R 2a

W ih W2 h 1a d2

R 1a d1 a W2 g/a.

W1 F ih h2

h 1a h3

R fr l 1 R rr F R sr

L 1 L2

W f W r Ws

ludoM edoK

.KGM OTO 2 62 - 20

YNU kinkeT satlukaF fitomotO kinkeT nakididneP nasuruJ

KAJEJ AYAG NAARADNEK

: nusuyneP

.T.M ,.dP.M ,ibutraM

fitomotO kinkeT nakididneP nasuruJ KINKET SATLUKAF

ATRAKAYGOY IREGEN SATISREVINU 4002

2

RATNAGNEP ATAK

luduj nagned ludoM kajeJ ayaG naaradneK naudnap iagabes nakanugid ini

aigek malad :utiay ,isnetepmok utas halas kutnebmem kutnu hailuk nat

nad imahameM tapad malad naaradnek kareg naamasrep pesnok nakanuggnem

.naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayag nakutnenem kutnu nakanugid tapad ini ludoM

M hailuk atresep aumes naaradneK kareG akinake es id I retsem V margorP adap

.atrakaygoY iregeN satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF fitomotO kinkeT idutS

nakijasid ini ludom adaP pesnok - rasad pesnok nad kareg naamasreP gnatnet

ayag - mumiskam kajej ayag nakutnenem arac iapmas naaradnek adap raul ayag

naaradnek iatresid gnay hotnoc - aynnaiaseleynep atreseb laos hotnoc nahital nad -

nahital .aynulrepes sata iridret ini ludoM aud .rajaleb nataigek 1 rajaleb nataigeK

nataigeK ,gnapmunep naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayaG :gnatnet sahabmem

yaG :gnatnet sahabmem 2 rajaleb mumiskam kajej a rotcart - relliartimes .

awsisaham makparahid ,hadum nagned ini ludom irajalepmem asib kutnU

ihunemem gnay lawa isnetepmok ikilimem halet sisilana pesnok gnatnet amaturet ,

iroet aguj nad nemom pesnok ,nanabebmep gnatnet sitametam nagnabmitesek

.adneb

,atrakaygoY iluJ 4002

nusuyneP

.T.M ,.dP.M ,ibutraM

3

LUDOM ISI RATFAD

namalaH

LUPMAS NAMALAH ........................ ...... .................................................... 1

TNAGNEP ATAK RA ................................ ....... ............................................. 2

ISI RATFAD ..................................................... ......... ..... ............................... 3

YRASSOLG / NAHALITSIREP ......................... ....... ....... ............................. 5

NAULUHADNEP . I ........................................................... ....... ...................... 6

.................................................................... luduJ ispirkseD .A .......... ........... 6

..................................................................................... taraysarP .B ............... 6

....................................................... ludoM naanuggneP kujnuteP .C .......... ... 7

nuteP .1 ........................................................ awsisaham igab kuj ........... .. 7

.................................................. ............ nesod igab kujnuteP .2 ........... ... 7

.......................... rihkA naujuT .D .................................................... ......... .... 8

.................................................................................. isnetepmoK .E ............ 8

................................................. naupmameK keC .F ........................ .......... .. . . 01

NARAJALEBMEP .II ........................................................................... ...... .. 11

...................................................... awsisahaM rajaleB anacneR .A ........... .. 11

.......................................................................... rajaleB nataigeK .B .......... .. 11 1 rajaleB nataigeK . 1 : naaradneK mumiskaM kajeJ ayaG

.. gnapmuneP .......... .................................. ............ . 11

rajaleb nataigek naujuT .a 1 ................................................. .......... ... . 11

iretam naiarU .b 1 .................................................................. ......... .... . 21

.c namukgnaR 1 ................................................................... ......... ..... . 17

saguT .d 1 ............................................................................ .......... ...... 18

fitamrof seT .e 1 ................................ ...................................... .......... .. 18

fitamrof set bawaj icnuK .f 1 ............................................. ... ........ .... 18

4

namalaH

2 rajaleB nataigeK . 2 : mumiskaM kajeJ ayaG

rotcarT - reliartimeS ... .. ........... ......................... ........ 19

rajaleb nataigek naujuT .a 2 ............................. ........... ....................... 19

iretam naiarU .b 2 ........................................ .................. .......... ............ 19

namukgnaR .c 2 .................................................................... ........... .... 25

saguT .d 2 ........................................................................ ........... ......... 26

.e fitamrof seT 2 ................................................................. .......... ....... 26

fitamrof set bawaj icnuK .f 2 .............................................. ... ........ ... 27

ISAULAVE .III ............................... ................................................... ....... ... 28

.......................................................................... naaynatreP .A ............ ...... 28

................................................. nabawaJ icnuK .B . .......... ......................... 29

....................................................... nasululeK airetirK .C ........... ............... 29

PUTUNEP .VI ................................................................................. ..... ... ...... 03

AKATSUP RATFAD ........................................................................ ....... ... 13

5

/ NAHALITSIREP YRASSOLG

simanidoreA natabmaH naped naigab adap ajrekeb gnay nigna natabmah halada :

( libom .)naaradnek

rab ward natabmaH gnakaleb naigab adap ajrekeb gnay nigna natabmah halada :

.)naaradnek( libom

tniop hctiH aratna nagnubmas tapmet kitit halada : rotcart nagned reliartimes .

isehda neisifeoK ah aynada nakkujnunem gnay naraseb haubes halada : natabm

.nalaj naakumrep nagned libom nab ratatna iranem kirat ayag tabika

epolS .tual ria naakumrep nakgnidnabid nalaj nagnirimek tudus halada :

rotcarT - reliartimes aratna isanibmok nakapurem gnay naaradnek sinej halada :

haubes rotcart kareggnep iagabes nad reliartimes .nataum tapmet iagabes

esab leehW gnakaleb ador ubmus nagned naped ador ubmus aratna karaj halada :

.surul isisop adap libom haubes

6

BAB I

NAULUHADNEP

ispirkseD .A

ludujreb gnay ludoM naaradneK kajeJ ayaG mem ini aparebeb sahab

kareggnep aganet naanacnerep metsis nagned tiakret gnay rasad pesnok

: itupilem ini ludom malad irajalepid gnay iretam napukac nupadA .naaradnek

kajej ayaG )2( nad ,gnapmunep naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayaG )1(

mumiskam rotcart - reliartimes ,

1 rajaleb nataigeK : utiay ,rajaleb nataigek aud sata iridret ini ludoM

nad ,gnapmunep naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayaG :gnatnet sahabmem

mumiskam kajej ayaG :gnatnet sahabmem 2 rajaleb nataigeK rotcart -

relliartimes leb nataigek paites adaP . hotnoc nagned ipakgnelid ulales raja

nahital atreseb aynnasahabmep nad laos - nad fitamrof set ,sagut/nahital

isnetepmok iapacnem malad awsisaham utnabmem kutnu aynulrepes isaulave

.nakparahid gnay

k araces ini ludom irajalepmem iaseles haleteS awsisaham nahurulese

nakparahid nad imahameM tapad kareg naamasrep pesnok nakanuggnem

.naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayag nakutnenem malad naaradnek

taraysarP .B

kinkeT nakididneP nasuruJ awsisaham igab ludom nakapurem ini ludoM

fitomotO iretam isireb gnay ,3D nupuam 1S gnajneJ - uata namaladnep iretam

hailukatam irad naayagnep - gnay fitomoto gnadib id nailhaek hailukatam

hailukatam ipatet ,aynmulebes irajalepid hadus aynsurahes - hailukatam

lepmem kutnu taraysarp iagabes itrareb kadit tubesret nagneD .ini ludom iraja

iretam naikimed - nakapurem naka ini ludom isi nagned tiakret gnay iretam

gnay isnetepmok iapacnem akgnar malad gnitnep tagnas gnay gnajnunep

.nakparahid

7

ludoM naanuggneP kujnuteP .C

awsisahaM igab kujnuteP .1

gA malad akam ,lamiskam gnay rajaleb lisah helorepid ra

nad ,nakitahrepid ulrep gnay rudesorp aparebeb ada ini ludom nakanuggnem

: nial aratna nakanaskalid

pesnok naiaru amaskes nagned imahaf nad halacaB .a - gnay sitiroet pesnok

mek ,ini ludom adap nakijasid pesnok naparenep alup imahaf naidu -

hotnoc malad tubesret pesnok - .aynnaiaseleynep arac atreseb laos hotnoc

asib muleb nad salej gnaruk gnay iretam ada hisam askapret aliB

nesod adapek nakaynanem tapad awsisaham arap kiab nagned imahafid

aigek upmagnem gnay .nahailukrep nat

ini lah ,iridnam araces )nahital laos( sagut paites nakajrek aboC .b

halet gnay namahamep raseb aparebes iuhategnem kutnu nakduskamid

iretam padahret awsisaham paites ikilimid - adap sahabid gnay iretam

.rajaleb nataigek paites

ad alibapA .c adap iretam iasaugnem muleb awsisaham aynnaataynek mal

igal nakajregnem nad acabmem igal ignalu aboc ,nakparahid gnay level

nahital - gnay nesod adapek halaynatreb ulrep ualak nad aynnahital

gnay iretam ualaK .natukgnasreb gnay nahailukrep nataigek upmagnem

naknikay akam )taraysarp( lawa namahamep nakulremem natukgnasreb

raneb duskamid gnay taraysarp awhab - .ihunepid hadus raneb

nesoD igab kujnuteP .2

: kutnu narep nad sagut iaynupmem nesod ,nahailukrep paites malaD

a. m malad awsisaham utnabmeM .rajaleb sesorp nakanacnere

b. sagut iulalem awsisaham gnibmibmeM - nahital uata sagut - gnay nahital

.rajaleb bahat malad naksalejid

c. bawajnem nad urab pesnok imahamem malad awsisaham utnabmeM

.nakulrepid alibapa awsisaham naaynatrep

8

d. gnem kutnu awsisaham utnabmeM gnay nial rajaleb rebmus seska

.nakulrepid

e. .nakulrepid akij kopmolek rajaleb nataigek risinagrogneM

f. .nakulrepid akij gnipmadnep nesod/ilha gnaroes nakanacnereM

g. gnay awsisaham isnetepmok naiapacnep padahret isaulave nakadagneM

.nakutnetid halet

naujuT .D rihkA

ini ludom malad rajaleb nataigek iretam hurules irajalepmem haleteS

: nakparahid awsisaham

1 nabeb naruta nad tafis ,pesnok nakanuggnem tapad nad imahameM .

nahacemep malad gnapmunep naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayag / nalaj

.gnapmunep naaradnek kareggnep metsis naanacnerep halasam

tapad nad imahameM .2 / nalaj nabeb naruta nad tafis ,pesnok nakanuggnem

mumiskam kajej ayag rotcart - reliartimes halasam nahacemep malad

naaradnek kareggnep metsis naanacnerep rotcart - iartimes .rel

.

isnetepmoK .E

622 OTO.KGM ludoM - isnetepmok kutnebmem akgnar malad nususid ini 20

nad imahameM tapad naaradnek kareg naamasrep pesnok nakanuggnem

.naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayag nakutnenem malad

lret ,tubesret isnetepmok iapacnem kutnU bus iapacid tapad surah uluhad hibe -

nagned rajaleb pukgnil iulalem aynajrek kujnu airetirk atreseb isnetepmok bus

: tukireb iagabes narajalebmep kokop iretam

9

buSisnetepmoK

airetirK ajreK kujnU

pukgniLrajaleB

narajalebmeP kokoP iretaM

pakiS egneP nauhat nalipmarteK

imahameM

gnem nad - nakanug

pesnok naamasrep

kareg naaradnek

maladutnenem - nak

kajej ayag mumiskam. naaradnek

rep pesnoK .1 -

kareg naamasayag nad - ayag

naaradnek raul gnapmunep

nagned imahafid iauses raneb

iroet lamron nabeB .2

paites adaparadnek sorop -

gnapmunep na nagned gnutihid

iauses raneb.iroet

kajej ayaG .3 mumiskam

naaradnek gnapmunep

nagned gnutihid iauses raneb

.iroet pesnoK .4

kareg naamasrepayag nad - ayag

naaradnek raul isanibmok

rotcart - imesreliart imahafid

d raneb nagne.iroet iauses

lamron nabeB .5 sorop adap

reliartimes nagned gnutihid

iauses raneb.iroet

adap ayaG .6 hctihtniop gnutihid

raneb nagned.iroet iauses

adap nabeB .7 hctihtniop gnutihid

raneb nagned.iroet iauses

lamron nabeB .8 sorop adap

gnakaleb rotcart nagned gnutihid

iauses raneb.iroet

kajej ayaG .9 mumiskam

naaradnek isanibmok

rotcart - imes reliart gnutihid

raneb nagned.iroet iauses

pesnoK .1

naamasrep nad kareg

raul ayag naaradnek

.gnapmunep

lamron nabeB .2 sorop adap

aradnek nagnapmunep

kajej ayaG .3

mumiskam naaradnekgnapmunep

pesnoK .4

naamasrep nad kareg

raul ayag naaradnek

.gnapmunep

lamron nabeB .5 sorop adap

reliartimes adap ayaG .6

tniop hctih adap nabeB .7

tniop hctih lamron nabeB .8

sorop adapb gnakale

rotcart kajej ayaG .9

mumiskamrotcart - imesreliart

itilet ,sitirK

tamrec nad malad

silunem gnabmal

alem nad -rep nakuk -.nagnutih

pesnoK .1

naamasrep kareg

naaradnek.gnapmunep

lamron nabeB .2

sorop adap naaradnekgnapmunep

.3 kajej ayaG

mumiskam naaradnekgnapmunep

pesnoK .4

naamasrep nad kareg

raul ayag naaradnek

.gnapmunep

lamron nabeB .5 sorop adap

reliartimes adap ayaG .6

tniop hctih adap nabeB .7

tniop hctih lamron nabeB .8

sorop adap gnakaleb

rotcart kajej ayaG .9

mumiskamrotcart - imesreliart

gnutihgneM

nagned nad rudesorp

gnay lisahraneb

01

naupmameK keC .F

622 OTO.KGM ludoM irajalepmem mulebeS adnat nagned halisi ,ini 20

( kec id halet gnay isnetepmok nakkujnunem gnay naaynatrep ) helo ikilim: nakbawajgnuggnatrepid tapad nad rujuj nagned awsisaham paites

buS

isnetepmoK naaynatreP

nabawaJ aY nabawaJ aliB nakajreK aY kadiT

imahameM

nad tapad anuggnem - nak

pesnok naamasrep

kareg naaradnek

malad nakutnenem

kajej ayagumiskam m

.naaradnek

.1 imahamem ayaS naamasrep pesnok

ayag nad kareg - gnay raul ayag .gnapmunep naaradnek adap ajrekeb

1 fitamroF seT

.3 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS lamron nabeb

gnapmunep naaradnek sorop paites adap

1 fitamroF seT

.4 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS kajej ayag

napmunep naaradnek mumiskam g

1 fitamroF seT

.5 k imahamem ayaS naamasrep pesno

ayag kareg - gnay raul ayag isanibmok naaradnek adap ajrekeb

rotcart - reliart mes

2 fitamroF seT

6 . gnutihgnem tapad ayaS lamron nabeb

sorop adap reliartimes

2 fitamroF seT

.7 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS adap ayag hctih

tniop rotcart - reliartimes

2 fitamroF seT

.8 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS adap nabeb hctih

tniop rotcart - reliartimes

2 fitamroF seT

.9 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS lamron nabeb

gnakaleb sorop adap rotcart

2 fitamroF seT

.01 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS kajej ayag

adap mumiskam rotcart - .reliart imes

2 fitamroF seT

bawajnem awsisaham alibapA kadiT akam ini ludom irajalep

bawajid gnay iretam iauses kadiT .tubesret

11

BAB II

NARAJALEBMEP

awsisahaM rajaleB anacneR .A

nad ini hawab id lebat isignem nagned rajaleb nataigek anacner haltauB

jaleb nataigek haletes nesod adapek itkub halatnim .iaseles ra

nataigeK sineJ laggnaT utkaW tapmeT rajaleB nasalAnahabureP

faraPnesoD

nad kareg naamasrep pesnoK .1 ajrekeb gnay raul ayag

gnapmunep naaradnek adap

sorop adap lamron nabeB .2 .gnapmunep naaradnek

.3 adap mumiskam kajej ayaGgnapmunep naaradnek

.4 nad kareg naamasrep pesnoK raul ayag adap rotcart -

reliart imes .

adap lamron nabeB .5 rotcart - reliartimes .

adap ayaG .6 .tniop hctih

.7 ap lamron nabeB sorop ad gnakaleb .rotcart

8 . mumiskam kajej ayaG rotcart - reliartimes

.rajaleB nataigeK .B

: 1 rajaleB nataigeK .1 mumiskaM kajeJ ayaG gnapmuneP naaradneK

: 1 rajaleB nataigeK naujuT .a

)1 . naaradnek adap ajrekeb gnay raul ayag isakifitnedigneM

gnapmunep .

)2 . .gnapmunep naaradnek sorop adap lamron nabeb nakutneneM

.)3 mumiskam kajej ayag nakutneneM gnapmunep naaradnek adap

21

: 1 iretaM naiarU .b

.)1 nauluhadneP

kareG akinakeM gnatnet huaj hibel irajalepmem kutnU

naupmamek kitsiretkarak iuhategnem nigni akij amaturet ,naaradneK

iuhatekid ulrep amatrep gnay akam ,naaradnek anug ayad uata

aaradnek naupmamek anamiagab halada nakukalem tubesret n

iagabreb isatagnem aynnaupmamek nad ) natapecrep( isareleska

.aynkajej ayag atres isairavreb gnay nalaj id nakareg natabmah

nataigek adap akam ,tubesret nagnitnepek nagned nagnubuheS

ab salej araces nakiaruid naka ini rajaleb gnutihgnem anamiag

naaradnek aynsusuhk naaradnek adap mumiskam kajej ayag aynraseb

naijak iatresid ajas utnet ,) gnapmunep naradnek( sorop aud naijak

.tubesret kajej ayag nagnutihrep irasadnem gnay

2) . kareG namasreP

ayaG - naaradnek adap ajrekeb gnay amatu raul ayag

kapmat 1 rabmag iraD . 1 rabmaG adap tahilid tapad gnapmunep

ayag naaradnek )lanidutignol( gnajnamem hara adap awhab - ayag

t :itupilam tubesret R( akimanidorea nanaha a ador gnidnileg nanahat ,)

Y

R a X

a h a nisW T R d

g/a.W h

R fr BF f h d

l1 l2 Rrr A Fr

T socW T

Wf L W Wr 1 rabmaG

31

R( naped fr R ( gnakaleb ador gnidnileg nanahat ,) rr nabeb ,) rabward

R( d R nakajnat nanahat , ) g nis W uata ( T ayag nad ,) - adap kajej ayagF( naped ador f F( gnakaleb ador nad ) r .)

F agrah naped ador kareggnep nagned naaradnek kutnU r lon halada

F gnakaleb ador kareggnep kutnu aynkilabes f . lon agrahreb

adap ukalreb gnay kareg naamasrep nupadA gnajnamem ubmus

: halada ) X ( naaradnek

d2 a.W x m ------ = ------ F = f F + r R a R rf R rr R d R g

td 2 g

d2 x ini lah malad ------ ,naaradnek reinil natapecrep halada a uata

td 2

isatifarg natapecrep halada g nakgnades gnisam W nad m ,imub -

.naaradnek tareb nad assam halada gnisam

id naamasrep akam aisreni ayag pesnok nakkusamem nagneD

: idajnem silutid tapad sata

Ff F + r R( a R + rf R + rr R + d R + g 0 = ) g/a.W +

F akiJ f F + r = R nad F rf R + rr R = r akam : helorepid

R = F a R + r + R d R + g g/a.W +

adap mumiskam kajej ayag nakutnenem kutnu aynranebeS

utiay ,uajnitid ulrep gnay rotkaf aud ada gnapmunep naaradnek

gned nab isehda neisifeok: amatrep adap lamron nabeb/ayag ,nalaj na

sorop - kitsiretkarak : halada audek nad ,naaradnek sorop

audek rotkaf numan naaradnek isimsnart nad aganet naanacnerep

.aynnasahabmep ulud nakhuggnatid

3 gnapmuneP naaradneK soroP adap lamroN nabeB .)

kutnU kutnu nakulrepid gnay mumiskam kajej ayag iskiderpmem

iuhatekid hadus surah uluhad hibelret akam naaradnek naknalajnem

ayag - sorop paites helo nahatid gnay lamron nabeb uata ayag

gnutihid tapad naaradnek sorop adap lamron nabeB .naaradnek

41

kitahrepmem nagned audek katnok kitit adap ajrekeb gnay nemom na

.) B nad A kitit ( nalaj nagned nab

( A kitit id nemoM MA ) 0 =

Wf L. l.W 2 soc. T R + a h . a R + h.)g/a.W( + d h. d + nis.h.W T 0 = l.W 2 soc. T Ra h . a h.)g/a.W( Rd h. d + nis.h.W T Wf = --------------------------- ------------------------- ------------

L

aT ( adn nis h.W adap nakirebid ) T ,kajnanem naaradnek akitek.nurunem akij ) + ( adnat aynkilabes

B kitit id nemom kutnu amas gnay arac nagned ayntujnaleS

W aynraseb nakutnenem kutnu naamasrep helorepid r :

B kitit id nemoM ( MB ) 0 =

Wr L. l.W 1 soc. T Ra h . a h.)g/a.W( Rd h. d + nis.h.W T 0 = l.W 1 soc. T R + a h . a R + h.)g/a.W( + d h. d + nis.h.W T Wr = ---------------- ----------- ------------------------- ------------

L

nis.h.W adap nakirebid )+( adnat ini sumur adaP T naaradnek akitek ( adnat aynkilabes ,kajnanem .nurunem akij )

libom akiJ ( ratadnem nalaj adap nalajreb T agrah akam ) 0 = soc T nis nad 1 = T agrah aynasaib gnapmunep naaradnek kutnU .0 =

h irad a h nad d h( h itakednem a h d sata id naamasrep akam ,) h

: idajnem nakanahredesid tapad

l .W 2 h a.w W f = -- --- -- ---- R ( a + ---- R + d )

g L L

l .W 1 a.w h W r = -- -- -- + ---- R ( a + ---- R + d )

g L L

R = F awhab aynmulebes iuhatekid haleT a R + r + R d R + g g/a.W +

R ratadnem nalaj kutnU g R = F akam 0 = a R + r + R d g/a.W +

W adap F isutitsbus nagneD f W nad r nabeb aynraseb tapadid akam

kutnu( gnapmunep naaradnek sorop paites adap lamron nalaj

: halada ) ratadnem

51

l .W 2 h W f = ------- ---- F ( Rr )

L L

l .W 1 h W r = ------ + ---- F ( Rr )

L L

4 kajeJ ayaG .) M :naaradneK mumiska

nagned ador aynkatnok tabika helorepid tapad gnay kajej ayaG

( hanat dnuorg )hanat( nalaj irad isehda neisifeok helo nakutnetid )

:akam ,naaradnek nab nagned

ed naaradnek kutnU :)BRP( gnakaleb ador karegnep metsis nagn W l1 h

F am sk = P W. r = P ---- + ---- ( F skam Rr ) L L

R aneraK r f = r : helorep id akam W.

: ini lah malaD

P .nalaj nagned nab isehda neisifeok = f r .naaradnek ador gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok =

: )DRP( naped ador kareggnep nagned naaradnek kutnU

W l 2 h F am sk = P W. f = P ---- ---- ( F skam Rr )

L L

: helorep id aynrihkA

l : kajnanem nalaj kutnU 2 l2 soc

P 1( W. 1 fr ) h. Fr-m ska = --------- ------------- ---- -

L P h

P 1( W. 2 f + r ) h. Ff- skam = -----------------------

L + P h

61

laos hotnoC :

k haubeS iaynupmem )sorop aud( gnapmunep naaradne esab leehw =

nad naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 001 adareb ayntareb tasup ,mc 062

Nk 51= naaradnek tareB .ratad nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 06

nalaj isehda neisifeok nad 8,0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok nagned

nagned metsis nakanuggnem tubesret naaradneK .7,0 = nab

:halnakutneT .naped ador kareggnep

.naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayaG .)a

.naaradnek sorop audek helo atiredid gnay lamron nabeB .)b

ador kareggnep metsis nagned tubesret naaradnek lasiM .)c

algnutih ,gnakaleb .aynmumiskam kajej ayag h

naiaseleyneP :

iuhatekiD adoR kareggneP nagned gnapmunep naaradnek haubeS :

.ratad nalaj sata id nalajreb )DRP( napeD

= L mc 062 Nk 51 = W

l1 l mc 001 = 2 L = l1 062 = mc 061 = 001

f mc 06 = h r nad 8,0 = P 7,0 = iD nakaynat skam F .)a :

b .) W f nad Wr

F .)c skam BRP nagned akij

bawaJ : P W 1( 2 + fr. ) h 51.7,0 ( 06.8,0 + 061 )

F .)a skam = ------------------- = ------------------------- = 7, 32 Nk 2 + L P + 062 h 06 F skam 7, 32 2

W .)b f = --------- = ------- = 01 , 33 1 Nk P

W = rW Wf 51 = = 133,01 k 966,4 N

: gnakaleB adoR kareggneP nakanuggnem libom akiJ .)c

P W. 1( 1 fr. ) h 51.7,0 ( 001 06.8,0 )

F skam = -------------------- = ------------------------- = 505,2 Nk L P 062 h 06

71

.c namukgnaR : 1

yaG .)1 a- : itupilem gnapmunep naaradnek adap ajrekeb gnay raul ayag

R( akimanidorea nanahat a R( naped ador gnidnileg nanahat ,) fr ,)

R ( gnakaleb ador gnidnileg nanahat rr nabeb ,) rabward R( d ,)

R nakajnat nanahat g nis W uata ( T ayag nad ,) - adap kajej ayag adorF( naped f F( gnakaleb ador uata ) r .)

: sumur nagned gnutihid tapad naped sorop adap lamron nabeB .)2

: nurunem/ikadnem nalaj kutnU .)a

l.W 2 soc. T Ra h . a h.)g/a.W( Rd h. d + nis.h.W T Wf = --------------------------------- -- ------------------------------ L

: ratadnem nalaj kutnU .)b

l .W 2 a.w h W f = ------- ---- R ( a + ---- R + d )

g L L

: sumur nagned gnutihid tapd gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeB .)3

: nurunem/ikadnem nalaj kutnU .)a

l.W 1 soc. T R + a h . a R + h.)g/a.W( + d h. d + nis.h.W T Wr = -------------------------------------------------- ---- ------------ L

adnem nalaj kutnU .)b : rat

l .W 1 h W a. W r = ------ + ---- R ( a + ---- R + d )

g L L : sumur nagned gnutihid tapad mumiskam kajej ayaG .)4

F skam = P W . : napeD adoR kareggneP nagned naaradnek kutnU .)a P 1( W. 2 f + r ) h.

F skam = ----------------------- + L P h

: gnakaleB adoR kareggneP nagned naaradnek kutnU .)b P 1( W. 1 fr ) h. F skam = -----------------------

L P h

81

.d saguT 1 :

iaynupmem )sorop aud( gnapmunep libom haubes iuhatekiD leehw

esab gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 59 adareb ayntareb tasup ,mc 012 =

nad nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 56 51 tudus nagned kajnanem 0 tareB .

nad 5,0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok nagned Nk 61= naaradnek

tubesret naaradneK .6,0 = nab nagned nalaj isehda neisifeok

:halnakutneT .gnakaleB ador kareggnep metsis nakanuggnem

jej ayaG .)1 .naaradnek mumiskam ka

.naaradnek sorop audek helo atiredid gnay lamron nabeB .)2

.e fitamrof seT : 1

iaynupmem )sorop aud( gnapmunep naaradnek haubeS esab leehw =

06 nad naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 011 adareb ayntareb tasup ,mc 091

mc nagned Nk 52= naaradnek tareB .ratad nalaj naakumrep sataid

nab nagned nalaj isehda neisifeok nad 3,0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok

.gnakaleb ador kareggnep metsis nakanuggnem tubesret naaradneK .7,0 =

:halnakutneT

.naaradnek mumiskam kajej ayaG .)1

.)2 .naaradnek sorop audek helo atiredid gnay lamron nabeB

kareggnep nakanuggnem akij tubesret libom kajej ayag nakgnidnaB .)3

! anam gnay tauk hibeL ! naped ador

.f icnuK J bawa F seT fitamro : 1

F .)1 skam = 88,01 Nk

W .)2 f = 45,51 Nk Wr = 64,9 Nk

)DRP( napeD adoR kareggneP nagned akiJ .)3 F skam = 7, 3 9 Nk F aneraK skam F > DRP kutnu skam BRP kutnu itrareB tauk hibel nakanuggnem akij naped ador kareggnep .

91

: 2 rajaleB nataigeK .2 mumiskaM kajeJ ayaG rotcarT - iartimeS l re

: 2 rajaleB nataigeK naujuT .a

1 .) isakifitnedigneM adap ajrekeb gnay raul ayag rotcart - reliartimes .

2 .) sorop adap lamron nabeb nakutneneM .reliartimes

3 .) adap ayag/nabeb nakutneneM .tniop hctih

4 .) gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeb nakutneneM .rotcart

5 .) adap mumiskam kajej ayag nakutneneM rotcart - reliartimes .

: 2 iretaM naiarU .b

.)1 nauluhadneP

aynah kadit atik nagnapal id awhab nakujnunem naatayneK

,ajas sorop aud naaradnek uata gnapmunep naaradnek nagned umetreb

aynlasim ,nial gnay naaradnek sinej iapmuj atik aguj kaynab ipatet

.gnarab natukgna naaradnek gnarab natukgna naaradnek kusamreT

halada nanimod gnilap gnay rotcart nad reliart aratna isanibmok uata

rotcart nad reliartimes adap nasahabmep takgnisrepmem kutnU .

kutnu nakhutubid gnay kajej ayag nakiaruid naka ini rajaleb nataigek

aaradnek naknalajnem isanibmok n rotcarT - reliartimeS .

2 .) adap rauL ayaG rotcarT - reliartimeS

adap mumiskam kajej ayag nagnutihreP rotcart - reliartimes naka

adap nagned gnidnabid ayag rusnu naktabilem kaynab hibel

gnapmunep naaradnek ayag nupadA . - ajrekeb gnay amatu raul ayag

adap rotcart - reliartimes . 2 rabmag adap tahilid tapad

tapad ) ratadnem nalaj adap paggnaid naaradnek ( 2 rabmag iraD

ayag awhab iuhatekid - adap ajrekeb gnay raul ayag rotcart - reliartimes

upilem adap simanidorea natabmah :it rotcart nad reliartimes R ( a1

R nad a2 R ( naaradnek ador paites gnidnileg nanahat natabmah ,) fr R , rr ,

R nad rs gnisam naaradnek tareb ayag natabmah ,) - nenopmok gnisam

W( 1 W , 2 W nad ih W( naaradnek aisreni tabika natabmah nad ) 1 a. g/

W nad 2 . ) g/a.

02

R 2a

W ih W2 d2

h a2 W a 2 g/a. Ra 1 d1

W1 F ih h2

h 1a h3

h1

R fr A l 1 l2 Rr r B F Rrs C L1

L2 W f W r Ws

.2 rabmaG

awhab paggnagnem nagneD rotcart nad reliartimes iagabes

adap lamron nabeb akam ,hasipret araces sabeb adneb times reliar

W( S adap latnosiroh nupuam lakitrev nabeb nad ,) tniop hctih F( ih nad

W ih .nakutnetid tapad )

3 .) soroP adap lamroN nabeB reliartimeS

eB gnakaleb sorop adap ajrekeb gnay lamron nab reliartimes akij

naid nalaj : sumur nagned gnutihid tapad ratadnem pagg

W2d 2 R + .2a h 2a h + 2 W. 1 g / a. - F ih . h 3 W s = ----------------------------- - -------------------

L2

h agrah akiJ 2a # h 3 # h2 : idajnem sata id naamasrep akam W 2 d 2 .h 2 W2 a.

W s = -- ---- + ----- R ( 2a + ----- F ih ) L2 L2 g

4 .) adap ayaG ( tnioP hctiH nagnubmaS rotcarT nad ) reliartimes

m nagneD ayag naamasrep libmagne - gnay latnosiroh ayag

adap ayag aynraseb akam ,reliartimes adap ajrekeb tniop hctih tapad

: sumur nagned nakutnetid

12

W 2 a.

F ih R = 2a + ----- f + r sW. g

sumur iraD F ih sata id nakisutitsbusid akij :helorepid sW sumur ek

W 2 d 2 W s = --------------

L 2 f + r h2

5 .) adap nabeB tnioP hctiH ( nagnubmaS rotcarT nad ) reliartimes

ayag naamasrep libmagnem nagneD - gnay lakitrev ayag

adap ajrekeb reliartimes adap nabeb aynraseb akam , tniop hctih tapad

: utiay ,nakutnetid

W ih W + s W = 2

W ih W = 2 Ws W naamasrep nakisutitsbusnem nagneD s W naamasrep adap ih naka

:helorepid

d2 1 akiJ ------------ C = ih : akam W ih C = ih W2 C ih 1 <

L2 f + r h2

6 gnakaleB soroP adap lamroN nabeB .) rotcarT :

awhab paggnagnem nagneD rotcart nad sabeb adneb iagabes

nagned naped ador katnok kitit adap nemom halmuj nakitahrepmem

gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeb akam ,nalaj rotcart tapad

: tukireb iagabes nakutnetid

W111 R + 1a . h 1a h + 1 W. 1 a. F + g / ih h 3 L ( + 1 d1 W ) ih

W r = ------------------------------------------------------------------ L1

d 2 W ih 1 ( = ---------------- W ) 2

L 2 f + r h 2

22

h agrah akij ayntujnaleS 1a # h 3 # h1 W naamasrep akam r : idajnem

W111 R( + 1a W + 1 F + g / a. ih h ) 1 L ( + 1 d1 W ) ih W r = ----------------------------------------------- -----------------

L1

ayaG .)7 J kaje M adap mumiska P soro B gnakale T rotcar

ayag naamasrep nakitahrepmem nagneD - ag gnay latnosiroh ay

adap ajrekeb otcart r gnakaleb sorop adap kajej ayag aynraseb akam ,

rotcat : utiay ,nakutnetid tapad

W1 a. F R = 1a + ----- f + r W( s W + ih F + ) ih g

: halada rotcart gnakaleb sorop adap mumiskam kajej ayaG

F skam = P W . r W nad F naamasrep nakgnubaggnem nagneD r : helorepid sata id

P W [. 1 l 1 h1f r W ( 1 W + ih L( + ) 1 d1 W ) ih L / ] 1 F skam = ------------------------------------------------------------

1 P h. 1 L / 1

W naamasrep nakisutitsbusnem nagneD ih F ek skam :tapadid

P W [. 1 l 1 h 1 f r W ( 1 C + ih W. 2 L ( + ) 1 d1 C ) ih W 2 ] F skam = ------------------------------------------- - --------------------

L1 P h. 1

:laoS hotnoC

naaradnek haubeS rotcart - reliartimes tareb : iaynupmem t rotcar

tareb ,Nk 76 reliartimes ,Nk 762 rotcart esableehw ,mc 183 =

sorop reliratimes gnakaleb sorop gnakaleb id mc 117 adareb

rotcart , tniop hctih adareb sorop naped id mc 16 gnakaleb rotcart

nalaj sata id mc 261 nad ratadnem isatifarg tasuP . otcart r adareb

32

naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 302 rotcart ,nalaj sata id mc 79 nad

tareb tasup gnades reliartimes sorop naped id mc 033 adareb

reliartimes R .nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 871 nad 1a nanahat(

adap kimanidorea rotcart 3,1 = ) Nk mc 051 kitit adap ajrekeb

R ,ratadnem nalaj sataid 2a 2,1 = Nk f aynraseb nad r . 7,0 = P ; 8,0 =ted/m 48,2 = a 2 ted/m 01= g ; 2 : halnakutneT .

sorop adap lamron nabeb aynraseB .)a reliartimes sorop nad

gnakaleb .rotcart

aynraseB .)b adap ayag tniop hctih .

gnakaleb sorop adap mumiskam kajej ayag aynraseB .)c rotcart .

: naiaseleyneP

iuhatekiD isanibmok naaradnek haubeS : rotcart - relirtimes

W 1 l Nk 76 = 1 mc 302 =

W 2 h Nk 762 = 1 mc 79 =

L 1 mc 183 = h 2 mc 871 =

L2 d1 L mc 117 = 2 d2 mc 033 =

R 1a R 3,1 = 2a 2,1 =

d1 = h mc 16 3 mc 261 =

h 1a 7,0 = rf mc 051 =

P ted/m 48,2 = a 8,0 = 2 ted/m 01 = g 2

nakaynatiD W .)a s W nad r

F .)b ih

F .)c skam

bawaJ :

L2 d + 117 = 1 mc 277 = 16 + 117 =

d 2 L = 2 277 = 033 mc 244 = 033

h paggnaiD 2a h nad 3 h itakednem 2

42

: sW gnutihgneM .)a

W2 d2 = sW --------------

L2 f + r h2

244 . 762 = --------------------

871 . 7,0 + 277

= Nk 26,131

W1 l1 R + 1a ah 1 h + 1 W1 F + g/a ih h3 L( + 1d1 W ) ih Wr = ------ -- ------- -------------------------------------- -------

L1

agrah aneraK - F agrah ih W nad ih ep akam iuhatekid muleb ulr

.uluhad hibel gnutihid

W ih W = 2 Ws

762 = 26,131

= Nk 83,531

W2 .a

F .)b ih = R 2a + ------- f + r Ws g

48,2 .762

+ 2,1 = ----- ----- --- 26,131 . 7,0 + 01

= Nk 61,961

: utiay ,gnutihid tapad urab rW gnarakeS

.3,1 +302.76 + 051 .79 .76 261.61,961 + 01/48,2 183( + 83,531)16 Wr = ------ -- ------- ---------------------------------- ---------- -------

183 = Nk 96,622

P. W [ 1 l 1 h 1 f r W ( 1 C + ih W. 2 L ( + ) 1 d1 C ) ih W 2 ] F .)c skam = ----------------------------------------------------------------

L1 P h. 1

8,0 [ 302.76 7,0.79 ( 76 + 83,531 ( + ) 183 16 ) 83,531 ] = ---------------------------------- ---- ------------------------------

183 79.8,0 = Nk 68,311

52

.c namukgnaR : 2

.)1 rotcarT - reliartimeS halada gnay sorop agit nagned naaradnek sinej

kanugid kaynab .gnarab natukgna kutnu na

ayaG.)2 - adap ajrekeb gnay raul ayag rotcart - reliartimes :itupilem

adap simanidorea natabmah rotcart nad reliartimes R ( a1 R nad a2 ,)

R ( naaradnek ador paites gnidnileg nanahat natabmah fr R , rr R nad , rs ,)

tareb natabmah gnisam naaradnek - W( nenopmok gnisam 1 W , 2 nad

W ih W( naaradnek aisreni tabika natabmah nad ) 1 W nad g/a. 2 .) g/a.

.)3 soroP adap lamroN nabeB reliartimeS :sumur nagned gnutihid tapad

W2 d 2 W s = -----------------

L 2 f + r h2

.)4 adap ayaG tnioP hctiH : sumur nagned gnutihid

W 2 a. F ih R = 2a + - -- --- f + r sW.

g

iop hctih adap nabeB .)5 : sumur nagned gnutihid tn

d 2 W ih 1 ( = ---------------- W ) 2

L 2 f + r h 2

.)6 gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeB rotcart : sumur nagned gnutihid

W111 R( + 1a W + 1 F + g / a. ih h ) 1 L ( + 1 d1 W ) ih W r = ----------------------------------------------------------------

L1

7 .) ayaG mumiskam kajej rotcart : sumur nagned gnutihid

P W [. 1 l 1 h 1 f r W ( 1 C + ih W. 2 L ( + ) 1 d1 C ) ih W 2 ] F skam = ------------------------------------------- - --------------------

L1 P h. 1

62

.d saguT 2 :

isanibmok naaradnek haubeS rotcart - reliartimes tareb iaynupmem

adareb gnay kitit adap tasupret gnay Nk 57 rotcart 21 id mc 5 aleb gnak

sorop naped rotcart tareB .ratadnem nalaj sata id mc 58 nad reliartimes

gnakaleb sorop gnakaleb id mc 021 karaj adap tasupret Nk 052 rotcart

.nalaj sata id mc 571 nad tniop hctiH kitit adap adareb 03 naped id mc

gnakaleb sorop rotcart ta id mc 011 nad .nalaj sa rotcart esab leehW =

gnakaleb sorop karaj ,mc 002 rotcart sorop nagned reliartimes =

; 8,0 = nalaj nagned nab isehda neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .mc 072

.ted/m 3 = naaradnek natapecrep ;4,0 = ador gnidnileg nahat neisifeok 2

natapecrep nad .ted / m 8,9 = isatifarg 2 :! halgnutih akam

1 sorop adap lamron nabeB .) reliartimes .

2 adap lamron nabeB .) tniop hctih .

3 mumiskam kajej ayaG .) .rotcart

4 gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeB .) rotcart .

.

.e fitamrof seT : 2

naaradnek haubeS rotcart - reliartimes tareb : iaynupmem rotcart 06

tareb ,Nk reliartimes ,Nk 042 rotcart esableehw sorop ,mc 073 =

reliratimes gnakaleb sorop gnakaleb id mc 007 adareb rotcart , hctih

tniop gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 55 adareb otcart r sata id mc 021 nad

isatifarg tasuP .nalaj rotcart naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 091 adareb

rotcart nad 001 isatifarg tasup gnades ,nalaj sata id mc reliartimes adareb

sorop naped id mc 003 reliartimes nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 561 nad

R .ratad 1a 6,1 = R , nalaj sataid mc 051 kitit adap ajrekeb 2a ; 3,1 =

f aynraseb r . 3,0 = P ted/m 65,2 = a ; 7,0 = 2 ted/m 8,9= g nad , 2 :halgnutih , sorop adap lamron nabeb aynraseB .)1 reliartimes .

n nabeb aynraseB .)2 adap lamro tniop hctih ..

adap ayag aynraseB .)3 tniop hctih .

gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeb aynraseB .)4 rotcart

gnakaleb sorop adap mumiskam kajej ayag aynraseB .)5 rotcart .

72

.f icnuK J bawa F seT fitamro : 2

= sW .)1 31 5, 47 Nk

W .)2 ih = Nk 62,401

F .)3 ih = 15 ,9 01 Nk

W .)4 r = 571 ,9 Nk 9

F .)5 skam = 67 , 04 Nk

82

BAB III

ISAULAVE

.A naaynatreP

gnakaleb ador kareggnep nagned gnapmunep naaradnek haubeS .1

iaynupmem esab leehw adap tasupret Nk 71 = naaradnek tareB .mc 081 =

nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 05 nad gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 08 kitit

nalaj isehda neisifeok nad 52,0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok akiJ .ratad

:halgnutih akam ,56,0 = nab nagned

ajej ayaG .a .naaradnek mumiskam k

.naaradnek sorop audek helo atiredid gnay lamron nabeB .b

2 . naaradnek haubeS rotcart - reliartimes tareb : iaynupmem rotcart ,Nk 07

tareb reliartimes ,Nk 002 rotcart esableehw sorop ,mc 053 = reliratimes

akaleb id mc 007 adareb gnakaleb sorop gn rotcart , hctih tniop adareb

gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 05 rotcart tasuP .nalaj sata id mc 011 nad

tareb rotcart naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 081 adareb rotcart nad 09 id mc

tasup gnades ,nalaj sata tareb reliartimes 82 adareb sorop naped id mc 0

reliartimes R .ratad nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 021 nad 1a 5,1 =

R , nalaj sataid mc 521 kitit adap ajrekeb 2a f ; 1,1 = r ; 2,0 = P .6,0 =ted/m 4,2 = a akiJ 2 ted/m 8,9 = g nad , 2 : halnakutnet akam ,

sorop adap lamron nabeb aynraseB .a reliartimes .

adap lamron nabeb aynraseB .b tniop hctih ..

adap ayag aynraseB .c tniop hctih .

gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeb aynraseB .d rotcart

gnakaleb sorop adap mumiskam kajej ayag aynraseB .e rotcart .

92

nabawaJ icnuK .B

F .a .1 skam 6 = 555, Nk

W .b r Nk 580,01 =

W f Nk 519,6 =

W .a .2 s 744,121 = k N

W .b ih = 355,87 Nk

F .c ih = Nk 963,47

W .d r Nk 846,131 =

F .e skam Nk 988,76 =

.C nasululeK airetirK

airetirK rokS 1( )01

toboB ialiN nagnareteK

1 romon laos ( fitingoK ) 2 nad 5

sulul tarayS laminim ialin

65

isaton silunem naitileteK 1

teK rudesorp natape 2

nabawaj alumrof natapeteK 1

utkaw natapeteK 1

RIHKA IALIN

03

BAB VI

PUTUNEP

622 OTO.KGM ludum halnaikimeD luduj nagned 20 kajeJ ayaG

naaradneK ital aparebeb ipakgnelid nagned nususid iaseles halet ini set ,sagut/nah

ludom nautnab nagneD .aynnabawaj icnuk atreseb rihka isaulave nupuam fitamrof

nagnabmekrep iridnes uatnamem tapad awsisaham arap nakparahid ini

raneb halet akerem hakapa ,aynisnetepmok - isnetepmok ikilimem raneb

jut adap nimrecret anamiagabes rajaleb nataigek paites adap nakparahid gnay nau

.muleb uata

akam laminim nasululek tarays iapacnem halet gnay awsisaham arap igaB

.ini hailukatam adap aynrajaleb nataigek nakitnehgnem tapad hadus akerem

ululek ihunemem tapad muleb akij aynkilabeS surah akerem akam ,laminim nas

iretam naigab adap amaturet aynrajaleb ilabmek gnalugnem - muleb gnay iretam

huggnus hibel surah akerem aynkiabes nad )sulul muleb( ayniasaukid - huggnus

irad nautnab kusamret ada gnay satilisaf naktaafnamem nagned rajaleb malad

.ini hailukatam rotatilisaf iagabes nesod

13

AKATSUP RATFAD

.0791 .noipmahC & dlonrA ecneicS dna noitaluclaC elciheV rotoM :hciwroN ..dtL ,snoS dna rehctelF yb niatirB taerG

.1791 ..E.D ,eloC .scimanyD elciheV yratnemelE tnemetrapeD lacinahceM fo.I.M ,robrA nnA nagihciM fo ytisrevinU gnireenignE

.7791 .nitraM snoicinhceT selciheV rotoM rof noitaluclaC dna ecneicS : nodnoL .dtL sserP ytisrevinU hsilgnE ehT

.1002 .namojN ,artnatuS aynisakilpA nad iroeT fitomotO igolonkeT aruS . : ayab.aydiW anuG tibreneP

.8791 .Y.J ,gnoW .selciheV dnuorG fo yroehT .snoS & yeliW nhoJ :kroY weN