Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene Nannofossil...

Seminar Nasional Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Bandung 24 Mei 2014

Geologi Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene Nannofossil Biostratigraphy

on Jatiluhur area, Bogor Through, Indonesia

Isnaniawardhani, V., Sunardi, E.

Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University

Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor Sumedang

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Nannofossil biostratigraphy is studied on several sections in Jatiluhur area. Upper Cibulakan,

Parigi and Cisubuh Formations dated Miocene-Pliocene are well exposed near Jatiluhur reservoir

and along river-side clifts of the Ciherang, Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin and Cigaruguy

rivers. Biostratigraphy framework is provided by the bioevents of nannofossil marker species.

The five markers have been selected; among all: Sphenolithus heteromorphus, Catinaster

coalitus, Discoaster hamatus, Discoaster quinqueramus and Ceratolithus rugosus.

On the basis of first appearance (FA) and last appearance (LA) of marker species, three range

zone and four interval zones are established. By starting from the oldest, those are: Sphenolithus

heteromorphus partial-range zone (not younger than NN5 or CN4 zone, Middle Miocene aged or

not younger than 13 my before present), Sphenolithus heteromorphus – Catinaster coalitus

interval zone (NN6 – NN7 or CN5 zones, Middle Miocene aged or 13 - 12 Ma), Catinaster coalitus

– Discoaster hamatus interval zone (NN8 or CN6 zone, Middle Miocene aged or 12 Ma),

Discoaster hamatus – Discoaster quinqueramus interval zone (NN9 – NN10 or CN7 zones, Middle

to Late Miocene aged or 12 - 9.3 Ma), Discoaster quinqueramus total-range zone (NN11 or CN9

zone, Late Miocene aged or 9.3 – 5.7 Ma), Discoaster quinqueramus – Ceratolithus rugosus

interval zone (NN12 or CN10 zone, Early Pliocene aged or 5.7 – 4.5 Ma), and Ceratolithus rugosus

partial-range zone (NN13 or CN10 zone, Early Pliocene aged or not older than 4.5 Ma).

The nannofossil biostratigraphy at Jatiluhur sections well-dated the Middle Miocene to Early

Pliocene sedimentary succession of 14.4 Ma to 3.2 Ma. Miocene-Pliocene boundary is well-

determinated by last appearance of Discoaster quinqueramus (5.7 Ma) and significant events (as

marked by species extinctions, abundancy and diversity changes). These biostratigraphic zones

be useful for inter and intra basinal correlations.

Keywods: nannofossil, biostratigraphy, Miocene, Pliocene, zon

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



ABSTRAK

Biostratigrafi nannofosil dipelajari pada beberapa lintasan di daerah Jatiluhur. Formasi-formasi

Cibulakan Atas, Parigi dan Cisubuh berumur Miosen - Pliosen tersingkap baik dekat bendungan

Jatiluhur, sepanjang tebing sungai Ciherang, Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin dan

Cigaruguy. Kerangka biostratigrafi dikenali dari bioeven spesies-spesies petunjuk nannofosil.

Lima fosil petunjuk telah dipilih, yaitu: Sphenolithus heteromorphus, Catinaster coalitus,

Discoaster hamatus, Discoaster quinqueramus dan Ceratolithus rugosus.

Berdasarkan pemunculan awal dan pemunculan akhir (kepunahan) dari spesies petunjuk, disusun

tiga zona kisaran dan empat zona selang. Mulai dari yang paling tua, zona tersebut adalah: zona

kisaran Sphenolithus heteromorphus (tidak lebih muda dari NN5 atau CN4, berumur Miocene

Tengah atau tidak lebih tua dari 13 juta tahun lalu), zona selang Sphenolithus heteromorphus –

Catinaster coalitus (zone NN6 – NN7 atau CN5, berumur Miosen Tengah atau 13 - 12 jtl), zona

selang Catinaster coalitus – Discoaster hamatus (zona NN8 or CN6, berumur Miosen Tengah atau

12 jtl), zona selang Discoaster hamatus – Discoaster quinqueramus (zona NN9 – NN10 atau CN7,

berumur Miosen Tengah hingga Akhir atau 12 - 9,3 jtl), zona kisaran Discoaster quinqueramus

(zona NN11 atau CN9, berumur Miosen Akhir atau 9,3 - 5,7 jtl), zona selang Discoaster

quinqueramus – Ceratolithus rugosus (zona NN12 atau CN10, Pliosen Awal atau 5,7 – 4,5 jtl), dan

zona kisaran Ceratolithus rugosus (zona NN13 atau CN10, Pliosen Awal atau tidak lebih tua dari

4,5 jtl).

Biostratigrafi nannofosil pada lintasan-lintasan Jatiluhur menentukan umur suksesi sedimen

Miosen Tengah hingga Pliosen Awal yang berkisar 14,4 hingga 3,2 juta tahun lalu. Batas Miosen-

Pliosen dapat dikenali dengan baik dari pemunculan akhir Discoaster quinqueramus (5,7 jtl) dan

even-even yang ditandai oleh kepunahan-kepunahan spesies, perubahan kelimpahan dan

keanekaragaman. Zona-zona biostratigrafi ini akan sangat berguna untuk korelasi dalam dan

antar cekungan.

Kata kunci: nannofossil, biostratigrafi, Miosen, Pliosen, zona

INTRODUCTION

Since the stratigraphic significance of

discoaster, coccolith and related form,

commonly referred to as the nannofossils,

first become apparent (Bramlette & Reidel,

1954 in Martini, 1971), much work has been

done to describe the many assemblages found

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in marine sediment from the Jurassic,

Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary all over

the word.

Cenozoic planktonic nannofossils

(nannoplankton) biostratigraphy zone have

been studied by Hays, et al (1967), Bramlette

& Wilcoxon (1967), Martini (1971), Bukry

(1973) and Okada & Bukry (1980). Martini’s

standard nannofossil biozonation using

samples throughtout the word is the most

popular to be used in Indonesia. The 25

nannoplankton zones in the Paleogene

(numbered NP.1 to NP.25) and the 21

nannoplankton zones in the Neogene to

Quaternary (numbered NN1 to NN21) are

supposed for a standard Tertiary and

Quaternary calcareous zonation. Whereas

Okada & Bukry (1980) suggested 19

calcareous nannoplankton zones in the

Paleogene (numbered CP1 to CP19) and 15

calcareous nannoplankton zones in Neogene

which are divided into several subzones.

Nannofossils are commonly used for

determining age and correlations for oil

exploration; but it not much has been

published on the calcareous biostratigraphy in

Indonesia. In Bogor Through, a lot of sections

on marine sedimentary can be used to study

of biostratigraphy. That is why the study of

nannofossil biostratigraphy was to be

conducted in Jatiluhur sections in Bogor

Through (Figure 1). This study aims to

establish nannofossil biostratigraphic zone

based on the first appearance and last

appearance of marker species which can be

observed in study area.

For purpose of establishing level of inter and

intra basinal correlation, biostratigraphic zone

was determinated based on the first

appearance and last appearance of marker

species be coincided with many previous

studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collecting secondary data, included regional

geology data, was conducted to plan the

several observe sections on Jatiluhur area.

Field data record and marine sediment

samples were taken from outcrops near

Jatiluhur reservoir and along of Ciherang,

Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin and

Cigaruguy rivers. In laboratory, samples were

prepared using smear slides methods and

determinated under a polarized microscrope

at x 1000 magnification in both cross polarized

and phase light. Identification of the

nannofossils refers to Bramlette & Wilcoxon

(1967) and Perch-Nielsen (1985). The well-

preserved nannofossils assemblages in

sediments were determinated quantitatively.

Some nannofossils marker species are

selected based on criterias that distinctive,

easy identified, and have widely geographic

distribution. The first appearance and last

appearance of the marker spesies was marked

as bioevents. Biostratigraphic zone were

establish based on these events. Other

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species extinction events, abundancy and

diversity index was recorded to support the

interpretation.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Geology of Jatiluhur area

The geology and stratigraphy of Jatiluhur area

have been dealt elsewhere (eg. Van

Bemmelen, 1949; Marks, 1957; Bauman et al.,

1972; Sudjatmiko, 1972; Arpandi &

Patmosukismo, 1975; Effendy, 1986; and

Martodjojo, 2003). Successions of marine

sediment is perhaps containing nannofossils

commencing the Upper Cibulakan, Parigi and

Cisubuh Formations. The basal of Upper

Cibulakan is primarily composed by

intercalated marine claystone and shale,

interbedded with limestone and sandstone.

The Parigi Formation conformably overlies the

Upper Cibukan Formations, and is dominated

by detritus and reefal limestone intervals. The

Cisubuh Formation consist of marine

claystone, sandstone and limestone. This

formation becomes more sandy upsection

with intercalated coal beds. Figure 2 show

lithological distributions according to geologic

data record and citra landsat interpretation in

study area.

2. Marker Species

On samples collected in Jatiluhur sections, five

markers species have been selected; among

all: Sphenolithus heteromorphus, Catinaster

coalitus, Discoaster hamatus, Discoaster

quinqueramus and Ceratolithus rugosus.

Systematic description of these markers refers

to Perch-Nielsen (1985) and Bramlette &

Wilcoson (1967) are as follow:

Genus Ceratolithus, Kamptner, 1950

Ceratolithus rugosus Bukry & Bramlette

This spesies forms the horseshoe-shaped

coccoliths which show birefringence between

crossed nicols, has no such apical spine. It is a

robust form with horns that are parallel for

most of their length. It usually heavily

calcified, but sometimes the rows of nodes on

the horns can be seen.

Genus Discoaster, Tan, 1927

Discoaster hamatus Martini & Bramlette

This species is large, 5-armed form with small

knob in the centre. This arms are long,

somewhat curved, and turn sharply clockwise

and downward near the end, as viewed on the

convex side. A much smaller knob is usual as a

bifurcation, although it appears to be

continuation of the main part of the arm as it

extends in the same direction.

Discoaster quinqueramus Gartner

This species has 5 tapering, long non

bifurcating arms arraged symmetrically and

robust central area with very prominent, 5-

armed central knob.

Genus Sphenolithus, Deflandre, 1952

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Spenolithus heteromorphus Deflandre

This species has a more compact proximal

shield and column, where the columb and the

lateral element are about equal in height. It is

formed by the basal quadrant instead of by

the apical complex. Spenolithus

heteromorphus looks like a butterfly when

seen between crossed nicols at 00 and has a

very bright apical spine at 450 (Perch-Nielsen,

1985). The appearance between crossed nicol

is characteristic, parallel to and at 450 to the

nicols. Study at various orientations in a

viscous medium shows that a series of eight or

nine spines surround the depressed basal area

lacking spines, with radiating shorter spines

above producing the black cross between

crossed nicols when the single big apical spine

is at extinction position. This apical spine

varies markedly in lengthband robustness

(Bramlette & Wilcoxon, 1967).

Genera Incertae Sedis

Catinaster coalitus Martini & Bramlette

Catinaster is relatively large (more than

Discoasters), basket-shaped central part. This

species is small, nearly circular, the 6 rays do

not extend beyond.

3. Biostratigraphyc Zonations

Based on the first appearance (FA) and last

appearance (LA) of marker species, three

range zone and four interval zones were

established.

a) Sphenolithus heteromorphus partial-range zone Definition: The appearance of

relatively common Sphenolithus

heteromorphus, Discoaster deflandrei,

and Calcidiscus forms defines this zone

Age: Middle Miocene or not younger

than 13 my before present

Correlation: Sphenolithus

heteromorphus zone (CN4) of Okada &

Bukry (1980), does not correlate

exactly with NN5 zone of Martini

(1971) or Sphenolithus heteromorphus

zone Of Perch-Nielsen (1986)

Remark: Okada & Bukry (1980) used

the last appearance of Sphenolithus

heteromorphus to define the base of

CN4 of their zonal scheme.

b) Sphenolithus heteromorphus – Catinaster coalitus interval zone Definition: Interval from the last

appearance of Sphenolithus

heteromorphus to the first appearance

of Catinaster coalitus

Age: Middle Miocene or 13 to 12 Ma

Correlation: Coccolithus miopelagicus

subzone (CN5a) and Discoaster kugleri

subzone (CN5b) of Okada & Bukry

(1980), correlate with NN6 – NN7 zone

of Martini (1971); Discoaster exilis

zone and Discoaster kugleri zone of

Perch-Nielsen (1986) as well

c) Catinaster coalitus – Discoaster hamatus interval zone

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Definition: Interval from the first

appearance of Catinaster coalitus to

the first appearance of Discoaster

hamatus

Age: Middle Miocene or 12 Ma

Correlation: Catinaster coalithus zone

(CN6) of Okada & Bukry (1980) and

Perch-Nielsen (1980), middle part of

the Discoaster variabilis zone (NN6) of

Martini (1971) as well


the first appearance of Catinaster

coalitus to defined the base of CN6 of

their zonal scheme.

d) Discoaster hamatus – Discoaster quinqueramus interval zone Definition: Interval from the first

appearance of Discoaster hamatus to


quinqueramus

Age: Middle to Late Miocene or 12 to

9.3 Ma

Correlation: Discoaster hamatus zone

(CN7) and Discoaster neohamatus

zone (CN8) of Okada & Bukry (1980),

middle part of Discoaster variabilis

zone (NN6) of Martini (1971),

Discoaster hamatus zone and

Discoaster calcaris zone of Perch-

Nielsen (1986) as well



hamatus to define the base of CN7 of

their zonal scheme.

e) Discoaster quinqueramus total-range zone Definition: The first appearance to last

appearance of Discoaster

quinqueramus

Age: Late Miocene or 9.3 – 5.7 Ma

Correlation: Discoaster quinqueramus

zone of Martini, 1971 (NN11), Okada &

Bukry, 1980 (CN9), and Perch-Nielsen

(1970)

Remarks: Martini (1970) used the first


quinqueramus to define the base of

NN11 of his zonal scheme. The first

appearance of Discoaster berggrenii

and/or Discoaster surculus to last


quinqueramus is used by Okada &

Bukry to defines their zone.

f) Discoaster quinqueramus – Ceratolithus rugosus interval zone Definition: Interval from the last


quinqueramus to the first appearance

of Ceratolithus rugosus

Age: Early Pliocene or 5.7 – 4.5 Ma

Correlation: lower and middle subzone

of Amaurolithus tricorniculatus zone

(CN10) of Okada & Bukry (1980), NN12

zone of Martini (1971)

g) Ceratolithus rugosus partial-range zone Definition: The appearance of

Ceratolithus rugosus associated with

rare Discoaster asymmetricus and D.

pentaradiatus

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Age: Early Pliocene (Zanclean) or 5.7

Ma – 4.5 Ma

Correlation: Ceratolithus rugosus

subzone (CN10 c) of Okada & Bukry,

1980 (CN10) and Perch-Nielsen (1986),

NN13 zone of Martini (1971).

4. Discussions

Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene

nannofossils biostratigraphy on Jatiluhur area

correlated to proposed standard nannofossils

zonation. These zones recognized in this study

correlated with zones of Martini (1971),

Okada & Bukry (1980) and Perch-Nielsen

(1986). The detail biostratigraphic zonation

indicated that throughout Middle Miocene to

Early Pliocene interval (14.4 to 3.2 Ma), it

provides a high resolution biostratigraphy.

Miocene-Pliocene boundary is well-

determinated by last appearance of

Discoaster quinqueramus (5.7 Ma) and

significant events as marked by species

extinctions, abundancy and diversity changes.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Upper Cibulakan, Parigi and Cisubuh Formations dated Miocene-Pliocene that are well exposed near Jatiluhur reservoir and along river-side clifts of the Ciherang, Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin and Cigaruguy rivers contains nannofossils

2. The five nannofossil species have been selected as bioevent markers to provide biostratigraphic framework in this area; among all:

a) Ceratolithus rugosus Bukry & Bramlette,

b) Discoaster hamatus Martini & Bramlette,

c) Discoaster quinqueramus Gartner, d) Spenolithus heteromorphus

Deflandre, and e) Catinaster coalitus Martini &

Bramlette. 3. Three range zones and four interval zones

are established based on first appearance (FA) and last appearance (LA) of marker species. By starting from the oldest, those are:

a) Sphenolithus heteromorphus partial-range zone (not younger than NN5 or CN4 zone, Middle Miocene aged or not younger than 13 my before present),

b) Sphenolithus heteromorphus – Catinaster coalitus interval zone (NN6 – NN7 or CN5 zones, Middle Miocene aged or 13 - 12 Ma),

c) Catinaster coalitus – Discoaster hamatus interval zone (NN8 or CN6 zone, Middle Miocene aged or 12 Ma),

d) Discoaster hamatus – Discoaster quinqueramus interval zone (NN9 – NN10 or CN7 zones, Middle to Late Miocene aged or 12 - 9.3 Ma),

e) Discoaster quinqueramus total-range zone (NN11 or CN9 zone, Late Miocene aged or 9.3 – 5.7 Ma),

f) Discoaster quinqueramus – Ceratolithus rugosus interval zone (NN12 or CN10 zone, Early Pliocene aged or 5.7 – 4.5 Ma), and

g) Ceratolithus rugosus partial-range zone (NN13 or CN10 zone, Early

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Pliocene aged or not older than 4.5 Ma).

4. Miocene-Pliocene boundary is well-determinated by last appearance of Discoaster quinqueramus (5.7 Ma) and significant events as marked by species extinctions, abundancy and diversity changes.

REFERENCES

Arpandi, D. & Patmosukismo, S.

(1975), The Cibulakan Formation as One of the

Most Prospective Stratigraphic Units in the

North-West Java Basinal Area, Proceeding of

Indonesian Petroleoum Association 4th Annual

Convention, p. 181 – 204

Bauman, P., Oesterle, H., Suminta,

Wibisono (1972), The Cenozoic of Java and

Sumatera, Proceeding of Indonesian

Petroleoum Association 1st Annual

Convention, p. 31 – 40

Bauman, P., De Genevraye, P., Samuel,

L., Mudjito, Sajekti, S. (1973), Contribution to

the Geological Knowledge of South West Java,

Proceeding of Indonesian Petroleoum

Association 2nd Annual Convention, p. 105 –

108

Bramlette, M.N. & Wilcoxon, J.A.

(1967), Middle Tertiary Calcareous

Nannoplankton of the Cipero Section,

Trinidad, W.I., in Haq, Bilal U., 1984,

Nannofossils Biostratigraphy (Benchmark

Papers in Geology/78), Hutchinson Ross

Publishing Company, Stroundsburg,

Pennsylvania, p. 71-113

Bukry, D. (1973), Low Latitude

Coccolith Biostratigraphic Zonation, Initial

Report of the Deep Sea Driling Project,

Volume 15, p. 685-695, 701-703

Effendi, A.C (1986), Geological Map of

Bogor Quadrange, West Java, scale 1:100.000,

Geological Research and Development

Centre, Bandung

Hay, W.W., Mohler, H.P., Roth, P.H.,

Schmidt, R.R. & Boudreaux, J.E. (1967),

Calcareous Nannoplankton Zonation of the

Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean-

Antillean Area and Transoceanic Correlation,

Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Socs. Trans, Volume

17, p. 428 – 459

Mark, P. (1957), Stratigraphic Lexicon

of Indonesia, Scientific Publication no. 31,

Geological Directorate, Bandung

Martini, E (1971), Standard Tertiary

and Quaternary Calcareous Nannoplankton

Zonation, Proceedings of The II Planktonic

Conference, Roma, 1970, A. Farinacci, ed.

Ediziioni Tecnoscienza, Rome, p. 739 – 785

Martodjojo, S. (2003), Evolusi

Cekungan Bogor, Penerbit ITB, 239 p

Okada, H. & Bukry, D. (1980),

Supplementary Modification and Introduction

of Code Numbers to the Low Latitude Coccolith

Biostratigraphic Zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975),

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Marine Micropaleontology, Volume 5, p. 321

– 325

Perch-Nielsen, K., (1985), Cenozoic

Calcareous Nannofossils in Bolli, H.M.,

Saunders, J.B., and Perch-Nielsen, K., eds

(1986), Plankton Stratigraphy, Cambridge

University Press, p. 427 – 544

Sudjatmiko (1972), Geological Map of

the Cianjur Quadrange scale 1:100.000,

Geological Survey of Indonesia, Bandung

Van Bemmelen, R.W. (1949), The

Geology of Indonesia, Martinus Nijhoff, The

Hague

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Figure 1. The study area occupies Jatiluhur area, Bogor Through

Figure 2. Geological Map (modified from Sudjatmiko, 1972; Effendi, 1986) and Citra Landsat Imaginery Interpretation of Jatiluhur area showing stratigraphic units

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Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene Nannofossil...

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