right to computer skills

Right to computer specialists Right to computer decision making

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Right to privacy

Right to accuracy

Right to property

Right to access

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Perceptions of the CIOs Ethics

Do not take advantage of opportunities to actunethically

Ethics breeds success Firms and managers have social responsibilities

Managers back up their ethics beliefs with action

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Office of

theCIO

Laws

Corporateethics culture

Socialpressure

Professionalcodes of ethics

Personalpressures


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1. Formulate a code of conduct.

2. Establish rules of procedure relating to suchissues as personal use of computer services

and proprietary rights to computerprograms and data.

3. Make clear the sanctions that will be taken

against offenders-such as reprimands,termination, and civil action.

4. Recognize ethical behavior.


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5. Focus attention on ethics by means of suchprograms as training sessions and requiredreading.

6. Promote computer crime laws by keepingemployees informed.

7. Keep a formal record that establishesaccountability of each information specialistfor her or his actions, and also minimizes thetemptations for violations by means of suchprograms as ethics audits.


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8. Encourage the use of rehabilitation programsthat treat ethics violators in the same way

that corporations show concern for therecovery of alcoholics or drug offenders.

9. Encourage participation in professionalsocieties.

10. Set an example.


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Severe social problems exist becausegovernment and business organizations havefailed to uphold the highest ethical standards

in computer use Invasion of privacy

Software piracy

CIOs can make a difference


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Conduct all activities in a manner thatprecludes any form of dishonesty

Avoid any act that compromises integrity Avoid any act that might create a dangerous

situation

Not use alcohol or drugs while at work


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Maintain courteous and professionalrelations with users, associates, and

supervisors Adhere to the no-solicitation rule and any

other employment policy


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Protect confidentiality of sensitiveinformation about the organizations

competitive position, trade secrets, or assets Exercise sound business practice in the

management of such company resourcessuch as personnel, computer use, outside

services, travel, and entertainment

P2 Penggunaan komputer dalam pasar internasional & implikasi etika dari TI.ppt

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