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Sigma () adalah suatu huruf dalam alfabet Yunani yang digunakan dalam ilmu statistik untuk menggambarkan STANDAR DEVIASI (distribusi atau penyebaran terhadap nilai rata- rata)

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Statistical Statistical Process Process ControlControl

Total Total Quality Quality ControlControl

Total Total Quality Quality

ManagementManagement

Six Sigma Six Sigma ApproachApproach

Business Business Excellence Excellence FrameworkFramework

MIKEL J HARRY, MIKEL J HARRY, PROMOTOR PROMOTOR SIX SIGMA SIX SIGMA QUALITYQUALITY

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1

2

USLLSL

3

4

5

6

SIGMA VALUE SIGMA VALUE (Seberapa besar Standard Deviasi memenuhi spesifikasi)(Seberapa besar Standard Deviasi memenuhi spesifikasi)

(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5

Defects per MillionOpportunities

123456

PPMDPMO690000308000 66800 6210 320

3.4

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LSL USL

Normal Distribution Shifted 1.5

(Distribution Shifted ± 1.5

Defects per MillionOpportunities

123456

PPMPPM697700308537 66807 6210 233

3.4

1.51.5

-6-6-5-5-4-4-3-3-2-2-1-1X X 11

LSL : Lower Specification Limit : batas limit bawahUSL : Upper spesification Limit : batas limit atas

4.54.5

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DEFECT = Nonconformity = kesalahan = kegagalan = cacat

• Produk/Service disebut memiliki DEFECT jika terdapat sekurang-kurangnya satu spesifikasi yang tak dipenuhi .

• Defect bisa bersifat minor maupun major Contoh :

Produk/Service Jenis DefectNasi goreng Rasa tidak enak, penyajian tidak menarikLaporan keuangan Terlambat, analisa tidak akuratPengiriman barang Salah barang, salah jumlah, terlambat, rusakPenjualan Tidak mencapai targetRekrutmen Salah orang, lamaMengecat Tergores, mengelupas, tidak rata

DEFECTDEFECT

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3 Sigma 6 Sigma

Untuk setiap 300.000 3.000 salah kirim1 salah kirim surat dikirim

Untuk setiap 500.000 4.100 crash < 2 crashcomputer restarts

Dalam 500 thn, laporan 60 bulan 0.18 bulanBulanan tak balance tak balance

Setiap minggu siaran 1.68 jam 1.8 menit TV per channel dead air dead air

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Bagi Perusahaan :

1. Mempertahankan kelangsungan usaha• Meningkatkan Market share • Customer Retention• Meningkatkan Profit dan Investor Relations• Meningkatkan hubungan dengan Supplier

2. Adanya kejelasan performance yang harus dicapai oleh setiap anggota organisasi

3. Mempercepat kegiatan improvement:• Process Improvement: Defect reduction, Cycle time

reduction, metodologi desain proses • Meningkatkan Produktifitas• Product/service Improvement• Cost Reduction

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Bagi Perusahaan :

4. Mendorong budaya belajar di dalam organisasi• Meningkatkan skill karyawan dalam memperbaiki

proses

5. Mendorong dilakukannya perubahan yang bersifat strategis • Culture Change

Bagi Pelanggan:

Meningkatkan “value to customer”• Produk / service yang bermutu tinggi • Biaya yang murah harga murah

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Six Sigma is in use in virtually all industries around the world. Some of companies can be listed as:MotorolaEricssonGeneral ElectricSonyFord Motor Co.CITI bank

•1010

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› Define specific goals to achieve outcomes, consistent with customers demand and business strategy

› Measure reduction of defects› Analyze problems, cause and effects must be

considered› Improve process on bases of measurements and

analysis› Control process to minimize defects

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Define the project Measure the

opportunity Analyze the process Design the process Verify the performance

•1818

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Six Sigma Compared to TQM

Extensive

Money

International Standard

Little

Quality

Use Internal Standard

Appliedstatisticstools

Ultimateobjective

Standarization

Six Sigma TQM

Mikel J. Harry)

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SIX SIGMA vs BALANCE SCORECARDSIX SIGMA vs BALANCE SCORECARD

Identifikasi hal-hal yang membuat

Organisasi sukses

Tetapkan “Performance Driver”

Identifikasi key proses yang

berdampak pada performance

Tetapkan ukuran, monitor dan evaluasi

Six Sigma strategic projects

Six Sigma strategic projects

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•Perbedaan ke-4 Business Management System

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If you want to make yourself more valuable and attractive to employers then get training and certification

Option I – Certification as Six Sigma Green Belt Option II – Certification as Six Sigma Black Belt

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What did they learn ? How did they learn? What were the facilitators? What were the barriers? How did they deal with issues?

•All the answer were categorized, summarized and then create an

Affinity Diagram

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As expected, through the projects conducted, team members learned about the DFSS methodology.

However, through the development of their new or redesigned processes, they also learned about the value of evaluation, process improvement, and project management.

Furthermore, project team members indicated they learned through hands-on practice, as a result of their knowledge about the DFSS approach, as well as assistance from both inside and outside their organization.

Challenges : not having member that having critical information, time management, resistance to change and lack of buy in.

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This research involved conducting case studies in a small number of behavioral/mental healthcare facilities, the findings may not be generalizable to other settings.

This study only considered individual level learning examined through the collection of qualitative data, which may have limited the ability to draw broad conclusions from this research beyond the comments made by individual project team members through their journal entries.

Hence, future studies should examine learning within the context of DFSS projects through a larger sample of project teams. It may also be useful to employ a methodology that collects both qualitative as well as quantitative data to provide more support for conclusions drawn from the research.

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Author : Ion Durbaca, Elena-Florentina Radu, Adrian-Costin Durbaca Politehnica University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, Bucharest, Romania

Publisher : Alma Mater Publishing HousePublished Year : 2015

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Global Plan for Water Quality Monitoring, which is part of global system monitoring environment (GEMS), initiated by the United Nations Enviromental Program provides tracking of water quality through three category parameters:a.Basic parameters (temperature, pH, resitivity, dissolved oxygen, coli bacilli);b.Indicative parameters of persistent pollution (cadmium, mercury, halogenated organic compounds, anorganic mineral oils);c.Optional parameters ( total organic carbon – COT, biochemical oxygen demand –CBO5, anionic detergents, heavy metals, arsenic, boron, sodium cyanide, total oil, strepcococci).

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Specific phases of this method are presented in order application:• Defining the opportunities (defect/nonconformities etc)• Measuring the current level performance• Analysis of opportunities (the main causes of problem/defects)• Improving the performance by identifying and implementating

the solustions which eliminates the source of defects• Control performance

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Defining quality improvement opportunities (D)writer use the brainstorming technique for identifying defective

opportunities (DOi) with criterias (C), and the result is quality indicator classification – pH within specifications (DO1) has the bigger precentage from total, which mean has the bigger opportunities to be defective

Measurement of current performance level (M)The quality analysis of water quality characteristics, consisting 30

water samples taken from different sources on the same site. Using the “six sigma” approach statistical method, the result of the specifications (pH) limits is lower 5,632 and upper 8,614 (approtiate six sigma level, equivalent to 3,4 defect per one million opportunities)

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Analysis quality improvement opportunities (A)This study calls for undertaking measures regarding the removal of

reduction of the cause/causes related to the quality problem Improving the performances (I)At the level of organization for which this study is done, it must be

rigorously enforced the implementation of an algorithm that includes the following steps to improve performance

Performances control (C)Identification of actual performance measuring process with actual

control should prevent the recurrence of nonconformities and maintain the achievements through improvement

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Given that the basic requirement of measured values for hydrogen ion concentration (pH) that characterize the quality of drinking water needed in aforemantioned industry, is represented by the need for a weakly alkaline nature, so that all pH values should lie strictly within imposed specifications limit (LIS = 7.0 dan LSS 7.5)But by implementing the statistical method six sigma, those specifications limits calculated (lower 5.362 and upper 8.614) are more permissible.

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