KlasifikasiPenggolongan, pengelompokan

All these are same species!

Broccoli, kale, cabbage, califlower: members same species! Brassica oleracea

Mengapa harus diklasifikasi?Kemudahan dan keteraturanEconomy of MemoryMenentukan jauh dekatnya kekerabatanAlat Penyimpan informasiAlat prediksi

KlasifikasiMengelompokkan individu ke dalam suatu TaksonDasarnya kesamaan fenetik atau hubungan kekerabatanMenggolongkan ke dalam katagori hirarki taksonomi

KlasifikasiProses Klasifikasi

Produk Klasifikasi Sistem klasifikasiPre-Darwin Periode Post-Darwin periode

Pendekatan dalam Klasifikasi TumbuhanPendekatan artificial a prioriTheophrastus (De Historia Plantarum)Dioscorides (De Materia medica)Carolus Linnaeus(Species Plantarum, 1753)Pendekatan Alamiah a posterioriAntoine de JussieuA.P de Candolle (Prodomus Syatematis Naturalis Regni VegetabilisBentham dan Hooker

Pendekatan dalam Klasifikasi TumbuhanPendekatan PhylogenetikA.W.Eichler (1839-1887)Pendekatan Fenetik derajat persamaan ciri, semakin banyak ciri yang sama semakin dekat kerabatnyaSneath dan Sokal (1963) Taksonomi Numerik

Pendekatan dalam Klasifikasi TumbuhanPendekatan Cladistic berdasarkan persamaan moyangnya. Jenis-jenis yang memiliki ciri apomorf yang sama akan berkerabat dekatHennigKlasifikasi Evolusi pendekatan eklektik, gabungan unsur-unsur terbaik dari fenetik dan cladistik.

Scientific Classification

Katagori Hirarki Taksonomi1. Divisi (Divisio) Magnoliophyta Anak divisi (SubDivisio)2. Kelas (Classis) MagnoliopsidaAnak Kelas (SubClass)3. Bangsa (Ordo) CucurbitalesAnak Bangsa (Suborders)4. Suku (Family) CucurbitaceaeAnak suku: CucurbitoideaPuak: Trichoasantheaeanakpuak: Trichosantinae

5. Marga (Genus) TrichosanthesAnak MargaSeksi: InvolucrariaAnak seksi6. Jenis (Species) T. borneensisAnak jenisVarietasforma

Eichler ClassificationKingdom1. Plantae2. AnimalaeDivision1-1. Thallophyta1-2. Bryophyta1-3. Pteridophyta1-4. SpermatophytaClass1-4-1. Gymnospermae1-4-2. AngiospermaeSubclass1-4-2-1. Monocotyledonae1-4-2-2. Dicotyledonae

Modern ClassificationDivisionshttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/taxaform.html 4-1. Bryophyta Mosses4-2. Psilophyta - Wisk Ferns (Psilotum)4-3. Lycophyta - Club Mosses 4-4. Sphenophyta - Horsetails 4-5. Pterophyta (Pteridophyta) - Ferns

More Divisions4. (Spermatophyta)4-6. Pinophyta Conifers (Gymnosperms)4-7. Cycadophyta - Cycads 4-8. Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba 4-9. Gnetophyta Gnetum4-10. Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)Class 4-10-1. Liliopsida (Mocotyledons)4-10-2. Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

Major Systems of classificationPhyleticPheneticcladistic

Old trees of life = linear.

The point of classificationNecessary in order to talk about thingsNo complete agreement on a single systemNames and systems can changeThe species is the only real entity all other categories are human constructs that attempt to show relationship as accurately as possible

Major System ClassificationBentham & HookerEngler & PrantlJohn HutchinsonArmenn TakhtajanArthur CronquistAPG System (Angiosperm Phylogenetic Group)

pattern based on relationship known from fossil record.No special rules about classificationTypes of Classification: Phylogenic

PheneticsPhenetics bases the classification of an organism entirely on measurable similarities and differences; no assumptions of homology are made. Phenetics compares as many anatomical characteristics as possible to determine relatedness. Skeptics of this approach claim that phenotypic similarity alone is not sufficient to judge phylogenetic relationships.Result a chart of relationship based on the concept that structural similarity = relationship

Problems; convergence, and which characters you pick.Weighted characters.

Cladistics is the new fad = favored system because it results in anUnambiguous classification.(read less ambiguous)Basic rule all groups must be monophyletic (have a single common ancestor)Apomorphy a derived or shared characterSynaptomorphy an apomorphy shared by two or more groups and their last common ancestorPlesiomorphy an ancestral or primitive character

So each new character = branch point. Each branch point = name change

Bentham & Hooker (1862 1883)Natural SystemPhanerogame or Seed Plant: - Class 1. Dikotiledons (14 series, 25 orders, 165 families) - Class 2. Gymnospermae (3 families) - Calss 3. Monocotyledons ( 7 series, 34 families)

Engler & Prantl Yang mengusulkan sistem Plant Kingdom, Klasifikasi sampai tingkat genus berdasarkan informasi morfologi, anatomi, geografiDivisi 1 11 ThallophytesDivisi 12 Embryophyta Asiphonogamae (Bryophyta, Pterydophyta)Divisi 13 Embriophyta Siphonogamae (Gymnospermae, Angiospermae:monokotil dan Dikotil)

John HutchinsonYang pertama mengkalsifikasi Angiospermae (Flowering Plants)24 prinsip penggolongan, diantaranya Prinsip umum, berdasarkan Perawakan tumbuhan, Struktur tumbuhan berbunga, Bunga dan buah

Armen TakhtajanEvolusi dan sistem klasifikasi philogeniDivision Magnoliophyta Class 1. Magnoliopsida (Dikots) Class 2. Liliopsida (Monokots)

Arthur CronquistKonsep sama dengan Sistem Takhtajan (Evolusi dan philogeni), menggunakan Magnoliophyta yang terbagi menjadi liliopsida dan magnoliopsidaLebih detail dalam dasar pengelompokan yang dibuat dalam sistem klasifikasi (hampir semua sumber pendekatan/bukti taksonomi)

The point of classificationNecessary in order to talk about thingsNo complete agreement on a single systemNames and systems can changeThe species is the only real entity all other categories are human constructs that attempt to show relationship as accurately as possible

Penentuan Batasan JenisBeberapa Kelompok populasiKarakter morfologi berbedaKarakter morfologi samaTakson berbedaAllopatricSympatricPersebaranTakson berbedaTidak Terjadi persilanganTerjadi persilanganKemungkinan tjd persilanganTakson sama

AllopatricKemungkinan terjadi persilanganGenetic compatibleGenetic incompatibleTakson berbedaPengelompokan secara ekologiEkologi samaTakson samaTakson berbedaEkologi tidak sama

Infraspecific level (takson dibawah jenis)

KatagoriKarakterPerbedaaMorfologiPolaPersebaranVariasi genetikHibridisasi alamiTingkat fertilitasAnak JenisBeberapa perbedaan nyataAllopatric/PeripatricMulti genMasih dimungkinkan kontak< 60 %VarietasSatu-dua perbedaan nyataAllopatricMulti genDimungkinkan kontak> 60%FormaSatu perbedaan nyataSporadik,sympatricGen tunggalSelalu kontakFertilitas 100%

Subspecies Categories1. VarietyBotanical (natural) VariationBuxus microphylla Sieb.&Zucc. var. japonica Rehd.&Wils.koreana Nakai2. CultivarMan-made VariationHordeum vulgare cv. Wintex or Wintex

Subspecies3. HybridsA. Interspecific same genusFragaria x ananassa Duch. (8n)F. virginiana (2n) x F. chiloensis (2n) x2B. Intergeneric different generaX Cupressocyparis leylandii Leyland CypressCupressus macrocarpa (Cypress) x Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ) Western Yellow CedarSterile

SubspeciesGroupsBrassica oleracea L. (Capitata) cv. King Cole - Cabbage (Italica) - Broccholi (Gemifera) - Brussels Sprouts (Botrytis) - Cauliflower Brassica rapa TurnipBrassica napus - Rudibaga