manajemen-teknologi-011

MANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGIMANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGI

MATERI 1MATERI 1KONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGIKONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGI

Much. Djunaidi, ST, MTMuch. Djunaidi, ST, MTJurusan Teknik IndustriJurusan Teknik Industri

Universitas Muhammadiyah SurakartaUniversitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Konsep Dasar TeknologiKonsep Dasar Teknologi

• Evolusi Teknologi: – Teori Perubahan Masyarakat,– Tingkat Perkembangan Teknologi

• Definisi Teknologi

• Siklus Hidup Teknologi

• Tingkat Teknologi

• Jenis Teknologi

• Klasifikasi Teknologi

Teori Perubahan MasyarakatTeori Perubahan Masyarakat

• Masyarakat tradisional, persiapan lepas landas, lepas landas, dorongan kearah kedewasaan, konsumsi masa tinggi (Rostow).

• Berkembang, lepas landas, industri, post-industri (Farmer, 1969).

• Masyarakat pertanian, masyarakat industri, masyarakat informasi (Toffler).

Teori Perubahan Masyarakat Teori Perubahan Masyarakat (TOFFLER) (1)(TOFFLER) (1)

• Masyarakat Pertanian (8000 SM – 1700)

– Gelombang pembaharuan manusia menentukan & menerapkan teknologi pertanian

– Manusia yang semula berpindah-pindah menjadi suka untuk tinggal menetap (desa)

– Manusia menggunakan energi dari alam (otot binatang, matahari, angin & air)

– Masyarakat produsen & sekaligus menjadi konsumen


• Masyarakat Industri (1700 – 1970)

– Revolusi Industri ditandai dengan penggunaan mesin (melipat gandakan kekuatan fisik manusia)

– Manusia menggunakan energi: minyak, batu bara & gas– Pemisahan antara masyarakat produsen dengan masyarakat

konsumen (spesialisasi)– Terjadi perusakan alam akibat eksploitasi sumber daya– Penetrasi pasar internasional


• Masyarakat Informasi (1970 > 2000)

– Penggunaan teknologi komunikasi dalam peradaban manusia– Penggunaan komputer & mikro elektronik sebagai teknologi inti– Pelipatgandaan kekuatan pikir manusia– Energi alternatif, energi baru, rekayasa genetik,bioteknologi

MATA RANTAI PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGIMATA RANTAI PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGI

• Kemajuan teknologi mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan; merubah pola hidup manusia dan struktur sosial secara keseluruhan

TEKNOLOGI & MASYARAKATTEKNOLOGI & MASYARAKAT

Definisi Teknologi (1)Definisi Teknologi (1)

• TEKHNOLOGIA (Greek) – Techné = art or skill– Logos = science or study

• Sekumpulan pengetahuan ilmiah, mesin, perkakas serta kemampuan organisasi produksi yang dikelola secara sistematik dan efektif (JUDET & PERRIN, 1971)

• Technology is the totality of goods, tools, processes, methods, techniques, procedures and service that are invented and put into some practical use (BAYRAKTAR,

1992)


• Teknologi: suatu input produksi yang penting & dapat diperjual-belikan di pasar dunia sebagai suatu komoditi. (UNCTAD)

a) Barang modal (investasi).

b) Tenaga kerja manusia (tenaga terampil – spesialisasi sangat tinggi).

c) Informasi (sifat teknis atau komersial: pasar, hak cipta, dijual)


• Suatu pengaturan yang berisikan atas tiga elemen atau komponen teknologi (paket) (SANDRETT)

– Elemen material : mesin, peralatan, bahan baku, bahan setengah jadi, dll.

– Elemen informasi : pengetahuan tentang prosedur, keterampilan individu & kolektif

– Elemen organisasi : organisasi produksi, jabatan, situasi kerja & koordinasi


• Pengelompokan Konsep Teknologi dari perspektif sosio-ekonomi


• Technology includes whatever it takes to convert resources into products and services (GAYNOR, 1992)

• All the knowledge, products, processes, tools, methods & system employed in the creation of goods or in providing services (KHALIL, 2002)


• Komponen teknologi (TECHNOLOGY ALTAS PROJECT, 1989):

– Technoware peralatan manual, mesin otomatis, fasilitas terintegrasi

– Humanware kemampuan: operasional, memproduksi, memperbaiki, adaptasi, inovasi

– Inforware menilai, menjelaskan, menggunakan fakta, melakukan klasifikasi

– Orgaware individual, kelompok, organisasi, industri, nasional


• Komponen teknologi (ZELENY, 1986):

– Hardware: the physical structure & logical layout of the equipment or machinery that is to be used to carry out the required tasks

– Software: The knowledge of how to use the hardware in order to carry out the required tasks

– Brainware: The reasons for using the technology in particular way

Komponen TeknologiKomponen Teknologi

Technology, Science & EngineeringTechnology, Science & Engineering

• BETZ (1993)

– Science is the discovery & explanation of nature

– Technology is the knowledge of the manipulation of nature for human purposes

– Engineering is the understanding & manipulation of nature for human purposes

Siklus Hidup Teknologi (1)Siklus Hidup Teknologi (1)

Technology development: basic technology Technology application: technology + application Application launch: technology + application + product

launch Application growth: technology + application + product

sales Technology maturity: technology + application + fall in

product sales Degraded technology: minimal product sales + loss of

application + alternative technology

Siklus Hidup Teknologi (2)Siklus Hidup Teknologi (2)

TIPE TEKNOLOGITIPE TEKNOLOGI

Materials Technology

Production Technology

Transport Technology

Testing Technology

Process Technology

Machining Technology

Klasifikasi Teknologi (UNIDO)Klasifikasi Teknologi (UNIDO)

a. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan

b. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk

c. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses

d. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi

Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (1)(1)

• New technology: new introducted or implemented technology (explicit impact on the way a company produces products or provides services)

• Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will become so within about five year

• High technology: refers to advanced or sophisticated technologies

Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (2)(2)

• Low technology: refers to technologies that have permated large segments of human society

• Medium technology: refers to mature technologies

• Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match between the technology utilized and the resources required for its optimal use

Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan UnsurBerdasarkan Unsur

• Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang tidak terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang.

• Lima Unsur Teknologi:1. Technology of energy conversion and utilization2. Technology of tools & machines3. Technology of measurement, observation & control4. Technology involved in the extraction & conversion

of industrial raw materials5. Technology of industrial production processes

Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Unsur (1)Berdasarkan Unsur (1)

• Technology of energy conversion and utilization:

– Major types of energy useful to man– Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy– Devices for energy conversion– Devices for energy concentration & control– Devices for unlimited production of energy


• Technology of tools & machines

– Hand tools– Machines & machine components– Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for

shaping & forming parts made of metal or other materials


• Technology of measurement, observation & control

– Theory of measurement– Units & standards of measurement– Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement

operate– Common types of measuring instruments– Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research– Major systems of measurement & observation– Instrumentation & control systems


• Technology involved in the extraction & conversion of industrial raw materials

– The world’s physical & biological resources– Technology of the extraction industries– Primary conversion of raw materials


• Technology of industrial production processes

– Materials processing: the operations that are used to transform industrial materials from a raw-material state into finished parts or products

– Metallurgy– Materials handling in the production process– Technology of packaging

Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan BidangBerdasarkan Bidang

• Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang & jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi

• Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:– Construction technology– Technology of major industries– Technology of agriculture & food production– Transportation technology– Technology of information processing & of communications

systems– Technology of the urban community– Military technology– Technology of earth & space exploration

Klasifikasi TeknologiKlasifikasi TeknologiBerdasarkan Bidang (1)Berdasarkan Bidang (1)

• Construction technology

– General building construction– Construction of civil engineering works– Prefabrication & shop fabrication


• Technology of major industries

– Principles of organization of work & production– Manufacturing industries– The fabrication industries– The process industries– The construction industries– The service industries– The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods– Industrial research & marketing of consumer goods– Industrial research & development– Technology of industrial safety


• Technology of agriculture & food production

– Technology of agriculture– Crop farming, Flock & stock farming– Technology of hunting & fishing– Food processing, Food preservation– Techniques for controlling the quality of food– Food sources & new product development– The history of agriculture


• Transportation technology

– Roads & highways & their construction– Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads &

highways– Rail transportation– Stationary conveyance systems– Water transportation– Air transportation– Air - cushion machines


• Technology of information processing & of communications systems

– Communication & information theory– Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers– General information recording devices– Sound recording & reproducing devices– Information recording by the production of visual image: the

technology of photography– Information processing– Major systems of communication– Major system of detection & remote sensing– Electronic component & techniques used in communications


• Technology of the urban community

– Basic engineering services of the city– Technology of the basic social services of the city– Technological responses to new urban problems– History of city engineering


• Military technology

– Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems– Logistic systems– Purely defensive equipment & systems


• Technology of earth & space exploration

– Techniques & equipment of surface & underground exploration

– Techniques & equipment of space exploration– Techniques & equipment & space exploration

• Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan dengan pengembangan produk baru.– Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)– Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals,

new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.

• Lowe (1995): 5 tingkat teknologi.

manajemen-teknologi-011

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