Makalah AAS NovA 300 Bing

8/11/2019 Makalah AAS NovA 300 Bing

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) or atomic absorption

Spectrophotometryis one type of analysis spektrofometri where the

measurement basis is themeasurement of the absorption of a beam by an atom, the

rays are not absorbed,transmitted and converted into electrical signals that

are measurable. AAS was first introduced by the Welsh (Australia) in 1955. AAS is

a popular method for analysis of metals, since in addition to simple, it is

also sensitive and selective. The development of science and technology today have

an impact on furtherincreasing the knowledge and the capacity of human

beings. How much does each man more demanded and is directed towards science

and technology in all areas. Do not miss also a chemistry that is identical to

the science of mikropun did not escapefrom this SCIENCE and

TECHNOLOGY perkebangan sosrotan. Lately, the SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY has been born who could facilitate thepurposes

of chemical analysis. One form of this SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY advancesthat

are now commonly known as atomic absorption tools which are very supportive ina

chemical analysis by the method of atomic absorption Spectroscopic (SSA).

Chemists have long been used as an aid in identifying chemical substances. Atomic

absorption, which have been known many years ago. Nowadays the use of

spectrophotometry measurements implies the absorption of lightenergy away by achemical system as a function of the wavelength

of the radiation, similarly the lone

absorption measurement at a certain gelomabng. Extension of the atomic

absorptionspectrophotometry to the other original elements of the

result development of flameemission spectroscopy. When properly illuminated, can

be seen occasionallydrop-drops of sample that has not been evaporated out of

the top of the flame, and gas-gas flame was terencerkan by the

air entrance respectively as a result of low pressure created by the high speed

of the optical system, anyway it's not but the entirenayala but only manage an areawith a certain distance on the cusp of the burner.

In addition with the method of atomic

absorption elements with low excitation energycan also be

analyzed by flame photometry, but for elements with high excitationenergy can only

be done with the fotomeetri flame. For analisisi with the resonancespectral

line between 400-800 nm, flame photometry is useful, while between 200-

300nm, the AAS method better than flame photometry. For the

qualitative analysis, the preferred method of flame photometry of AAS,

because cathode lamps require specificAAS (hallow cathode). Kemonokromatisan in

AAS is the main requirement. A change intemperature of a flame will interfere


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with the process of excitation so that analysis canberfarisasi flame photometry in the

result. In terms of operating costs, more

expensivethan AAS flame photometry berfilter. It can be said that

the flame photometry methodand AAS are complementary of each other.

1.2 scope

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a

procedure for spectro analyticalpenentuankualitatif and quantitative chemical

elements that employ optical radiationabsorption (light) by free the atoms

in the gas. In a chemical analysis technique useduntukmenentukan the

concentration of specific elements (analyte) in the sample to be analyzed.AAS can

be used to determine more than 70 different elements dalamlarutanor directly on

the solid sample.

1.3 the benefits of writing

As for the Benefits expected from this paper writing in addition to fulfill

the duties ofteachers of subjects, also aims to be the writer or the reader can find

out more abouthow the method or basic principles of Atomic

Absorption Spectroscopy (SSA) itself, in addition so that we can see the extent to

which efficiency from the use of this methodif seen from the advantages

and shortcomings and also knowing how to operate toolsAAS novA 300


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CHAPTER II

THEORY

2.1 a Brief theory of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (SSA)

A short history of atomic absorption was first observed by Frounhofer, who at thetimeworked on the black lines on spetrum of the Sun. While

the mememfaatkan principle in the field of atomic absorption analysis is

an Australia named Alan Walsh in 1995.Before chemists depends a lot on ways or

methods of analyst spektrografikspektrofotometrik. Some of the ways this is a

difficult and time consuming, then immediately in the substitute with atomic

absorption Spectroscopy or AtomicAbsorption Spectroscopy (ASS). This method is

very appropriate for the analysis of substances at low concentration. This

technique has several advantages compared to

conventional emission spectroscopy method.Indeed apart from the atomic

absorptionmethod, the elements with the energy excitation can be also analyzedby flamephotometry, but to share elements with high excitation energy can only be

done withflame photometry for analysis with the line resonance spectrum between

400-800 nm,flame photometry is useful while between 200-

300 nm method ASS better than flamephotometry.For the qualitative analysis, the

flame photometry method is preferablefrom

the ASS, because cathode lamps require specific ASS (hallow cathode).kemonokro

matisan in the ASS is a major preoccupation. In terms of the cost of the more

expensive of the AAS flame photometry berfilter. It can be said that

the flamephotometry method and AAS is the komplomenter of each other.

Other components of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer is konfensionalnature.Monokromator can not as expensive as a regular spectrophotometer

monokromator commensurate quality, because less is required. The only

requirement is that the monokromator skip the line selected, without the

resonant coupled to otherlines in the spectrum of the light source arising from the

cathode metal or gas lags.

Principled methods of AAS on absorption of light by atoms. The atoms absorb

light at particular wavelength, depending on the nature of elemental. E.g. Sodium

absorbs at 589 nm, uranium at. 358,5 nm where as potassium at 766,5 nm. Light on

this wave has enough energy to change the electronic level of an atom. With

theabsorption of energy, means gaining more energy, an atom in the groundstate energylevel is raised to the level of excitation. Excitation levels are varied. For

example the element with atomic number 11 Na has the electron

configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1,basic level for valence electrons, meaning it does not

have any 3S the excess energy.These electrons can be excited by the energy of

ascent 3 p or 4 p 2.2 eV ascent with the energy of 3.6 eV, each corresponding

to a wavelength 589nm and 330 nm. We can choose among these wavelengths that

produce the sharp spectral lines with maximum intensity, known for its line

of resonance. Other lines that are not line resonancespectrum can be associated

with energy levels of molecules, usually in the form ofRibbon-Ribbon width or line is

not derived from a basic level of excitation caused the process atomisasinya.


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The Notion Of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Atomic absorption

spectrophotometry (AAS) is a method of analysis for the determination

of elements and metals, metalloids, based on absorption (absorption) of

radiation by atoms of these elements-free. About 67 items have can be

determined by means AAS. A lot of determination of metalelements previously

done with the method polarografi, then with UV VIS Spectrophotometric methods,

many are now replaced by the method of AAS.

The principle of measurement with the method of AAS is the absorption of UV

light orVis by metal atoms in the ground state are contained in "the Atomic-

forming". UV raysor Vis that diabsorpsi comes from emeisi light metal found on

the source of energy"HOLLOW CATHODE".

The rays emanating from the "HOLLOW CATHODE" is absorbed by the atoms of the

metals contained in the flame, so that the configuration of the atoms become excited

state. If the electron returns to the ground state "GROUND STATE" then it

will emit its light. The magnitude of the diemisikan light intensity is proportional to

theconcentration of the sample (in the form of atom) found on the flame.

There are five basic component tools SSA:

1) SOURCE of LIGHT, usually in the form of "HOLLOW CATHODE"

that emit the rays of the spectrum absorbed by atoms.

2) Flame, is the absorption cells produce samples of atoms

3) Monokromator, for mendispersikan beam with a specific wavelength

4) detector, to measure the intensity of the signal and amplify beams

5) Readout, the bigger picture shows the reading after processed by electronic tools

Like a General on quantitative analysis, spectrometer equipment a sample based on

thelaw of Lambert-Beer, namely:

A = b C

Description:A = absorbance

-= molar absorptivitas

-b = width of samples crossed rays

-C = concentration of a substance

Formula Beer Lambert law showed that the magnitude of the absorbance value is

directly proportional (linearly) with concentration. Based on research, kelinieranBeer-

Lamber Saturday law generally is limited to the value of absorban 0.2 to 0.8.

Beer Lambert law can be applied to the standard

method and standard additionmethod.

THE USUAL STANDARD STANDARD ADDITION

1.1. Measurement of the samples and standards are carried

out separately 1.measurement of the samples and standards are carried

out simultaneously

1.2. On its calibration curve there is just slop 2. on its calibration curve other

thanthere's slop there is also intersep


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1.3. Determination the concentration of direct diplotkan to sample calibration

curve 3.determination of concentration sample calibration

curve to diplotkan indirectly

1. Basic principles of b.

The basic principle of the measurement by AAS is the decomposition of

molecules intoatoms with rock energy from fire or electricity. Atom in ground

state can soak up raysemitted by the source, at this stage will be on Atomic excited

state. The rays are not absorbed by the atoms will be forwarded and emitted at the

detector, and thenconverted into a signal that is measurable. The wavelength

of the light depends on theelectron configuration of the atoms and

the intensitasnya depends on the number ofatoms in the ground state, so AAS can

be used for both qualitative and quantitativeanalysis.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) is a method of analysis that is based

onthe process of absorption of radiation energy by atoms which are at the level

ofprimary energy (the ground state).

The absorption of the tereksitasinya of electrons in the atom's skin to the level

ofhigher energy. This situation is unstable, the electrons are going back

to basic energy level while removing the energy in the form of radiation.

In AAS, atoms are free to interact with the various forms of energy such as heat

energy, electromagnetic energy, chemical energy and electrical energy. This

interactiongives rise to the processes in

the free atom absorption and generating emissions (emission) radiation and heat.

The emitted radiation is distinctive because it has the characteristics

of a wavelength for each free atoms.

The absorption or emission of radiation due to electronic transitions, i.e. the

displacement of atoms, the electron energy levels to other energy levels.

Radiation absorption occurs when there is an mengabsorpsi electron energy of

radiation so that the switch to a higher energy level. Emissions occur when there

is anelectron moves to a lower energy level so a release of energy in the form of

radiation.

The wavelength of the radiation that causes excitation excitation level to level-1 is

called the resonance wavelength. This radiation comes from the element

ofmetal/metalloid.

Resonance radiation from element X can only be diabsorpsi by an

X atoms, otherwiseatoms X cannot be mengabsorpsi the

resonance radiation element Y. None of theelements in a periodic arrangement

of resonance radiation equal to other elements.

This led to a very specific method of AAS and almost free of interference because of

thefrequency of the radiation that is absorbed is characteristic for

each element.Distractions will only occur if the length of the resonance radiation of

two elements that are adjacent to each other.c. type and type of AAS


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There are three ways of atomisasi (the formation of atoms) within the AAS:

1. Atomisasi with a flame

A heated metal compounds will form the metal atoms at a temperature of

approximately 1700 C or more. The samples are in the shape of a liquid will be

doneatomisasi by way of embodying the fluid into the flame of the

gas fuel mixture. The high temperature of the flame is

required for each different elements of a atomisasi.Some elements can be

determined with a flame from a gas mixture that is different butthe use of fuel

and oxidant are different will give different sensitivity.

The terms of the gas that can be used in atomisasi with a flame:

Gas Mixture gives the temperature of the flame according to atomisasi items will be

analyzed

Not dangerous for example are not easy to cause an explosion.

Gas is reasonably safe, non-toxic and easily controlled

Pure and clean enough Gas (UHP)

The gas mixture is the most commonly used are air: C2H2 (1900

2000 flametemperature c), N2O: C2H2 (flame temperature of 2700-

3000 C), air: propane (17001900 flame temperature c). Number of atoms in

the flame depends on thetemperature of the flame. Flame temperature depending

on the comparison of gas fuel and oxidant.

Things to watch out for on a atomisasi with a flame:

1. the standards and samples must be prepared in the form of solution and quite

stable. It is recommended in a solution with a low acidity to prevent corrosion.

2. Atomisasi do with a flame from a gas mixture that corresponds to the element that

is analyzed.

3. the requirements when using the organic solvent:

Not easy to explode when it hit the heat

Havespecific gravity > 0.7 g/mL

Havea boiling point > 100 C

Havea high flash point

Do not use hydrocarbon solvents

Making free with the use of atoms in the flame (Flame AAS)

Example: an aqueous solution of the MX, after dinebulisasi into

the spray chamber so as to form an aerosol is then brought into the flame of the

gas mixture by oxidant and fuel going through the process of atomisasi

2. Atomisasi without a flame

Atomisasi without a flame is carried out by the electrical energy flow in a

carbon rod(CRACarbon Rod Atomizer) or tubes of

carbon (Graphite Tube AtomizerGTA) with two electrodes.


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The sample was submitted to the CRA or GTA. An electric current is applied so

that the rod or tube becomes hot (the temperature rises to height) and the

elements analysedwill be teratomisasi. The temperature can be regulated up

to 3000 C. the samplesolution warming through three stages, namely:

Phasedrying (drying) to evaporate the solvent

Pengabuan (ashing), the temperature of the furnace is raised gradually until

it occursthe decomposition and evaporation of the organic compound that is present

in the samples so retrieved metal oxide or a salt

Pengatoman (atomization)

3. formation of compounds with hydride Atomisasi

Atomisasi with the formation of the hydride compounds made

to items As, Se, Sbwhich is easy to decompose when heated at a temperature

of more than 800 c soatomisasi done by forming a hybrid compound

of gaseous or break down into atomsthrough the reaction of SnCl2 or as

NaBH4 reduction by, for example, mercury (Hg).

Parts of the Spectrometry AAS and its function

a resonance Radiation Sources.

Resonance radiation source used is

a hollow cathode lamp (the Hollow Cathode Lamp) or Electrodeless Discharge Tube

(EDT). Electrode hollow cathode lamp usually consist ofa

hollow cathode and tungsten coated with pure elements or a mix of the

pure elementdesired.

Tanung lights and window (window) is made of silica or quartz, filled with

a filler gasthat can produce ionization process. Gas fillers normally used is Ne, Aror He.

Resonance radiation emission occurs when the two electrodes is given

the voltage, the electric current that occur cause ionization of gas-gas filler. Ions

are positively chargedgas is shooting up the atoms that are present in the

cathode causing the atomstereksitasinya. The excited atoms are unstable and will go

back to the basic level by releasing energy in the form

of eksitasinya radiation. This radiation that is passedthrough the atom that is

in flames.

b. AtomizerAtomizer comprising Nebulizer system

(spray), spray chamber and burner (burnersystem)

Nebulizer works to convert the solution into an aerosol (mist with a grain size

ofparticles of 1520 m) and how to draw the solution through the capillaries (due

tothe effects of air flow) and suctioning gas fuel and oxidant, sprayed into

the Chamberof the spray. The mist particles finer then a mixed gas flow along the

fuel, go into a flame, while the great fog point streamed through the sewer.

Spray chamber serves to create a

homogenous mixture between gas fuel and oxidant,aerosols containing examples

of prior to entering the burner.


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TheBurner is just going on atomisasi i.e. changing mist/salt steam items will be

analyzed into normal atoms in the flame.

c. Monokromator

After the resonance radiation from a

hollow cathode lamp Atomic populations throughthe flame, the energy of the

radiation is partly absorbed and partly succeeded. The fraction of radiation that is

separated from other radiation continues. The election orthe separation

of the radiation is done by monokromator.

Monokromator serves to separate the resonance radiation which has

experienced theabsorption of other radiation-radiation. Other radiation comes from a

hollow cathodelamps, hollow cathode lamps are gas filler or

metal dopants in hollow cathode lamp.Monokromator consists of optical systems,

namely, mirrors and grille openings.

d. Detector

The detector function measures the radiation transmitted by the sample

and measure the intensity of the radiation in the form of electrical energy.

e. Rekorder

The electric signal coming out of the detector device which can be accepted

bydescribing the absorption curve automatically.

f. Cathode Lamp

Cathode lamps are light sources on AAS. Cathode lamp has a lifetime

of consumptionage or for 1000 hours. Cathode lamps on each item to be

tested varies depending on the items to be tested, such as lamp cathode Cu, can

only be used for the measurement of elemental Cu cathode Lamps. is divided into

two kinds, namely:Cathode Monologam lamp: used to measure 1 item

Cathode Multilogam lamp: used for the measurement of some metals at once, it's

just that much more expensive.

Socket on the cathode lights are a more prominent black, used to facilitate

theinstallation of cathode lights when lights are inserted into a socket on

the AAS. Theblack part is part of the most prominent of the four other iron.

Cathode lamp serves as a light source to provide energy so that the

metal elementwhich will be tested, will be easily excited. Duct tape was added, so

that there is noempty space to exit gas influx from outside and from inside

the gas discharge, becausewhen there is gas coming out from the inside cancause toxicity in the environment.

Cathode lamp is maintenance of way when once completed is used,

then the lightsdisconnected from the socket on the main unit lights, and AAS are

put in placebusanya inside the box again, and the storage box is closed again. We

recommend that you use when you are finished, the length of time the usage note.

g. Gas tube

The gas tube on the AAS is used gas cylinders containing acetylene gas. Acetylene

Gas on AAS has a temperature range of 20,000 K, and there are also gas

cylinders containing the gas N2O hotter than acetylene gas, with a temperaturerange of 30,000 K. Regulators on acetylene gas cylinders for setting the number of


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gases to be issued, and the gas in the tube. Spedometer on the right side of the

regulator is apressure balance inside the tube.

Testing for the detection of leak or whether the gas tube, by exposing the ears to

near the gas regulator and given a little bit of water, to pengecekkan. When sound or

air, it is menendakan that the gas cylinder is leaking and there is gas coming

out. Other things that can be done is to give a little soapy water on the top

of the regulator and see if there are any air bubbles are formed. If there is,

then the positive gas tubeleaked. Preferably pengecekkan leaks, do not use the

oil, because the oil will can causeclogged gas line. The Gas in the tube can come

out because it caused in the tube onthe bottom of the tube contains acetone which

can make easy gas will come out, in addition to the gas also has pressure.

h. Ducting

Ducting is the chimney to suck up the smoke or residual combustion on AAS,

whichdirectly connected on the outside of the chimney on the roof of the building, so

thatthe smoke generated by the AAS, not harmful to the environment. The

smoke resulting from the combustion of the AAS, processed in such a way in

the ducting, the resultingpollution to harmless.

How to maintenance of the ducting, i.e. by closing the ducting horizontally, so

that the top can be tightly closed, so there will be no insects or other

animals that can get into the ducting. Because if there are insects or other

animals that entered into the ducting, then it can cause ducting is clogged.

The use of ducting that is, pressing a small part on a leaning towards the ducting,

because when straight horizontally, signaling the ducting is covered. Ducting serves

tosuck the combustion occurs at AAS, and remove it through the chimney connected

toductingi. Compressor

The compressor is a tool that is separate to the main unit, because this tool works

forsupplying the air needs to be used by AAS at the combustion of

atoms. Compressor has 3 buttons pressure balance, where in the black box is

the ON-OFF button, the middle section is a spedo of small air to be issued, or serve

as a pressure balance, whilethe right button merupakantombol settings to set

multiple/at least the air will besprayed into the burner. Section on the rear of the

compressor air is used as storageafter after the use of AAS.

This tool serves to filter the air from outside, so that the net position to the

right., is an open position, and position it to the left position closed. Water vapor isreleased, it willsplatter and could result in the floor taut around a wet, therefore

it should be on whenpressed to the

right section, preferably accommodated with laps, so the floor does not get wet

and water vapor will be absorbed into the lap.

j. Burner

The most important part is the Burner inside the main unit, because

the burner serves as a place of acetylene gas, pancampuran and aquabides, in

order to be mixed evenly, and can be burned in cigarette lighters are nice

and evenly. Holes in the burner, anaperture of cigarette lighters, where the pit is the

beginning of the process ofpengatomisasian the flame.


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Maintenance burner that is after the completion of the measurement is done,

theaspirator hose inserted into the bottle containing

the aquabides for approximately 15 minutes, it is the process of leaching on

the aspirator and the burner after completionof usage. Aspirator hose used to

suck or suck the solution samples and standards thatwill be

tested. Aspirator hose is part of the orange-colored hose on the right

sideburner. While the left hose, hose to

siphon the gas acetylene. Metal is metal that will be tested in the form of the

solution and must be dissolved in advance using a solution ofconcentrated nitric

acid. Metals in the solution, will experience low energy excitation ofthe energy high.

The value of the excitation of each metal has a different value. The

resulting flame colorvaries depending on the level

of metal concentrations measured. When red fire color, then it indicates

that too much gas. And the color blue, the most fire is the colour offire, the

most good, and most of the heat.

k. Exile on AAS

Exile on AAS is stored in drigen and is

placed separately on AAS. Exhaust exhaust hoseis connected to the circular which

was made in such a way, so that the rest of the exilesbefore rising again to the

top, because when this happens it can shut down the processpengatomisasian the

flame at the time of measurement the sample, so that the resulting curve will look

bad. Place a container of exile (drigen) is placed on a Board thatis also

equipped with a light indicator. When the lamp indicator lights up, indicating that the

tool or api on the process of AAS pengatomisasian turned on, and is the continuation

of the process of pengatomisasian the flame. In addition, the Board alsoserves to place waste containers or not tersenggol away. If the exile is full,

the contentsinside the container do not empty, but will stay at made a little, so as not

to dry.

Procedure

1. Open valve / gas regulator used

2. Air compressor valve (located below) and compressor shut in on it

3. Instruments on it (there is a button on the right of the green color tool)

4. Wait until the display "AAS novA 300" appears.

5. Click "HCl TURRED", place the position of the arrow on the position of thelights (if you want to replace the lamp select "CHANGE" and select the elements that

would be tested) and then click OK - OK to the start menu

6. Click "METHOD DEVELOPMENT" click OK

7. Click "SPECTROPHOTOMETER", "OPTICAL PARAMETER" make sure that is

analyzed in an active state, click the "ENERGY" or "GAJN" and make sure the

energy around 60-80 then ok

8. Click "CALIBRATION", "CALIBRATION STANDARD" click "CONDITION"

notice "NO.OFF SATNDARD" adjust the amount of the standard to be analyzed.

Click the "Table", "CLEAR THE TABLE", click "CAL-STANO". 1. Click "CHANGE"

select "CONCENTRATION" if there is already a number, "DELETE", and then


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replace it with a new number. "ENTER", the same thing is done for the other

standards. Click OK again

9. Click "SAMPLES" select lines enabling filled replace the sample data by

clicking "CHANGE" enter the name of the sample you click OK then OK again.

10. Blower in on it

11. Click "FLAME", click on "TEST THE WATER" notice must be aerosolized

form (only appears when a new tool is operated) TEST END.

12. To light the burner, click "EGNITE FLAME", wait until the burner flame

appears, click OK.

13. Click "CALIBRATION" and "STANDARD CALIBRATION", "TABLE", select

"START / ABS", OK.

14. Follow the instructions on the screen. Click OK.

"ALWAYS REMEMBER AQUADEST WILL REPLACE THE ENTIRE SOLUTION"

15. Click "SAMPLES", select the name of the sample that you want to measure,

select the "LINE" and "SAMPLE RUN" click OK until the instruction the monitor.

Follow the instructions to complete.

16. Click OK, then OK again until the start menu

17. Click "FLAME" and "EXTINGUISH", click OK

18. When done click "EXIT", then the instrument is turned off by pressing the

right tools.

D. Benefits/Advantages Of AAS

The advantages are: the AAS method

Specific

Limit (limit) detection of low

Fromone same substance, some different elements can be measured

Measurement can be directly made to the solution of

the sample (sample preparationbefore the measurement is simpler, except

when there is a bully)

Can be applied to many types of items in many different types of examples.

The rates that can be specified is very broad (mg/L up to percent)

E. Shortcomings Method AASAnalysis using AAS is a weakness, because there are several sources of

error, includingthe error Source: measurements may occur on measurements using

the SSA may bepredicted as follows:

1. Less perfect sample preparation, such as:

-The process of destruction is less than perfect

-The level of acidity of the samples and not similarly blanko

The error matrix, this is due to the existence of a difference matrix sample

and matrix of standards

The flow of the sample at the burner are not the same pace or there is blockage

in the course of the flow of the sample.

1. chemical Disorders such as:


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-Dissociation is not perfect

-Ionization

-Formation of refraktori compounds

F. Application Of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (SSA) In The Chemical Analysis

For atomic absorption method has been applied to the determination

of approximately 60 elements, and this technique is the main tool in the study

of metal which includetracing in the environment and

in biological samples. Often these techniques are also useful in cases

where the metal is at a sufficient level in the sample, but just a littletersediasedia in

the analysis of samples, sometimes such cases with metaloprotein for example. The

first reports about the role of biologically important for nickel based

ondetermination by atomic absorption that urease enzyme from the organism, at

least on two nickel ions per molecule of protein. Often the first stage in the analysis

of biologicalsamples is mengabukan to damage organic

ingredients. Pengabuan base with a nitric

acid and perchlorate often preferable than dry Recalling pengabuan shrink due

toevaporate from certain tracing elements (dry pengabuan sheer was the installation

ofthe samples in one furnace to oxidize organic material). Then the atomic

absorptionlarytan pengabuan base or against a solution made from

the residue dried pengabuan.

A major facet of the atomic absorption of course is the sensitivity. In a sense, atomic

absorption blatant free from distractions once. The electronic energy levels of an

atomwas a unit for that element. This means that no

two elements which demonstrate thespectral lines of

the exact same wavelength. Often times there are lines for an item that is very closeto some of the other elements, but it is common to find a resonance line isfor

a particular element, if there is no spectral interference by other elements in the

sample.

A major disruption in the atomic absorption is the effect matrix that affects the

process of pengatoman. Good away dissociation into atoms at a given

temperature and the rate of the process depends on the

overall composition of all samples. For example if an aqueous solution of

calcium chloride dikabutkan and dissolved particles of

solid CaCl2dissociates finely produced atoms of Ca with a lot easier

than paertikel calciumphosphate Ca3 (PO4), 2.With the advances in science that dieksistensikan with the increasing number of

research publications in the field of atomic absorption spectroscopy, it appears

that the dwarf in atomic absorption spectroscopy is still in the ranks of the refinement

G. Disturbances In The AAS Method

Chemical Disorder

Chemical disorder occurs when the items analyzed experiencing a chemical

reactionwith the anion or ketion certain refraktori compounds, so not all analytes can

beteratomisasi. To overcome this disorder can be done in two ways, namely: 1) useof a higher flame temperature, 2) addition of other chemicals that can release


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the cation oranion bullies from their bonds with analytes. Other

chemical substances that are added to a

substance called liberators (Releasing Agent) or protective substances (ProtectiveAg

ent).

Disturbance Of Matrix

This disorder occurs when samples contain a lot of salt, acid or when ayau solvent

useddoes not use the standard substances, solvents or when the temperature of

the flameto a solution of the sample and the standards are

different. Qualitative analysis in this disorder is not too problematic, but it is

very annoying in quantitative analysis. To overcome this disorder in quantitative

analysis can be used the way the analysis of the addition of satandar (a

standard Adduct).

Disturbance Of Ionization

Disorders of ionization occurs when the temperature of the flame is high enough so

that it is able to release the electrons from a neutral atom to form positive ions. The

formation of this ion reduced the number of neutral atoms, so cue the absorption will

be reduced as well. To solve this problem can be done by adding a solution of an

easilyionized elements or atoms which are more electropositive character of atoms

that were analyzed, such as Cs, Rb, K, and Na. This addition can reach 100 to

2000 ppm.

Absorption Of Background (Back Ground)

Plural form of Background (Back Ground) is a term used to indicate the presence

ofvarious influences, from absorption by the flame, molecular absorption,and scatteringof light.

CHAPTER III

COVER

3.1 Conclusions

Pejelasan-explanation of the foregoing the conclusion that can be drawn:

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy based on the amount of energy absorbedbyneutral atoms in a gas.

In order for the intensity of the early rays (Po) and the rays passed on (P) can be

measured, then the energy rays of pengeksitasi must match

the Atomic excitationenergy absorber and absorber of energy is obtained through a

hollow cathode lamplight.

SSA has a high accuracy on qualitative analysis.

AAS novA 300 has many advantages compared to other types of AAS

3.2 Advice

On this occasion the author suggested to all those who feel to have a share in the

development of education in order to support things that smelled of technology


14/14

toease the development of education can be further enhanced. It aims to improve

the quality of our national education. In addition it should all sides should be further

enhanced to mention a sense of concern for science technology to the fore we

canrealize a society that soulless technology.

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SSA) is a tool used in the methods of

analysisfor the determination of the elements of

metal and metalloid that measurement based on the absorption

of specific wavelengths of light by atoms of the metal in a State

ofnon (Skooget al., 2000). This method is very appropriate for the analysis of

substancesat low concentration. This technique has several advantages compared

to conventionalemission spectroscopy method. Indeed apart from the atomic

absorption method, withelements of low energy excitation

of unsurdengan can also be analyzed by flamephotometry, flame photometry,

however not suitable for

elements with high excitationenergy. Flame photometry has the

optimum measurement range at a wavelength of400-800 nm, while

the AAS have the optimum measurement range at a wavelength of200-300 nm

(Skoog et al., 2000).For the qualitative analysis, the preferred method

offlame photometry of AAS,

since specific cathode memerlukanlampu AAS (hallowcathode). Kemonokromatisan i

n the AASmerupakan the main

requirement. A flametemperature changes akanmengganggu process

of excitation so that analysis of flamephotometry berfilter.It can be said that

the flame photometry method and AASmerupakankomplementer each other.

Principled methods of AAS on the absorption of light by atoms, atom-atommenyerapthe light at a particular wavelength,

depending padasifat elemental. E.g. Sodiumabsorbs at 589 nm, uranium in

358, 5nm whereas potassium at 766,5 nm. Light onthis

wave mempunyaicukup energiuntukmengubah electronic energy levels of an

atom.Denganabsorpsi energy, means gaining

more energy, a basic padakeadaan atomicenergy level is raised to the level

of excitation. Any of various tingkateksitasinya levels.For example the

element Na with an

atomic electron configuration 11mempunyai noor1s1 2p6 2s2 3s1, basic

level for electronvalensi 3s, meaning do not have excess energy.Ascentto dapattereksitasi Elektronini 3 p with energy 2.2 eV or ascent to the 4 p with an

energy of 3.6 eV, each corresponding to a wavelength 589nm and 330 nm. We can

choose between this yangmenghasilkan line wavelength spectrum that is sharp

andwith maximum intensity, yangdikenal with the line resonance. Other lines that are

notgarisresonansi can be either Ribbon-Ribbon width or line is not derived from the

basiceksitasitingkat that caused the atomisasinya.In the light of

certain wavelengths is passed on suatusel containing free atoms in

question then the sebagiancahaya will beabsorbed and the intensity of the

absorption will be compared to the number of atoms in a metal-free lurusdengan on

the antaraabsorbansi Relationship with the cells.concentration derived from: 1.

Makalah AAS NovA 300 Bing

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