Chromatography

107
Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08 Chromatography

description

Chromatography. Ch rom ato gra phy. Merupakan teknik yg digunakan untuk memisahkan dan mengidentifikasi komponen dari suatu campuran . Molekul yg ada dalam campuran didistribusikan masing-masing diantara medium stasioner dan mobile. . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chromatography

Page 1: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Chromatography

Page 2: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Chromatography

Merupakan teknik yg digunakan untuk memisahkan dan mengidentifikasi komponen dari suatu campuran .

Molekul yg ada dalam campuran didistribusikan masing-masing diantara medium stasioner dan mobile.

Molekul yg paling lama di fase gerak lebih cepat mengalir

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• Metode pemisahan campuran molekul tergantung pada distribusinya diantara fase gerak dan fase diam

• Fase gerak (juga disebut sebagai pelarut ) bisa berupa cairan atau gas.

• Fase diam (juga disebut sebagai sorbent) dapat berupa padatan atau cairan, fase diam is held stationary oleh suatu padatan.

• Padatan yg mempertahankan fase diam cair merupakan matrik support.

• Molekul-molekul dalam kondisi tercampur yg dapat dipisahkan disebut solut.

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Apa itu Chromatography?

Fase diam

Fase gerak

Chromatography: metode pemisahan yg kuat yg biasanya terdiri dari fase gerak dan fase diam

Elusi

Sampel

Sampel dipisahkan pada kolom berdasar perbedaan dalam interaksi molekuler dari jenis molekul analit yg berbeda dengan fase gerak dan fase diam

Kolom

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Bagaimana Chromatography Bekerja

• Fase Diam/stasioner – Padatan tidak bergerak • Fase Gerak – Larutan yg bergerak

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Chromatography dan sungai

• Dua kelompok orang yg terbawa arus sungai :– Kelompok kuat akan berpegangan di batu – Kelompok lemah akan terbawa arus sungai lebih

cepat

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Perenang dan molekul

• Kemampuan berpegangan ke batu akan mengontrol kecepatan perenang terbawa arus sungai

• Kemampuan berinteraksi ke padatan di fase stasioner akan mengontrol kecepatan molekul terbawa pelarut

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Chromatography Kolom

Chromatogram

Dilution &Peak broadening!

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Chromatography: Pemisahan puncak

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Chromatography: Resolusi puncak

Resolution jelek

More separation

Lass band spread

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Chromatography Resolusi

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RESOLUSI

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Retention Time

Waktu yg diperlukan bagi sampel untuk bergerak dari bagian injeksi melewati kolom menuju detektor .

Response

Retention Time5 10 15 20 25

A

B

C

D

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Chromatography Retention Times

tM = retention time fase gerak (dead time)

tR = retention time analit (solute)L = panjang kolom

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Ekpresi hasil

• Istilah "Rf" (relative flow) digunakan untuk mengekspresikan performance suatu solute dalam suatu solvent system /support medium. Istilah nilai Rf didefinisikan sbg jarak komponen mengalami migrasi dengan jarak migrasi pelarut. Nilai Rf konstan untuk komponen tertentu, sistem pelarut dan matrik tidak terlarut.

Rf= Jarak migrasi solute

Jarak pergerakan solvent

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Definition:

 

Different affinity of these 2 components to stationary phase causes the separation.

Concentration of component A in stationary phase

Concentration of component A in mobile phase

Distribution Coefficient (Equilibrium Distribution )

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Pemisahan senyawa dg chromatography tergantung pada beberapa faktor :

• Partisi suatu solute diantara pergerakan fase pelarut dan fase cair stasioner.

• Solute bergerak sesuai aliran pelarut pada kecepatan yg ditentukan oleh kelarutan solute dalam fase bergerak.

• Jadi, komponen dg mobilitas tinggi lebih terikat ke fase organik bergerak daripada fase diam.

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Cont..

• Pengaruh Ion exchange : Banyak impuritas terion dalam support medium akan cenderung mengikat atau tertarik ion yg bermuatan berbalikan (solutes) dan oleh karena itu akan mengurangi mobilitas solut tersebut.

• Suhu : Juga merupakan faktor penting,• Karena suhu dapat mempengaruhi

kelarutan solut dalam suhu.

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Cont..

• Berat molekul solute juga mempengaruhi kelarutan sehingga mempengaruhi performance chromatographic .

• Adsorpsi komponen (solute) ke support medium: Jika solut cenderung mengikat support medium, hal ini akan memperlambat mobilitasnya dalam solvent system.

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Cont..

• Komposisi solvent: karena banyak komponen yg lebih larut dalam suatu pelarut daripada pelarut lainnya, campuran pelarut yg digunakan akan mempengaruhi pemisahan komponen.

 

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Structur molekuler dan Polaritas

• Struktur Molekular mempengaruhi kecepatan• Polaritas bertanggung jawab thd interaksi • Polaritas Molekular dibangkitkan oleh area muatan

C

CC

C

CC C

O

O

O

COH3C

H

H

H

H

H

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

C

CC

C

CC

CH2

CH

CH3

H3C

CH

H

C

O

OH

H

H

H

H

Advil (ibuprofen)

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PELARUT

Pelarut Polar

Water > Methanol > Acetonitrile > Ethanol > Oxydipropionitrile

 Pelarut Non-polar

N-Decane > N-Hexane > N-Pentane > Cyclohexane

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Jenis chromatography

• Chromatography Partisi• Chromatography Adsorbsi• Gel filtrasi• Ion exchange chromatography

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MOBILE PHASE LIQUID

Liquid-LiquidChromatography (Partition)

Liquid-SolidChromatography (Adsorption)

Liquid Solid

Normal Phase Reverse Phase Normal Phase Reverse Phase

Mobile Phase - NonpolarStationary phase - Polar

Mobile Phase - PolarStationary phase - Nonpolar

FORMAT

STATIONARYPHASE

Jenis Chromatography

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Chromatography

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Chromatography Partisi

• Distribusi terlarut diantara 2 fase yg berbeda polaritasnya.

• Solute akan diditribusi dg sendirinya diantara 2 fase berdasarkan kelarutannya dalam masing-masing fase, hal ini disebut partisi.

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Contoh chromatography partisi

• Dua jenis chromatography partisi yg paling umum adalah thin layer chromatography/TLC dan chromatography kertas.

• Fase stasioner kedua jenis tersebut merupakan cairan yang terikat ke suatu matrik.

• Pada chromatography kertas, fase stationary merupakan molekul air yang terikat ke matrik selulosa.

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• Pada TLC, Fase diamnya berupa pelarut yg ditambahkan ke support untuk membentuk lapisan tipis sehingga pelarut dapat terikat ke matrik (support).

• Chromatography partisi utamanya digunakan untuk pemisahan molekul dengan berat molekul kecil .

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Chromatography kertas

• Support sellulosa mengandung air terikat dalam jumlah banyak.

• Partitioning terjadi diantara air terikat yg berfungsi sbg fase diamnya dan pelarut merupakan fase geraknya.

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Deteksi spot

• Spots pada kertas kromatogram dapat dideteksi dengan 4 cara:

1.Melalui warna alaminya 2.Melalui fluorescencenya3.Melalui reaksi kimia yg terjadi setelah kertas

dapat dispray dg berbagai reagent sbg contoh: selama paper chromatography amino acids, kromatogram dispray dg ninhydrin.

4.Melalui radioaktifitas

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Identifikasi spot

• Spots biasanya diidentifikasi melalui perbandingan standart yg diketahui sbg nilai Rf .

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Thin layer chromatography

• Dalam TLC, beberapa senyawa yg dapat dipisah dengan baik dan dibentuk menjadi lapisan seragam .

• Baik senyawa organik maupun anorganik dapat digunakan untuk membentuk lapisan seragam untuk TLC.

• Senyawa organik meliputi: cellulose, polyamide, polyethylene

• Anorganik : silica gel, aluminum oxide and magnesium silicate

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TLC

• Fase diamnya berupa pelarut yg digunakan untuk membentuk lapisan sorbent disebar seragam diatas permukaan plate plastik atau kaca

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TLC

Fase gerak berupa cairan

Aliran sampel terjadi pada thin layer pada solid support.

Substansi yg kurang tertarik ke padatan atau lebih larut dalam cairan bergerak lebih cepat

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TLC

Fase diam ---------> Silica Gel

Fase gerak -------------> pelarut

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SOLVENT

SPOT

DEVELOPINGCHAMBER

Origin

SolventFront

1.1 cm

5.5 cm

Rf =Distance from starting origin to center of zone

Distance from starting origin to solvent front

= 5.5

11= 0.5

TLC

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Kelebihan TLC dibanding paper chromatography

• Resolving power lebih besar karena adanya difusi spot yg lebih rendah.

• Kecepatan pemisahan lebih tinggi • Pilihan bahan sbg sorbents lebih banyak

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LIQUID COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

Campuran sampel melewati suatu kolom yang dilapisi dengan partikel padat yang dapat atau tidak dapat di coating dengan cairan lainnya .

Dengan pelarut yg sesuai, kondisi pengemasan, beberapa komponen dalam sampel akan bergerak menuju kolom lebih lambat daripada lainnya yang menghasilkan pemisahan sesuai dengan keinginan.

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Schematic Diagram of Liquid Chromatography

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A + B + C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Sampl e (A+ B+ C)

Col umn

Sol i d Part i cl es(packi ng mater i al - st at i onary phase)

El uant ( el uate)

D I A G R A M O F SIMPLE LI Q U ID CO LU MN CH R O MATO G R A PH Y

A

B

C

Sol vent ( mobi l e or movi ng phase)

Diagram of Simple Liquid Column Chromatography

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4 dasar model liquid chromatography dinamakan sesuai dengan mekanisme yg digunakan :

 1. Liquid/Solid Chromatography ( chromatography adsorpsi)

A. Normal Phase LSC

B. Reverse Phase LSC

 2. Liquid/Liquid Chromatography ( chromatography partisi)

A. Normal Phase LLC

B. Reverse Phase LLC

 3. Ion Exchange Chromatography

 4. Gel Permeation Chromatography ( chromatography exclusi)

EMPAT DASAR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

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LIQUID SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Si - O - H

Normal phase LS Reverse phase LS

Silica Gel

Mekanisme pemisahan dalam LSC didasarkan pada kompetisi komponen dari campuran sampel bagi sisi aktif pada absorbent seperti Silica Gel.

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LIQUID SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Si - OH

HEXANE

OH

C-CH3

CH3

CH3- CCH3

CH3

OH

OH

CH3

CH3

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VITAMINS LARUT AIR

1. Niacinamide 2. Pyridoxine

N

CONH2

N

CH2OHCH2OH

HO

H3C

3. Riboflavin

N

NNH

NCH2

HOCHHOCHHOCH

CH2OH

O

OH3C

H3C

ClN

S

N

NH3C

CH2

NH2

CH3

CH2CH2OH

4. Thiamin

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VITAMINS LARUT AIR

0 5 10 15 20

Column: u Bondapak C18 Solvent: MeOH Sample: Water-Soluble Vitamins

Inject1

2

3

4

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LIQUID-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

ODPN(oxydipropionylnitrile)

Normal Phase LLC Reverse Phase LLC

NCCH3CH2OCH2CH2CN(Normal)CH3(CH2)16 CH3 (Reverse)

Permukaan padatan diam dilapisi dengan pelarut kedua (fase diam) yg immiscible dalam pelarut (fase gerak). Partisi sampel diantara 2 fase menunda atau mempertahankan beberapa komponen daripada komponen lainnya untuk mempengaruhi pemisahan.

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Pembuat Gradient

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Bahan Reversed phase

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Prinsip RP

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ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY SO3

- Na+

Pemisahan Ion-exchange Chromatography didasarkan pada kompetisi komponen ionik yg berbeda dari suatu sampel bagi sisi aktif di ion-exchange resin (column-packing).

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MEKANISME ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY DARI ASAM AMINO

SO3-

SO3-

Na+

COO-

H3N+

Na+

COOHH3N

+

pH2

pH4.5

Ion-exchange Resin

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H3N+

S O3-

S O3-

S O3-

S O3-

S O3-

S O3-

H3N+

COOH

OH

COOH

COOHH3N+

H3N+OH

COO-Na+

H3N+

COO-

Na+

Na+

H+ OH- = H2O

H+ OH- = H2O

Na+

Na+

pH3.5

M obile Phas eStationary Phas e

Exc hange Res in

pH4.5

Chromatography Asam Amino

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Ion exchange

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CM and DEAE

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Jenis ion exchange

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Stepwise elution for ion exchange

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GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY

Gel-Permeation Chromatography merupakan suatu mekanisme sorting molekul-molekul berdasarkan ukuran molekul dalam larutan . Molekul kecil dapat melewati/ permeate lebih more pores , oleh karena itu, dipertahankan lebih lama daripada molekul besar.

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Gel filtration

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Gel filtration

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Gel filtration

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350 min on 60 cm 75 micron ID 3.5 beads 100 nl/min

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SPPVGPAL

TIC

MS

MS/MS

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LC-MS display of differently expressed proteins

Differently expressed peptide

TimeTime

M/Z

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Gas Liquid Chromatography

Fase geraknya berupa gas yang tdk reaktif (seperti Nitrogen) yg mengalir melalui suatu tabung

Dan fase diamnya berupa liquid tidak volatil held on particles of a solid support.

Prinsip

Partisi molekul diantara gas (fase gerak) dan cairan (fase diam ).

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Fase Diam yg paling umum

1. Pemisahan campuran komponen polar Carbowax 20M (polyethylene glycol)

2. Pemisahan campuran komponen non polarOV101 or SE-30 (polymer of methylsilicone)

3. Methylester dari asam lemak DEGS (diethylene glycol succinate)

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Pada animasi dibawah ini molekul yg berwarna merah lebih mudah larut dalam cairan (atau kurang volatil) daripada molekul yg berwarna hijau.

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In practice the Column is contained in a thermostatic oven. (Why ?)

About 1μL of liquid is injected into one end of the column.

As each component reaches the other end it is detected and registered on a chart recorder.

The Retention Time is characteristic of a particular substance. (for the same column, temperature, gas flow etc.)

The area under each peak indicates the relative quantities.

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Oven

Detector

Injection port

Nitrogen cylinder

Column

Recorder

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Chromatogram of petrol

Suggest identities of some of the unlabelled peaks.

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Filters/Traps

Air

Hydrogen

Gas C

arrier

Column

Gas Chromatography

• gas system

• inlet• column• detector• data

system

Data system

Syringe/Sampler

Inlets

Detectors

Regulators

H

RESET

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Skema Diagram Gas Chromatography

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Skema Diagram Gas Chromatography

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DETEKTOR

Flame Ionization Detector (Nanogram - ng)

 

High temperature of hydrogen flame (H2 +O2 + N2) ionizes compounds eluted from column into flame. The ions collected on collector or electrode and were recorded on recorder due to electric current.

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Exhaust

ChimneyIgniter

Hydrogen Inlet

Column Effluent

Polarizing ElectrodeCollector Electrode

Skema Diagram Flame Ionization Detector

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Skema Diagram Flame Ionization Detector

Collector

Jet

Flame

Detector electronics

- 220 volts

Column

Chassis ground

Signal output

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Thermal Conductivity Detector

Mengukur perubahan konduktifitas thermal berkaitan dengan sampel (g). Sampel dapat direcovery. 

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Detektor Konduktifitas Thermal

Principal: The thermal balance of a heated filament

Electrical power is converted to heat in a resistant filament and the temperature will climb until heat power loss form the filament equals the electrical power input.

The filament may loose heat by radiation to a cooler surface and by conduction to the molecules coming into contact with it.

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Dasar Konduktifitas Thermal

When the carrier gas is contaminated by sample , the cooling effect of the gas changes. The difference in cooling is used to generate the detector signal.

The TCD is a nondestructive, concentration sensing detector. A heated filament is cooled by the flow of carrier gas .

Flow

Flow

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When a compound elutes, the thermal conductivity of the gaseous mixture of carrier gas and compound gas is lowered, and the filament in the sample column becomes hotter than the other control column.

Its resistance increased, and this imbalance between control and sample filament resistances is measured by a simple gadget and a signal is recorded

Detektor Konduktifitas Thermal

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Konduktifitas Thermal Relative

Compound Relative Thermal Conductivity

Carbon Tetrachloride 0.05Benzene 0.11Hexane 0.12Argon 0.12Methanol 0.13Nitrogen 0.17Helium 1.00Hydrogen 1.28

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• Responds to all compounds• Adequate sensitivity for many compounds • Good linear range of signal• Simple construction• Signal quite stable provided carrier gas glow rate,

block temperature, and filament power are controlled• Nondestructive detection

Detektor Konduktifitas Thermal

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Detektor Electron Capture

For pesticide analysis (picogram).

Accept electrons of carrier gas.

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Detektor Electron CaptureECD detects ions in the exiting from the gas chromatographic

column by the anode electrode.3H or 63Ni which emits particles.

Ionization : N2 (Nitrogen carrier gas) + (e) = N2+ + 2e

These N2+ establish a “base line”

X (F, Cl and Br) containing sample + (e) X-

Ion recombination : X- + N2+ = X + N2

The “base line” will decrease and this decrease constitutes the signal.

Insecticides, pesticides, vinyl chloride, and fluorocarbons

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Detektor Electron Capture

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Detektor Electron Capture

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Gas Chromatography Application

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ANALYSIS ASAM LEMAK SEMI- QUANTITATIVE

C

C

CDetector Response

Retention Time

14

16

18Peak Area (cm )

Sample Concentration (mg/ml)

2

4

6

8

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

2

The content % of C fatty acids =C

C + C + C

= the content % of C fatty acids14

14

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IDENTIFIKASI KOMPNEN YG TDK DIKETAHUI TENTATIVE

Response

GC Retention Time on Carbowax-20 (min)

Mixture of known compounds

Hexane

Octane Decane1.6 min = RT

Response

Unknown compound may be Hexane

1.6 min = RT

Retention Time on Carbowax-20 (min)

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Response

GC Retention Time on SE-30

Unknown compound

RT= 4 min on SE-30

Response

GC Retention Time on SE-30

Hexane

RT= 4.0 min on SE-30

Retention Times

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Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

KELEBIHAN GLC

1. Pemisahan sangat baik

2. Waktu (analysis singkat )

3. Membutuhkan sampel sedikit - l

4. Sistem deteksi bagus

5. Analisis Quantitativ

Page 94: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

KEKURANGAN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Bahan harus dibuat volatil pada suhu 250C tanpa terjadi dekomposisi .

R C OH CH3OH H2S O4

O

R C O CH3

O

CH2 O C R

CH O C R

CH2 O C R

O

O

O

CH3OH

O

R C O CH3

CH3ONa

Fatty Ac ids M ethyles ter

Reflux

+ 3

Volatile in Gas Chromatography

Volatile in Gas Chromatography

+ +

Page 95: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Gas Chromatogram of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids

Page 96: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

The Effects of OH groups of Carbohydrates

OH

O

OH

OHHO

CH2OH

1

23

45

6

OH

O

OH

OHHO

CH2OH

1

23

45

6

Page 97: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

OH

O

OH

OHHO

CH2OH

1

23

45

6

+ Si

CH3

CH3

CH35Cl

O-Si(CH3)3

O

O-Si(CH3)3

O-Si(CH3)3(CH3)3-Si-O

CH2O-Si(CH3)3

1

23

45

6

5HCl+

Derivation of Glucose with Trimethylchlorosilane

Glucose Trimethylchlorosilane

Page 98: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Pengaruh Derivatisasi

1. Butuh waktu

2. Reaksi samping

3. Kehilangan sampel

Page 99: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

The detector contains two filaments: one exposed only to carrier gas, while the other is exposed to the carrier gas for sample analysis.

When the gas for the sample analysis is only carrier gas , the two filaments can be balanced.

Instead of a direct measurement of filament temperature, the filament resistant, which is a function of temperature, is measured.

Detektor Thermal Conductivity

Page 100: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

The ability of a colliding molecule to carry off heat depending on its thermal conductivity. Hydrogen and helium have high thermal conductivity and therefore will be more efficient at “cooling” a heated filament than other gases will

Detektor Thermal Conductivity

Page 101: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Detektor Thermal Conductivity

The TCD will respond to any substance different from the carrier gas as long as its concentration is sufficiently high enough.

Page 102: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Detektor Thermal Conductivity

Page 103: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Detektor Thermal Conductivity

Page 104: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Electron capture compound, X (highly electonegative element), tends to capture free electrons and increase the amount to ion recombination

X (F, Cl and Br) + e X-

Ion recombination : X- + N2+ = X + N2

The current will decrease and this decrease constitutes the signal.

Halogens, lead, phosphorous, nitro groups, silicone and polynuclear aromatics.

Insecticides, pesticides, vinyl chloride, and fluorocarbons

Detektor Electron Capture

Page 105: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Protein’s properties used in purification

Page 106: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Salting in and out

Page 107: Chromatography

Created by Nick Buker 12/18/08

Solubility in ammonium sulfate