Forming a New Life

7/31/2019 Forming a New Life

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MATA KULIAH : PSIKOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN I

DIBUAT TAHUN : 2012

STASTUS PERBAIKAN : BARU

TAHUN PERBAIKAN : ---DOSEN : MARIA, M.PSI PK-FP-02-08


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Forming A New Life

1. Conceiving New Life

2. Mechanisms of Heredity

3. Nature & Nurture: Influences of

Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id)

Heredity and Environment

4. Prenatal Development

5. Monitoring & Promoting PrenatalDevelopment

2012 by [email protected]


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Fertilization = conception

Zygote = one-celled organism resulting from fertilization

Dizygotic twins = 2 ovum / 1 unfertilized ovum splits + 2 sperm


Monozygotic Twins = 1 ovum + 1 sperm and then splits



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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Genetic Code

Chromosomes

Genes Human Genome

The basic functional units of heredity are the genes, which are

made ofDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).

Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara (www.psikologi.tarumanagara.ac.id) 2012 by [email protected]

DNA carries the biochemical instructions, or genetic code, that

governs the development of cell functions.

Each gene is located by function in a definite position on a

particular chromosome.

The complete sequence of genes in the human body is called

human genome.


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Autosomes Sex chromosomes

Alleles

Homozygous

Heterozygous Dominant inheritance

Recessive inheritance

Human has 23 pairs of chromosome (22 pair of autosomes + 1 pair


o sex c romosomes ema e , pr a ee page

Alleles : gene that can produce alternative expression of a

characteristic (ex: dimples).

Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles A (from father) = homozygous

Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles a (from father) = heterozygous

A = dominant inheritance; a = recessive inheritance Page 59


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Autosomes Sex chromosomes

Alleles

Homozygous

Heterozygous Dominant inheritance

Recessive inheritance

Phenotype vs Genotype

Human has 23 pairs of chromosome (22 pair of autosomes + 1 pairof sex chromosomes XX female XY ria See a e 58


Alleles : gene that can produce alternative expression of a

characteristic (ex: dimples).

Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles A (from father) = homozygous

Alleles A (from mother) + Alleles a (from father) = heterozygous

A = dominant inheritance; a = recessive inheritance Page 59

Phenotype = observable; Genotype = genetic make up of a person.


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See page 62 Birth defects

Incomplete dominance


Sex-linked inheritance

See page 64 Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

Down Syndrome

Genetic counseling & Testing



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Behavioral genetics: quantitative study of relative hereditary and

environmental influences of behavior.

Heritability (keturunan): Statistical estimate of contribution of

heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given

population.

Concordant: Term describing tendency of twins to share the same


trait or isor er.

Reaction range: potential variability, depending on environmental

conditions, in the expression of a heredity trait.

Example: body size Canalization: Limitation on variance of expression of certain

inherited characteristics.

Example: eye colour, baby growing up processes



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Genotype-environment interaction: The portion of phenotype

variation that results from the reactions of genetically different

individuals to similar environmental conditions.

Example: Allergic reactions.

Genotype-environment correlation: Tendency of certain genetic and


, y ,

reactive (evocative), or active.

Niche-picking: tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to

seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.

Nonshared environmental effects: The unique environment in which

each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences

that affect one child differently than another.



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Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment:

Physical and Physiological Traits

Obesity


Intelligence

Personality and Psychopathology

Temperament Schizophrenia



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Stages of Prenatal Development

o Germinal (fertilisasi 2minggu)

o Embryonic (2-8 minggu)

o Fetal (8 minggu kelahiran)

Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors

o Nutrition & Maternal Weight

BAHAN

UNTUK


o a nu r on

o Physical Activity and Strenuous Work

o Drug Intake (Medical drugs, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, NAPZA)

o Maternal Illness (AIDS, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, etc)

o Maternal Anxiety, Stress and Depression

o Outside Environmental Hazards

Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors

o Quality of sperm (age, etc)



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See Page 89

Care should begin before pregnancy to identify the risks. Such

care should include the following:

1. Physical examinations taking of medical and family histories


2. Vaccinations for Rubella and Hepatitis B

3. Risk Screening for genetic disorder and infectious diseases

such as Sexual Transmitted Diseases

4. Counseling woman to avoid smoking and alcohol, maintain ahealthy body weight, and take folic acid supplements.


Forming a New Life

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