DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK

TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA

DASAR NUTRISI TERNAK DAN BAHAN MAKANAN TERNAK

TUBUH HEWAN DAN MAKANANNYA

Hartutik Fapet UB Malang, 2009

Komposisi Tubuh Ternak

Variasi Tergantung Pada :1. Umur Ternak

2. Kondisi Ternak

3. Spesies

4. Pakan yang diberikan

Persentase Komposisi Tubuh Hewan*)

SpesiesAir Protein Lemak Abu BK bebas lemak

Protein Abu

Anak sapi, baru lahir 74 19 3 4,1 82,2 17,8

Anaksapi. gemuk 68 18 10 4,0 81,6 18,4

Sapi jantan. kurus 64 19 12 5,1 79,1 20,9

Sapi jantan. gemuk 43 13 41 3,3 79,5 20,5

Domba. kurus 74 16 5 4,4 78,2 21,8

Domba. gemuk 40 11 46 2,8 79,3 20,7

Babi. 8 kg 73 17 6 3,4 83,3 16,7

Babi. 30 kg 60 13 24 2,5 84,3 15,7

Babi. 100 kg 49 12 36 2,6 82,4 17,6

Ayam 56 21 19 3,2 86,8 13,2

Kelinci 69 18 8 4,8 79,1 20,9

Kuda 61 17 17 4,5 79,2 20,8

Manusia 59 18 18 4,3 80,7 19,3*) Dikurangi isi alat pencernaan.

Komposisi Tubuh Ternak

1. Air

2. Protein

3. Lemak

4. Karbohidrat

Plasma darah 90-92%Urat Daging 72-78%Tulang 45%Email Gigi 5%

5. Mineral

OtotBuluJaringan Lain

Jaringan AdiposaOrgan Dalam Lain

GlukosaGlikogenLaktosa

Ca 1,33% K 0,19%P 0,74% Cl 0,11%Na 0,16 % S 0,15% Mg 0,04%

Ko

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osi

siT

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Komposisi Pakan Ternak

1. Rouhgage

2. Konsentrat

Kering

Basah

3. Additive

Bah

an

Pak

an Asal hewan

Asal nabati

Nutrien

Non nutrien

Legume

Non legume

Biji2anMinyakBv product

VitaminMineral

AntibiotikHormonEnzim, dll

Faktor yg MempengaruhiKebutuhan Zat Makanan

1. Spesies

2. Umur

3. Jenis Kelamin

4. Tujuan Pemeliharaan

5. Berat Badan

6. Keadaan Fisiologi, dll

Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan Ternak

1. Air

2. BK

Zat

Mak

anan

BO

Abu

Protein

Karbohidrat

Lemak

Protein Murni

NPN

BeTn

SK

Sederhana

Majemuk

Vit LarutLemak

Esensial

Non Esensial

Kandungan Zat Makanan Pakan TernakProtein Murni

NPN

BeTn

SK

Sederhana

Majemuk

Vit LarutLemak

AA esensialAA semi esensialAA non esensial

•Amin•AA bebas•UreaMonosakarida

DisakaridaPolisakaridaVit Larut Air •Polisakarida

tak larut•Lignin

•Selulosa•Hemise- lulosa

Asam lemakSterol •Lemak netral

•Posfolipid (Lecithin))•Lilin

Vit Larut Lemak

ZAT MAKANAN

Zat Makanan

Nutrients- any food product that functions in the support of life

Six classes:– Water– Carbohydrates– Fats– Proteins– Minerals– Vitamins

Water• Hydrogen + Oxygen• H2O – Water = Moisture

↓ ↓Drink Water in feed

Functions:1. Metabolic reactions2. Transporting nutrients and wastes3. Maintains temperature4. Major component of cell walls5. Body made up of 60 – 70 %

Carbohydrates

• Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

• Primary function:– Source of energy

• Located in plant and animal tissues– Simple carbohydrate- starches (grains)– Complex carbohydrate- cellulose (component

of cell walls)

Carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrates1. Monosaccharides

– Glucose– Fructose– Galactose

2. Disaccharides– Sucrose (Glucose + fructose)– Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)– Lactose (Glucose + Galactose)

Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates

1. Cellulose • Ruminants require microbial

fermentation to break down complex carbohydrates

Fats

• Also considered lipids

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

• Functions:– Energy

• 2.5 times more energy / unit

Fats

• Sources:– Fats- solid at room temperature– Oils- liquid at room temperature

– Saturated fats– Unsaturated fats

• Monounsaturated• Polyunsaturated

Fats

• Saturated fats C-C-C– Solid animal fats– Body can make

• Unsaturated fats C=C=C– Monounsaturated C-C=C-C

• One double bond

– Polyunsaturated fats C=C=C • Two or more double bonds• Corn oil, Soybean oil

Fats

• Dietary essential fatty acids– Linoleic

• Digestion of Fat Soluble vitamins ~ A,D,E,K– More of an issue in confinement fed

animals• Added to the diet for

1) Reduce dust

2) Improve texture

3) Improve palatability

Proteins

• Contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

• Chains of Amino Acids – Essential amino acids

• Must be provide through the diet• Ruminants add in microbial growth

– Non-essential amino acids• Required but the body can synthesize

them

Essential & Nonessential Amino Acids

• Essential AA’s– Histidine – Arginine– Lysine– Isoleucine– Methionine – Leucine– Threonine– Valine– Phenylalanine– Tryptophan

• Nonessential AA’s– Alanine– Asparganine– Aspertic acid– Cysteine– Cystine– Glutamic acid– Glutamine– Glycine– Hydroxyproline– Proline– Serine– Tyrosine

• H istidin• A rginin• L isin• L eusin• I soleusin• M etionin

• V alin• P henilalanin• T riptoohan

Esensial

• S istin• H idroksilisin • T irosin

Semi Esensial

• A lanin• A sam Glutamat• A sam Aspartat• A sparagin• G lisin• G lutamin• S erin• P rolin• H idroksi Prolin

Non Esensial

Protein

• Functions:– Building blocks

– Muscle, bone, connective tissue, milk production and cellular repair

– Blood

– Enzymes

Minerals

• Macro minerals– Required in large amounts

• Micro minerals– Required in trace amounts– Trace minerals

Micro and Macro Minerals

• Macrominerals– Calcium– Chorine– Magnesium– Phosphorus– Potassium– Sodium– Sulfur

• Microminerals– Chromium– Cobalt– Copper– Fluorine– Iodine– Iron– Manganese– Molybdenum– Selenium– Zinc

Vitamins

• Organic (contain carbon)

• Needed in small amounts

• Functions:– 16 vitamins– Interact and need with minerals

Vitamins

• Sources– Fat soluble

• Synthesized by ruminants• A, D, E, and K

– Water soluble• Not synthesized by monogastrics, except horses,

which takes place in cecum• B vitamins and C

KLASIFIKASI PAKAN

KLASIFIKASI BMTDidasarkan atas : 1. A S A L Tanaman : - Hijauan segar - Hijauan kering - Hijauan awetan (silase, hay) - Jerami - Umbi-umbian - Butir-butiran/biji-bijian (padi, legum) - Kulit butir-butiran/biji-bijian - Limbah pertanian, industri minyak tanah dan industri lain Hewan : - ikan - ternak / hewan lain Makanan tambahan Stimulator (growth + production)

Classification of Feeds

1. Hijauan Kering dan Jerami

2. Hijauan Segar

3. Silase

4. Sumber Energy

5. Sumber Protein

6. Sumber Mineral

7. Sumber Vitamin

8. Non-nutritive additives

Dry forages and roughages

• 18% crude fiber, low TDN• High in cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin• Protein variable• Harvest date critical• Examples

Dry forages and roughages

• Examples:– Legumes

• Alfalfa• 17% CP

– Grass• Native grass• 12-13% CP

– Other• Stalks

– Corn cob husks– Soybean hulls 11% CP– Cottonseed hulls

Pasture, range plants, and green forages

• Types:– Native

• 5,000 species

– Cool / warm season• Cool – Brome• Warm – Native

– Small grains• Wheat• Rye

– Legumes• Alfalfa, Clovers• Problem due to Bloat

Pasture, range plants, and green forages

• Bloat:– Legumes cause excessive production of

foams in the rumen– Foam inhibits the ability to eructate (Belch)– Gases form causing bloat– Animals cant breath

– Anti-frothing agents– Bloat guard in blocks/mineral

Silages

• Variety of feed stuffs– Grasses– Legumes~ alfalfa, clovers– Grains~ corn, sorghum– Small Grains– ~ oats, rye

Silages

• Storage results in fermentation– Anaerobic bacteria– Bacteria produce lactic acid

• Lowers pH to 4.0 or lower• High levels of heat 80-100oF

– Optimum moisture content• 25-35% Dry Matter 75 – 65% Moisture• To dry will burn up

• Storage facilities– Bags, silos, bunkers

Energy feeds

• <18 crude fiber (or <35% cell wall) <20% CP

• High in starch – grains

• Examples:– Corn, 9%CP– Barley, high starch feed, <11% CP– Oats 12%– Wheat, 14% CP

Energy feeds

• Storage ~ very important

• Future– Grains that are high in needed trait– High levels of Lysine– Low Levels of Phosphorus

Protein supplements

• Most critical, most expensive

• Function:– Building blocks

• Examples:– Animal– Plant

Protein supplementsExamples:

– Animal origin: highest-readily available offer A.A.• Meat -• Blood -• Fish -• Feather -

– Plant origin• Soybean meal- 44%• By-products

– Distillers grain - 25– Corn gluten - 25-30%– Soybean Hulls -

– Non-protein nitrogen: not readily available a.a.• Urea 281% CP

80-90%

Mineral supplement

Concentrated or blended – carriers1. Mixed with diet

– Cost effective

2. Fed free choice– May over consume – Different vitamins and minerals in containers– Animals choose???

– Salt

Urinary Calculi

• Water Belly– Improper Balance of Ca and Phosphorus– Normal ratio 2:1 Ca : Phosphorus– Urinary Calculi when ratio 1:1 or less

– Over abundance of Phosphorus

• Treatment– Sodium Chloride NaCl

Remember

• Gains– High in Phosphorus Low in Calcium

• Forages– High in Calcium Low in Phosphorus

Urinary Calculi

Vitamin supplementation

1. Fat soluble• Vitamins A, D, E, K

2. Water soluble• Synthesized by ruminants• Vitamin B

Non-nutritive additives

• Added to fill a specific need

• Definition – a substance will stimulate growth or improve feed efficiency

• Drugs– Antibiotics– Sulfa compounds– Cocidiostates– Wormers

Fed continually see increase in performance

Non-nutritive additives

• Banned in 1995 in Europe

• US – McDonalds ~ 2003– Only those that are used to promote growth– Antibiotics to treat sickness cleared

• Three types– Concentrate ~ mainly for feed companies– Premix – mixed with carrier ~ corn or SBM– Complete Feed ~ Precondition pellets

Non-nutritive additives

• What’s What– Antibiotics end in “cin”

• Teramyocin• Aeromyocin

– Produced from bacteria

• Monensin– ie Rumensin ~ Shifts bacterial population in

rumen to more bacteria to breakdown starches– Toxic to horses