I Putu SudiartaSchool of Postgraduate, Udayana

University

H. S. Smith (1919) pertama kali menggunakan istilah “Pengendalian Hayati” untuk menyatakan penggunaan musuh alami dalam mengendalikan hama-hama serangga.

P. DeBach (1964) lebih lanjut memperbaiki istilah pengendalian hayati dan membedakan antara “pengendalian alami” dari “pengendalian hayati”. Pengendalian alami ialah proses pengaturan kepadatan

populasi suatu organisme yang berfluktuasi di antara batas bawah dan batas atas populasi selama kurun waktu tertentu oleh pengaruh faktor-faktor lingkungan abiotik atau biotik.

Pengendalian hayati (dari pandangan ekologis) ialah “aksi parasit(oid), predator dan patogen” dalam pemeliharaan kepadatan populasi organisme lain pada suatu rata-rata populasi yang lebih rendah daripada yang akan terjadi jika musuh alami tersebut tidak ada.

The all are need to eat The land size reduced every year The policy of Indonesian government

some time is very strange Pests and diseaseThe chemical pesticides are used

continuously with wrong method

HamaTanaman

Insects Pest

Crop Plants

Pests behind the plants

Using insecticideQuick action however impact of chemicals insecticide are dangerous to human being, livestock, and environmental

Using biological agentsSlow action however safe the environmental

Or integrated methods

Multiple Choice ????

Insect Pathogen Parasitoid Predator

BacteriaVirusesFungiNematodesProtozoa

Japanese beetle larvae killed by heterorhabditidnematodes

Fungi

VirusNematodes

Bacteria

Epi-cuticule

Pro-cuticle

Epidermis

Sklerit

Integument

0Incubation period

First signSymptom

Beginning of disease

Height

Disease

Period of lethal infection

DeathRecovery

ChronicInfection

THE COURSE AND PROGRESS OF DISEASE

Susiarta, 2011;2012

Sycanus aurantiacus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae), a new harpactorine species from Bali, Indonesia (Ishikawa et al., (2007).

• “Development of New Bio-Agents for Alternative Farming System”

• Tokyo University of Agriculture in collaboration with Udayana University since 2004

• Sycanus has been detected from cabbage fields at more than 1,000 m altitude, in Bali.

• After detailed examination of its morphology, we recognized this assassin bug to be undescribed.

• Additionally, we discovered the preferred• Prey of this species (some lepidopteran serious pests of cabbage and other arthropods).

• Thus this new species could be useful in biological control.

The life cycle of parasitoid is sorter than the host

Egg parasitoidThe parasitoid laying the egg in the egg of the hostThe egg of host can not hatching to be the next stage/larvae

Larvae-Pupa parasitoid

Larvae/nymp parasitoid The parasitoid laying the egg in the larvae of the hostThe larvae of host can not to be the next stage/pupa

The parasitoid laying the egg in the larvae of the hostThe larvae of host can to be the next stage/pupaHowever can not to be adult

Nymph Larva and Pupa Adult

Egg parasitoid

Larva or larva-pupa parasitoid

Parasitoids oviposit into third and fourth instar whiteflies, and complete their development inside the whitefly host. The developing larvae become banana shaped and translucent in color

tobacco aphid, Nomoptera, family

Virus vektor; Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV), Potato Virus Y (PVY, and Potato Virus X (PVX).

sucking plant fluids

What the aphids Myzus persicae ?

Aphids

Parasitoid of aphids

Mummy of Parasitoid

Larvae

AdultSymptom

Pupae

Photo by Sudiarta 2011