Guna Nilavaramulla Teyila

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KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

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A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e

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43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya LayoutSt. Thomas Town PostKammanahalliBangalore 560 084, Indiawww.prakruthi.org

Published byPrakruthi

TM

Compiled and Edited by : M A Subair, Advisory Officer, UPASIV A Augustine, Prakruthi

Design and Layout by Rajesh M VPrinted at National Printing Press, Bangalore

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:-A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

ISO 9001:2008 Certified Organisation

ISBN: 978-81-908155-4-3

© 2010, Edition - first

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DffS°w

apJhpc 7

Biw-k 9

Ipdn∏v 11

tXbn-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw 13


G{]n¬, sabv, Pq¨ amk-ß-fn¬ 22

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

Pqsse, BK-Ãv, sk]vXw-_¿, HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ 29


\-hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿, P\p-hcn amk-ß-fn¬ 42


s^{_p-h-cn, am¿®v amk-ß-fn¬ 48

IoS\min\nIƒ kpc£nXambn ssIImcyw sNø¬ 52

KpW-\n-c-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ So t_m¿Uns‚

\n¿t±-i-ßƒ 55

aÆv kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ hn[w 56

D‰vkvv So k¿´n-^n-t°-j≥ 58

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Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS ka-{K-hnI-k-\hpw Im¿jnI hyh-km-b-Øns‚

A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-hp-amWv C¥y-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ImX-em-

b-`m-Kw. {Kma-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v DX-Ip-∂Xpw hntZ-i-\mWyw t\SnXcp-∂-Xp-amb

Im¿jnI hrØn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-hpw, hym]-\-hpw, XpS¿kw-c-£-Whpw \ap°v

A\n-hm-cy-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-hpw, kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_-≤-X-bp-ap≈ Im¿jn-

tIm¬∏-∂-ßƒ°v tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob hn]-Wn-bn¬ apJy-ÿm-\-ap-≠v. KpW-

\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS kwc-£Ww {][m-\-am-Wv.

aÆpw, Pehpw, ssPh-k-ºØpw kwc-£n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {Inbm-fl-I-amb

Im¿jnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ BWv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øn\v Bhiyw. AXn\v Irjn

coXn-I-sf-°p-dn-®pw, aÆns‚ LS\, D]-tbm-Kw, _mly-L-S-I-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhv I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw

Adnhv tXbne I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ssI]p-kvXIw {]kn-≤oI-

cn-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-®-Xn\v "{]Ir-Xn°v' Gsd kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse

{]tXyIn®pw hb-\m-´nse sNdp-InS tXbne I¿j-I¿°v th≠n Xøm-dm-°nb

]pkvXI-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® Fw. F. kpss_¿, D]m-kn, {]IrXn

{]h¿ØI¿, XpS-ßn-b-hsc kvt\l-tØmsS Hm¿°p-∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw

tXbne I¿j-I¿°v KpW-{]-Z-ambn Xocs´ F∂m-iw-kn-°p∂p.

kvt\l-]q¿Δw,

{]tamZv tPm¨

FIvknIyq´ohv UbdIvS¿

{]IrXn

apJhpc

43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya LayoutSt. Thomas Town Post

KammanahalliBangalore 560 084, India

www.prakruthi.org

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sX∂n-¥y≥ tXbn-e-bpsS Ncn-{Xw kvt\l _‘-Øn-s‚bpw ]mc-kv]-cy-X-

bp-sSbpw Bhn-jvI-c-am-Wv. tXbneIrjn mcX Ncn-{X-a-hp-ambn KmV-ambn _‘-

s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. kmº-Øn-Im-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ A[ni i‡n-Ifpw

kº∂ hn`mKhpw tXbnebpsS KpWhpw hnebpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm≥ G¿s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-cn-bv°p∂ {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ°-Xo-X-amb sNdp-InS I¿jIcpsS

Iq´m-bva-bn-eqsS DS-se-SpØ Icn-am\n hmw So Iº\nbpw Cu Ncn-{X-Øns‚

`mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂ncn°p-∂p. CsXmcp kmaq-lnI kwcw`am-Wv. CXns‚ ]n∂n¬

\nc-∂p-sIm≠v So t_m¿U v, D]m-kn, XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw {]Ir-Xn,

tkmfn-Um-cn-Um-Uv XpS-ßnb kwL-S-\-Ifpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw Znim-t_m-[hpw

Df-hm-°p-∂p-≠v. tXbne taJ-e-bn¬ F√m-h¿°p-ap≈ ]¶ns\ hy‡-am-°p-

∂Xpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw D¬∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-am-

Ip∂ Hcp sNdp]pkvX-I-amWv (KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠

Irjn-coXn-Iƒ) {]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXns‚ ]n∂n¬ {]h¿Øn® {]Ir-Xn,

D]mkn XpS-ßnbh¿°v Fs‚ A`n-\-μ-\-ßƒ!.

kvt\l-]q¿Δw,

^m. Pbnwkv ]pd-Ø-bn¬ CSTFw.Un

hmw So Iº\n

Biw-k

Rev. Dr. James Purathail CSTManaging DirectorWAM Tea Co. Ltd.

Karimani, Wayand Dsit.Kerala

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11


Ipdn∏v

tXbneIrjn-bn¬ amkw-tXmdpw A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ Kth-jW ^e-ßsf

Bkv]-Z-am°n imkv{Xo-b-ap-d-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-SpØ tXbne Irjn∏Wn-

{]-tbm-K-ß-sf°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn- X-cp-hm≥ {io. hn. F

AK-Ãn≥, {]-Ir-Xn Fs∂ kao-]n®t∏mƒ, efn-X-amb `mj-bn¬ I¿j-I¿°v

Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-h-Ø° coXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ kabw

Is≠-Ø-W-sa∂ {]m¿-XvY\- am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-.

\n›-bn®Xpt]mse L´wL´-ambn, Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Fs¥√mw

sNø-W-sa∂v Hcp-h¿j-tØ-°p≈ tXbne Irjn-∏Wn-Isf°pdn®v FgpXn-

sIm-Sp-°m≥ Ign-™p. Bt\m-´p-Iƒ {]kvZo-I-cn®v ]I¿∏v F√m- I¿j-I-

cnepw FØn-°m\pff {]hr-Øn- {]-Ir-Xn F∂ kwL-S\ wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-

°p-Ibpw sNøvXp.

CØcw {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ F\n°v A\p-hmZw X∂v hf-sc-tbsd t{]m’m-

l\w \¬Inb D]m-kn-bpsS UbcIvS¿ tUm. ]n taml≥ Ipam-dn-t\mSv \μn

]d-™p-sIm-≈-s´.

kok-Wn¬ A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠ tXbne Irjn ]Wn-Isf°pdn®v Fgp-Xn-

X∂ t\m´p-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ Hcp ssI]p-kvX-I-am°n {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn\v

{]-Ir-Xn ap≥ssI FSp-Ø-Xn¬ {]-Ir-XnbpsS FIvknIyq´ohv UbcIvS¿

{io. {]tamZv tPmWn\pw {]h¿Ø-I¿°pw \μn Adn-bn-°p-∂-sXm-sSm∏w, Cu

]pkvXIw {]tXy-I-ambn hb-\m- n-ep≈ sNdp-InS tXbne I¿jI¿°pw AXp-

t]mse a‰p kwÿm\ß-n-¬ NnX-dn-In-S-°p∂ F√m tXbne I¿j-I¿°pw

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n°p∂p.

M.A. SubairAdvisory Officer

UPASI-Tea Research FoundationRegional Centre,

Mepadi, Wayanad. KeralaPh: 0-4939 282463

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F√m h¿jhpw D]mkn ]pdØp sIm≠p-h-cp-∂ Kth-jW ê-ßsf

Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]pXp-°p-hm\pw ]pXnb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw Adn-hp-Ifpw

ê-ß-fpw imkv{Xob Irjn- coXnIfpw I¿j-I-cn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ {]IrXn

F∂ kwL-S\ {ian-°p-sa∂v ]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-kn-®p-sIm-≈-s´.

Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw aÆns‚ Btcm-Ky-L-S-I-ß-fnepw hyXym-k-ßƒ D≈Xv

sIm≠v, Irjn-]Wn {]tbm-K-Øn¬ am‰w hcmw. AXp-t]mse `mj-bnepw,

hymI-c-W-Ønepw D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ sX‰p-Iƒ am\y-hm-b-\-°m¿ kZbw

£an-°p-sa∂v Icp-X-s´.

kvt\l-]q¿Δw,

Fw. F. kpss_¿

AUvsshkdn Hmô-k¿

D]m-kn, ta∏mSn, tIcfw.

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tXbn-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw

C¥ybpsS Im¿jnI hyh-kmb taJ-e-I-fn¬ hfscb[n-Iw sXmgn¬

{]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xpw, hntZi \mWyw t\Sn-X-cp-∂-Xp-amb tXm´-hn-f-bmWv

tXbn-e. {_n´ojv `c-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v tXbn-ebv°v {]m[m\yw hcn-Ibpw

hym]m-cm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h≥InS tXm´ßfpw sNdp-InS tXm´ßfpw D≠m-hp-

Ibpw A¥¿t±iob hmWnPy kwcw`-ßƒ Bcw`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 19˛mw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw -tØmsS km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS CjvS-]m-\o-b-ambn tXbn-e amdn.

C∂v 40 Hmfw cmPy-ßfn¬ Nmb hym]-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Irjn-sNbvXphcp∂p.

C¥y, ssN\, {ioe-¶, sI\n-b, Xp¿°n, Ct‚m-t\jy XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßƒ

ap≥\nc-bn-em-Wv. Z£nW ]q¿tΔ-jy-bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw, DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-

i-ß-fnepw, Dt]mjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ 30 kky-hw-i-

ß-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xotbkn IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Ita-enb hwi-Øn¬s∏´

H∂mWv tXbn-e-.

(China : C. sineniss, (L) O. Kuntze, Assam : C. assamica (MastersWight), C. assamica ssp. losiocalyx)

F∂m¬ tXbn-e taJe C∂v cq£-amb {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv

h¿≤n® DZv∏m-Z-\-sN-e-hv, KpW-\n-e-hmc XI¿®, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\m

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Imem-hÿ F∂nh tXbn-e- hy-h-kmbsØ tZmj-I-c-ambn

_m[n®p. sNdp-InS tXm´-ß-fpsS ]cn-]m-e-\hpw kwc-£-Whpw DZv∏m-Z-\-£-

a-Xbpw h≥InS tXm´-ßsf At]-£n®v hfsc Ipd-hmbn ImW-∏-Sp-∂p.

imkv{Xob Irjn-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw Irjn-co-Xnbpw A\p-h¿Øn®v DZv∏m-Z-\-£-

aX h¿≤n-∏n-®m¬ am{Xsa DZv∏m-Z-\- sNehv Ipd-°p-hm≥ km[n-°q. KpW-

\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbne s]mSn D≠m-°p-Ibpw DZv∏m-Z-\ -sNehv Ipd-°p-bpw

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hgn am{Xta tXbn-e hyh-kmbw A`n-ap-Jn-cn-°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ \n∂pw

c£-s]-Sm-\m-hp. sNSn-bpsS kwc-£Ww hf-{]-tbm-Kw, If-IoS \nb-{¥-Ww,

sImfp¥v \p≈¬, Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-ap-d-Iƒ, kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, Pew, aÆv

kwc-£-Ww- F-∂n-hbv°v I¿j-I¿ {]m[m\yw \¬IWw. Nmb-bpsS hnI-k-

\-tØm-sSm∏w kaq-l-Øns‚ ka{K-hn-I-k-\hpw C∂sØ Ime-L-´-Øns‚

A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-ß-fm-Wv. tZiob A¥¿t±-iob Xe-ß-fn-ep≈ hnI-k\

kwcw`ßfp-am-bp≈ GtIm-]n-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ IÆn-tN¿∂v ASn-ÿm-\-

hn -h-ß-fpsS kwc-£-Whpw XpS¿ kwc-£-Whpw Dd∏phcpØn \ap°v hcpw

Xe-ap-d-bv°v ssIam-dp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS £y-kp-c-£bpw kmº-ØnI {Z-Xbpw

ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

C¥y-bpsS kºØv hyh-kvY-bn¬ tXbn-e-bpsS ]¶v

hntZi hn\n-abw: Ib-‰paXn C\-Øn¬ 600 tImSn-bn¬∏cw hntZ-i-\mWyw

e`n-°p-∂p. hntZi\mWyØns‚ 1/12 `mKw tXbnebn¬ \n∂mWv

e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

B`y-¥-c-h-cpam\w: hnhn-[-bn\w \nIp-Xn-Iƒ, FIvssk-kv, hmWnPyw

`q\n-Ip-Xn-, BZm-b -\n-Ip-Xn, sXmgn¬ \nIp-Xn. tXbn-e -tXm-´-ß-fpsS

hcp-am-\-Ønse 1 cq]-bn¬ \n∂pw 33 ss]k k¿°m-cn-tebv°v \nIpXn

C\-Øn¬ sImSp-°p-∂p.

sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ: Ccp-]-Xv e-£-Øn¬∏cw sXmgn-e-h-kc-ßƒ D≠v.

kv{XoI-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw Dd∏v hcp-Øp-∂p. tXbn-e-bpsS A\p-_‘

taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a‰v sXmgn-e-h-k-c-ßƒ.

{Kmahn-I-k\w: kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw {Kma-hn-I-k-\hpw kmwkvImcnI

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \S-°p-∂p.

aÆv Pe kwc-£Ww: ta¬a-Æns\ Bhc-W-ambn kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ tXbne-

sN-Sn°v Ign-bp-∂p. ssPhm-h-ÿ- \n-e-\n¿Øp-∂p. Km¿lnI D]-tbm-K-

Øn\v hndIv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. temI DZv∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ 27% C¥y-bn¬

\n∂m-Wv. C¥ybn¬ 79% A`y-¥c D]-tbm-Khpw 21% Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bp-amWv

tXbn-e- ta-J-e-bn¬ D≈-Xv.

tXbne \√ BtcmKy ]m\o-b-am-Wv

a\pjy ico-c-Ønse {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kwc-£n-°p-

∂Xn\pw tXbne hgn km[n-°p-∂p. -Hcp DØa BtcmKy ]m\o-b-amWv CXv.

{][m\ KpW-ßƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

Is -bn≥: c‡-ip-≤n-h-cp-Øp-∂p. \mUo-hyqlw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. am\-kn-

Im-tcmKyw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

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^f-thm-t\m-bnUv: a\pjy tImißsf kwc-£n-°p-∂p. Iym≥k¿ {]Xn-

tcm[- i‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p. lrZ-bm-Lm-XsØ Ipd-bv°p-∂p. N¿Ω-ßsf

Aƒ{Sm-ssh-e‰v civan-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p. B‚n _mIvSo-cn-b¬

GP-‚mbn {]-h¿Øn-°p-∂p.- ]e {][m\ t]mj-I-ß-sfbpw {]Zm\w

sNøp∂p. amwK\o-kv, kn¶v, ssh‰-an≥ _o, kn, sI, XpS-ßn-b-h.

vfptdm-bnUv: ]√p-I-sfbpw tamW-I-sfbpw kwc-£-WØn\pw hf¿®°pw

klmbn-°p-∂p.

a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn\v tXbne Hgn-®pIqSm\mhmØ ]m\o-b-am-sW∂v

kwi-b-te-i-at\y sXfn-bn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂- km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ Atcm-Ky-ap≈

tXbn-e-bpsS DZv]m-Z\w Dd-∏m-t°-≠Xv Hmtcm I¿j-I-s‚bpw Hcp DØa

]uc-s‚bpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw IS-a-bp-am-sW-∂p≈ Xncn-®-dnhv D≠m-I-Ww.

sNSn-bpsS Hmtcm sNdnb hf¿®m ka-b-ß-fnepw I¿j-Is‚ {i≤bpw

]cn-N-c-Whpw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.

Ce-\p-≈¬

tXbne Irjn-bn¬ G‰hpw {i≤bpw {][m-\yhpw A¿ln-°p∂ tPmenbmWv

Ce\p≈¬ AYhm N∏v ]dnbv°¬. Nne- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ CXns\ sImfp¥v

\p≈¬ F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. tXbnebpsS D¬∏m-Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw

Ce-\p-≈p∂ coXn-bn-em-{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶nepw I¿j-I¿°v th≠{X

Adnhpw {]m[m-\yhpw e`n-®n-ń-√. tXbne sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-tØbpw

DZv∏m-Z-\-sØbpw t\cn´v _‘-s∏-Sp∂p F∂XmWv sImfp¥v \p≈-ens‚

{]tXy-IX. [mcmfw tPmen-°m¿ Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂ tPmen-bm-Wn-Xv.

km[m-c-W-bmbn Hcp apIp-fhpw hnS¿∂ aq∂v Ce-Ifpw tN¿∂ Xfn-cp-I-

fmWv sNSn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Ce-\p-≈p-tºmƒ aq∂v Ce-Ifpw

apIp-fhpw BImØ sNdnb Xfn-cp-Iƒ sNSn-Ifn¬ \n¿tØ≠-XmWv. Cßs\

\n¿Øp∂ Xfn-cp-Iƒ \n›nX ka-bØv aq∂v Ce-Ifpw Xncn-bp-am-hp-Ibpw

Bk-a-bØv IrXy-ambn \p≈p-Ibpw thWw. Cßs\ IrXy-ambn CS-th-f-I-

fn´v Ce \p≈n-bn-s√-¶n¬ sNSn-bn¬ Ce-Iƒ ap‰p-Ibpw AXv tXbne s]mSn-

bpsS KpW-ta-∑sb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNbpw.

Ce-Iƒ \p≈p∂Xv sNSn-bpsS Hcp \n›nX \nc-∏n≥ (a- w) Bbn-cn-°Ww.

bmsXm-cp- Im-c-W-h-imepw Cu \nc-∏n\v Xmsg \n∂pw Ce-Iƒ ]dn-s®-Sp-°-

cpXv. Nne Iƒj-I¿ IØn- D-]-tbm-Kn®v Acn-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv {i≤-bn¬s∏-

ń´p-≠v. Cßs\ sNbvXm¬ sNSn-bpsS \n›nX \nc∏v C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw

sNSnbpsS hf¿®-tbbpw, DZv∏m-Z-\-sØbpw, KpW\n-e-hm-c-sØbpw tZmj-I-

c-ambn _m[n-°pw.

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tXbne sNSn-I-fn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn I≠p-h-cp∂ A{K-ap-Ipfw C√mØ

Xfn-cp-I-sf-bmWv _©n F∂p hnfn-°p-∂pXv (Banji) sNSn-bpsS \n›nX

\nc∏n¬ CØcw _©n-Iƒ \p≈n-am-t‰-≠-Xm-Wv.- Ir-Xy-k-a-bØv _©nIƒ

\p≈n-am-‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬ DZv]m-Z-\hpw tXbne sNSn-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw Ipd-

bp-Ibpw sNøpw.

tXbn-e-bpsS hf¿® \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v Imem-hÿ Hcp {][m\ ]¶v

hln-°p-∂p. km[m-cW G{]n¬, sabv amk-ß-fnepw sk]v‰w-_¿, HIvtSm_¿

amkßfnepw Xfn-cp-I-fpsS hf¿® {ZpXK-Xn-bn-epw th\¬Im-eØpw,

Imeh¿jk-a-bØpw hf¿® aμ-K-Xn-bn-ep-am-Wv. ]mI-amb Xfn-cp-Iƒ

\p≈ptºmƒ c≠v hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-Iƒ XΩ-ep≈ CSthfsb π°nwKv C‚¿sh¬

F∂p ]d-bp∂p. Xfn-cne {ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ hf-cp∂ amk-ß-fn¬ 8 apX¬ 10

Znhkw hscbpw, hf¿® Ipd™ amk-ß-fn¬ 12 apX¬ 15 Znh-kw-h-scbpw

Cu ssZ¿Lyap≠m-Ip-∂p. Hcp slIvS¿ ÿeØv ÿnc-ambn c≠v sXmgn-em-

fnIƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ icn-bm-b- co-Xn-bn¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v \S-Ømw.

ta¬∏d™ coXn-bn¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v \S-Øn-bm¬ KpW-ta∑ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hcp-am-\hpw D¬∏m-Z-\hpw h¿≤n-°pw. Xfn¿ sam´p-I-fpsS (Buds)hf¿® {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-Ipw. ssIsIm≠p≈ hnf-sh-Sp∏v h¿j-Øn¬ 28 apX¬

30 XhW hsc-bpw, I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v 22 apX¬ 24 XhW hscbpw

sImfp¥v \p≈m≥ Ign-bpw.

hnc-ep-I-fm¬ \p≈p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ tN¿Øv

hen-°p-tºmƒ:

]mI-am-hmØ Xfn¿tam-´p-Iƒ AS¿∂p t]mcp-∂p

Ch°v Xq°w Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ BZmbw Ipd-bp-∂p.

sNSn-bpsS BtcmKysØ \ne-\n¿Øp∂, amXr Ce-Iƒ \jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

_©n Ce-Iƒ \p≈n-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p.

Xfn¿ Ce-I-fpsS X≠v sNSn-bn¬ Xs∂ \n¬°p∂p

Ce-Iƒ Xmsg hoWv \jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

[mcmfw apSn®n-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

F¥p sIm≠v sNdp-InS sXm -ß-fn¬ Ipd™ CS-th-f-bn¬ hnf-

sh-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√?

Stripping (hen®p ]dn-°¬): Hmtcm hnfshSp∏nepw ]mI-amb Ce-Iƒ

am{Xw FSp-°msX samØ-Øn¬ hnen®p-]-dn-°¬

17


t]mjW Ce-I-fpsS \jvSw: sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-

amb amXr Ce-Iƒ \jvS-am-hp-∂p. (\√ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ sNSn-bpsS \nc-∏n\v

Xmsg 20 sk. an. Bg-Øn¬ Ce-Iƒ D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.)

t]mjW Ce-I-fpsS A`mhw ImcWw sNSn-bpsS apIƒ`mKw Iºpw

tImepw \nd-bp-∂p.

Nne -tXm-´-ß-fn¬ a´-IØn D]-tbm-Kn®v Acn-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

a´°Øn D]-tbm-Kn®pw tXbne sImfpØv Acns™Sp-°p-∂Xv hgn

]cnt]m-jW Ce-Ifpw tN¿∂v hcp-∂p. CXv hnf-hn-s\bpw sNSn-bpsS

Btcm-Ky-sØbpw _m[n-°pw.

]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ (Maintenance Foliage)

sNSnIƒ Blmcw ]mIw sNøp∂ {]Imi kwt«-j-W-sa∂ {]{In-b°v

]cn-t]m-jW Ce-Iƒ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CeIfneqsS \¬Ip∂ t]mj-

I-ßsf thcn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky-ap≈ ]pXp-\m-ºp-Iƒ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-

hm\pw ]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

sNSnbpsS a - m-KØv \nd™p InS-t°≠ aqØ Ce-I-fm-Wv

]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ GXm≠v Hcp h¿j-tØmfw {]Imikwt«-j-W {]{In-

bbn¬ ]¶psIm≈p-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]pXnb CeIƒ

sNSnbn¬ \ne-\n¿tØ≠XmWv. P-\p-hcn apX¬ am¿®v hsc-bp≈ Ime-L´w

A`n-Im-ayw.

]cn-t]mjW Ce-Iƒ \jvS-s∏- m-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-ßƒ?

CS Xq¿∂ Ce-Iƒ°v ]Icw sNSn-bn¬ Iºpw tImepw \nd-bp-∂p

]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ Xfn-cn-Sm≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p

sNSn-bpsS BtcmKyw {ItaW £bn-°p∂p

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hf-ßfpw kq£a t]mj-I-ßfpw sNSn Dƒs°m-≈msX

hcp-∂p

D¬]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Irjn-sN-ehv h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw hcp-am-\-Øn¬

h≥Ip-dhv D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p

_©n: Dd-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ apIpfw

Imem-hÿ sNSn-IfpsS C\w, IhmØv Ign™ {]mbw, aÆnse aqe-

I-ß-fpsS Afhv Chsb B{i-bn®v G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-I-fn-≠m-Ip-∂p.

_©nIsf Dd-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ apIpfw F∂p-≤-cn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw

_©nbn¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ cq]-sa-Sp-°m≥ FI-tZiw 120 apX¬

18


150 Znh-k-ßƒ (4 apX¬ 5 amk-ßƒ) FSp-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Hcp ]cn-t]m-

jW Ce-bn¬ \n∂pw \p≈m≥ Ign-bp∂ sImfpØv hf-cp-∂-Xn\v 60 apX¬

90 hsc Znh-k-ßƒ FSp-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v _m©n-Isf ]dn-®p-am-‰n-bn-s√-

¶n¬ 12 apX¬ 20 iX-am\w hsc hnfhv Ipd-bp-sa∂v Kth-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS

hy‡-am-bn- p-≠v.

ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ _©n ]dn-®p-am-‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬

hnfhv Ipd-bm\pw sNSn-I-fn¬ ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ Xfn-cn-SmsX hcn-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p.

D¬∏m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.

kky hf¿®sb apc-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Nne tlm¿tam-Wp-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øm¬

sNSn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hf-ßfpw a‰v t]mj-I-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-

c-ln-X-am-Ip-∂p.

KpW-ta-∑sb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂p.

ap-Sn-®n-Iƒ

hnfshSp-∏n\v tijhpw \n¿Øp∂ Iºp-Iƒ sNSn-bpsS a - m-KØv Xnßn-

\n-d™v Ah Hmtcm∂nepw ]pXnb apIp-f-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. CØcw Xfn-cp-

Iƒ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ hf-cm≥ Ign-bmsX _©n-Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v CØcw Iºp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXn¬ \Sp-hn-esØ Iºv

]®-\n-d-ap≈ Iºn¬ sh®v- H-Sn-®p -I-f-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

I{XnI (Shear) D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hnf-sh-Sp∏v

sNdpInS tXbne I¿j-I-cpsS cq£-amb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv IrXy

ka-b-ß-fn¬ tPmen-°msc In´m-\n-√mØ kml-Ncyw. sImfpØv FSp-°p-∂-

Xn\v {]m]vX-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ \n›n-X-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ hnf-sh-Sp-

°msX hcp-Ibpw KpW-ta-∑bpw hnf-\-jvShpw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CØcw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v sImfp-s¥-Sp°p∂-Xv hfsc

{]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. I{Xn-I-bpsS imkv{Xob]c-amb D]-tbmKw A\p-h¿Øn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXp-aqew sXmgn¬ {]iv\w Hcp ]cn[n hsc ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

km[n-°pw.

I{XnIbpsS {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ

IrXy-k-a-bØv hnf-sh-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

ssIsIm≠v FSp-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ DZv]m-Z\w 50˛100 iX-am\w IqSp-∂p.

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS e`y-Xsb \nb-{¥n-°mw.

19


sNSn-I-fpsS a´w,- i-cn-bmbn ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hnf-sh-Sp-∏n-\p≈ sNehv Ipd-bp-∂p.

KpW-ta∑ sa®-s∏-Sp-∂p.

I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn[w

I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv IhmØv sh nb tijw 18 amkw Ign-™n-cn-°-Ww.

km[m-cW G{]n¬, tabv amk-ß-fnepw sk]v‰w_¿, H-IvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-

fnepw Xfn-cp-I-fpsS hf¿® {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-Wv. Hmtcm {ZpX-K-Xn- hf¿®m-

ka-bØpw Ipd-™Xv 3˛4 XhW XpS¿∂v I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn°mw.

h¿jØn¬ 6 apX¬ 8 XhW D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw IrXy-amb a´w sNSn-bn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°pI

Cu a´-Øn¬ am{Xw I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°pI

sh´p∂ `mKw \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw Xmgv∂v t]mIm-sX-bpw, \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw

Db¿∂p-t]m-ImsXbpw I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

]c∂- {]X-e-ap≈ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

I{XnI sh´p∂tXmsSm∏w Xs∂ _©n-Iƒ ssIsIm≠v \o°w sNøp-I.

sh´p∂ `mKw Xfn-cp-I-fpsS ]®-\n-d-ap≈ X≠n¬ Xs∂-bm-Ip-hm≥

{i≤n°Ww.

Hcn-°epw Nph∂ Imºn¬ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°mXn-cn-°p-I.

aq∂n-ebpw Xncnbpw F∂ Af-hn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ce hcmsX {i≤n-°p-I.

Ce \p≈n-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nmep-Iƒ tXm´-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

I{XnIbpsS heXv ssI `mKw A\-°msX ]nSn®v, CSXv ssI `mKsØ

tªUv sIm≠v am{Xw sh´n-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ ioen-°p-I.

sh´p∂ ka-bØv ]cn-t]m-jW Ce-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-°p-I.

Ipd-™Xv 4 ap-X¬ 5 ASp°v ]cn-t]m-jW Ce-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-

cn°-Ww.

800 {Kman¬ Ipd-hp≈ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

km[m-cW 15˛16 Znhkw CS-hn´v I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v Ce-Iƒ sh´n-sb-

Sp°p-I.

IhmØv sh´¬ (Pruning)

-IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Dt±iw ]pXn-b-Xmb c≠mw X´pw aq∂mw

X´pw D≠m°n FSpØv sNSn -bpsS Btcm -KysØ hos≠-SpØv

20


kq£n-°p-I-bm-Wv. sNSn-Iƒ \n›nX Db-c-Øn¬ shń sNSnsb Hcp°n FSp-

°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. sNSn-Iƒ \´v A©p h¿jw XnI-™-Xn-\p-tijw 20˛22

C©v Db-c-Øn¬ BZy IhmØv \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXn\m¬ \nb-{¥-Wm-[o-

\-amb Hcp Db-cØn¬ shń icn-bmb hmXp-Iƒ CS-Xq¿∂v hf¿Øn AXn¬

\n∂pw ]pXnb Btcm-Ky-ap≈ hmXp-Iƒ kwc-£n-°epw, sa®-amb hnf-hn\v

IW°m°n a´w Hcp-°-ep-am-Wv Ihm-Øns‚ e£yw (I-hmØv sNøp-∂-Xp-

sIm-≠p≈ \∑-Iƒ ˛ Ihm-Øn\v ap≥]pw tijhpw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ

F∂nh XpS¿∂p hcp∂ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

IhmØv N{Iw Zo¿Ln-∏n-°p∂XpsIm-≠p≈ tZmj- -e-ßƒ

A©mw h¿jw apX¬ tXbne D¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-bp∂p.

Xfn¿ sam´p-I-fpsS hf¿® apc-Sn-°p-∂p.

Ce \p≈p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sNehv IqSp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ Bfp-Isf tPmen°v

D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xmbpw hcp-∂p.

Ce \p≈p-∂ Afhv Ipd-bpw.

_©n D¬∏m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw sNSn-I-fn¬ ]qhpw, Imbpw IqSp-Ibpw

sNøpw.

KpW-ta∑ \nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂p.

hcƒ® {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ i‡n sNSn-Iƒ°v Ipd-bp-∂p.

sNSn-I-fpsS Dbcw \nb-{¥Wm[o-X-am-hp-∂p.

hfßfpw a‰v t]mj-I-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw {]Xo-£n-°p∂

êw In´msX hcp-∂p. (a´w HSn-°¬ ˛ XpS¿∂v hcp∂ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v).

hf {]tbm-Kw

aÆns‚ D¬∏m-Z\£aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, tXbnetØm´-ß-fpsS

D¬∏mZ\£aX IqSp-hm\pw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D≠m-°m\pw

hf{]tbmKw {][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. sX∂n-¥y-bnse an° tXbnetØm´-

ßfpw ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv ssPhmwiw Ipd™ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fn-emWv. Bb-Xn-

\m¬ tXm -Øn¬ \n∂pw \√ D¬∏m-Z\w e`n-°p-hm≥ cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw AXym-

h-iy-amWv.-sN-dp-In-S- I¿jI¿, NmW-I-s∏m-Sn, ItºmÃv apX-em-bh tXm´-ß-

fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ssPhmwiw h¿≤n∏n°m≥ km[n-°pw. Ihm-Øn\p

tijw CeIfpw X≠pw tXm´-Øn¬ Xs∂ \nt£-]n-°-Ww. tXm´-ß-fnse

cmk-h-f-{]-tbm-Kßƒ imkv{Xob coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww \S-tØ-≠-Xv. Bb-Xn-

\m¬ imkv{Xobamb kwtbm -PnX cmk-hf {]tbm -KsØ°pdn®v

21


sN-dp-In-SI¿jI¿°v a\- n-em-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ XpS¿∂v hcp∂ A≤ym-b-ß-

fn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. D]mkn, So t_mUv XpS-ßnb Hut±ym-KnI GP≥kn-

I-fpsS \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂-Xm-Wv.

B¬°-tembnUv a‰v

{][m\ aqe-I-ß-fpsS

BKn-c-Ww (-C-h-bpsS

Ipdhv hm¬ hnf-dnb

]®-\n-dw, D¬∏m-Z\

Ipdhv F∂nh hcmw)

ss\{S-P≥

Ce-Iƒ hf-cp-- ∂Xn\v

t^mkv -dkv s]m´mkyw

thcp ]Sew BtcmKy-ap≈ inJn-c-ßƒ

A-∂hpw,- t{]m-´o≥

ChbpsS \n¿ΩmWw

tImi hn`-P\w sh≈-Øns‚ k¥p-e\w

ATD – e - ADP(C-h-bpsS Ipdhv

hcptºmƒ

Ce-I-fpsS Xnf°w

aßp-Ibpw hcƒ®

apc-Sn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p)

IoSßsf-bpw,

hcƒ®-tbbpw

{]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈

i‡n (C-h-bpsS Ipdhv

hcptºƒ Ce-Iƒ Icn-

bp-Ibpw s]mgnbpIbpw

sNøp-∂p.- D¬∏m-Z\w

Ipd-bp-∂p)

t]mj-I-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw

apJy t]mj-I-ßƒ ZznXob t]mj-I-ßƒ eLp t]mj-I-ßƒ

Im¿_¨ a·ojyw kn¶v

sl{U-P≥ Im¬kyw amwK-\okv

HmIvkn-P≥ kƒ^¿ t_mtdm¨

ss\{S-P≥ Ab¨

s]m-- mkyw tIm∏¿

t^mkv^-dkv t¢mdn≥

kkyt]mj-I-ßƒ

22


KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Øn-t°≠Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ G{]n¬, sabv, Pq¨ amk-ß-fn¬

1. tXbne- \So¬

aÆv Aæ-Kp-W-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]n.-F-®v. 5.0 \v apI-fn¬ t]mh-cp-Xv.

Ipgn-sb-Sp-°¬

30 sk.-an. hoXnbpw 45 sk.-an. Bg-hp-ap≈ Ipgn-I-fn-emWv sNSn-Iƒ

\tS-≠-Xv.

CS-hn´ InS-ßp-Iƒ

Hmtcm Cc- -hcn tXbn-e- sN-Sn-Iƒ°pw CS-bn¬ 2 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 30 sk.an.

hoXnbpw 45 sk.-an. Bg-hp-ap≈ InS-ßp-Iƒ c≠p ao‰¿ CS-hn´v

Ipgn-°-Ww.

ssXIƒ \Sp∂ coXn-Iƒ

135 x 75 x 75 sk.-an. AI-e-Øn¬ {XntIm-

Wm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \Sp-∂-Xn\v G°-dn-te°v 5300

ssXIƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv.

tXbne \Sp-∂-Xns‚ kabw

Pq¨ amkw. ssXIƒ°p≈ cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw c≠p-amkw Ign-bp-tºmƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßmw.

XW¬

tXbne \Sp∂ ^o¬Up-I-fn¬ s{Khn-enb tdm_Ã F∂ imkv{X-\m-a-

ap≈ kn¬h¿ Hm°p-ssX-Iƒ '20 x 20' F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ \tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

23


2. A[nI hnf-hp-Imew

G{]n¬ apX¬ Unkw-_¿ hsc \nc-∏n¬ \p≈n FSp-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wn-

Xv. sImfp¥v \p≈p-tºmƒ h´-bn-etbm "ao≥' Ce-tbm, ievI-]-{Xtam XpS¿®-

bmbn \ne-\n¿Øp∂ Cu coXn kzoI-cn-®m¬ sNSn-bpsS Dbcw h¿≤n-°p-I-

bn-√. sImfp-s¥-Sp-°¬ XΩn-ep≈ CS-thf 8˛10 Znh-k-am-Wv.

I{XnI (jn-b¿) D]-tbm-Kn-°¬

A[nI hnf-hp-Im-eØv am{Xta jnb¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km≤y-am-hp-I

-bp-≈q. Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ Btdm, Gtgm XhW jnb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ce-

sbSp-°m¬ ]‰pw. \nc∂ I{Xn-I-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xv. IqSmsX

CSbv°p≈ _m©n-Iƒ ssIsIm≠v FSpØv If-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

I{XnI sIm≠v FSp-°p-tºmƒ sImfp-¥p-Iƒ FSp-t°≠ CS-thf 14

apX¬ 16 hsc Znh-k-am-Wv.

cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw

aÆn¬ hf-{]-tbmKw XpS-tß-≠Xv 2''˛3'' (C-©v) ag Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬

In´n-b-tijw am{X-am-Wv. Ipd-™Xv 4, 5 Xh-W-sb-¶nepw h¿j-Øn¬ hf-

{]-tbmKw sNøWw.

3. cmk-h-f- {]-tbm-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\ -X-Øz-ßƒ

icn-bmb Afhp \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Irjn-ÿ-esØ DXv]m-Z\w aÆnse

ssPhmw-i-Øns‚ Af-hv, tXbn-e-bpsS C\w apX-em-bh IW-°n-se-Sp-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.

h¿j-Øn¬ BZysØ hf-{]-tbmKw \¬tI-≠Xv Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v

tN¿Øm-Wv. AYhm Atam-Wnbw kƒt^‰v \¬Im≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬

bqdnb tN¿Øp≈ hf-an-{in-X-ßƒ Xmsg ]´n-I-{]-Imcw tN¿Øv sImSp-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

hf-an-{in-X-ßƒ Iq´p-∂-sX-ßs\?

BZyw (N) ss\{S-P≥ (K) s]m´mjv c≠pw \√-t]mse Cf°n Ie¿Øp-I.

tdm°vt^m-kvt^‰v 33 Intem-bn¬ \n∂pw 5 Intem-hsc X\n-®p- am-‰n-b-tijw

AXn-t\mSv tN¿Øv 120 {Kmw kn{Sn°v BknUv \√-t]mse Ie¿Øp-I.

]n∂oSv _m°n-bp≈ 28 Intem tdm°v t^mkvt^-‰ns‚ IqsS ho≠pw \√-

t]mse Ie¿Øp-I. AXn-\p-tijw ss\{S-P≥, s]m´mjv an{in-X-Øns‚

IqsS tdm°vt^m-kvt^‰v kn{Sn°v BknSv an{inXw C´v Cu \mep Iq´pw-

tN¿Øv \∂mbn Cf-°n-b- tijw tXbn-e°v {]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hfw

\¬Ip-I. GI-tZiw 25 {Kmw apX¬ 30 {Kmw hsc Hcp sNSn°v A©p-

h-b-kp -{]m-bw- hsc F∂ tXmXn¬ \¬Imw.

24


Ce

-]-dn-°

p∂ t

Xb

ne t

Xm

-ßƒ

°p≈

cmk

-h-f

-ß-f

psS X

q°w, G

°-dn\

v

G{]

n¬/ s

ab

v/ P

q¨ a

mk

-Øn¬

DX

v]m-Z

\w

]®

- Ce

/ G

°-dn

\v/

h¿j

-Øn¬

Nss\

{S-P

≥

Ks]

m´mj

v

kn{S

n°v

Bk

nUv

A\

p-]mZ

w 1

: 1

Ptd

m°v

t^mk

vt^‰v

3000 I

nte

m ap

X¬

4000 I

nte

m

hsc h

¿j

-Øn¬

Ce

-sb

-Sp-°

p∂

tXm

-ßƒ

°v

Ata

m-Wnb

w k

ƒt^

‰v

86 I

nte

m.

Fw.- H

m.- ]

n.

29 I

nte

m.

tdm°

v t^

mkvt^

‰v

33 I

nte

m.

kn{S

n°v B

knU

v

120 {K

mw.

AY

hm

Ata

m-Wnb

w k

ƒt^

‰v I

n´ms

X/

\¬

Im≥

Ign-b

msX

t]

mbm¬

3000 I

nte

m ap

X¬

4000 I

nte

m

hsc C

e-sb

-Sp-°

p∂ t

Xm´

-ßƒ

°v

i(-h

¿j

-Øn¬

)

bqd

nb

38 I

nte

m.

Fw.- H

m.- ]

n.

29 I

nte

m.

tdm°

v t^

mkvt^

‰v

33 I

nte

m.

kn{S

n°v B

knU

v

120 {K

mw.

4000 I

nte

m ap

X¬

5000 I

nte

m

hsc h

¿j

-Øn¬

Ce

-sb

-Sp-°

p∂

tXm

-ßƒ

°v

Ata

m-Wnb

w k

ƒt^

‰v

96 I

nte

m.

Fw.- H

m.- ]

n.

32 I

nte

m.

tdm°

v t^

mkvt^

‰v

33 I

nte

m.

kn{S

n°v B

knU

v

120 {K

mw.

25


AY

hm

Ata

m-Wnb

w k

ƒt^

‰v I

n´ms

X/

\¬

Im≥

Ign-b

msX

h∂

m¬

4000 I

nte

m ap

X¬

5000 I

nte

m

hsc h

¿j

-Øn¬

Ce

-sb

-Sp-°

p∂

tXm

-ßƒ

°v

bqd

nb

42 I

nte

m.

Fw.- H

m.- ]

n.

32 I

nte

m.

tdm°

v t^

mkvt^

‰v

33 I

nte

m.

kn{S

n°v B

knU

v

120 {K

mw.

5000 I

nte

m ap

X¬

6000 I

nte

m

hsc h

¿j

-Øn¬

Ce

-sb

-Sp-°

p∂

tXm

-ßƒ

°v

Ata

m-Wnb

w k

ƒt^

‰v

110 I

nte

m.

Fw.- H

m.- ]

n.

37 I

nte

m.

tdm°

v t^

mkvt^

‰v

33 I

nte

m.

kn{S

n°v B

knU

v

120 {K

mw.

AY

hm

Ata

m-Wnb

w k

ƒt^

‰v I

n´ms

X/

\¬

Im≥

Ign-b

msX

h∂

m¬

5000 I

nte

m ap

X¬

6000 I

nte

m

hsc h

¿j

-Øn¬

Ce

-sb

-Sp-°

p∂

tXm

-ßƒ

°v

bqd

nb

48 I

nte

m.

Fw.- H

m.- ]

n.

37 I

nte

m.

tdm°

v t^

mkvt^

‰v

33 I

nte

m.

kn{S

n°v B

knU

v

120 {K

mw.

26


sabv, Pq¨ amk-ß-fn¬ Ihm-Øp-sh-´p∂ tXbne ImSp-Iƒ°v BKÃv

amk-Øn¬ hfw \¬In-bm¬ aXn. IhmØv tXm -Øn-te-°p≈ hf-Iq v ASpØ

e°-Øn¬ hnh-cn®v Xcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

4. tXbne sNSn-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬

XmbvX-≠p-ap-dn-°¬ (sk‚-dn-ßv)

sk‚-dnßv sNøp-tºmƒ XmbvX≠v F{X-tØmfw XmgvØn apdn-°p-hm≥

km[n-°ptam A{X-tØmfw XmgvØn-sh- -Ww. Cßs\ sNøp-tºmƒ Ft´m,

]tØm Ce-I-fpsS H∂p c≠p sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥

{i≤n-°-Ww. sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ C√mØ sNSn-I-fn¬ Ft´m, ]tØm Ce-Iƒ

\ne-\n¿Øn XmbvX≠p apdn-°-Ww. sNSn-Iƒ \´v 4 amkw Ign™v am{Xta

sk‚-dnßv \S-Øm-hq. Ign™ h¿jw \´ tXbn-e-sN-Sn-Iƒ sk‚-dnßv

sNøm-Øh Cu h¿j-Øn¬ G{]n¬ / sabv amk-ß-fn¬ tase hnh-cn-

®Xp-t]mse sh´mw.

sk‚-dnwKv Ign™v a´w HSn-°¬

BZysØ {]mhiyw a´w HSn-t°-≠Xv Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 35 sk.ao

Db-c-Øn-em-Wv. c≠m-aXv 50 sk.- an. Db-c-Øn-epw.

a´w HSn-®p-I-gn™ tijw sImfp¥v FSp-°p-∂-hn[w

a´w HSn-®-tijw Hcp h¿jwhsc Xmbv-Ce sh®v sImfp¥v \p≈mw.

AXn-\p-tijw ]pXnb \nc-∏n¬ sImfp¥v \p≈m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5. IhmØv sh´¬:˛ sabv / Pq¨ amkw

tXbne \´-tijw BZysØ

IhmØn\v A©p-h¿jw Ign-b-Ww.

CXns\ \Sp-I-hmØv F∂v hnti-jn-

∏n-°p-∂p. Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw imJ-

Iƒ apdn-°p∂ Dbcw 20''-˛22'' (50 ˛

55 sk.-an) BWv. AXn\v tijw F√m

\mep-h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ XpS¿∂v

IhmØp sNø-Ww. a´w HSn-°¬

IhmØv sh´nb Db-c-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Af-hn\v B{i-bn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

6. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v D≠m-hp∂ \∑-Iƒ

IhmØv sh´p-hm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb amk-ßƒ G{]n¬/ sabv, Pq¨

As√-¶n¬ BK-Ãv, sk]v‰w-_¿ /HIvtSm-_¿ BWv. Cu amk-ß-fn¬ A[n-

Ihpw Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ ag, iotXm-jvW-\n-e, aÆnse Cu¿∏w F∂nh D≠m-

bn-cn-°pw. CØcw Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ sh´p∂ sNSn-Iƒ sh´p∂ Db-c-a-\p-

27


k-cn®v A[n-Ihpw 2 As√-¶n¬ 3 amk-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ Xs∂ a´w HSn-s®-

Sp-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Ipw.

IhmØv F∂p ]d-™m-ep-S≥ ]ecpw Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ (10-˛16 C©v

Db-c-Øn¬) sh´p-∂-Xm-sW∂v Icp-Xn-bmWv sNSn-Isf sh´p-∂-Xv.

IqsS-Xs∂ XmgvØn sh´n-bm¬ \√ Dd-∏p≈ inJ-c-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bp≈p

F∂ sX‰mb tXm∂¬ ImcWw hfsc \jvS-ß-fp-≠m-hp-∂Xv Adn-bp-∂n-√.

IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Dt±iw ]pXn-b-Xmb c≠mw X´pw, aq∂mw

X´pw D≠m-°n-sb-SpØv B sNSn-bpsS Btcm-KysØ hos≠-SpØv kq£n-

°p-I-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ am{Xta {]Xo-£n-°p∂ hnf-hpw, Bh-iy-Øn\p th≠

(Productive Branches) inJ-c-ßfpw D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p.

AXp-Im-cWw \Sp-Øc IhmØv (20-˛24 C©v Db-cw) As√-¶n¬ ta¬

IhmØv (24- 26 C©v Db-cw) sh´p-∂-XmWv G‰hpw \√-Xv. CØcw Dbc-

Øn¬ IhmØv sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ icn-bmb Db-c-Øn¬ (28 C©v Db-c-

Øn¬) BZyta a´w HSn-®n-cn-°-Ww.

CXpt]mse IhmØv sNømsX hn´m¬, ]® tXbn-e-bpsS KpW-ta-∑sb

_m[n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ \n∂pw D≠m-Ip∂ tXbn-e-s]m-Sn-bpsS KpW \ne-

hm-c-tØbpw hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-°pw. hn]-Wnsb XI¿°p∂p. CXp-

sIm≠v KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ sImfp-¥p-I-fp-≠m-hm≥ IhmØv {]tbmKw tXbn-

e-bn¬ Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp {][m\ ]cn-N-c-W-ap-d-bm-Wv.

IhmØv sNøm≥ G‰hpw \√ amk-ßƒ G{]n¬ / sabv, Pq¨ As√¶n¬,

BKÃv / sk]v‰w-_¿, HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fm-Wv.

tXbne sNSn-Iƒ \n›-bn-°-s∏´ Ime-Øn-\p-≈n¬ IhmØv sNøm-Xn-cp-

∂m¬ ]qhpw, ImbvIfpw IqSp-X¬ D≠m-hpw. CXp-Im-cWw hnfhv Ipdbpw.

CXns\ Hgn-hm-°m-\pw, Cfw Xfn¿ sImfp-¥p-I-fpsS FÆw A[n-I-ap-

≠m-hm\pw IhmØv {]tbmKw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

IhmØv Zo¿Ln-∏n-®m¬ sImfp-¥ns‚ hf¿®-bpw, Xq°hpw Ipd-bp-∂-

tXm-sSm∏w, h©n-I-fpsS FÆhpw IqSpw. CXn-\m¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p∂

icmicn Afhv Ipd-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v hnf-sh-Sp-°m-\p≈ Nnehpw h¿≤n-

°p-∂p. AsXm-sIm≠v Ce FSp-°m-\p≈ Nnehv \nb-{¥n-°m≥ icn-bmb

CS-th-f-I-fn¬ IhmØv sNtø-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv.

7. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ

aÆns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hnfhv In´p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v BZyw aÆp

]cn-tim-[\ \√-Xm-Wv. XpS-- ¿∂v hnfsh-Sp-°p-XvsIm≠v aÆn¬ \n∂pw

saKv\ojyw, I¬kyw, XpS-ßnb a‰v LS-I-ß-fpsS Afhpw Ipd-bp-∂p.

28


XpS¿∂v ]e h¿j-ß-fmbn \¬In h∂ hf-ß-fm¬ aÆns‚ ]n.-F-®v.

hfsc Ipd™p t]mhm-\p≈ km≤yX hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXv aÆns‚

Btcm-KysØ hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. h¿jw-tXmdpw \¬Ip∂

hfßƒ sNSn-Iƒ°v th≠-Xp-t]mse {Kln-°m≥ Ign-bmsX ]mgm-bn-

t]m-hm≥ km[y-X-Iƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv.

AXpsIm≠v aÆns‚ Ipd-™p-t]mb ]n.-F-®v. Db¿Øm≥ tSmtfm-ssa‰v

aÆn¬ \¬tI-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

tSmtfm-ssa‰v IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xn\v 2 amkw ap≥]v \√-t]mse ]cØn

C´p-sIm-Sp-°-Ww.

aÆnse ]n.-F-®v. \v A\p-k-cn®v tSmtfm-ssa-‰ns‚ Af-hnepw hyXym-k-ßƒ

D≈-Xp-sIm-≠v, a¨ ]cn-tim-[\ F√m-hn-[-Ønepw \√-Xm-Wv. a¨ ]cntim-

[-\bpw tUmtfm-ssa‰v ]cn-tim-[-\bpw Ip∂q¿, hmƒ]md, KqU-√q¿, D]mkn

tI{μß-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\°v sImSp-°mw.

8. IhmØv sNbvX-tijw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ

IhmØv shń-°-gn-™-Xn\v tijw Iń-Iq-Snb sImºp-Iƒ Hgn-hm°n

sNdnb sImºp-Np-≈n-Ifpw Cebpw tN¿Øv InS-ßp-Iƒ FSpØv AXn¬

\nd-®n´v aqSn-bn-Sp-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ aÆnse ssPhmwiw IqSp-∂-Xp-

sIm≠v hnfhv h¿≤n-°pw. CXp-t]mse sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-Ifn¬,

s]≥kn¬ (Pencil) hÆ-Øn¬ sNdnb Iºp-Isf IjvW-ß-fm°n shń,

InS-ßp-Iƒ°v ]I-cw, tXm´-Øn¬ \nc-Øn-bn-Sp-∂Xpw \√-Xm-Wv.

IhmØv shńb sNSn-bpsS sh´p-ap-J-Øn¬ tIm∏¿ HmIvkn t¢mssdUv

+ en≥koSv Hmbn¬ (NW FÆ) 1:1 F∂ tXmXn¬ Ie¿Øn sh´p-ap-J-

Øn¬ ]pc-ń-bm¬, sNSn-bpsS inJ-c-ßƒ°v _m[n-°p∂ DW-°-tcm-Kw,

X≠v Agp-I¬ tcmKw F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂pw sNSn-Isf c£-s]-Sp-Øm≥

Ign-bpw.

IhmØv shńb tXm -ß-fn-ep≈ Imen-ÿ-e-ßsf sNSn-sh®v ]nSn-∏n-°m≥

12 apX¬ 15 amkw-hsc {]mb-amb ssXIƒ \Sp-∂-Xm-Wv G‰hpw \√-Xv.

29


tXbn-esb _m[n-°p∂ t]mf≥ tcmKw

^wKkv _m[-aqew (-Ip-anƒ tcmK-ßƒ) tXbn-e-bpsS Ce-bnepw X≠p-

I-fnepw tcmK-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

t]mf≥ tcmKw (_vfn-Ã¿ _vssf‰v tcmKw)

FIvtkm-t_-kn-Unbw shIvk≥kv F∂ ^wK-kmWv Cu tcmK-Øn-\p≈

Imc-Ww. tXbn-e-bpsS tcmK-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´Xpw hf-sc-b-[nIw

kmº-ØnI \jvSw hcp-Øp-∂-Xp-amWv t]mf≥tcm-Kw. Xfn-cn-e-I-sfbpw

X≠p-I-sf-bp-amWv Cu tcmKw Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. t]mf≥ tcmK-Øn-s\-Xnsc

\S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-Øn-s√-¶n¬ Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 43% apX¬ 50% \jvS-

s∏-Sp-sa∂v IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw

B man¬ \n∂pw 1868- ¬ Xs∂ t]mf≥tcm-K-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ

e`n-s®-¶n-epw, tcmK-Im-cWw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-™Xv 1895-˛¬ am{X-am-Wv.

1908-˛¬ Um¿Pn-en-ßnepw 1912 \pw 1922 \pw CSbv°v t^m¿tam-k-bnepw

P∏m-\nepw Cu tcmKw {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. sXt° C¥y-bn¬ Cu tcmKw BZy-ambn

dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXXv 1946 BKÃv amk-Øn-em-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse ap≠-°-b-Øp-

\n-∂pw, ]n∂oSv ]ocp-ta-Sv, B\-a-e, ssltd©v F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw tcmKw {]Xy-

£-s∏-´p. AtX-h¿jw Unkw-_¿ amkm-cw-`-Øn¬ \oe-Kncn Pn√-bnse

tIm´Kncn `mKØpw Cu tcmK-Øns‚ B{I-aWw Zriy-am-bn. 1947-˛¬ {ioe-¶-

bnepw 1949-˛¬ Ct¥m-t\-jy-bnepw Cu tcmKw ]S¿∂p ]nSn-®p.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ Pqsse, BK-Ãv, sk]vXw-_¿,HIvtSm-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬

30


tcmK-Im-cWw

km[mc-W-bmbn ag-°m-e-ØmWv t]mf≥ tcmKw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv

taLm-hr-X-amb A¥-co-£w IqSmsX

kqcy-{]-Imiw BgvN-bn¬ 2 apX¬ 10 aWn-°q¿ t\cw D≈-t∏mƒ

Db¿∂ Bt]-£nI B¿{ZX 60-˛100%

Ce-I-fn¬ 8 apX¬ 12 aWn-°q¿ hsc Cu¿∏-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I

ag-bpsS Afhv Hcp BgvN-bn¬ 2 apX¬ 10 sk.-ao. hsc s]øp-tºmƒ

17-˛230 C˛ bn¬ Ipd™ Dujvamhv F∂nh Cu wK-kns‚ hf¿®bv°v

hfsc A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv

IqSp-X¬ XW-ep≈ ôƒUp-I-fnepw \oscm-gp-°p-Iƒ ISpØp≈ sNSn-

I-fnepw t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ B{I-aWw cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw

tcmK-e-£-W-ßƒ

BZyta kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Xfn-cn-e-I-sfbpw Cfw X≠n-s\-bp-amWv t]mf≥

tcmKw _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. IhmØv shń-b-tijw Xfn¿Øp-h-cp∂ o¬Up-Ifn¬

tcmK-_m[ cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw. wK-kns‚ kvt]mdp-Iƒ Ce-I-fn¬ hoW-bpSs\

apf-bv°p-hm≥ Bcw- n-°p-∂p. BZyw Cfw a™ \nd-Øn¬ an\p-k-ap≈ sNdnb

]p≈n-Iƒ Ce-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch ]n∂oSv 6˛12 an.-an. hymk-Øn-

ep≈ hrØ-ß-fmbn hnI-kn-°p-∂p. {ItaW Ch Ce-bpsS apI-fn¬ Ipan-f-

I-fmbn amdp-∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv CXns\ t]mf≥ (ªn-Ã¿) tcmKw F∂p hnfn-

°p-∂-Xv. Ipan-f-I-fpsS Ipgn-™-hiw an\p- -ap-≈-Xm-Wv. ]cp-]-cpØ s]m¥nb

ASn-`mKw BZyw a™-bmbpw ]n∂oSv Nmc-\n-d-ambpw Ah-km\w Sm¬°w

]uU¿ XqIn-b-Xp-t]mse sh≈-\n-d-Øn-ep-am-Ip-∂p. Cu ^wK-kns‚ Pohn-X-

N{Iw 11 apX¬ 28 Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂p. Hcp NXpc sk.-ao. D≈

Ipan-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw kpam¿ 24 aWn-°q¿sIm≠v 15 e£w ^wK-kns‚

hnØpIƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.

\nhm-cW am¿§-ßƒ

tcmK \nhm-c-W-Øn\v ]e Imcy-ßfpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Ah Hmtcm-∂mbn

Xmsg hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

1. \ng-ens‚ km{μX Ipd-bv°¬

XW¬ ac-ßƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ ô¬Uns‚ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Bt]-£nX

B¿{ZX 80 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw D≈-t∏mƒ t]mf≥ tcmK-ap-≠m-°p∂

^wKkns‚ kvt]mdp-Iƒ thKw apf-bv°p-Ibpw hym]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

31


AXp-sIm≠v ag-°mew XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v \ng¬ ac-ß-fpsS ]m¿iz-

in-Jc-ßƒ apdn®p-am‰n \ng-ens‚ km{μX Ipd-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv. \ng¬ ac-ßƒ

]pXp-Xmbn \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p∂ tXm´-Øn¬ G°-dn\v 110 ac-ß-fpw, c≠m-asØ

Ihm-Øns‚ ka-bØv 55 ac-ßfpw (40x20 ASn) F∂ tXmXn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn-

bm¬ IqSp-X¬ kqcy-{]-Imiw sNSn-I-fpsS ta¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew tcmK-

Øns‚ ImTn\yw Ipd-bp-∂p.

2. IhmØp sNbvX tXm -Ønse If-\n-b-{¥Ww

IhmØv shńb o¬Up-I-fn¬ If-Iƒ hf-cm-\p≈ km≤yX IqSp-X-emWv.

tXbne sNSn-I-fpsS ta¬]c-∏n-ep≈ kq£va-Im-em-hÿ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬

If-Iƒ°pw ]¶p-≠v. If-I-fpsS B[nIyw aqew B¿{ZX h¿≤n-°p-∂p.

tcmKIm-cn-bmb ^wK-kns‚ kvt]mdp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn apf-bv°p-hm≥ CXp

klm-bn-°p∂p. ]p√pw, sNSn-Ifpw IqSp-X¬ hf-cp∂ ô¬Unse tXbn-e-

bn-e-Iƒ am{X-a-√ Cfw-X-≠p-Ifpw t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ cq£-amb B{I-a-W-

Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip-∂p. If-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-eqsS t]mf≥ tcmK-Øns‚ cq£X

Ipd-bv°mw.

3. IhmØv sNtø≠ kabw

hb-\m-ńse Imem-h-ÿ-bv°pw, `p{]-Ir-Xn-bn-°p-a-\p-k-cn®v sabv / Pq¨

As√-¶n¬ HmKÃv / sk]v‰w-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ IhmØv sh´p-∂Xv A\p-tbm-

Py-am-Wv. F∂m¬ sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿ ]ecpw \hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿, P\p-hcn

amk-ß-fn¬ IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Cu ka-bØv IpanƒtcmKw

A[nIw _m[n-°p-Ibpw 50 iX-am\w hoXw hnfhv Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

AXp-sIm≠v X°-k-a-bØv IhmØv sNbvXm¬ Cu tcmK-Øns‚ cq£X

Ipd-bv°mw.

4. \o≠ \mfp-I-fpsS CS-th-f-bn¬ Ce-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v

tcmK-i-a\w A[n-I-cn-°pw

\o≠ \mfp-I-fpsS CS-th-f-bn¬ Ce FSp-°p-tºmƒ ]pXnb Cfw Hcp

Ce Acn-ºp-I-fn¬ tcmKw A[nIw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ipanƒ\min\n

Xfn-°p-tºmƒ hf¿∂ Ce-I-fn¬ am{X-ta-s]-Sp-∂p-≈p. sNdnb Cfw Acn-ºp-

I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂n-√. IqSmsX iotXm£vW \nebpw amdp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v

Ipdn∏n´ icn-bmb Ime CS-th-f-I-fn¬ Ce ]dn-°p-∂Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.

^wKkv \min-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw

IhmØv sNbvX-tijw Xfn¿Øp-h-cp∂ tXm´-ß-fn¬ sImgp-∂p-I-fn¬

\o¿]Zw A[n-I-am-hp-I-bpw, Cf-b-Xp-am-b-Xp-Im-cWw B sImgp-∂p-I-fns‚

X≠p-Ifpw a‰pw Ce-Ifpw A[nI Af-hn\v Cu ^wK-kns‚ cq£-X-tbdpw

32


Ih

mØ

v s

hńb

tX

bn-e

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m--ß

ƒ°

v a

´w H

Sn®

v X

pS¿

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mI

hmØ

v s

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bn-e

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m--ß

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v a

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Sn®

v X

pS¿

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mI

hmØ

v s

hńb

tX

bn-e

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v a

´w H

Sn®

v X

pS¿

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hmØ

v s

hńb

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Sn®

v X

pS¿

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hńb

tX

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pS¿

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mb

n s

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cb

n s

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c

Xf

n-t°

≠ ^

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kv \

mi

n-\n-I

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nh-c

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kv \

mi

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kv \

mi

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nh-c

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n-t°

≠ ^

wK

kv \

mi

n-\n-I

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nh-c

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kv \

mi

n-\n-I

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S h

nh-c

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acp-∂

p-I-fps

S t]

cp-I

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v \mi

n-\n-b

psS

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p-Iƒ

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kv \

min\

n Xfnt

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G°

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v/ Hcp

Xh

-Wb

v°v

Ime

CS-t

hf

1.sl

Ivtk

m-tI

m-Wm-t

kmƒ

5 E

C +

80 a

n√n +

85

{Kmw

5

tIm∏

¿ H

mIvk

n-t¢

m-ssdU

v

AY

hm

2.sl

Ivtk

m-tI

m-Wm-t

kmƒ

5 EC

+40

an√

n + 3

6 an

√n

5

ss{S

Uvta

m¿^

v

AY

hm

3.s{]

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25

EC +

50 a

n√n +

85

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5

tIm∏

¿ H

mIvk

n-t¢

m-ssdU

v

4.s{]

m]n-tI

m-Wm-t

kmƒ

25

EC +

530

an√

n + 3

0 a

n√n

5

ss{S

Uv t

am¿^

v

t\m¨

Atb

m-Wn°

v sh

‰nß

v GP

‚v (]

-i) ac

p-∂-Sn

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sh

≈-Ø

n¬ t

N¿t°

-≠X

v 0.0

5%

33


AXp-sIm≠v tXm´-ß-fn¬ Xfn-t°≠ ^wKkv \min-\n-I-fpsS Af-hp-Iƒ

Xmsg-bp≈ Nm¿ń¬ sImSp-°p-∂p.

hym]mc (\m-a-ß-fn¬) t]cp-Iƒ

slIvtkm-tIm-tWm-tkmƒ : tIm¨Sm-^v, I¨t{Smƒ, kn‰m-c, Sm_¿

s{]m∏n-tIm-tWm-tkmƒ : ‰n¬´v

ss{SUvtam¿^v : Imen-Ivkn≥

tIm∏¿ HmIvknt¢mssdUv : ss^t‰m-em¨, ªqtIm-∏¿, _vssftSm-Ivkv,

Ip{]m-tkmƒ, Ip{]nIv

t\m¨ Atbm-WnIv

sh‰nßv GP‚v : C≥t{Km¨ A.E.

IhmØv sNbvX-tXm-´-ß-fn¬ tcmK-_m[ cq£-am-hp-tºmƒ 4˛5 Znhkw

CS-hn´v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. A√mØ ka-b-ß-fn¬ 7 Znh-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬

Xfn°mw. a´w HSn-®p-I-gn-™m¬ ]n∂oSv Ce FSp-°p∂ tXm´-ß-fn¬

Xfn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse 7˛10 Znh-ksØ CS-hn´v Xfn-®m¬ aXn.

Ce ]dn-°p∂ tXm´-ß-fnepw tase Nm¿ń¬ (]ńI) sImSpØ t]mse

^wKkv \min-\n-bpsS Afhp-{]-Imcw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. F∂m¬ IhmØv sNbvX

tXm´-sØ-t]mse 4˛5 Znh-ksØ CS-th-fbv°v ]Icw 7˛10 Znh-ksØ

CS-hn´v Xfn-®m¬ aXn-bm-hpw. tcmK-_m[ Ipd-bp∂Xn\-\p-k-cn®v Xfn-°p-∂-

Xns‚ Ime C-S-th-fsb \oń-sIm-≠p-t]m-hmw. IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Znh-ksØ

Ipd-bv°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-XmWv.

^wKkv \min-\n-bpsS (tIm-∏¿ HmIvkn-t¢m-ssd-Un-s‚) KpW-\n-ehmcw

tIm∏¿ HmIvkn-t¢m-ssdUv : 50 WD

tIm∏-dns‚ Awiw : 48.5 \pw 52.5% CSbv°v

kkvs]≥kn-_n-en‰n : 80 iX-am\w AXn-\p-ap-I-fn¬

Akn-Un‰n as H2SO4 AYhm

B¬°-en-\n‰n as NaoH : 0.2 iX-am\w G‰hpw A[nIw

tIm∏-dns‚ Hcp iX-am-\-Øns‚

PH kkvs]≥j≥ (W/v) : 6.5 \p Xmsg

34


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mØ

v sh

ńb

tX

m´-ß

ƒ°

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cmk

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psS X

q°w G

°-dn\

v:s

ab

v, P

q¨ a

mk

-Øn¬

Ih

mØ

v sh

ńb

tX

m´-ß

ƒ°

p-≈

cmk

-h-f

-ß-f

psS X

q°w G

°-dn\

v:

BK

-Ãv, s

k]

v‰w_

¿ &

HI

vtSm-_

¿ a

mk

-ß-f

n¬B

K-Ã

v, s

k]

v‰w_

¿ &

HI

vtSm-_

¿ a

mk

-ß-f

n¬B

K-Ã

v, s

k]

v‰w_

¿ &

HI

vtSm-_

¿ a

mk

-ß-f

n¬B

K-Ã

v, s

k]

v‰w_

¿ &

HI

vtSm-_

¿ a

mk

-ß-f

n¬B

K-Ã

v, s

k]

v‰w_

¿ &

HI

vtSm-_

¿ a

mk

-ß-f

n¬

]ń

I N

o.2

ss\

{S-P

≥s]

m´mj

v

tdm°

v

t^mk

v

t^‰v

33 I

nte

m

66

Int

em

92

Int

em

92

Int

em

66

Int

em

80

Int

em

80

Int

em

92

Int

em

80

Int

em

240

{Kmw

240

{Kmw

80

Int

em

66

Int

em

Fw.-H.]

n.

72

Int

em

37


Pqsse, BK-Ãv, sk]v‰w -_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ IhmØv sNbvXm¬,

sk]v‰w_¿,HIvtSm-_¿, \hw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ hf-{]-tbmKw \S-Ømw. tase-

hn-hcn®Xpt]mse Xs∂ hfw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. IhmØv sNøp-∂-Xn-s\

°p-dn®-pw, sNbvX-tijw {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®-pw Ign™ e°-Øn¬

hnh-cn-®Xv {i≤n-°p-I. sk]v‰w-_¿ amk-Øn¬ IhmØv sNbvX tXm -ßƒ°v

F{]n¬, sabv, Pq¨, \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ hf-{]-tbmKw \S-Øp-tºmƒ, qan-

bnse (a-Æn-se) Pemw-iw, hf-{]tbmKw \S-Øn-b-tijw In´m-\p≈ ag- F∂nh

F√mw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v thWw hfw \¬Im≥

]´nI No.3

Cu h¿jw ]pXp-Xmbn tXbn-e-Irjn sNbvX-h¿ 2 amkw-I-gn-™-tijw

\¬tI≠ hf-ß-fpsS Xq°w G°-dn\v Xmsg hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

A\p-]mXw ˛ 283

ss\{S-P≥ s]m´mjv tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v kn{SnIv BknUv

bqdnb Fw.-Hm.-]n. tdm°v t^mkvt^‰v kn{SnIv BknUv

52 Intem 60 Intem 33 Intem 120 {Kmw

Hcp sNSn°v GI-tZiw 24 {Kmw hoXw 9 C©v hn´v \¬Ip-I.

2˛mw h¿jw ssXIƒ°v 28 {Kmw hoXw




BZy-hfw \¬Inbtijw c≠m-asØ hf-Øn-\p≈ CS-thf 21 Znh-k-am-Wv.

c≠m-asØ hfw sNøp-tºmƒ bqdn-bbpw + Fw.Hm.]n. bpw am{Xw \¬In-

bm¬ aXn. 3˛masØ hfw BZysØ hf-{]-tbmKw t]mse \mepw tN¿Øv

\¬IpI.

hf¿®bv°v kq£va-t]m-jIw kn¶v kƒt -‰v

kn¶v kƒt^-‰v kvt{] sNtø-≠Xv ImeØv sXfn™ Imem-h-ÿ-bp-≠m-

Ip-tºmƒ am{X-am-Wv.

Ipd-™Xv 2˛3 aWn-°q-sd-¶nepw kn¶v kƒt^-‰v kvt{] sNbvX-tijw ag

D≠m-h-cp-Xvv.

A[nI hnf-hp-Im-eØv kn¶v kƒt^-‰vIqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v.

A[n-I-hn-fhp Ime-ß-fn¬ kn¶v kƒt -‰vkvt{] sNøp-∂Xv e-{]-Z-amWv.

Ipd-™Xv 5 Xh-W-sb-¶nepw h¿j-Øn¬ tXbn-ebv°v kvt{] sNøp-∂Xv

^e-{]-Z-am-Wv.

38


Bh

-iy-a

mb k

m[-\

-ßƒ

Xq°

wsh

≈-Ø

ns‚

Afh

vsX

fn-t

°≠

amk

-ßƒ

a.

kn¶

v kƒ

t^‰v

1 kg

..1. G

{]n¬

/ s

abv

b. a·

ojyw k

ƒt^

‰v1

kg..

2. P

q¨

c. a

mwK

-\ok

v kƒ

t^‰v

155

g.80

en‰

¿ a

pX¬

100 h

sc

3. B

KÃ

v / s

k]

v‰w-_

¿

d. t

_md

nIv ]

uU

¿55

g.

4. H

IvtS

m-_¿ /

\h

w-_¿

e. ^

vfmt

\m-^

nIvk

v / A

t{K

mW20

an√

n5.

\h

w-_¿

]´n

I N

o.4

kn¶

v kƒ

t^

‰v X

fn-°

p-tº

mƒ

D]

-tb

m-K

n-°p∂

LS-I

-ß-f

psS A

f-h

vk

n¶v k

ƒt^

‰v X

fn-°

p-tº

mƒ

D]

-tb

m-K

n-°p∂

LS-I

-ß-f

psS A

f-h

vk

n¶v k

ƒt^

‰v X

fn-°

p-tº

mƒ

D]

-tb

m-K

n-°p∂

LS-I

-ß-f

psS A

f-h

vk

n¶v k

ƒt^

‰v X

fn-°

p-tº

mƒ

D]

-tb

m-K

n-°p∂

LS-I

-ß-f

psS A

f-h

vk

n¶v k

ƒt^

‰v X

fn-°

p-tº

mƒ

D]

-tb

m-K

n-°p∂

LS-I

-ß-f

psS A

f-h

v

tlm¿

tam¨

t^

m¿ap

-te-j

≥ac

p-∂ns

‚ A

fh

v G°

-dn\

vsh

≈-Ø

ns‚

Afh

v

ssk

t‰ms

sk

w /

_tb

mssk

w80

an√

n80

en‰

¿G

{]n¬

/ s

abv /

sk

]v‰w

-_¿ /

HI

vtSm-_

¿

amk

-Øn¬

Hcn-°

¬, P

qsse

amk

w Hgn®

v

ItS

m-Ãna

w ˛ 2

012

0 a

n√n

80 e

n‰¿

G{]

n¬ a

pX¬

Unk

w-_¿ h

sc

]´n

I N

o.6

ta

¬h

fw

Xfn-°

¬ acp-∂

ns‚

Afh

v G°

-dn\

vsh

≈-Ø

ns‚

Afh

vk

ok¨

/ a

mkw

Un.

G. ]

n.

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mm

oniu

m p

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)17

50 {K

mw10

0 e

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KÃ

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k]

v‰w-_

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39


BZy-hfw \¬In-b-tijw c≠m-asØ hf-Øn-\p≈ CS-thf 21˛Znh-k-amWv.

c≠m-asØ hfw-sN-øp-tºmƒ bqdn-bbpw + Fw. Hm. ]nbpw am{Xw \¬In-bm¬

aXn. 3˛masØ hfw BZysØ hf-{]-tbmKw t]mse \mepw tN¿Øv \¬IpI.

tXbne sNSn-Iƒ a´w HSn-°¬

IhmØv sNbvX tijw Xfn¿Øv hcp∂ X≠p-Isf BZy-ambn Hcp \n›nX

Db-c-Øn¬ HSn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv a´w HSn-°¬

F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ, HSn-s®-

SpØ sImgp-∂n¬ sNdnb apIp-fhpw

3 As√-¶n¬ 4 Ce-Ifpw IqSnb `mK-amWv

HSn-s®-Sp-t°-≠Xv.

a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ {]m[m-\y-ßƒ

Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ kwc-£W/t]mjW

Ce-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ndp-Øn-bmWv a´w

HSn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp ImcWw sNSn-bpsS

Btcm-Ky-sØ-bpw, sImgp-∂ns‚ hf¿®-

bv°pw Du°w \¬Ipw.

a´w HSn®v Ign-™m-ep-Ss\ ]m¿iz-ap-Ip-

f-ßƒ thKw hf¿∂p-h-cpw. Cfw Acn-

ºp-Iƒ s]m´n hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ as‰mcp Dt±-iw, Btcm-Ky-ap≈ c≠mw-\n-e, aq∂mw \ne

inJ-c-ßƒIqsS sNSn-bn¬ D≠m°n FSp-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw

inJ-c-ßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta ASpØ Ihm-Øn-\m-h-iy-ap≈ inJ-c-ßƒ

D≠m-hq.

A[n-I-]£w sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v a´w HSn-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°p∂

sX‰p-Iƒ

Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xv.

IØn/I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn®v sh´n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

F√m A\m-h¿Øn sImgp-∂p-Ifpw A[nIw hf-cm≥ hn´-tijw sNs¶m-

ºn\v Xma-kn®v Htc t\cØv HSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ {]hrØn

icn-bmb \nc∏v \ne-\n¿ØmsX ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp∂ tZmj-ßƒ

sNSn-Iƒ Dbcw Ipd™v s]m°-an-√msX hf-cpw.

sNSn-I-fpsS ]pXnb imJ-Iƒ ]S-cm-sX-bpw, If-s®-Sn-Iƒ [mcmfw hf¿∂p-

h-cn-Ibpw sNøpw.

40


]pXnb imJ-Iƒ, c≠mw X´pw, aq∂mw Xń-ep-ap≈ Nn√-Iƒ C√m-Xm-hp-∂-

Xp-sIm≠v D¬∏m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AXp-Im-cWw ASp-Øp-h-cp∂ IhmØpw Ipd™ Db-c-Øn¬ Xs∂

sht´≠n hcp-∂p.

ho≠pw D¬∏m-Z-\sØ hf-sc-b-[nIw _m[n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Dbcw

Bkmw C\ sNSn-Iƒ: IhmØv sNbvX Db-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw 6 C©v Dbcw

AYhm Xd-bn¬ \n∂pw (from Ground Level) samØw 28 C©v Db-cw,

CXp c≠n¬ GXmWv A[nI Db-c-sa-¶n¬ B Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°Ww.

Ipd-™-]£w IhmØv I´°v apI-fn¬ aq∂v henb Ce-Iƒ \n¿Øp-Xv

\√XmWv

ssN\m C\w sNSn-Iƒ: IhmØv sNbvX Db-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw 4 C©v Dbcw

AYhm Xd-bn¬ \n∂pw (from Ground Level) samØw 24 C©v Db-cw,

CXp c≠n¬ GXmWv A[nI Db-c-sa-¶n¬ B Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn-°-Ww.

Ipd™ ]£w c≠v henb Ce-Iƒ \n¿Øp-Xv \√-XmWv.

a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ

IØn D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv. ssIsIm≠v Xs∂ In≈n FSp-°-Ww.

a´w HSn-°p∂ X≠p-Iƒ ]®-bm-bpw, A[nIw aqØp-t]m-hm-sXbpw

D≠m-h-Ww. AXm-bXv sNs¶m-ºm-hmsX a´w HSn-°-Ww.

B mw C\ tXbn-e-sN-Sn-Iƒ a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ, HSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ sImgp∂p-

Iƒ (Tipping Material) \mev Ce-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb Acnºpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-

Ww. ssN\m C\ tXbn-e-sN-Sn-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ a´w HSn-°p-tºmƒ aq∂v

CetbmSp-Iq-Snb Acnºv In≈n FSp-°-Ww.

sNSn-bn¬ kpam¿ 30 iX-am\w inJ-c-ßƒ (X-≠p-Iƒ) Xøm-dmb \ne-bn¬

D≈-t∏m-gmWv a´w HSn®v XpS-tß-≠-Xv. a´w HSn®v XpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ ]ns∂

7 As√-¶n¬ 8 As√-¶n¬ 9 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ a´w XpS¿∂v 3˛4

XhW HSn®v \nc∏v \ne-\n¿Øn, XpS¿∂v \nc-∏n¬ \n∂pw sImfp¥v ]dn®p

XpS-ßmw. AXn-\vtijw 10 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥v FSp-°mw.

Dbcw Iqń HSn-°p-∂-Xp-Im-c-Ww, sNSn-bn¬ Bh-iy-Øn-\p≈ kwc-£W/

t]mjW Ce-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂p. ]pjvSn-{]-Z-amb Blmcw Cu kwc-£W

Ce-Iƒ aqew \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.

Dbcw Iqń a´w HSn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v inJ-c-ßƒ ]S¿∂v apIƒ]-c∏v aqSn

In´p-∂p.

41


If-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂-Xns\ hf-sc-b-[nIw XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Btcm-Ky-ap≈ (I- n-Iq-Sn-b) ]pXnb inJ-c-ßƒ sNSn-bn¬ ho≠pw D≠m-hp-∂p.

ASpØ IhmØv sNøp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ inJ-c-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn, Dbcw Iq´n

sh´m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. hnfhv AXp-t]mse A[n-I-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

icn-bmb Db-c-Øn¬ a´w HSn®v Btcm-Ky-ap-≈Xpw Dd-∏p-≈-Xpamb ]pXnb inJ-

c-ßsf D≠m-°-Ww.

42


Ce]dn-°¬ AYhm sImfp¥v \p≈¬

km[m-c-W-bmbn HIvtSm-_¿ amkw \√ hf¿®-bp≈ Ime-amWv. Cu amkw

8 apX¬ 10 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥p ]dn°mw. Cfw Xfn¿

sImfp¥pIsf Hgn-hm-°n thWw ]dn-t°≠-Xv. 2/3 Cebpw Xncn-tbm-Sp-Iq-

Snb sImfp¥pIsf am{Xw FSp-°p-I. F∂m¬ Unkw-_¿ amkm-h-km\w

apX¬ Xmbv Ce-sh®p thWw ]dn-°m≥. \hw-_¿,- Un-kw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬

10 apX¬ 12 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬ sImfp¥p ]dn°mw. \√ hf¿®-bp-≈-

t∏mƒ I{XnI D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. \nc-∏n-ep≈ h©n-Iƒ apgp-h\pw Hcne \ndpØ

FSp-t°-≠-Xm-h-iy-amWv.

_m©n-Isf Dd-°m-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ apIpfw F∂p-≤-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ ImcWw

_m©n sImfp¥n¬ \n∂pw ]pXn-b-ap-Ip-f-ßƒ cq]-sa-Sp-°m≥ kpam¿ 120

apX¬ 150 \mfp-Iƒ (4˛5 amk-ßƒ) Bhp∂-p. F∂m¬ Hcp ]cn-t]m-jW

Ce-bn¬ \n∂pw ]dn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ sImfp¥v hfcp-∂Xn\v 90 Znh-k-am-Ip∂p.

Bb-Xn-\m¬ _m©n-Isf ]dn-®p-am-‰n-bn-s√¶n¬ 12 apX¬ 20 iX-am\w hsc

hnfhv Ipd-bp-sa∂vv D]m-kn-bpsS Kth-jWw aqew Adn™n´p≠v.

_m©n-Isf FSp-°msX hnSp-tºmƒ D≠m-hp hnfhv \jvSw:-

IhmØv sh´n-bXp apX¬ {]mbw hnfhp\jvSw (-iXam\w)

BZy-h¿jw 12.0

c≠mw h¿jw 19.0

aq∂mw h¿jw 19.4

\memw h¿jw 20.4

ic-micn 17.7%

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ \-hw-_¿, Unkw-_¿, P\p-hcnamk-ß-fn¬

43


CXp-am-{X-a√ sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿ IØn D]-tbm-Kn®pw Ducn-]-dn-®pw, aqØ

kwc-£W Ce-Iƒ tN¿Øp ]dn-®p-amWv Ce ]dn°p∂Xv. Cßs\ FSp°p-

∂XpsIm≠v tXbn-e sNSn-I-fpsS BtcmKysØ IqSp-Xembn _m[n-°p∂-p.

1. sNSn-IfpsS inJ-c-ßƒ saen™p t]mhp-Ibpw

2. hf-cp∂ sImfp¥ns‚ \ofw sNdp-XmbnXs∂ D≠m-hp-Ibpw

3. hf-sc-b-[nIw hnfhv \jvSs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw.

\√ hf¿®-Im-e-ß-fn¬ 2˛3 Ce-ItfmSp-Iq-Snb sImfp-¥p-Iƒ ssIsIm≠v

8˛-10 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-I-fn-epw, aμ-KXn hf¿®m-Im-e-ß-fn¬ 10-˛12/13 Znh-

ksØ CS-th-f-I-fnepw ]dn-®m¬ hnfhv IqSp-X¬ In´pw. CS-th-f-Ip-d®v Ce

FSpØv hnfhv Iq´p-Ibpw KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n∏n-°p-Ibpw sNømw. CS-th-f-

Ip-d®v h¿j-Øn¬ A[nI Xh-W-I-ƒ FSp-°p∂Xn-s‚ Nm¿´v Xmsg

hnh-cn°p∂-p.

h¿j-Øn¬ Ce FSp-°ptºmƒ hnfhv G°-dn\v

Xh-W-Iƒ h¿j-Øn¬ (Intem)

20 apX¬ 22 XhW FSp-°p-tºmƒ 3900 kg

30 apX¬ 34 XhW FSp-°p-tºmƒ 6200 kg

^o¬Un¬ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°¬

kzm`mhnI coXn-bn¬ hf-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ IpØs\

hf¿∂p s]mßp∂p. CØcw sNSn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw A[nIw hnfhp e`n-°p-

I-bn-√. sNSn-I-fpsS inJ-c-ßƒ \√ hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ Xmsg

s°mSpØncn-°p∂ am¿§-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°Ww.

1. XmbvX≠p apdn-°¬

tXbn-e-s®-Sn-Iƒ hnkvXm-c-Øn¬ hf-cp-hm\pw

DZv∏m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm\pw Cfw ssXI-fpsS

XmbvX≠v apdn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn\v 'sk‚-dnßv '

F∂p ]d-bp∂-p. sk‚-dnßv sNøptºmƒ XmbvX≠v

F{X-tØmfw XmgvØn apdn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°ptam

A{X-tØmfw XmgvØn-sh- p-I. Cßs\ sNøptºmƒ

Ftt´m ]tØm Ce-I-fp≈ H∂p -c≠p sNdp-Nn-√-

Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ {i≤n-°Ww. sNdp-Nn-

√-Iƒ C√mØ sNSn-I-fn¬ Ft´m]tØm Ce-Iƒ

\ne-\n¿Øn XmbvX≠p apdn-°Ww. sNSn-Iƒ \ vv \mtem At©m amkw Ign™v

GI-tZiw 10 sk.-an. ag e`n® tijw am{Xsa sk‚-dnßv \S-Øm-hp. A¥-co-

44


£-Ønse Cu¿∏-Øn-s‚ Afhv Db¿∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. tdmkm-sNSnIƒ

apdn-°p∂Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ knt°-®¿ F∂Xcw I{Xn-I-bmWv XmbvX≠v

apdn -°m≥ \√Xv. Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw th\¬°m-eØv sk‚-dnßv

\S-Ø-cpXv.

2. a´w HSn-°¬

sk‚-dnßv \S-Øn-b-tijw sNSn-Isf km[m-cWKXn-bn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ A\p-

h-Zn-°p-I. Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 35 sk.-an. Db-c-Øn-emWv BZysØ {]mhiyw

a´w HSn-t°-≠-Xv. Cßs\ HSn-s®-Sp-°p∂ sImfp¥n¬ Ipd-™Xv, aqt∂m

\mtem Ce-I-sf-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. AXp-t]mse c≠m-asØ {]mhiyw

Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 50 sk.an Db-c-Øn-emWv a´w HSn-t°-≠-Xv. Hcp o¬Unse

F√m sNSn-Ifpw Htc-k-a-bØv a´w HSn-°-en\v hnt[-b-am-I-W-sa∂-n-√. a´w

HSn-∏n\v Xøm-dm-bn-´n-√mØ inJ-c-ßƒ Ipd®v Znhkw Ign™v HSn-°mw. Cu

{]tbmKw aqew inJ-c-ßƒ c≠p-aq∂p X´p-I-fn-embn ]S¿∂p ]¥-en-°p∂-p.

IqSmsX Nn√-I-fn¬ [mcmfw Xfn-cp-Ifpw D≠m-Ip∂-p.

3. sImfps¥Sp°¬

sk‚dnßv \S-Ønb sNSn-I-fn¬ Nn√-Iƒ Xg-®p-h-f-c-W-sa-¶n¬ Ahbv°v

\√ Btcm-Ky-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww sNSn-I-fn¬ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw t]mjI CeIƒ

Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xsa CXp km≤y-am-Ip. a´w HSn-®-Xn\p tijw sImfp¥p-

\p-≈m-\m-cw-`n-°p-tºmƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw {i≤n-t°-Xp-≠v. hf-sc-Ip-d®p

sImfp¥p e`n-°p∂ P\p-h-cn,- s^-{_p-hcn, am¿®v, Pqsse, B-KÃv F∂o

amk-ß-fn¬ 12 apX¬ 15 Znhkw hsc CS-hn-´mWv sImfps¥Spt°-≠-Xv. Cu

amk-ß-fn¬ Xmbv Ce sNSn-bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn thWw sImfp¥p\pt≈-≠Xv

IqSp-X¬ hnfhp e`n-°p∂ G{]n¬, tabv, Pq¨, sk-]v‰w-_¿, H-IvtSm-_¿,

\-hw-_¿,- Un-kw-_¿ amk-ß-fn¬ Ft´m ]tØm Znh-k-Øn-semcn°¬ ]pXnb

\nc-∏n¬ 50 sk.-an. Db-c-Øn\p apI-fn¬ ao≥ Ce-bvt°m, h´ Ce-bvt°m

sImfp¥p \p≈mw.

XW¬a-c-ßƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°¬

tXbn-e-s®-Sn-IfpsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿®bv°v XW¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv.

tXbne \Sp-∂Xn\p aptºm,- \-´p-sIm≠ncn-°p-tºmtgm XW¬a-c-ß-fpsS

ssXIƒ h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°-mhpXm-Wv.

sNSn-Iƒ \ -tijw sNtø≠ Imcy-ßƒ

sNSn-Iƒ \´tijw kwc-£n-°p∂ coXn-bpw,- h-cƒ®s°Xn-sc-sb-Sp-°p∂

\S-]-Sn-Ifpw tXbn-e-bpsS hf¿®-bn-epw, DZv∏m-Z-\-£-a-X-bnepw Imcy-amb ]¶p-

h-ln-°p-∂p. ag-°m-eØv sNSn-Iƒ \´mepw XpS¿∂p hcp∂ th\¬°m-eØv

45


Cu sNSn-Isf hcƒ®-bn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Xmsg-s°mSp°p∂

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

hcƒ®-bn¬ \n∂pw sNSn-Isf kwc-£n-°p∂ hn[w

]pX-bnS¬

sNSn-Iƒ \´p-S-s\-Xs∂ ^o¬Un-s‚ apIƒ`mKw hnØp-I-fn-√mØ

]p√pIƒ, Icn-bne ]Ø¬ F∂n-hsIm≠v aqS-Ww. aÆnse Cu¿∏w \ne-

\n¿Øp-∂Xn-\pw, asÆmen∏p XS-bp-- ∂Xn-\pw ]pX-bnS¬ (a¬®nßv) klm-bn-

°p∂-p. ]pX-bnS¬ ImcWw If-I-fpsS hf¿® XS- -s∏-Sp-Ibpw aÆnse

ssPhmwiw h¿≤n°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Hcp slIvS¿ tXm´w ]pX-bnSp∂Xn\v

GI-tZiw 25 S¨ ]p√pw ]Ø-epw (a¬®nßv) B-h-iy-ap-≠v.-sN-SnIƒ \´p-S-

s\-Xs∂ ]pXbnS¬ Bcw- n-°-Ww. -]p√pw ]Øepw sNSn-I-fpsS XmbvX-≠ns\

sXmSmsX thWw ]pX-bntS-≠-Xv. a¬®nßn\p]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°fpw

XmbvX-≠p-am-bp≈ \nc-¥c kº¿°w ]´No-b¬ tcmKw £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øpw.

Cfw ssXIƒ°v "Itbm-en≥' Xfn-°¬

D]mkn tXbne Kth-jW tI{μØn¬ \S-Ønb ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sXfn-

™Xv Cfw tXbn-e-ssX-I-fn¬ "Itbm-en≥' F∂ cmk-hkvXp th\¬°m-

eØv Xfn-®m¬ hcƒ®m {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n A[n-I-cn-°p∂-p-sh∂v ImW-s∏´p.

AXn-\m¬ th\¬°mew Bcw-`n-°p∂Xn-\v ap≥]mbn 12 Intem Itbm-en\pw

330 an√n hnt\m-^m≥ AYhm C≥t{Sm¨ F C 110 an√n F∂ ]ibpw 100

en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Ie°n sNSn-I-fn¬ Xfn-°p-I. Itbm-en≥ hcƒ®m-k-a-bØv

sNSn-I-fn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ kqcy-c-ivanIsf {]Xn-^-en-∏n®v sNSn-Isf kwc-£n

°p∂-p.

ASn-a-Æp-\-\-bv°¬: Unkw-_¿, -P-\p-hcn, s^_yp-h-cn, am¿®v

amk-ß-fn¬

km[mcW-K-Xn-bn¬ F√m sNSn-I-fp-sSbpw thcp-Iƒ sh≈-ap≈ ÿe-

tØ°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂-p. Zo¿L-Ime hnf-bmb tXbn-ebv°v \´ DS-s\-

Xs∂ "Xfn-®p-\\' (sprinkler irrigation) Bh-iy-a-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈

Pe-tk-N\w aqew sNSn-I-fpsS ]pXnb thcp-Iƒ aÆn-s‚ ta¬\n-c-∏n¬

hf-cp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS hcƒ®m {]Xn-tcm-[-i‡n Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.

th\¬°m-eØp ta¬aÆp hc-fp-tºmƒ Cu sNSn-Iƒ hmSn-°-cn-bpw. sNSn-I-

fpsS thcp-Iƒ Bg-Øn¬ hf-c-W-sa-¶n¬ ASn-a-Æn-te°v sh≈w FØn-

°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. CXn\v tXbn-e-ssX-Iƒ \Sp-tºmƒXs∂ GI-tZiw 30

sk.-an. \of-ap≈ t]∏¿tIm¨, ap-f,- ]n.-hn.-kn. ss]∏v F∂n-h-bn-te-sX¶nepw

H∂v sNSn-bn¬ \n∂pw 15 sk.-an. am‰n 45 Un{Kn sNcn®v Dd-∏n-°Ww.

46


Ipg-ens‚ 25 sk.-an. `mKw thcn-t\mSv tN¿∂v aÆn-\-Sn-bnepw 5 sk.-an. `mKw

aÆn\p apI-fnepw hc-Ø-°-hn[w thWw Ah ÿm]n-t°-≠-Xv. sNcn-™-

{]-tZ-iß-fn¬ Ipg-ep-Iƒ Ncn-hn-s‚ Db¿∂ mKØp Ipgn-®n-S-Ww. t\mkn¬

am‰n-b-tijw kvt]b-dp-]-tbm-Kn®v Ipg-ep-I-fn¬ sh≈-samgn°mw.- sN-SnI-fpsS

thcp-]-S-e-ap≈ mKtØ°v Cu Pew FØn-t®-cp-∂p. thcv mKtØ°v t\cn´p

sh≈w ]ºp-sNbvXp Cd-°m-hp∂ k_vtkm-bn¬ F∂ D]-I-c-Whpw CXn-

\p-]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

ag°mew Ign-™-tijw \hw-_¿- -Un-kw-_¿ amk-tØmsS ASn-aÆp \\-

bv°¬ Bcw-`n-°-Ww.- G-{]n¬ amk-Øn¬ ag- e-`n°p-∂Xp-hsc Bgv®-bn-

semcn°¬ sNSn-sbm∂n\v Hcp en‰¿ F∂ IW-°n\mWv sh≈w Hgn-t°-

≠Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ \\-bv°-en\v sh≈w Ipd®v aXn-bmIpw. IqSmsX

If-I-fpsS AanX hf¿® Hgn-hm-°m\pw Ign-bpw.

\ng¬°q-Smcw \n¿Ωn°¬

th\¬°m-eØv aÆnse Pem-wiw Ipd-bp-Ibpw kky-tkz-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. {ItaW sNSn-Iƒ hcƒ® _m[n®v hmSn-t∏m-Ip∂-p. CXv XS-bm-

\mbn Ce-Iƒ,-]-Ø¬, sXtßme apX-em-bh D]-tbm-Kn®v sNSn-Iƒ°v XmXv°m-

enI XW¬ \¬Imw. Ce-I-fnse _mjv]o-I-c-Ww, Ipd-bv°m\pw Aßs\

hcƒ®-bpsS Xo{hX Ipd-bv°m\pw CXp-aqew km[n-°pw. a™p-ho-gv®-bp≈

ÿe-ß-fn¬ sNSn-Isf a™n¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw \ng¬°q-Smcw

klm-bn-°pw. ag-°mew Ign-™m-ep-S-s\-Xs∂ IqSm-c-ßƒ ÿm]n-°Ww

GItZiw 10 sk.-an. ag e`n® tijw Ch FSp-Øp-am-‰m-hp--Xm-Wv.

Nph∏p\nd Nne-¥n-Iƒ (Red Spider mite)

tXbn-esb _m[n-°p∂ Nph-∏p-\nd Nne-¥n-Isf (red spider mite)

\nb-{¥n-°p∂ hn[-ß-sf-°p-dn®v BZysØ e°-Øn¬ (P-\p-hcn, s^{_p-h-cn,-

am¿®v) X∂n´p≈Xp {i≤n-°p-I.

Ipanƒtcm-Kw (Blister Blight Disease)

Ipanƒtcm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v Ign™ e°-Øn¬ (Ppembv, BK-Ãv,- sk-]v‰w-

_¿) sImSpØn-´p≈ hnh-cWw {i≤n-°pI.

hf{]tbm-Kw

hf {]tbmKw \S-Øp-tºmƒ aÆn¬ Pemwiw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. h-f-{]-tbm-

KsØ Ipdn-®p≈ ]´nI Ign™ e°-Øn¬ X∂n-´p-≈-Xp {i≤n-°p-I

(G-{]n¬, tabv, Pq¨, Pq-sse,- B-K-Ãv, -sk-]v‰w-_¿)

47


eLp t]mjIßƒ Xfn-bv°¬, kvt{] sNø¬ (Micro NutrientFoliar Spray)

eLp-t]m-j-Ißƒ Ign™ e°-Øn¬ X∂Xp {]Imcw \hw-_¿ amkw

sImfps¥-SpØ tijw sXfn-®psImSp°mw. Cu amk-Øn¬ c≠m-asØ XhW

Ce-I-fn¬ hf¿®bv°v tlm¿tam-Wp-Iƒ Xfn-°mw. \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬

D.A.P BZysØ du≠n¬ 1750 {Kmw 100 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ (G°-dn-\v) \√-

t]mse Ie¿Ønb tijw Xfn-®-psImSp°mw.-c-≠m-asØ du≠n¬ bqdnb

1 Intem + Fw.Hm.]n 1 Intem + {Ko≥ andm-°nƒ 200 an√n. aq∂pw tN¿Øv

Hcp G°-dn\v 80 en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ Ie¿Øn tamt´m¿ kvs]b¿ aqew

Xfn®psImSp°mw. ssI Xfn-°p-hm≥, t\]vkm-Iv, D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ sh≈-

Øn-s‚ Afhp 120 en‰-dm°n am‰pI.

\h-w-_-dn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xp-t]mse BZysØ du≠n¬ Un. F. ]n.bpw, c≠m-

asØ du≠n¬ bqdnb + Fw.-Hm.]n + {Ko≥ andm-°n-fpw,- Un-kw-_-¿ amk-Ønepw

XpS¿∂vv P\p-hcn, s^-{_p-h-cn, -am¿®v amkw hsc XpS-cmw.

48


1. ]®-tX-bne ]dn-°¬ AYhm sImfp¥v \p≈¬

s^{_p-hcn amkw km[m-c-W-bmbn aμ-h-f¿®-bpsS ka-b-am-Wv. IqSmsX

hcƒ® IqSp-X-ep≈ ka-b-am-b-Xn-\m¬, Cu ka-bØv X≈- C-e-sb (Motherleaf) \ne-\n¿Øn Ce ]dn-°p-∂-XmWv sNSn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\pw, ASp-Øp-

h-cp∂ sImfp-¥ns‚ hf¿®bv°pw \√-Xv. kwc-£W Ce-Iƒ (MaintenanceFoliage) As√-¶n¬ t]mjW Ce-Iƒ sNSn-I-fn¬ hfsc Bh-iy-am-Wv.

2. (a) sNtø-≠ -Im-cy-ßƒ

2˛3 Ce-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb sImfp-¥p-Isf am{Xw FSp-°pI

P\p-hcn apX¬ am¿®v/ G{]n¬ hsc Xmbv/X≈ (Mother leaf) Ce

sh®v FSp°pI.

aμ-h-f¿®-bp≈ Ime-ß-fn¬ 12 apX¬ 15 Znh-ksØ CS-th-f-bn¬

sImfp¥p ]dn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\nc-∏n-ep≈ _©n-Iƒ Hcnesh®v apgp-h\pw FSp-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-amWv.

\nc∏v (a-´w) \ne-\n¿tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. H∏w Cfw Xfn¿ sImfp-¥p-

Isf H-gn-hm°n FSp-°-Ww

(b) sNøm≥ ]m-Sn-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ

Cfw Acn-ºp-Iƒ/ Xfn¿ AYhm {]mb-am-hmØ sImfp-¥p-Isf

FSp-°-cp-Xv.

Xmbv (X≈) Ce hbv°msX sImfp¥p \p≈-cp-Xv.

Ducn-∏-dn-°¬ AYhm a´-I-Øn-sIm≠v Ce tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sNSn-bpsS

Btcm-Ky-sØbpw hnf-hn-s\bpw _m[n-°p-∂p.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ tXbn-e:- A\p-h¿Ønt°≠Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ s^{_p-h-cn, am¿®v amk-ß-fn¬

49


\nc-∏n\p Xmsg Ce FSp-°-cp-Xv.

h©n-Isf ]dn-s®-Sp-°msX sNSn-bn¬ Xs∂ hnSp-∂Xv.

3. hcƒ®bn¬ \n∂pw tXbn-esb kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Xmsg hnhcn®h

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv (X-fn-°p-∂Xv) \√-Xm-Wv

(a). ssX sNSn-Iƒ : -˛ (5 hbkv {]mbw hsc)

(i) I-tbm-en≥ ]uU¿ ˛ 12 In. {Kmw

(ii) ^nt\m-^m≥ C≥ ˛ 330 an√n

AYhm

C≥t{Km¨ ˛ F. C ˛ 110 an√n

(b). apXn¿∂ sNSn-Iƒ°v : -˛ (5 hbkn\v tase)

(i) bqdnb ˛ 1 In. {Kmw

(ii) Fw. Hm. ]n. ˛ 1 In. {Kmw

(iii) {Ko≥ and-°nƒ ˛ 200 an√n

4. tXbn-esb _m-[-n°p∂ Nph∏p\nd Nne-¥n-Isf (aficn)

\nb-{¥n-°p∂ hn[ßƒ

Np-h-∏p-\nd Nne-¥n-Iƒ (Read spider mite) BZy-Imeßfn¬ Xs∂ tXbn-

esb _m[n-°p∂ {][m-\-s∏´ Nne-¥n-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ Ing°≥

Gjy-bn-epw, B{^n-°-bnepw tXbn-e-tXm-´-ß-fn¬ A[n-I-ambn I≠p-h-cp-∂p.

Ign™ Iptd h¿j-ß-fmbn sXt° C¥y-bn¬ \oe-Kncn (Kq-U-√q¿) bnepw

hb-\m-ńepw tcmKw I≠p-h-cp-∂p. Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ A[nIw D≠m-Im-\p≈

Imc-W-ßƒ Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≠mb am‰-w, iotXm-jvW-Øns‚ Af-hn¬

G¿s∏-ń-´p≈ am‰-ßƒ, Ipd™ Af-hn-ep≈ ag-bpw, AXp-aqew D≠m-bn-

´p≈ hcƒ®-bp-am-Wv. IqSmsX tXbne tXm´-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw \ng¬ ac-ßsf

shń Hgn-hm-°n-b-Xpw, Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-am-Wv.

Cu Nne-¥n-Iƒ apXn¿∂ Ce-I-fpsS apIƒ mK-ØmWv A[n-I-ambn ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CØcw Ce-I-fn-ep≈ \ocns\ hen-®q-‰n-Ip-Sn-°p-∂p. CXp-aqew

CeIfn¬ {]Imi kwt«-j-W-i‡n Ipd™p hf¿®sb XS-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xp-Iq-SmsX hnf-hp-Ip-d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Nne-¥n-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-Øn-

\m¬ 14 apX¬ 18 iX-am\w hsc hnfhp Ipd-bp-∂-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-

∂p. Nne-¥n-bpsS B{I-aWw A[n-I-am-bm¬ Ce-Iƒ DXn¿∂p t]mIpw. Cu

Nne-¥n-Iƒ°v Ce-I-fn¬ he-Iƒ ]n∂p-hm\pw Ign-hp-≈-Xm-Wv.

c≠pw tN¿Øv 100 en‰¿ sh≈-

Øn¬ Ie¿Øn ssI sXfn-]m≥

aqew \\®p sImSp-°pI

aq∂pw tN¿Øv 100 en‰¿ sh≈-

Øn¬ Ie¿Øn ASn-°pI

50


5. \nb-{¥W coXn-Iƒ (Control Strategies)Cu Nne-¥n-Isf \nb-{¥n-°m≥ ka-{K-IoS \n¿Δ-lW apd-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv.

a). Im¿jnI \nb-{¥-W-am¿§-ßƒ

Np-h-∂ aficn _m[n®v Ce sImgn-™p-t]mb `mK-ß-fn¬ ssI D]-tbm-

Kn®v am{Xta Ce-Iƒ \p≈p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈p. am{X-a√ Btcm-Ky-ap≈ Hcp

X´v Ce-Iƒ sNSn-bn¬ \ndpØn sNSn-I-fpsS BtcmKyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥

{]tXyIw {i≤n-°-Ww.

Bh-iy-amb Af-hn¬ XW¬ ac-ßƒ C√mØ tXbn-e-tXm-´-ß-fn¬ afi-

cn-_m[ hfsc cq£-am-bn-cn-°pw. icn-bmb Znim-t_m-[-an-√msX XW¬

ac-ßƒ sh´p-∂Xpw XW¬ Ipd-bv°p-∂Xpw afi-cn-_m[ h¿≤n-°m≥

klm-bn-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-´p≈ coXn-bn¬ XW¬

a-c-ßƒ sh®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ahsb icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {Iao-I-cn-°p-

∂Xpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc afi-cn-_m[ XS-bp-hm≥ klm-bn-°pw.

b). ssPh \nb-{¥Ww (Biological Control)

]cm-Z-ßƒ, Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑m¿, kqjvam-Wp-°ƒ F∂nh aqew £p{Z IoS-ßsf

\nb-{¥n-°p∂ coXn°v Ct∏mƒ hf-sc-b-[nIw {]Nm-c-ap-≠v. kao-]-Im-eØv

Hcp apJy Cc-]n-Sn-b≥ Nne-¥nsb tXSn-]n-Sn®v sIm∂p-Xn-∂p-∂Xv I≠-

dn™p. £p{Z-IoS-ßpsS Cu i{Xp-°ƒ Hc-f-hp-hsc \mi-Po-hn-I-fpsS

FÆw Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v CØcw Cc-]n-Sn-b-∑msc

kwc-£n-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. IoS-ßsf sIm√pw ^wK-kp-Iƒ

(Entomopathogens) D]-tbm-Kn®v Nne-¥n-Isf \nb-{¥n-°mw. sh¿´n-kn-

enbw se°ms\ (Verticillium lecanni) F∂ ^wK-kns\ 600 {Kmw Hcp

G°dn\v F∂ Af-hn¬ sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-∏n®v Xfn-°mw. CXn-\m¬ Cu

Nne-¥n-Isf hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ \n-b-{¥n-°mw.

6. kpc-£n-X-am-°p-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ

1. Nne¥n (a-fi-cn) bpsS B{I-aWw XpSßp-tºmƒ Xs∂ acp∂v Xfn-°Ww.

2. ip]m¿i sNø-s∏´ acp-∂p-Iƒ am{Xta Ipdn-∏n-ep≈ Af-hn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°m≥ ]mSp-≈q.

3. tamt´m¿ kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp G°-dn\v 140 en‰¿ sh≈-

Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

4. km[m-cW kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Xfn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp G°-dn\v 180 en‰¿

sh≈-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.

5. sNSn-I-fpsS \Sp- m-K-ß-fpw, Im∏p (Xm-bv) Ce-Iƒ apgp-h\pw \√-Xp-t]mse

\\-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ acp∂v Xfn-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.

51


6. km[m-cW kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v acp∂v Xfn-°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm `mKØpw

Hcp \nc hoXhpw tamt´m¿ kvt{]b¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ c≠v \nc-Iƒ

hoXhpw Hmtcm `mKØpw acp∂v Xfn-°Ww.

7. Htc Xcw acp∂v ho≠pw ho≠pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw

acp-∂ns\ am‰n D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

8. Nne-¥n-Iƒ A[n-I-ambn I≠p-h-cp∂ L´-Øn¬ 7 apX¬ 10 Znh-k-Øn-

\p-≈n¬ acp∂v Xfn-°¬ \n¿_-‘-am-hp-∂p.

9. ]pXn-b-Xmbn ip]m¿i sNø-s∏-´n-´p≈ s{]m]m¿tK-‰v, s^≥]p-tdm-

]m¿Øn≥, s^≥km-Ip-bn≥ t]mse-bp≈ acp-∂p-Isf Xfn-®-tijw 15

Znhkw hsc CS-thf \¬Imw.

tase hnh-cn-®n- p≈ hnfhv \nb-{¥W apd-Iƒ F√mw H∂p-tN¿Øv sNøp-

I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Nne-¥n-bpsS B{I-a-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw tXbn-esb kwc-£n®v

hnf-sh-Sp-°mw.

Afhv

-G°-dn\v

1. s{]m]m¿tK‰v ˛ 57 EC 200 an√n 10

(Hmssa-‰v, knw_m)

2. s^≥km-Ip-bn≥ ˛ 10 EC

(ta-Pn-Ã¿) 400 an√n 10

3. s^≥t{]m-]m-Øvdn≥ ˛ 30 EC

(an-tbm-Øn-dn≥) 80 an√n 10

4. slIvkn-X-bm-tUmIv 5.45 EC 160 an√n 10

5. ssStIm-t^mƒ ˛ 18.5 EC

(sI¬tØ≥ AYhm tItfm-W¬ ˛ 5) 400 an√n 6

6. kvss]tX-sa-kn-^≥ 240 SC 120 an√n 12

7. sh‰-_nƒ kƒ^¿ ˛ 80 wp 400 {Kmw 10

acp-∂p-Iƒ

7. Nph-∏p-\nd Nne-¥n-Isf \nb-{¥n°m≥ D]mkn ip]m¿i

sNøs∏- n- p≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ

Ce ]dn-°p∂Xn-

\p≈ CS-thf

(Znhkw)

52


53


54


55


KpW-\n-c-hm-c-ap≈ Nmb D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥So t_m¿Uns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ

1. Xfn-cn-e-Iƒ am{Xw \p≈pI

2. aq∂v Cebpw Xncnbpw / c≠v Cebpw _m©nbpw am{Xw \p≈p-I.

3. hnc-ep-IƒsIm≠v sImfp¥v FSp-°p-I.

4. sNSn-bpsS apIƒ`m-KØv ImWp∂ apc-Sn® apIp-f-ßƒ (_m-©n-Iƒ)

ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ \p≈n-F-Sp-°p-I.

5. sNSn-bpsS \nc∏v (a-´w) F√m-bvt∏mgpw ]cn-]m-en-°p-I.

6. a´-Øn¬ ImWp∂ {Xniq-em-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ sNdp-Nn-√-Iƒ (ap-Sn-®n) ka-bm-

k-a-b-ß-fn¬ HSn-®p-am-‰p-I.

7. sImfp¥v FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v IØn, Acn-hmƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xn-cn-

°p-I.

8. sImfp¥v XW-eØv / sjUn¬ \nc-Øn-bn-Sp-I.

9. \ncØn C´n-cn-°p∂ sImfp-¥n¬, hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-

°ƒ, arK-ßƒ, ]£n-Iƒ ]S-cmsX kq£n-°p-I. a‰pa-c-ß-fpsS

Iºp-Iƒ, Ce-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh s]dp°n am‰p-I.

10. hml-\-ß-fn¬ Ib-‰p-tºmƒ am{Xw sImfp¥v Nm°n¬ \nd-bv°p-I.

11. Nm°n¬ 25 Intembne-[nIw \nd-bv°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

56


]cn-tim-[-\-bv°mbn FSp-°p∂ kmºnƒ, Irjn-ÿ-esØ apgp-h≥ {]Xn-

\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. aÆv kmºnƒ FSp-°p∂ ÿew ]p√pw Ce-

Ifpw \o°w sNbvXv hrØn-bm-°nb tijw a¨shń D]-tbm-Kn®v V BIr-Xn-

bn¬ aÆv shń-sb-Sp-°p-I. s\¬]m-S-ß-fn¬ 15 sk‚nao‰dpw a‰v ÿe-ß-

fn¬ 25 sk‚nao‰dpw Bg-Øn-emWv Ipgn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. shń-am-‰nb Ipgn-

bn¬ \n∂pw apI-f‰w apX¬ Xmsg-hsc 2 sk. an. I\-Øn¬ aÆv Acn-s™-

Sp-°-Ww. Irjn-ÿ-e-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw A\p-k-cn®v 8 apX¬ 16 ÿe-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw Cßs\ kmºnƒ tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. tiJ-cn® aÆv \∂mbn

Iqń-°-e¿Øn AXn¬ \n∂pw I√p-Ifpw sNSn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw a‰pw

\o°n-°-f-bp-I. aÆv \nc-Øn-bn-´-tijw s\Sp-sIbpw Ipdp-sIbpw Hmtcm hc

hc®v \mev `mK-ß-fm-°-Ww. CXn¬ \n∂pw tImtWm-Sp-tIm¨ hcp∂ c≠v

`mK-ßƒ am{Xw FSpØv ho≠pw Iqń-°-e¿Øn Cu {]{Inb XpS-c-Ww.

GI-tZiw 1/2 In.{Kmw aÆv BIp-tºmƒ AXv hrØn-bp≈ IS-em-kn¬ \ncØn

XW-eØv DW-°n-sb-Sp-°-Ww. DW-ßnb aÆv kmºnƒ XpWn-k-©n-bntem

πmÃnIv Ih-dntem \nd®v ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v Abbv-°mw. kmºn-fns‚ IqsS

Irjn-°m-cs‚ t]cv, ta¬hn-em-kw, k¿tΔ \º¿, hnkvXo¿Æw, hnf-I-fpsS

hnhcw F∂nh IqSn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww.

aÆv kmºnƒ FSp-°p-tºmƒ hc-ºn-t\mSv tN¿∂p-In-S-°p∂ `mK-ßƒ,

]pXp-Xmbn hfw tN¿Ø ÿe-ßƒ, ]gb Ipgn-Iƒ, sh≈w sIń-\n¬°p∂

ÿe-ßƒ, hf-°p-gn-°-SpØ {]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂nh Hgn-hm-°-Ww. hfw,

IpΩmbw F∂nh tN¿Øv 3 amk-sa-¶nepw Ign-bmØ tπm´p-I-fn¬\n∂pw

kmºnƒ FSp-°-cp-Xv. tiJ-cn®v 6 amkw Ign™ aÆv ]cn-tim-[bv°v Ab-

bv°m≥ ]mSp-≈-X-√.

aÆv kmºn-fp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p∂ hn[w

57


List of Maximum Residue LimitsEstablished in the Japanese General Food Law

in the Tea Practises (UTZ Certified List of MRLS)

MRL(PPM)

Name of crop protection product(Active Ingredient)

1. 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (Agronact) 0.1

2. Bromide (Methyl Bromide) 60

3. Carbofuran (Thimat etc.) 1

4. Chlorphyrifos 0.05

5. Cypermethrin 0.05

6. Deltamethrin, Tralomethrin (Intotal) 2

7. Dichlorros 0.2

8. Diuron (Weedicide etc.) 0.02

9. Glyphosate Weed off round up) 1

58


temI-\n -e-hm-c -ap -≈Xpw AwKo-Ir -X-hp-amb k¿ń -^n -t°-j-\mWv

D‰vkvv (UTZ) \√Xv, Ie¿∏n-√m-ØXv F∂¿∞w hcp∂ Cu ]Z-Øns‚ D¤hw

"amb' `mj-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. kmaqly {]Xn_≤X Dd-∏p-h-cpØn \nc-¥-c-amb

CS-s]-S-ep-I-fneqsS DZv∏m-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw, Im-cy-£-a-Xbpw, KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v Hcp D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw Is≠Øp-∂-Xv apX¬ D]-

tbmKw hsc-bp≈ imkv{Xob coXn-bmWv D‰vkvv k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥.Cu kwhn-

[m-\-Øn\v B`y-¥c KpW-ta∑m kwhn-[m\w (ICS) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Dev∏∂w

FhnsS \n¿Ωn®p? Bcv Fßs\ \n¿Ωn®p? Dev∏-∂-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂

tNcp-h-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? XpS-ßn-bh kw_-‘n® Adnhv D]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬

FØn-°p-I-bmWv Cu k¿ń^n-t°-js‚ {]tXy-I-X. Db¿∂ KpW-\n-e-hm-

chpw,- kp-ÿn-c-Xbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v

hn]Wn-bn¬ A\-¥-amb km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm\pw

hf¿Øp-hm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p.-\√ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ (GAP) A\p-h¿Øn-°m≥

I¿j-Isc {]m]vX-cm-°p-hm\pw cmjv{S \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v kaq-lsØ im‡o-

I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw BtKm-f-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ IÆn tNcp-hm\pw CXv hgn km[n-°pw.

D‰vkv k¿ń- n-t°-j\v BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ t\XrXzw \evIn hcp-∂Xv tkmfnUm-

cn-UmUv F∂ kwL-S-\-bm-Wv. s\X¿em‚v tI{μ-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂ kwL-

S-\-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ temI-sa-ºmSpw hym]n®pInS-°p-∂p.C¥y-bn¬

{]IrXn F∂ kwL-S-\-bp-ambn kl-I-cn®pw {]h¿Øn®phcp-∂p.

D‰vkv So {]mPIvSv Icn-am\nbpsS \n¿Δ-lW GP≥kn "{]Ir-Xn-'bm-Wv.

_m•q¿ Bÿm-\-am°n 1991 apX¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kwL-S-\-bmWv {]Ir-Xn.

kmº-ØnI kmaq-ly-˛-kmw-kv°m-cnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ \ne-\nev°p∂ Ak-a-Xz-

ßfpw, h¿£-hn-th-N-\-ßfpw, D¬∏m-Z\ hnX-cW taJ-e-I-fnse A¥-c-ßfpw,

D‰vkvv So k¿ń- n-t°-j≥

59


Ipd-®p- sIm≠p h∂v, C¥y≥ kºZv LS-\-bnse Xmsg-X-ń-ep≈ sNdp-InS

I¿j-I¿, tXm´w sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, kv{XoIƒ,-IpńIƒ,-bp-h-P-\-ßƒ, sN-dp-In-

S-kw-c- -I {]h¿Ø-I¿,- Xp-S-ßnb hn`m-K-ß-fpsS ka{K hnI-k\Øn\p th≠n

{]h¿Øn®p hcp∂ kwL-S-\-bmWv {]Ir-Xn. tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-ß-

fn¬ tIm¿∏-td‰v kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ GtIm-]\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS

kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤X Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-sIm≠v e£y-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \S-∏nem°n hcp-∂-Xv.kmº-ØnI \b-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn

DZm-c-h-Xv°-cWw, kz-ImcyhXv°-cWw,B-tKmfhXv°-cWw XpS-ßn-b-h-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-tfm-Spw,-{]-Xn-k-‘n-I-tfmSpw,hnI-k\ kao-]-\-ß-tfmSpw

{Inbm-fl-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \SØn hcp-∂p. c≠p]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fmbn kaq-

l-Ønse Xmsg-Ø- n-ep-≈-hsc apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v ka-tbm-

PnX,GtIm-]\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {]IrXn t\XrXzw sIm-Sp-Øp-h-cp-∂p. CXn-

s‚ `mK-ambn ]cp-Øn,- tX-bne, Im∏n, I-cn-ºv,- XpS-ßnb Im¿jnI taJ-e-I-

fnepw {Kma hnI-k\w,kmaqly kmwkv°m-cnI ]-mcn-kv∞n-XnI- taJ-e-I-fpsS

kpÿn-c-X-bpw,Xp-S¿kw-c-£-W-hpw,-{]-[m\ {]h¿Ø\ taJ-e-I-fm-Wv. hkv{X

\n¿ΩmW taJ-e-bnse kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ß-tfmSpw hn\n-a-b irwJ-

e-bnse Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ t\cn-Sp-∂Xn\pw th≠p∂ {Inbm-flI {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ {]Ir-Xnsb A\-\y-am-°p-∂p. {]Ir-Xn°v cmPym-¥c k¿ń-^n-t°-j≥

ISO 9001:2008 e`n-°p-Ibpw A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-ß-fnte°v {]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

hym]n-∏n®phcp-∂p.

F¥p-sIm≠v D‰vkvv k¿ń-ss^bvUv

temI-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ kao-]-Im-eØv D≠mb ImX-emb am‰w £y-kp-c-£bpw

kmº-ØnI `{Z-Xbpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v apJy-ÿm\w \evIp-∂p.-

kmaqly\oXn-bpw,-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbpw {]IrXnbpsS D]-tbm-Khpw kwc-£-W-hpw

Dd∏phcp-Ønbn´p≈ KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ Dev∏-∂-ßƒ°mWv A¥¿tZiob˛

tZiob am¿°-‰n¬ P\-{]oXn D≈Xv. CØcw km[-\-ßƒ°v A[n-I-hne

\evIp-hm\pw Xøm-dm-Wv.- _mlyLS-I-ß-fmb cmk IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, hf-ßƒ

F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw,- co-Xn-Iƒ, B-tcmKykwc-£Ww, sXmgnem-fn-I-fpsS

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ, _me-th-e, -Xp-S-ßn-b-hbv°v {]m[m\yw sIm-Sp-°p∂p. AXp

hgn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿°v Dev∏-∂-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-hp-ambn \√ _‘-ap-≠m-

°p-hm\pw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm\pw km[n-°p-∂p. D‰vkv k¿ń-ss^bvUv hgn Dev∏-

∂-Øns‚ \n¿ΩmW hnX-cW hn\n-ab irwJ-e-I-fn¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS

PohnX\ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-hm\pw sXmgnem-fn-I-fp-tSbpw, I¿j-I-cp-tSbpw a‰pw

ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp-sa∂ Dd∏v \evIp-∂p.

Irjn-bnepw, kw-kv°-cWime-I-fnepw, hn-]-Wn-bnepw, Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-Xbpw,

imkv{Xob-Xbpw Dd-∏p-h-cpØn IrXy-amb am\-Z-WvU-ß-fn-eqsS kmaqly˛kmº-

60


ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw \S-∏n-em-°p-∂p. CS-]m-Sp-

I-fn¬ D‰vkvv {]oanbw hne \evIp-Ibpw, A¥m-cmjv{S am\-Z-WvU-ßfpw C‚¿

\mj-W¬ te_¿ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (ILO) \n_-‘-\-Ifpw ]men-°-s∏-Sp-

∂tXmsSm∏w hnI-k\ hnZym-`ymk ]T\ ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw

sIm-Sp-°p∂p.

k¿ń- n-t°-j≥ km[y-X-Iƒ

tXbne Im∏n XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k\ km[yX temI-hn-]-Wn-

bn¬ Gsd-bmWv. sNdp-InS I¿j-Icpw tXm´w DS-a-I-fp-amWv {][m\

Dev∏m-Z-I¿.

k¿ń- n-t°-j≥ km[y-X-Iƒ

tXbne, Im∏n XpS-ßnb taJeIfpsS hnI-k\ km[yX temI-hn-]-Wn-

bn¬ Gsd-bm-Wv. sNdp-InS I¿j-Icpw tXm´w DS-a-I-fp-amWv tXbne D¬∏m-

Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. B`y-¥c KpW-ta-∑m-kw-hn-[m\w (ICS) ]cn-tim-[-\-I-fpw,-tc-J-

Iƒ Xøm-dm-°epw hgn I¿j-I¿°pw kwcw-`-I¿°pw X\-Xmb hy‡n-Xzhpw

\ne-\nev∏pw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bpw. kpÿn-c-Xbv°p th≠n tZiob-

˛A¥¿tZiob hn]-Wn-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-¿∂v tIm∏-td‰v kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-ambn kl-

I-cn®v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw. Nmb (C-hnsS) sb BtKmf hn]-Wn-

bn¬ apJy-[m-c-bn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.- -e-h-Ømb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

`mK-ambn kmaqly {]iv\-ßƒ, ]m-cn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\-ßƒ,\√ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ

(GAP), Dev∏-∂-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw, kpc-£n-X-Xz-hpw, ê-h-Ømb

kwL-S\m {]h¿Ø\w F∂o Xe-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw km[n-°p-∂p.

a‰v k¿ń- n-t°-j\pIƒ

1). Hm¿Km-\nIv : D¬∏m-Z\ taJ-e-bn¬ _mly-LS-IßfpsS D]-tbm-Kw (-cm-k-

h-kvXp-°-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw)- H-gn-hm°n aÆv,- P-ew,- ssP-h-k-ºØv F∂n-

hbpsS kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠pw hnj-I-e¿∏n-√mØ `t£ym-

ev∏-∂-ßƒ DZv∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ. A\p-_‘ taJ-e-bpsS hnI-

k-\hpw hf¿®bpw.

2). s^b¿t{SUv: _mly-L-S-I-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd®v DZv∏m-Z\ hn\n-ab

hn]-W\ taJ-e-I-fnepw A\p-_‘ taJ-e-I-fnepw `£y kpc-£bpw

NqjW clnX Dev∏-∂-ßfpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. C‚¿ \mj-W¬ te_¿

Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ (ILO) \n_-‘-\Iƒ ]men-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw Dd-∏p-

h-cp-Øp-∂p.

61


3). sdbn≥ t^mdÃv Ae-b≥kv: {]Ir-Xn-bpsS k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne-\n¿Øp-

∂-Xn\p th≠n h\y-Pohn kwc-£Ww, h\-kw-c-£-Ww,- a-Æv,- P-ew,- ssP-h-

k-º-Øv,- Xp-S-ßn-bhbpsS kwc-£Ww Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kmaq-

lnI \oXn-bpw,- `£y-kp-c-£bpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn.

62


Prakruthi43, 2nd Cross, Ramaya LayoutSt. Thomas Town PostKammanahalliBangalore - 560 084Tel: +91 80 2543 8935/36Fax: 080 4173 2338www.prakruthi.org

SolidaridadSouth and South East AsiaA-5, 1st Floor, Shankar Garden,Main Najafgarh Road, Vikas Puri,New Delhi - 110 018Tel: +91 11 2551 5122/ 23www.solidaridad.in/nl

Executive DirectorTea Board, Govt. of India,Shelwood, Coonoor Club Road,Coonoor, Nilgiris Dist.Tamil Nadu - 643 101Tel +91 423 2221 464/ 2231 638Fax: 2232 332

Joint Controller of LicensingTea Board Govt of IndiaIndira Gandhi Road,Willingdon Island,Kochi - 682003, KeralaTel: 0484 2666 523, 2668 481Fax: 0484 2666 648

Tea Board Govt. of IndiaCollege Road, Kottayam - 686 001Tel: 0481 2567 391Fax: 0481 2567 391

UPSAI & KVKGlenview, Coonoor,The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu - 643 101Tel: 0423 2230 772/ 2240 972

DirectorUPASI Tea Research FoundationNirar Dam, B.O,Valparai, Tamil Nadu04253 235301

Advisory OfficerUPSAI - Tea Research FoundationRegional Centre,Mepadi - WayanadTel: 04936 282463

Tea Board enlisted Soil LaboratoriesKerala and Nilgiris

UPSAI & KVKCoonoor - Nilgiris - Tamil Nadu

UPSAI Tea Research FoundationRegional CentreCalicut Road, GudalloorNilgiris - Tamil Nadu

Kerala Agriculture - UniversityTrichir & Ambalavayal, Kerala

Important Address

63


Guna Nilavaramulla Teyila

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