Interaksi antara tumbuhan dan vertebrata

Interaksi antara tumbuhan dan hewanAndrew J. Marshall Kuliah Lapanagan

Taman Nasional Gunung Palung 1-10 Juni 2015

• Tipe interaksi antara hewan dan tumbuhan

• Fenologi di hutan tropis

• Bagaimana habitat mempengaruhi hewan

Interaksi antara tumbuhan dan hewan

> Tipe interaksi antara hewan dan tumbuhan




Tumbuh-tumbuhan “mau” hindari jadi makanan untuk hewan.

Masukkan beberapa tipe racun dalam daunya, jadi pemakan daun perlu adaptasi tertentu untuk

melawan rancun-racunan.

Daun: sumber energi untuk tumbuhan

sumber makanan untuk hewan

CO2

O2


Biji: anak pohon

makanan hewan


Tumbuh-tumbuhan “mau” hindari anaknya jadi makanan untuk hewan.

Masukkan beberapa tipe racun dalam biji atau bikin biji keras sekali, jadi pemakan daun perlu

adaptasi tertentu untuk melawan rancun-racunan.

Buah: strategi untuk penyebar biji

sumber makanan untuk hewan


Kerja sama!

Tumbuh-tumbuhan “mau” buah dimakan hewan (asal biji tetap utuh).


> Fenologi di hutan tropis



Fenologi hutan tropis


02468

10121416

Ja

n 8

6

Ap

r 8

6

Ju

l 8

6

Oct 8

6

Ja

n 8

7

Ap

r 8

7

Ju

l 8

7

Oct 8

7

Ja

n 8

8

Ap

r 8

8

Ju

l 8

8

Oct 8

8

Ja

n 8

9

Ap

r 8

9

Ju

l 8

9

Oct 8

9

Ja

n 9

0

Ap

r 9

0

Ju

l 9

0

Oct 9

0

Ja

n 9

1

Ap

r 9

1

Ju

l 9

1

TF

A (

pa

tch

es/h

a)

0246810121416

# ta

xa

with

fru

it

A

Marshall (2004)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Jan-

Mar

86 (

31)

Apr-J

un 8

6 (3

6)

Jul-S

ep 8

6 (1

9)

Oct-D

ec 8

6 (3

5)

Jan-

Mar

87 (

28)

Apr-J

un 8

7 (1

4)

Jul-S

ep 8

7 (2

5)

Oct-D

ec 8

7 (5

7)

Jan-

Mar

88 (

45)

Apr-J

un 8

8 (4

9)

Jul-S

ep 8

8 (1

2)

Oct-D

ec 8

8 (2

1)

Jan-

Mar

89 (

12)

Apr-J

un 8

9 (4

)

Jul-S

ep 8

9 (2

6)

Oct-D

ec 8

9 (2

9)

Jan-

Mar

90 (

28)

Apr-J

un 9

0(27

)

Jul-S

ep 9

0 (1

7)

Oct-D

ec 9

0 (1

3)

Jan-

Mar

91 (

8)% t

otal

feed

ing o

bser

vatio

ns

LeavesFigsFruit pulp+ seedsFlowers

% F

eedi

ng O

bser

vatio

ns%

Fee

ding

Obs

erva

tions

timetime

kelempiau

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Jan-

Mar 8

6 (3

8)Ap

r-Jun

86

(57)

Jul-S

ep 8

6 (2

6)Oc

t-Dec

86

(35)

Jan-

Mar 8

7 (4

9)Ap

r-Jun

87

(320

)Ju

l-Sep

87

(71)

Oct-D

ec 8

7 (4

5)Ja

n-Ma

r 88

(40)

Apr-J

un 8

8 (3

7)Ju

l-Sep

88

(24)

Oct-D

ec 8

8 (2

4)Ja

n-Ma

r 89

(18)

Apr-J

un 8

9 (8

)Ju

l-Sep

89

(11)

Oct-D

ec 8

9 (2

5)Ja

n-Ma

r 90

(15)

Apr-J

un 9

0 (1

5)Ju

l-Sep

90

(13)

Oct-D

ec 9

0 (1

3)Ja

n-Ma

r 91

(11)%

tota

l fe

eding

obs

erva

tions

SeedsLeavesFigsFruit pulpFlowers

kelasi

time

time

% of diet

% of diet


Perbandingan antara lokasi dan tipe hutan

Musim buah raya di Borneo

Sumatra

Sumatra

Borneo

Borneo

Marshall et al. (2009); Wich & Marshall (2012)

mapsmaps

Satsiun Penelitian Cabang Panti, Taman Nasional Gunung Palung

maps

Tujuh tipe hutan tanah, ketinggian, cuaca -> jenis tumbuhan berbeda

Satsiun Penelitian Cabang Panti

% tree species shared with another habitat types PS FS AB LS LG UG MOmax 11 19 22 22 15 14 10mean 9.5 15 16.5 16 11.5 10.5 8.5min 8 11 11 10 8 7 7

5

10

15

20

!"#$ %"#$ &"#$ '"#$ ("#$ #"#$ )"#$ *"#$

% tree species

shared with other habitats (max, mean,

& min; pairwise

comparisons among

habitats)

UB Ridge GP ridgeAverage STDEV Average STDEV

DT 5-max 30.13404255 1.454735728 SK 2-max 30.65558621 2.3872342DT 5-min 22.84042553 0.738273871 SK 2-min 22.71551724 1.314934689DT 5-hujan 143.0340426 118.8802679 SK 2-hujan 121.8651724 100.1716091

DR 11-max 30.10638298 1.317340682 SC 7-max 31.23684211 2.232281951DR 11-min 22.23404255 3.138836518 SC 7-min 22.66896552 0.855161193DR 11-hujan 130.2404255 102.4921281 SC 7-hujan 121.4806897 105.3540278

UB 15-max 30.26702128 2.364840334 GP 35-max 30.60344828 1.541128035UB 15-min 21.72340426 1.58693336 GP 35-min 25.6637931 26.39367746UB 15-hujan 143.3744681 128.8278397 GP 35-hujan 113.3768966 95.06716228

NB13-max 28.00106383 1.373386185 TK 22-max 29.37931034 1.897159337NB13-min 21.17021277 0.890434948 TK 22-min 21.56896552 1.95216541NB13-hujan 126.7765957 87.91246055 TK 22-hujan 101.96 85.65333369

UB 53-max 28.60957447 9.626065472 MR 2-max 27.69827586 0.922143076UB 53-min 20.91489362 0.722398715 MR 2-min 21.73275862 1.490365307UB 53-hujan 117.9940426 85.10232875 MR 2-hujan 121.477931 93.26856545



PS FS AB LSMax temp 30.39481438 30.67161254 30.43523478 28.69018709Min temp 22.77797139 30.43523478 23.69359868 21.36958914

133.9043432 127.1778983 130.7405227rainfall 132.4496075 125.8605576 128.3756823 114.3682979

130.9948718 122.7217211 -0.452157413

!!"#

!$%#

!&"#

"'%# !'%# $'%# ('%# &'%# %'%# )'%# *'%#

UB Ridge GP ridgeAverage STDEV Average STDEV

DT 5-max 30.13404255 1.454735728 SK 2-max 30.65558621 2.3872342DT 5-min 22.84042553 0.738273871 SK 2-min 22.71551724 1.314934689DT 5-hujan 143.0340426 118.8802679 SK 2-hujan 121.8651724 100.1716091

DR 11-max 30.10638298 1.317340682 SC 7-max 31.23684211 2.232281951DR 11-min 22.23404255 3.138836518 SC 7-min 22.66896552 0.855161193DR 11-hujan 130.2404255 102.4921281 SC 7-hujan 121.4806897 105.3540278


NB13-max 28.00106383 1.373386185 TK 22-max 29.37931034 1.897159337NB13-min 21.17021277 0.890434948 TK 22-min 21.56896552 1.95216541NB13-hujan 126.7765957 87.91246055 TK 22-hujan 101.96 85.65333369

UB 53-max 28.60957447 9.626065472 MR 2-max 27.69827586 0.922143076UB 53-min 20.91489362 0.722398715 MR 2-min 21.73275862 1.490365307UB 53-hujan 117.9940426 85.10232875 MR 2-hujan 121.477931 93.26856545



PS FS AB LSMax temp 30.39481438 30.67161254 30.43523478 28.69018709Min temp 22.77797139 30.43523478 23.69359868 21.36958914

133.9043432 127.1778983 130.7405227rainfall 132.4496075 125.8605576 128.3756823 114.3682979

130.9948718 122.7217211 -0.452157413

!!"#

!$%#

!&"#

"'%# !'%# $'%# ('%# &'%# %'%# )'%# *'%#

!+#$&#("#()#

"'%# !'%# $'%# ('%# &'%# %'%# )'%# *'%#

max, min temperature

(10 day period, C)

PS FS AB LS LG UG MO

avg rainfall (10 day

period, mm)

FOREST TYPES

02468

10121416

Jan 8

6

Apr 8

6

Jul 8

6

Oct 8

6

Jan 8

7

Apr 8

7

Jul 8

7

Oct 8

7

Jan 8

8

Apr 8

8

Jul 8

8

Oct 8

8

Jan 8

9

Apr 8

9

Jul 8

9

Oct 8

9

Jan 9

0

Apr 9

0

Jul 9

0

Oct 9

0

Jan 9

1

Apr 9

1

Jul 9

1

TFA (

patch

es/ha

)

0246810121416

# tax

a with

fruit

A Hutan dataran rendah

02468

101214161820

Jan 86

Apr 8

6

Jul 86

Oct 8

6

Jan 87

Apr 8

7

Jul 87

Oct 8

7

Jan 88

Apr 8

8

Jul 88

Oct 8

8

Jan 89

Apr 8

9

Jul 89

Oct 8

9

Jan 90

Apr 9

0

Jul 90

Oct 9

0

Jan 91

Apr 9

1

Jul 91

TFA (

patch

es/ha

)

00.511.522.533.544.5

# taxa

with

fruit

Pegununungan

02468

101214

Jan 8

6

Apr 8

6

Jul 8

6

Oct 8

6

Jan 8

7

Apr 8

7

Jul 8

7

Oct 8

7

Jan 8

8

Apr 8

8

Jul 8

8

Oct 8

8

Jan 8

9

Apr 8

9

Jul 8

9

Oct 8

9

Jan 9

0

Apr 9

0

Jul 9

0

Oct 9

0

Jan 9

1

Apr 9

1

Jul 9

1

TFA

(patch

es/ha

)

02468101214

# tax

a with

fruit

Jumlah sumber makan kelempiau

Rawa gambut

Musim buah raya

Bulan dgn banyak buah

Bulan dgn sedikit buah

Musim kelaparan

Jumlah tipe makan yg tersedia per bulan


Perbandingan antara lokasi dan tipe hutan

Musim buah raya di Borneo

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16Ja

n 86

Apr

86

Jul 8

6

Oct

86

Jan

87

Apr

87

Jul 8

7

Oct

87

Jan

88

Apr

88

Jul 8

8

Oct

88

Jan

89

Apr

89

Jul 8

9

Oct

89

Jan

90

Apr

90

Jul 9

0

Oct

90

Jan

91

Apr

91

Jul 9

1

Jum

lah

poho

n m

akan

an p

er h

a

Waktu (tahun)

Sumber makanan kelasi, Jan. 1986 - Okt. 91

musim kelaparan

1986 19901989198819871991

Marshall 2004

musim buah rayamusim buah raya

Cannon, Curran, Marshall & Leighton 2007 Ecol. Lett.

granite climbers (Fig. S3), variability in reproductive pro-ductivity is quite high. In the lowland sandstone, climberswere the most consistently reproductive, ranking substan-tially higher than all other forest types across the observa-tion period. This high relative rank is largely due to the very

low variability in reproductive productivity as the mean andmaximum productivity values for the lowland sandstone arequite low. The freshwater swamp climber community wasthe second most consistently reproductive of the sevenforest types examined.

(a) (h)

(b) (i)

(c) (j)

(d) (k)

(e) (l)

(f) (m)

(g) (n)

Figure 4 Fruiting behaviour over68 months in a Bornean rainforest fordifferent forest types. (a) montane (meanN month)1 = 283, min = 266, max = 301);(b) upper granite (mean N month)1 = 640,min = 504, max = 678); (c) lower granite(mean N month)1 = 673, min = 572, max= 696); (d) lower sandstone (meanN month)1 = 1023, min = 911, max =1049); (e) alluvial bench (mean N month)1

= 646, min = 578, max = 671); (f) freshwa-ter swamp (mean N month)1 = 870,min = 676, max = 922); and (g) peat swamp(mean N month)1 = 688, min = 610,max = 701). Observed values are shown inthick grey line. The average level of fruitingexpected across all months is indicated bythe solid black line while 95% confidencelimits are shown by the dashed black lines.The thin grey line illustrates a single replicateof random fruiting behaviour. Frequencydistribution of reproductive levels by monthfollow: (h) montane; (i) upper granite; (j)lower granite; (k) lower sandstone; (l) alluvialbench; (m) freshwater swamp; and (n) peatswamp. Barcharts illustrate observed levelsof reproduction. Black curves assume asingle season, grey curves assume a mixedmodel with two seasons.

Letter Landscape level Bornean plant reproduction 963

! 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS



(a) (h)

(b) (i)

(c) (j)

(d) (k)

(e) (l)

(f) (m)

(g) (n)





Dataran rendah

Gambut



(a) (h)

(b) (i)

(c) (j)

(d) (k)

(e) (l)

(f) (m)

(g) (n)







(a) (h)

(b) (i)

(c) (j)

(d) (k)

(e) (l)

(f) (m)

(g) (n)







(a) (h)

(b) (i)

(c) (j)

(d) (k)

(e) (l)

(f) (m)

(g) (n)





Pegunungan

= % pohon dengan buah

Liana

Ficus

Pohon kecil

Pohon besar

Cannon, Curran, Marshall & Leighton 2007 Ecol. Lett.

berbuah raya

(rata-rata) tidak

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Feb 86

May 86

Aug 86

Nov 86

Feb 87

May 87

Aug 87

Nov 87

Feb 88

May 88

Aug 88

Nov 88

Feb 89

May 89

Aug 89

Nov 89

Feb 90

May 90

Aug 90

Nov 90

Feb 91

May 91

Aug 91

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Feb 86

May 86 Aug 86

Nov 86 Feb 87

May 87 Aug 87

Nov 87 Feb 88

May 88 Aug 88

Nov 88 Feb 89

May 89 Aug 89

Nov 89 Feb 90

May 90 Aug 90

Nov 90 Feb 91

May 91 Aug 91

Musim buah raya

Musim berbuah biasa

Neoscortechinia kingii

Rourea major

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Feb 86

May 86 Aug 86

Nov 86 Feb 87

May 87 Aug 87

Nov 87 Feb 88

May 88 Aug 88

Nov 88 Feb 89

May 89 Aug 89

Nov 89 Feb 90

May 90 Aug 90

Nov 90 Feb 91

May 91 Aug 91

Porterandia sessiliflora

Musim buah sedikit

time

time

time

Food

/ha

Food

/ha

Food

/ha

Marshall & Leighton (2006)

Berbuah raya v. musim-musim tertentu

Average rainfall, Davis, CA 1930–2010 weather.com

Konjup, Southwest Australia Hill & Donald 2003

New South Wales, Australia

musim-musim tertentu

Average rainfall, Ann Arbor, MI 1930–2010 weather.com

Average rainfall, Davis, CA 1930–2010 weather.com


musim-musim tertentu

tidak bermusim

Landscape level Bornean plant reproduction, Cannon et al. figures

Figure S1. Annual reproductive behavior of all woody plants. Monthly observations are plotted for each year of the percentage of the

reproductive stems. Each year is indicated by a different type of line, as shown in the legend.pe

rsen

tum

buha

n yg

ber

buah

Cannon, Curran, Marshall & Leighton (2007) Ecology Letters

Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct DecMonthly observations (excluding masts)

2%

3%

4%

1990

1990

1986

1987

1991

1991

1986

1988

1988

1989

1989

1987


tidak begitu bermusim

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years

Seed

exp

orts

(m

illio

ns o

f kg

of d

ry m

ass)

Year

ENSO

Non- ENSO

Year

June

–Sep

t rai

nfal

l (m

m)

Data hutan dari Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat



> Bagaimana habitat mempengaruhi hewan


Kelempiau(Hylobates albibarbis)

• Berat badan 5-6 kg • Menjaga wilayah sebesar

30-40 ha

• 2-7 individu per kelompok • satu laki-laki kawin sama satu betina

T. LamanT. Laman

• Berat badan 5.5-7 kg • Wilayah sebesar 70-85 ha

T. Laman

T. Laman• 2-11 individu per kelompok • satu laki-laki bisa kawin sama lebih dari satu betina

Kelasi (Presbytis rubicunda rubida)

Dua jenis ini merupahkan contoh bagus untuk meneliti pertanyaan ekologi karena:

• banyak informasi tentang jenis2 binatang ini sudah tersedia dari SPCP dan tempat lain

• hewan2 tersebut mentempati beberapa macam hutan

• berat badan hampir sama, tapi makanan dan sistem sosial jauh beda

• hewan2 ini menjaga wilayah, dan tidak merantau ke tempat lain untuk cari makanan (seperti orangutan), jadi efek-efek kwalitas habitat lebih jelas dan mudah dilihat

• kepadatan cukup tinggi, berarti dapat ambil sampel yang cukup besar untuk analisa statistik

Kepadatan kelempiau tergantung kepadatan Ficus

kepa

data

n ke

lem

piao

log

(indi

v/km

2 )

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

R2 = 0.70, p = 0.01, n = 7 habitats

Kepadatan Ficus log (fig stems per ha)

n= 11 sites, r2 = 0.82 p= 0.0001

Studi banding telah konfirmasikan ini juga benra di beberapa lokasi di seluruh Asia

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75

Gib

bon

biom

ass

log

(kg/

km2 )

Kepadatan Ficus log (fig stems per ha)

Dinamika populasi sumber-saluran (“source-sink”)

• Variasi antara tipe hutan dan angka perkembangan populasi (“r”) tergantung populasi, sehingga:

r > 0 = sumber

r < 0 = saluran

• Dalam daerah dengan beberapa tipe hutan, populasi dapat bertahan di saluran jika ada immigrasi dari sumber

Dinamika populasi sumber-saluran di Gunung Palung?

Kepadatan Kwalitas wilyah Jumlah individu per kelompok

37

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Gro

up d

ensit

y s

core

(in

div

iduals

/km

2)

0 200 400 600 800 1000Altitude midpoint of territory (m asl)

2

3

4

5

6

Gro

up s

ize

0 200 400 600 800 1000Altitude (m asl)

FIGURE 3.

A

B

C

37

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Gro

up d

ensit

y s

core

(in

div

iduals

/km

2)


2

3

4

5

6

Gro

up s

ize

0 200 400 600 800 1000Altitude (m asl)

FIGURE 3.

A

B

C

37

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Gro

up d

ensit

y s

core

(in

div

iduals

/km

2)


2

3

4

5

6

Gro

up s

ize

0 200 400 600 800 1000Altitude (m asl)

FIGURE 3.

A

B

C

Marshall 2009 Biotropica

n = 7 forest types, R2 = 0.72, p = 0.02 n = 33 groups, R2 = 0.81, p < 0.0001 n = 33 groups, R2 = 0.50, p < 0.0001

(# individuals/km2 dalam wilayah)(# individuals/km2)

Marshall 2010 in Supriatna & Gursky-Doyen’s Indonesian Primates

Kwalitas wilayah

r2 = 0.77, p < 0.0004, n=11

(# individuals/km2 in territory)

1699 Effect of Habitat Quality on Primate Populations in Kalimantan

when the two peat swamp leaf monkey groups are retained. However, the implica-tion of this result is similar to that found for gibbons: if lowland forests (most of which are of high quality for leaf monkeys) were destroyed, montane leaf monkey population densities might not be viable. These results have important conservation implications, which will be discussed at the end of the Discussion section.

Discussion

This chapter presents an overview of results that have emerged from studies of gib-bons and leaf monkeys living in a range of distinct habitats. These results indicate that habitat quality (i.e., population density at carrying capacity) can vary substan-tially across forest types on relatively small spatial scales. These results also sug-gest that different classes of food resource (e.g., preferred and fallback foods) can have distinct effects on primate populations, that these effects may differ between primate taxa, and, therefore, that simple measures of food availability are inade-quate to capture the ecological variation of most relevance to primates. Furthermore, habitat quality can have important implications for primate populations on the individual, group, and population level. For example, habitat quality can influence individual reproductive success, group size, and a population’s probability of persistence. This suggests that observations and ecological inferences from one

Fig. 9.5 Territory-specific population density (individuals/km2, defined as the territory specific habitat-quality, as in Fig.9.3) of gibbons (a) and leaf monkeys (b) plotted against altitude (meters asl). Statistics: (a) r2 = 0.82, p < 0.0001, n = 33, from Marshall 2009; (b) including two peat swamp groups (open circles): r2 = 0.29, p < 0.06, n = 13; excluding peat swamp groups: r2 = 0.77, p < 0.0004, n = 11. A simple demographic model using these cross-sectional data suggested that montane forests are sink habitat for gibbons (Marshall 2009); data are insufficient to estimate habitat-specific population growth rates for leaf monkeys

Kelasi juga?

tipe hutan lain

rawa gambut

meters apl

0

1,000

“r” (reproductive rate) 0

–

+r > 0 = sumber

r < 0 = saluran

Dinamika populasi sumber-saluran (“source-sink”)

Interaksi antara tumbuhan dan vertebrata

Documents

Transcript of Interaksi antara tumbuhan dan vertebrata