Mk. Pertanian Berlanjut PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN Oleh : Smno.agroekotek.fpub.agst2013

Mk. Pertanian Berlanjut

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Oleh:Smno.agroekotek.fpub.agst2013

MAKNA SAINTIFIK “PERTANIAN”

PERTANIAN TROPIKA

IKLIM

TANAH

JASAD

AIR

DINAMIKA & RAGAM

BUDIDAYA TANAMAN

MANAJEMEN USAHATANI

PANEN & PASCAPANEN

Penanganan Hasil ; Pengolahan; Pemasaran

Sarana produksi:Tanah/lahanBenih / bibitAirPupuk/Rabuk Pestisida/ ObatTenaga Kerja

Biologi- TanamanTeknologi : Bertanam Memelihara

KEBERLANJUTAN

3

PERMASALAHAN SERIUS dalam Pertanian

Semakin meningkatnya biaya dan ketergantungan thd input eksternal (bahan kimia dan

energi)

Semakin menurunnya produktivitas tanah

akibat erosi tanah dan kehilangan (pencucian)

hara dari tanah

Semakin meningkatnya

pencemaran air akibat pupuk dan

pestisida

Semakin meningkatnya ancaman residu bahan agrokimia thd kualitas dan keamanan pangan

4

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN itu Apa?

The word "sustain," from the Latin sustinere (sus-, from below and tenere, to hold), to

keep in existence or maintain, implies long-term support or permanence.

5

PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

“Pertanian yg dapat berkembang secara tidak terbatas ke arah manfaat yg semakin besar bagi manusia, penggunaan sumberdaya yg lebih efisien, dan berkesetimbangan dg kondisi lingkungan yang sesuai untuk manusia dan

spesies lainnya”.

Manfaat bagi

manusiaPenggunaan sumberdaya

yg efisien Lingkungan yg sesuai bagi manu-sia & spesies lain

6

TIGA ELEMEN PENTING PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Income Generation

(menghasilkan pendapatan)

Food availability and consumption

(Pangan dan bahan konsumsi

lain)

Natural Resource

Conservation (Konservasi Sumberdaya

Alam)

Sustainable agriculture integrates three main

goals: environmental stewardship,

farm profitability,

and prosperous

farming communities.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community

8

KONSEP “LOW INPUT” PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

BIOLOGICAL FARMING

REGENERATIVE FARMING

ECOLOGICAL FARMING

NATURAL FARMING

BIODYNAMIC FARMING

LOW RESOURCES FARMING

AGROECOLOGICAL FARMING

ECO-AGRICULTURE ECO-FARMING

ORGANIC FARMING ALTERNATIVE

FARMING

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PRASYARAT BAGIPERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

1. Kualitas tanah tidak boleh rusak, topsoil tidak boleh menipis

2. Sumberdaya air tersedia harus mampu memenuhi kebutuhan tanaman, tdk berlebihan & tdk kekurangan

3. Integritas biologis dan ekologis harus dilestarikan melalui berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya genetik, siklus hara, hama tanaman, dll

4. Sistem harus menguntungkan secara ekonomis

5. Ekspektasi sosial dan norma budaya harus dipenuhi, spt kebutuhan sandang dan pangan masyarakat

10


Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities.

These goals have been defined by a variety of disciplines and may be looked at from the vantage point of the farmer or the consumer.

DESKRIPSI

Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing severe or irreversible damage to ecosystem

health.

Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage

resources such as labor).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer

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As it pertains to agriculture, sustainable

describes farming systems that are

"capable of maintaining their productivity and usefulness to society

indefinitely. Such systems... must be

resource-conserving, socially supportive,

commercially competitive, and environmentally

sound."

12

CIRI PENTING PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

CROP ROTATION

Field crop - Legume -

Forage crop

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Pupuk - Rabuk Kandang/Kompos -

Rabuk Hijau

Weed Control Olah tanah

Selective Herbicides

Pest Control: Biological control

Pesticide treatment

Prod. TERNAK:

Pakan hijauanRabuk kandang

13

PELUANG BESAR untuk PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Internal Soil External Hydrophonic Medium

Sun: Radiasi Sumber utama energi Energi ini sbg katalis untukkonversi energi fosil

Water Utamanya hujan dan Sistem distribusi air terpusat,ditunjang air irigasi Bendungan-waduk-jaringan

Nitrogen Dihimpun dari udara Terutama dari pupuk sintetikdan di-daur ulang (pupuk buatan)

Mineral dilepaskan dari cadangan Ditambang, diolah, diimpor tanah dan di daur-ulang

Weed & pest Biologis & Mekanis Dengan pestisidacontrol

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Internal Soil Eksternal Hydrophonic Medium

ENERGY Sebagian dihasilkan Tergantung bahan bakaron-farm fosil

SEED Sebagian dihasilkan Semuanya/seluruhnya dibelion-farm

Management Oleh petani & masya- Sebagian dilakukan olehdecisions rakatnya produsen SAPROTAN

ANIMALS Dihasilkan secara siner- Produksi pakan di tempatgis on-farm lain yg terpisah

CROPPING- Rotasi dan diversitas MonocroppingSYSTEM sangat diutamakan

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Internal Soil External Hydrophonic Medium

VARIETAS Tahan thd keterbatasan Memerlukan input yang air dan kesuburan tanah banyak

LABOR Sebagian besar kerja Sebagian besar pekerjaan dilakukan rumahtangga dilakukan tenaga upahan

bertempat-tinggal on-farm

CAPITAL Sumber awal rumah- Sumber awal adalah kredit tangga & masyarakat; dan keuntungan terutama peningkatan kesejahteraan mengalir ke luar dari farm diinvestasikan secara lokal

…………...

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KOMPONEN-KOMPONENSISTEM PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

Pengelolaan Kesuburan

Tanah

Pergiliran Tanaman

Innovative Cropping Systems

Bioteknologi &

Crop Breeding

Integrated Pest

Management

Weeds Management

Conservation Tillage

Feedcrop Management

Animals Roles

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• Sustainable agriculture is one that produces abundant food without depleting the earth’s resources or polluting its

environment. • It is agriculture that follows the principles of nature to

develop systems for raising crops and livestock that are, like nature, self-sustaining.

• Sustainable agriculture is also the agriculture of social values, one whose success is indistinguishable from vibrant rural communities, rich lives for families on the farms, and

wholesome food for everyone.• But in the first decade of the 21st Century, sustainable

agriculture, as a set of commonly accepted practices or a model farm economy, is still in its infancy.


18

PRODUKSI TANAMAN

PRODUKSI TERNAK

TANAMAN PAKAN DALAM ROTASI

RABUK KANDANG

RESIDU / LIMBAH

TANAMAN

19

Farming sustainably means growing crops and livestock in ways that meet three objectives simultaneously: – Economic profit – Social benefits to the farm family and the community – Environmental conservation

• Sustainability can be observed and measured; indicators that a farm or rural community is achieving the three objectives of sustainability include: economic, social, environment


20

• Economic Sustainability– The family savings or net worth is consistently

going up. – The family debt is consistently going down. – The farm enterprises are consistently profitable

from year to year. – Purchase of off-farm feed and fertilizer is

decreasing. – Reliance on government payments is

decreasing.


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The farm enterprises are profitable from year to year:

Tumpangsari Pepaya dg padi gogo.

22

• Social Sustainability– The farm supports other businesses and

families in the community. – Money circulate within the local economy. – The number of rural families is going up or

holding steady. – Young people take over their parents'

farms and continue farming. – College graduates return to the community

after graduation.


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• Environmental Sustainability– There is no bare ground. – Clean water flows in the farm's ditches and

streams. – Wildlife is abundant. – Fish are prolific in streams that flow

through the farm. –The farm landscape is diverse in vegetation.


24


1.These three objectives are managed more as a single unit, even though we must discuss them separately.

2.The three objectives overlap constantly. For example, economic decisions affect the local community—buying from out of state instead of from a local supplier.

3.Environmental decisions affect the economics—allowing soil erosion increases the need for irrigation and more fertilizer.

25

Economic Sustainability

• Selecting Profitable Enterprises to Ensure Economic Sustainability

– Economic sustainability increasingly depends on selecting profitable enterprises, sound financial planning, proactive marketing, risk management, and good overall management.

– The key for row-crop producers may be to explore income opportunities other than traditional commodity crops, such as contract growing of seeds for vegetable, rice and specialty crops.

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These specialty crops are not for

everyone;

only a certain number of

hectares of land can be grown

because of limited markets.

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Selecting Profitable Enterprises to Ensure Economic Sustainability

– Expanding organic markets suggest another possible niche. "Alternative" crops like herbs, mushrooms or guava may be an option.

– When we try to produce a single product such as corn, or groundnuts our risk is high because "all our eggs are in one basket."

– When we integrate plant and animal agriculture we distribute overhead and risk among several enterprises.

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Perencanaan keuangan yang komprehensif haruslah:

The holistic financial planning process provides a monthly roadmap to help people navigate through their financial year,

assured that the profit will be there at year's end.

The income is planned first, then a planned profit is allocated as the first expense item.

The remaining expense money is allocated sequentially where it will do the most good.

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Economic SustainabilityPerencanaan keuangan yang komprehensif

haruslah:

This sequential allocation requires that the farmer spend no more than necessary to run the enterprise for a year, while

preserving the planned profit.

This potent financial planning process empowers people to make decisions that are simultaneously good for the environment, the

local community, and the bottom line.

Also evaluate other financial planning tools that allow enterprise budgeting, cost calculations, partial budgeting analysis, and

these can be available from normal softwares available in the market.

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• Setiap usahatani memerlukan perencanaan pemasaran yang jelas.

• Marketing can take many forms, ranging from passive marketing to the commodity chain all the way up to marketing a retail product directly to consumers.

• Which marketing method you choose will have a profound effect on the price your product commands.

• Doing some market research is essential in order to understand your market, competition, and consumer trends, and to project potential sales volume and prices.

• Specialty and direct markets such as organic, GMO-free, and other "green" markets yield more income but require more marketing by the producer.

• Pemasaran langsung tidak berlaku untuk setiap orang .


31

Social Sustainability

Pengambilan keputusan usahatani berdampak

langsung pada masyarakat sekitarnya .

Misalnya, the decision to expand your operation

requires the acquisition of your neighbor's farm.

To have your neighbor's farm, you must make the decision that your neighbor's farm is more important to you than

your neighbor.

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Social SustainabilityKeputusan sosial termasuk:

1. buying supplies locally rather than ordering from out of state,

2. figuring out ways to connect local consumers with your farm,

3. taking a consumer-oriented approach to production and management practices where both the farmer and consumer wins,

4. finding opportunities to ensure that neighboring communities can learn about sustainable food production.

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• Marketing strategies such as community supported agriculture (CSA), direct marketing through farmers markets or road side stalls all have a positive impact on the local community.

• When people have a choice between supporting local producers or paying a little less for the products of the industrial food system, they will often choose to support their neighbors.

• Farmers selling locally benefit from differentiating their products and services by qualities other than price.

• Fresh produce, specialty items, and locally grown and processed foods are competitive in the market place, especially when consumer education and personal contact with the farmer are part of the marketing plan.


Marketing strategies , direct marketing through farmers markets or road side stalls all have a

positive impact on the local community.

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PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTANSocial sustainability also

includes the quality of life of those who work and live on the

farm, including good communication, trust, and

mutual support.

Full family participation in farm planning is an indication that

the quality of life is high.

Talking openly and honestly, spending time together, a feeling of progress toward

goals, and general happiness.

Quality of life will be defined somewhat differently by each

individual and family, based on their values and goals

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Perencanaan & Pengambilan Keputusan

– Managing for three objectives simultaneously (economics, society, environment) depends on clear goal-setting and effective decision-making.

– Several good tools for decision-making, goal-setting, and whole-farm management are available to farmers.

– It is useful to assume that if your plan will not work, then develop a system for determining (as soon as possible) if it isn't working.

– For example, if the goal includes increased biodiversity, the farmer needs to know—quickly—if the grazing or cropping system being used is actually increasing the number of plant species in the area of concern.

– Monitoring is particularly important in sustainable agriculture, which relies on natural systems to replace some of the work done by input products like fertilizer and pesticides.


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Kemampuan mengevaluasi dan merencanakan-kembali sangat penting bagi petani

guna keberlanjutan ushataninya

When part of the plan is not working as intended, it

becomes necessary to replan.

The concept of planning-monitoring-controlling-

replanning is a key characteristic of Holistic-

Management and is referred to as the feedback loop.

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• The transition toward more sustainable farming requires not only planning and decision-making skills, but access to appropriate and helpful information.

• Fortunately, increased interest in sustainable agriculture has stimulated greater

investment in research and education. • As a result, much more usable information is

available today than ever before, accessible through various means


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Environmental Sustainability

• Sustainable agriculture can be viewed as ecosystem management of complex interactions among soil, water, plants, animals, climate, and people.

• The goal is to integrate all these factors into a production system that is appropriate for the environment, the people, and the economic conditions where the farm is located.

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PUPUK

PESTISIDA

TANAMANROTASI KULTIVASI

Gulma Hama Penyakit

Anorganik Organik

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Farms become and stay environmentally sustainable by imitating natural systems—creating a farm landscape that

mimics as closely as possible the complexity of healthy ecosystems.

The wastes of industrial agriculture (non-point-source pollution) include suspended soil, nitrates, and phosphates

in stream water, and nitrates and pesticides in ground water.

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Nature tends to function in cycles, so that waste from one process or system becomes input for another.

Industrial agriculture, in contrast, tends to function in a linear fashion similar to a factory: inputs go in one end, and products and

waste come out the other.

It is a premise of sustainable agriculture that a farm is a nature-based system, not a factory.


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1. A low dependence on external / purchased inputs

2. Menggunakan sumberdaya lokal yang “renewable”

3. Dampak lingkungan yang menguntungkan : on - farm & off - farm4. Adapted to the existing local conditions5. Long-term maintenance of productive capacity6. Biological & cultural diversity7. Knowledge of local inhabitants8. Mencukupi kebutuhan barang domestik dan barang dapat diekspor.

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SISTEM PERTANIAN SISTEM ALAMIAH

- Panen tanaman- Teknologi Pengelolaan

- Pemupukan / perabukan- Pengolahan tanah- Pengairan- Aplikasi agrokimia- Agroteknologi lainnya.

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• The simpler we try to make agriculture, the more vulnerable we become to natural disasters and marketplace changes.

• When we try to produce a single product such as wheat, corn, or soybeans we are taking on huge risk.

• If instead we diversify crops and integrate plant and animal agriculture, overhead will be spread over several enterprises, reducing risk and increasing profit.

• Table 1 offers some comparisons between two models of agriculture—farming as an industrial factory and farming as a biological system.


46

Table 1. Comparison of the industrial and biological models of agriculture.

Industrial model Biological modelEnergy intensive Information intensiveLinear process Cyclical processFarm as factory Farm as ecosystemEnterprise separation Enterprise integrationSingle enterprise Many enterprises

Monoculture Diversity of plants and animals

Low-value products Higher value productsSingle-use equipment Multiple-use equipmentPassive marketing Active marketing

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On any farm, four major ecosystem processes are at work that, if functioning properly, will conserve the soil and

water resources and eventually reduce the overall operating costs.

Proses alamiah ini: flow, water and mineral cycles, and ecosystem dynamics— dapat diamati dan dapat dikelola.

Farm as Ecosystem: AGROEKOSISTEM

49


Energy flow is the non-cyclical path of solar energy (sunlight) into and through any biological system.

The natural world runs on sunlight. Our management decisions affect how much of it is captured and put to good use on the farm. (

Savory and Butterfield, 1999)

Energy flow begins when sunlight is converted into plant growth, and continues when animals consume plants, when predator

animals consume prey, and when microorganisms decompose dead plants and animals.

http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/trans.html

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Some energy is lost as heat at every transfer point in the food chain.

On the farm, energy capture is enhanced by maximizing—both in space and in time—the leaf area available for photosynthesis, and

by efficiently cycling the stored solar energy through the food chain.

Off-season cover crops, perennial vegetation, and intercropping are among the tools for capturing more solar energy.

Menangkap energi-matahari dan mengubahnya menjadi produk-ekonomi merupakan sumber orisinal bagi semua

kesejahteraan

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SIKLUS AIR

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• Siklus air yang efektif dicirikan oleh tidak-adanya erosi tanah , air cepat memasuki tanah , dan

kapasitas tanah menyimpan air cukup besar .

• The water cycle is improved by management decisions that add to or maintain the groundcover

percentage and soil organic matter levels—the goal is to get as much water as possible into the soil

during each rainfall.


53

A surface mulch layer speeds water intake while reducing evaporation and protecting the soil from erosion.

Minimizing or eliminating tillage, growing high-residue crops and cover crops, and adding compost or manure to the soil maintains groundcover and builds organic matter.

Streams flow year-round from the slow release of water stored in the soil.


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Minimizing or eliminating tillage, growing cover crops, and adding compost or manure to the soil

maintains groundcover and builds organic matter.

55


Such an improvement in a soil's water-holding capacity will have a beneficial effect on crop growth, especially during

droughty periods.

The results of an effective water cycle are low surface runoff, low soil surface evaporation, low

drought incidence, low flood incidence, high transpiration by plants, and high seepage of water

to underground reservoirs.

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Pengelolaan bahan organik tanah sangat

penting dalam usahatani sayuran semusim.

One study (Hudson, 1994), showed that raising the

percentage of organic matter from 1% to 2% in sandy soil increased the available water content of that soil by 60%

(from 5% of total soil volume to 8%).



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DEKOMPOSISI RESIDU TANAMAN YG MISKIN N

Jumlah

Waktu

CO2

NO3- NO3- yg baru

Evolusi CO2

Mineralisasi neto

Imobilisasi neto

Nisbah C/N

60

0

20

4 - 8 minggu

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SIKLUS MINERAL

59

TANAMAN

TANAH

RESIDU

PANEN

PUPUK

ATMOSFER

KEHILANGAN

60

LIAT

UREA

RABUK

BOTNH4+

NO3-

Pencucian

Jasad renik

N2, N2O NH3

Pupuk N

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A well-functioning mineral cycle—the movement of nutrients from the soil through the crops and animals and back to the soil—means less need for fertilizer and feed

from off the farm.

Dalam ekosistem alamiah, unsur hara yang diperlukan oleh tanaman selalu ber-siklus secara kontinyu dengan

sedikit sekali limbah yang terbuang dan tidak memerlukan tambahan pupuk.

Ultimately, to be sustainable, we need to find ways to use the natural mineral cycle to minimize our off-farm purchase

of minerals.

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Conditions and practices that inhibit the natural mineral cycle—erosion, nutrient leaching, organic matter

depletion, selling hay or grain off the farm—tend to reduce the farm's sustainability.

Practices that enhance the mineral cycle include on-farm feeding of livestock, careful management of manure and

crop residues, use of catch crops to reduce nutrient leaching losses, and practices that prevent erosion.


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SUSTAINABLE AGRIC. SYSTEM: SOIL EROSION & LAND DEGRADATION

1. Tanpa olah tanah atau olah tanah minimum2. Life mulching --- legume civer crops3. Alley cropping & agroforestry4. Supplying mulch: Erosi dan BOT 5. Fiksasi N2 dan daur ulang hara6. Minimizing fallowing7. Integrasi tanaman pangan , pepohonan, rerumputan dan

ternak8. ………….

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• An effective ecosystem dynamic is indicated by high diversity of plants and animals both above and below ground.

• "Diversity" bukan hanya banyaknya spesies , tetapi juga ragam genetik dalam suatu spesies , dan struktur umur dalam setiap populasi .

• Greater diversity produces greater stability within the system and minimizes pest problems.

• Our choices of practices and tools directly affect the level of biodiversity we have on the farm ( Table 2).


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POLA TANAM DAN BIODIVERSITAS PERTANIAN

Table 2. Listing of tools by their effect on biodiversity

Increased Biodiversity

Intercropping

Crop rotation Cover crops Multispecies

grazing

Decreased Biodiversity

Monocropping Tillage Herbicides Insecticides

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PERGILIRAN TANAMAN dalam PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN

PADI - PADI - KEDELAIPADI - KEDELAI - JAGUNG

JAGUNG / KEDELAI - UBIKAYU

Manfaat Ekonomi

Manfaat Biologis

Manfaat Lingkungan

BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURING

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The first step toward increasing biodiversity on the farm is crop rotation, which helps break weed and pest life cycles

and provides complementary fertilization among the crops in the planting sequence.

Advancing from rotation to strip intercrops brings a

higher level of biodiversity and increases sunlight capture.

Misalnya tumpangsari JAGUNG dan KEDELAI ; PISANG dan NANAS; TEBU dan RUMPUT GAJAH .

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Advancing from rotation to strip intercrops brings a higher level of biodiversity and increases sunlight

capture.

For example, Strip intercropping of sugarcane and elephant-grasses.

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Borders, windbreaks, and special plantings for natural

enemies of pests provide habitat for beneficial organisms, further

increasing biodiversity and stability.

The addition of appropriate perennial crops, shrubs, and

trees to the landscape enhances ecosystem

dynamics still further.


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The addition of appropriate

perennial crops, and trees to the

landscape enhances ecosystem

dynamics still further.

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• These four ecosystem processes (energy flow, water cycle, mineral cycle, and ecosystem dynamics) function together as a whole, each one complementing the others.

• When we modify any one of these, we affect the others as well.

• When we build our farm enterprises around these processes, we are applying nature's principles to sustain the farm for our family and for future generations.

• When we fight nature's processes, we incur extra costs and create more problems, hurting ourselves and the ecosystem on which we depend.


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PENERAPAN PRINSIP EKOSISTEM

When beginning the transition, the big question is how to

apply the principles of economic profitability, social enhancement,

and ecological improvement ….

in the field, in the

community, in the financial

process.

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The ultimate goal is to farm in such a way that we extract our living as the interest, while preserving the social, water,

and soil capital.

We want to ensure that our activities do not compromise the landscape and community resources over the long

term.

Now let's look at some management concepts aimed at fostering the four ecosystem processes discussed earlier.


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Menjaga permukaan tanah selalu tertutup vegetasi sepanjang tahun


Under natural conditions the soil remains covered with a skin of dead plant material, which prevents and moderates

temperature extremes, increases water penetration and storage, and enhances soil aeration.

Most importantly, the soil skin maintains soil structure and

prevents erosion by softening the impact of falling raindrops.

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Under conditions the soil remains

covered with a skin of dead plant

material, which prevents and

moderates temperature extremes,

increases water penetration and

storage, and enhances soil

aeration.

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Bare ground, on the other hand, is vulnerable to water and wind erosion, dries out more quickly, and loses

organic matter rapidly.

The major productivity costs to the farm associated with soil erosion come from the replacement of lost nutrients and reduced water holding ability, accounting for 50 to

75% of productivity loss. (Pimentel et al., 1995)




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Material tanah yang terangkut oleh EROSI mengandung tiga kali lebih banyak unsur hara dibandingkan dnegan material

tanah yang tertinggal, dan sekitar 1.5 - 5 kali lebih kaya bahan organik . (Pimentel et al., 1995)

This organic matter loss not only results in reduced water holding capacity and degraded soil aggregation, but also loss of plant nutrients, which must then be replaced with

fertilizers.






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The table below shows the effect of slight, moderate, and severe erosion on organic matter, soil

phosphorus level, and plant-available water on a silt loam soil in Indiana.

(Schertz et al., 1984)




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Table 3. Effect of erosion on organic matter, phosphorus, and plant-available water.

Erosion level Organic matter Phophorus Plant-available

water

% Kg/ha %

Slight 3.0 69.50 7.4

Moderate 2.5 68.38 6.2

Severe 1.9 44.84 3.6

Source: Schertz et al., 1984.


Mk. Pertanian Berlanjut PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN Oleh : Smno.agroekotek.fpub.agst2013

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