KARYA TULIS AKHIR

EFEK EKSTRAK BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Malassezia furfur SECARA IN VITRO

Oleh:

NOVITA AGUSTINA 201010330311089

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2014

i

Efek Ekstrak Bawang Putih (Allium satvum)

Terhadap Pertumbuhan Malassezia furfur Secara In Vitro

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan

dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh:

NOVITA AGUSTINA

201010330311089

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2014

ii

iii

iv

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum, Wr. Wb.

Syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas rahmat dan

hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir dengan judul “Efek

Ekstrak Bawang Putih (Allium sativum) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Malassezia furfur

Secara In Vitro” sebagai persyaratan untuk menyelesaikan studi Pendidikan Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Peneliti menyadari bahwa penulisan tugas akhir ini terselesaikan karena

adanya bantuan dari berbagai pihak, oleh karena itulah pada kesempatan ini peneliti

ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga dan penghargaan yang

setinggi-tingginya kepada:

1. Allah SWT, Berkat rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga sehingga dapat

menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

2. dr. Irma Suswati, M.Kes, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran.

3. dr. Sri Adila Nurainiwati, Sp.KK, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah

meluangkan waktu dan penuh kesabaran berkenan membimbing serta

mengarahkan saya dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

4. dr. Alfa Sylvestris, Sp.M, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang penuh kesabaran

berkenan meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing, mengarahkan dan memberi

masukan dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

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5. dr. Pertiwi Febriana Candrawati, M.Sc, Sp. A, selaku dosen penguji yang telah

membantu dan memberi masukan yang sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian

tugas akhir ini.

6. Orang tuaku tersayang yang selalu memberikan motivasi, inspirasi, dan do’a yang

selalu terpanjatkan untukku sehingga bisa menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.

7. Saudara-saudaraku tercinta yang telah berkontribusi dalam berbagai hal yang

tidak dapat disebutkan semuanya dalam proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

8. Sahabat-sahabatku WINNY genk dan Magic Friends yang membantu dalam

setiap sesi pengerjaan tugas akhir dan membantu memperbaiki segala kekurangan

dalam proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.

9. Winnyun, thanks for everything.

10. Teman-teman FK UMM 2010, terima kasih sebanyak-banyaknya atas do’a,

dukungan, nasehat, dan pertemanan selama ini..

11. Pak Joko, staff FK UMM, dan semua pihak yang tak bisa penulis sebutkan satu

persatu yang telah membantu peneliti dalam menyelesaikan skripsi.

Peneliti menyadari bahwa penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini masih jauh dari

kesempurnaan, oleh karena itu peneliti membuka diri untuk menerima segala saran

dan kritik yang membangun. Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi

semua pihak. Amiiinnn.

Wassalamu’alaikum,Wr. Wb

Malang, 4 September 2014

(Penulis)

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DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR ISI Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ ii

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN .................................................................................... iii

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... iv

ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................ xiii

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. xiv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................... xvi

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................. 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 3

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ........................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ......................................................................... 3

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 4

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 5

2.1 Allium sativum .................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Taksonomi ................................................................................ 5

2.1.2 Nama ......................................................................................... 6

2.1.2.1 Nama Daerah ................................................................ 6

2.1.2.2 Nama Asing .................................................................. 6

2.1.3 Morfologi Tanaman Allium sativum ........................................ 6

2.1.4 Habitat dan Distribusi Geografis ............................................. 7

2.1.5 Kandungan Kimia Allium sativum .......................................... 8

2.1.6 Manfaat Allium sativum .......................................................... 10

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2.1.7 Efek Antijamur Allium sativum .............................................. 11

2.2 Malassezia furfur .............................................................................. 13

2.2.1 Taksonomi ............................................................................... 13

2.2.2 Sinonim .................................................................................... 13

2.2.3 Morfologi dan Identifikasi ...................................................... 13

2.2.4 Uji Kepekaan terhadap Antimikroba (in vitro) ..................... 15

2.2.4.1 Metode Dilusi .............................................................. 15

2.2.4.2 Metode Difusi Cakram ............................................... 15

2.3 Pitiriasis Versikolor........................................................................... 17

2.3.1 Definisi ..................................................................................... 17

2.3.2 Sinonim .................................................................................... 17

2.3.3 Etiologi ..................................................................................... 17

2.3.4 Epidemiologi ........................................................................... 17

2.3.5 Patogenesis .............................................................................. 18

2.3.6 Manifestasi Klinis ................................................................... 19

2.3.7 Pemeriksaan Penunjang .......................................................... 20

2.3.7.1 Pemeriksaan Fluoresensi ............................................ 20

2.3.7.2 Pemeriksaan Mikroskopis .......................................... 20

2.3.7.3 Pemeriksaan Histopatologis ....................................... 21

2.3.8 Diagnosis ................................................................................. 22

2.3.9 Diagnosis Banding .................................................................. 22

2.3.10 Pengobatan ............................................................................. 23

2.3.11 Pencegahan ............................................................................. 24

2.3.12 Prognosis ................................................................................ 24

BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN.... 25

3.1. Kerangka Konseptual ........................................................................ 25

3.2. Hipotesis Penelitian........................................................................... 26

BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN ...................................................................... 27

4.1. Jenis Penelitian .................................................................................. 27

4.2. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................... 27

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4.3. Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ....................................................... 27

4.3.1. Populasi .................................................................................... 27

4.3.2. Sampel ...................................................................................... 27

4.3.2.1. Estimasi Jumlah Pengulangan ................................ 27

4.4. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................ 28

4.4.1. Variabel Bebas ........................................................................ 28

4.4.2. Variabel Tergantung .............................................................. 28

4.5. Definisi Operasional ........................................................................ 28

4.6. Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ................................................................ 29

4.6.1. Alat dan Bahan Pembuatan Ekstrak Allium sativum ............. 29

4.6.2. Alat dan Bahan Uji Kepekaan Ekstrak Allium sativum ........ 30

4.7. Prosedur Penelitian .......................................................................... 30

4.7.1. Sterilisasi Alat ........................................................................ 30

4.7.2. Pembuatan Medium Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) ....... 31 4.7.3. Pembuatan Medium Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) ....... 31 4.7.4. Pembuatan Perbenihan Cair ................................................... 32 4.7.5. Pembuatan Ekstrak Allium sativum ....................................... 32 4.7.6. Uji Efektifitas Kepekaan Larutan Ekstrak Allium sativum

Terhadap Malassezia furfur ................................................... 33 4.8. Alur Penelitian .................................................................................. 37

4.9. Analisis Data ..................................................................................... 37

BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ................................ 39

5.1 Efek Ekstrak Allium sativum terhadap Malassezia furfur .............. 39

5.1.1 KHM Esktrak Allium sativum .................................................. 39

5.1.2 KBM Esktrak Allium sativum ................................................... 40

5.1.3 Pengaruh Perlakuan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Allium sativum

Sebagai Antijamur Terhadap M. furfur ................................... 41

5.1.3.1 Uji Normalitas (Shapiro-Wilk Test)............................. 42

5.1.3.2 Uji Homogenitas (Levenne Test) ................................. 42

5.1.3.3 Uji One Way ANOVA .................................................. 42

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5.1.3.4 Uji Post Hoc Tukey ....................................................... 43

5.1.3.5 Uji Korelasi Pearson ..................................................... 44

5.1.3.6 Uji Regresi Linier .......................................................... 45

BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN .................................................................................... 47

BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................ 51

7.1 Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 51

7.2 Saran ................................................................................................. 51

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 52

LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 56

xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Umbi Allium sativum ......................................................................................5

2.2 Struktur Morfologi Allium sativum ................................................................7

2.3 Sintesis Alliin menjadi Allicin .......................................................................9

2.4 Struktur Kimia Allicin .................................................................................. 10

2.5 Struktur Kimia Ajoene .................................................................................. 10

2.6 Malassezia furfur: Tampak Bentukan Meatball and Spaghetti ................. 21

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual .................................................................................... 25

4.1 Penuangan Ekstrak Allium sativum .............................................................. 34

4.2 Memasukkan Ekstrak Ke Tabung 2 dan Tabung 3 .................................... 34

4.3 Memindahkan Sebagian Larutan Ke Tabung Selanjutnya ......................... 34

4.4 Konsentrasi Awal Ekstrak Allium sativum .................................................. 35

4.5 Konsentrasi Akhir Masing Masing Tabung ............................................... 35

4.6 Alur Penelitian Penentuan KHM dan KBM ................................................ 37

5.4 Grafik Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Allium sativum Terhadap

Pertumbuhan M. furfur ........................................................................................ 46

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman 5.1 Tingkat Kejernihan Tabung Dilusi ............................................................. 39

5.2 Jumlah Koloni M. furfur dalam beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak

Allium sativum ............................................................................................. 40

5.3 Hasil Uji Post Hoc Tukey ............................................................................ 43

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

PV : Pitiriasis Versikolor

KHM : Kadar Hambat Minimum

KBM : Kadar Bunuh Minimum

SDA : Sabouraud Dextrose Agar

SDB : Sabouraud Dextrose Broth

NCCLS : National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards

HE : Hematoxylin-eosin

PAS : Periodic Acid-schiff

xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman 1. Sertifikat Determinasi Tanaman Allium sativum ........................................... 56 2. Surat Penelitian................................................................................................. 57 3. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Ekstrak Allium sativum terhadap M. furfur secara In Vitro ............................................................................................................. 58 4. Gambar Alat Alat Penelitian .......................................................................... 60 5. Hasil Analisis ................................................................................................... 61

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