LBM 1

MODUL 8

STEP 1

1. Kelenjar Agregrasi sel-sel yang mengeluarkan zat-zat untuk metabolisme tubuh

2. Hormon Senyawa kimia yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar, berfungsi untuk memacu atau

menghambat organ tertentu sehingga ada hasilnya3. Metabolisme

Sebuah proses : katabolisme ( penguraian protein) dan anabolisme( pembentukan protein) agar zat dapat diserap tubuh

4. Hypotalamus Organ utama sistem endokrin Kelenjar yang menghasilkan hormon TRH,vasofresin,okxytoxin

5. Hypofise Kelenjar di selatorsika, terdiri dari neurohipofisis dan adenohipofisis yg terhubung

oleh hipotalamus oleh duktus6. Organ target

Organ spesifik yang dituju oleh hormon tertentu7. Ekskresi

Proses pengeluaran dari sisa metabolisme yang tidak dapat digunakan kembali ( keringat,urin,feses)

8. Sekresi Proses pengeluaran dari sisa metabolisme yang masih dapat digunakan kembali

( hormon)9. Pengaturan umpan balik

Suatu sistem yang mengatur pembentukan hormon, ada umpan balik Positif dan negatif

STEP 2

1. Bagaimana peranan sistem hormon ?2. Bagaimana pengaruh hormon terhadap metabolisme tubuh ?3. Kelenjar apa saja yang ada di dalam tubuh beserta hormon yang dihasilkan beserta

letaknya?4. Fungsi dari masing-masing hormon yang dihasilkan kelenjar endokrin ?5. Klasifikasi hormon berdasarkan mekanisme kerjanya ?6. perbedaan hormon pada laki-laki dan perempuan ?7. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi dari mekanisme sekresi hormon ?8. Mekanisme pengaturan pengeluaran hormon oleh hipotalamus dan hipofisis ?

9. Bagaimana hubungan antara hipofisis dan hipotalamus ?10. Perbedaan dari adenohipofisis dan neurohipofisis ?11. Jelaskan mekanisme sekresi dan ekskresi ?

STEP 3

1. Bagaimana peranan sistem hormon ?Overall Functions of the Endocrine System In its regulatory role, the endocrine system exerts wide-ranging eff ects throughout the body, including the following:1. Regulating nutrient metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance, which are important collectively in maintaining aconstant internal environment2. Inducing adaptive changes to help the body cope with stressful situations3. Promoting smooth, sequential growth and development4. Controlling reproduction5. Regulating red blood cell production6. Along with the autonomic nervous system, controlling and integrating activities of both the circulatory and the digestive systems[Lauralee_Sherwood]_Fundamentals_of_Human_Physiolo(Bookos.org)

2. Bagaimana pengaruh hormon terhadap metabolisme tubuh ? untuk regulasi metabolisme untuk menyeimbangkan tubuh / homeostasis

3. Kelenjar apa saja yang ada di dalam tubuh beserta hormon yang dihasilkan beserta letaknya?

- Pankreas

Table 20-3. Cell Types in Human Islets of Langerhans.

Cell Type

Quantity Position Hormone Produced

Hormonal Function

A

20%

Usually in periphery

Glucagon Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content

B

70%

Central region

Insulin Acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content

D <5% Variable Somatostatin Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action

F Rare Variable Pancreatic polypeptide

Control of gastric secretion? Control of secretion of the exocrine pancreas?

- Hipofisis ( pasr Distalis )

Table 20–1. Secretory Cells of the Pars Distalis.

Cell Type Stain Affinity

HormoneProduced Main Physiological Activities

Somatotropic cell

Acidophilic Growth hormone (GH, somatotropin)

Anabolic activity: increased protein, DNA, RNA synthesis, increased blood glucose, increased use of fat in fat cells (some of these effects via insulin-like growth factor [IGF]-1, produced mainly in the liver)

Stimulates growth of long bones via IGF-1 produced locally acting on differentiation of chondrocytes

Mammotropic cell

Acidophilic Prolactin (PRL) Promotes milk secretion (depends on earlier action of estrogen, progesterone, and placental hormones)

Gonadotropic cell

Basophilic Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Promotes ovarian follicle development and estrogen secretion in women

Stimulates spermatogenesis in men

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Promotes ovarian follicle maturation and progesterone secretion in women

Leydig cell stimulation and androgen secretion in men

Thyrotropic cell

Basophilic Thyrotropin (TSH) Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis, storage, and liberation

Corticotropic cell

Basophilic Corticotropin (ACTH) Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones

-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone? (

-MSH)

Darkening of skin, inhibition of appetite in the hypothalamus, other actions

Melanotropes? Basophilic-Melanocyte-

stimulating hormone? (

-MSH)

Table 20–2. Hormones Produced in the Hypothalamus and Liberated in the Hypophysis.

Hormones Liberated in the Median Eminence

Hormones Liberated in the Pars Nervosa

Hormone Function Hormone Function

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Stimulates release of thyrotropin and prolactin

Arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Increases water permeability of collecting ducts of the kidney and promotes vascular smooth muscle contraction

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates the release of both follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Oxytocin Contraction of myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland and uterine smooth muscle

4. perbedaan hormon pada laki-laki dan perempuan ? testosteron: pada laki-laki lebih banyak estrogen:hnya pd wanita progesteron:hnya pada wanita prolaktin:hnya pd wanita

5. Jelaskan mekanisme sekresi dan ekskresi ? sekresi: rangsanganhipotalamushormon bekerjaorgan target mempunyai

reseptorumpan balik + - ekskresi: beda sama sekresi !! ntar dicari lagi yaa !!!

6. Faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi dari mekanisme sekresi hormon ? rangsangan internal dan eksternal

7. Mekanisme pengaturan pengeluaran hormon oleh hipotalamus dan hipofisis ?

Relationship between the hypothalamus, the hypophysis, and the thyroid. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) promotes secretion of thyrotropin (TSH), which regulates the synthesis and secretion of the hormones T3 and T4. In addition to their effect on target tissues and organs, these hormones regulate TSH and TRH secretion from the pars distalis and the hypothalamus by a negative-feedback. Solid arrows indicate stimulation; dashed arrows indicate inhibition.

8. Bagaimana hubungan antara hipofisis dan hipotalamus ?

9. Perbedaan dari adenohipofisis dan neurohipofisis ?