ARTICLE

Dalam TOEFL, penggunaan kata sandang (article) a, an, dan the merupakan salah satu aspek yang paling sering ditanyakan. Di lain pihak, penggunaan article sering kita remehkan, walaupun harus kita akui bahwa penggunaannya sering membingungkan, khususnya dalam menentukan perlu tidaknya kita menambahkan article di depan noun.

Apakah anda ingin mengetahui sejauh mana pemahaman anda tentang penggunaan article a, an, dan the sebelum melanjutkan membaca tulisan ini? Jika ya, silakan langsung kerjakan Practice test 3. Nanti anda putuskan sendiri apakah anda perlu melanjutkan membaca tulisan ini atau tidak. Good luck!

Perbedaan penggunaan article A vs AN.

Sebagai article, ‘ a ‘ dan ‘ an ‘ artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua article ini dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seorang/seekor/sehelai dst. Hal ini tergantung dari noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya,

an apple = sebuah apel a lady = seorang wanita a tiger = seekor harimau a leaf = sehelai daun, dst.

Penggunaan A dan AN

1. a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), tetapi tidak pernah secara langsung diikuti oleh uncountable nouns (benda tidak dapat dihitung). Olehnya itu, akan INCORRECT jika anda menulis,

I need a water. (water: uncountable noun) I just ate a bread. (bread: uncountable noun) She just heard a bad news about her parents. (news: uncountable noun)

Kalimat ini akan menjadi benar jika article a dihilangkan atau jika di depan uncountable nouns (i.e. water dan bread) ditambahkan penakar (container) atau pengukur yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan berapa banyak/volume/ukuran dari uncountable nouns tersebut.

I need water. Atau I need a glass of water. I just ate bread. Atau: I just ate a big slice of bread. She just heard bad news about her parents. Atau: She just heard a piece of bad

news about her parents.

Kapan kita gunakan a dan kapan kita gunakan an dapat dibaca pada topik Noun (part 2): Countable. Selain itu, noun yang tergolong ke dalam uncountable noun juga harus diketahui, sebab article a dan an tidak digunakan jika diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

2. a dan an digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah singular noun secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

1. A football is usually made of leather. ( leather = kulit. Note: dalam konteks ini, jangan gunakan kata skin. Leather adalah animal skin yang sudah diolah).

2. An artist should keep a good relationship with fans.

3. a dan an digunakan untuk merujuk ke sebuah singular noun yang belum pernah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night.2. My company just built a new skyscraper. (skyscraper = gedung pencakar langit)

Penggunaan article THE

Ada beberapa rules yang harus anda pahami dalam penggunaan article the.

1. The umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk noun yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. Dengan adanya the, noun yang dimaksud menjadi lebih spesifik. Noun tersebut bisa countable, bisa juga uncountable noun. Jika countable noun, noun tersebut bisa singular, bisa juga plural. Dalam hal ini, the dapat berarti tersebut atau itu, atau kadang-kadang ini.

Contoh:

1. I met a guy last night. The guy asked my number and whether I would go out for a date. (number = nomor telepon, date = kencan). Dalam kalimat ini, the bisa digantikan dengan that.

2. The water in my well is contaminated. (well = sumur, contaminated = terkontaminasi). Dalam kalimat ini, the tidak pas kalau digantikan dengan that, karena “water” di kalimat ini sudah diterangkan oleh “in my well“. Coba terjemahkan, terasa janggal bukan?

3. Three students didn’t perform well in my exam. The (three) students hadn’t studied hard enough before the exam. Dalam kalimat ini, kata three adalah optional: bisa digunakan, bisa juga dihilangkan, karena maknanya sudah dipahami oleh lawan bicara atau pembaca. Di kalimat ini, the dapat digantikan dengan those/these. Jika anda masih ragu dalam penggunaan those/these, akan lebih aman jika anda gunakan the.

4. There are many persons named Agnes Monica on Facebook. You will have hard time to find the Agnes Monica who sings Matahariku.

Sebaliknya, the tidak digunakan jika kita membicarakan uncountable nouns atau plural nouns secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

1. Water needs to be conserved. (Air perlu dikonservasi/dilindungi).2. Sugar is sweet. (Gula (rasanya) manis).3. Durians are very smelly. (Duarian-durian sangat bau/baunya keras).4. Lazy students hardly get good grades. (Murid-murid yang malas hampir tidak

pernah mendapat nilai-nilai bagus).

2. Kata seperti breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper (= dinner), school, church, home, dan college pada umumnya tidak membutuhkan article. Tetapi, jika noun ini dirujuk, barulah article the diperlukan.

Contoh:

1. We go to school everyday. Starting next week, however, the school will be bulldozed by the government. (be bulldozed = diratakan dengan tanah dengan menggunakan bulldozer).

2. Jenny and I just finished having lunch at the cafetaria. I thanked her because she paid for the lunch.

3. I am very tired. I’d like to go home.

3. Rules yang lain dalam menentukan apakah the digunakan atau tidak, dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut. Note: the yang digunakan pada nouns di tabel berikut pada umumnya tidak berarti “tersebut”, olehnya itu, tidak dapat digantikan dengan that.

Gunakan THE untuk: Jangan gunakan THE untuk:

Nama samudra, laut, sungai, teluk, plural lakes (nama danau yang terdiri dari 2 danau atau lebih).Contoh: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Java Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes, the Citarum River

Nama danauContoh: Lake Toba, Lake Batur, Lake Erie

Nama pegununganContoh: the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, the Bukit Barisan

Nama gunungContoh: Mount Merapi, Mount Semeru, Mount Kilimanjaro. Mount Everest.

Earth, moon, sunContoh: the earth, the moon, the sun

Nama planet (selain bumi), rasi bintangContoh: Mars, Venus, Orion,

Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika sekolah, universitas, college ditempatkan di depan.Contoh: the School of Cooper’s Art, the University of Gadjah Mada, the college of Arts and Sciences.

Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika sekolah, universitas, college ditempatkan di belakang.Contoh: Cooper’s Art school, Gadjah Mada University, Sante Fe Community College.

Ordinal number sebelum nounsContoh: the Second World War, the third chapter

Cardinal number setelah nounsContoh: World War Two, Chapter three.

Nama perang (kecuali perang dunia)Contoh: the Korean War, the Crimean War, the Civil WarNama negara yang terdiri dari 2 kata atau lebih (kecuali Great Britain)Contoh: the United States of America, the Central African Republic

Nama negara jika hanya terdiri dari satu kataContoh: Indonesia, China, Canada, FranceNama benuaContoh: Asia, Europe, South America.Nama state/provinceContoh: Florida, Ohio, California, Manitoba, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara.

Dokumen bersejarahContoh: the constitution, the Magna Carta

Nama OlahragaContoh: basketball, football, tennisNoun abstractContoh: freedom, happinessBidang ilmuContoh: mathematics, Economics, sociologyNama hari rayaContoh: Christmas, Thanksgiving, Idul Fitri, Independence day

Contoh:

1. Bryan Adams was born in Canada, but he lives in Great Britain. Celine Dion is also a Canadian born singer, but she lives in the United States now.

2. The Great Lakes consist of five lakes one of which is Lake Ontario.3. The earth travels around the sun, and so does Mars.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif

John bites Mary

John doesn’t bite Mary

Does John bite Mary?

What does John do?

Who bites Mary?

Who does John bite?

Pasif

Mary is bitten by John

Mary isn’t bitten by John

Is Mary bitten by John?

What is done by John?

Who is Mary bitten by?

Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif

John is biting Mary

John isn’t biting Mary

Is John biting Mary?

What is John doing?

Who is biting Mary?

Who is John biting?

Pasif

Mary is being bitten by John

Mary isn’t being bitten by John

Is Mary being bitten by John?

What is being done by John?

Who is Mary being bitten by?

Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif

John has bitten Mary

John hasn’t bitten Mary

Has John bitten Mary?

What has John done?

Who has bitten Mary?

Who has John bitten?

Pasif

Mary has been bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has been done by John?

Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif

John has been biting Mary

Pasif

Mary has been being bitten by John

John hasn’t been biting Mary

Has John been biting Mary?

What has John been doing?

Who has been biting Mary?

Who has John been biting?

Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John

Has Mary been being bitten by John?

What has been being done by John?

Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif

John bit Mary

John didn’t bite Mary

Did John bite Mary?

What did John do?

Who bit Mary?

Who did John bite?

Pasif

Mary was bitten by John

Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Was Mary bitten by John?

What was done by John?

Who was Mary bitten by?

Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif

John was biting Mary

John wasn’t biting Mary

Was John biting Mary?

What was John doing?

Who was biting Mary?

Who was John biting?

Pasif

Mary was being bitten by John

Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Was Mary being bitten by John?

What was being done by John?

Who was Mary being bitten by?

Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif

John had bitten Mary

John hadn’t bitten Mary

Had John bitten Mary?

Pasif

Mary had been bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had John done?

Who had bitten Mary?

Who had John bitten?

What had been done by John?

Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif

John had been biting Mary

John hadn’t been biting Mary

Had John been biting Mary?

What had John been doing?

Who had been biting Mary?

Who had John been biting?

Pasif

Mary had been being bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John

Had Mary been being bitten by John?

What had been being done by John?

Who had Mary been being bitten by?

Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif

John will bite Mary

John won’t bite Mary

Will John bite Mary?

What will John do?

Who will bite Mary?

Who will John bite?

Pasif

Mary will be bitten by John

Mary won’t be bitten by John

Will Mary be bitten by John?

What will be done by John?

Who will Mary be bitten by?

Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif

John will be biting Mary

John won’t be biting Mary

Will John be biting Mary?

What will John be doing?

Who will be biting

Pasif

Mary will be being bitten by John

Mary won’t be being bitten by John

Will Mary be being bitten by John?

What will be being done by John?

Who will Mary be being bitten

Mary?

Who will John be biting?

by?

Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif

John will have bitten Mary

John won’t have bitten Mary

Will John have bitten Mary?

What will John have done?

Who will have bitten Mary?

Who will John have bitten?

Pasif

Mary will have been bitten by John

Mary won’t have been bitten by John

Will Mary have been bitten by John?

What will have been done by John?

Who will Mary have been bitten by?

Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif

John will have been biting Mary

John won’t have been biting Mary

Will John have been biting Mary?

What will John have been doing?

Who will have been biting Mary?

Who will John have been biting?

Pasif

Mary will have been being bitten by John

Mary won’t have been being bitten by John

Will Mary have been being bitten by John?

What will have been being done by John?

Who will Mary have been being bitten by?

Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, yang dapat menunjukkan kuantitas atau jumlah, contohnya kata benda pen dapat dihitung one, two, atau three pens.

Contoh kata benda yang dapat dihitung: cat, dog, man, baby, person, animal, bottle, box, coin, cup, plate, table, chair, bag, glass, book, house, etc. Benda-benda yang ada di sekitar kita umumnya adalah benda yang dapat dihitung.

Contoh countable nouns dalam kalimat:- We could see a ship in the distance.- I have to brothers, John and Mark.- I've got a problem with the car.- Do you like these photos?- I'm going out for five minutes.

Uncountable nouns (disebut juga mass nouns) adalah kebalikan dari countable nouns, yaitu kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, contohnya kata benda water. Kata benda tersebut tidak bisa dikatakan a water atau two water, tetapi lebih tepat digunakan bersama dengan kata benda lainnya yang dapat dihitung, misalnya a glass of water atau two glass of water.

Contoh kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung: sand, air, rice, sugar, cheese, tea, coffee, advice, assistance, fun, money, music, art, love, etc.

Contoh uncountable nouns dalam kalimat:- Can I have some water?- Shall we sit on the grass?- The money is much better in my new job.- I love music.- Would you like some coffee?

Perhatikan beberapa catatan mengenai countable dan uncountable nouns di bawah ini.

Much dan many yang sama-sama berarti banyak, biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah pada countable dan uncountable nouns. Many digunakan untuk countable nouns dan terletak mendahuluinya, sedangkan much digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:- How many years have you lived in Surabaya?- She didn’t have much fun at the Tunjungan Plaza.- I haven't got many pens.- I haven't got much rice.

Number dan amount mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu jumlah atau sejumlah. Number digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan amount untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:- My teacher gives me a large number of assignments.- My teacher gives me a large amount of homework.- We have been friends for a number of years.-They give us an amount of money.

Few dan little mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sedikit. Few digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan little digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:- The party has attended by a few men.- There is only a little milk on the table.- I've got a few dollars.

- I've got a little money.- Few people understand the difference.

Fewer dan less mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sedikit. Fewer digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan less digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.

Contoh:- This kind of job will give you fewer dollars.- He pays me less money than I thought.- Fewer birds came this year.- Doctors recommend eating less salt.

Some dan any mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu beberapa, biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah tak tentu pada countable nouns (plural) atau uncountable nouns.

Contoh:- I've got some money.- Have you got any rice?- I've got some dollars.- Have you got any pens?

Countable nouns dapat berbentuk singular maupun plural.- My cat is playing.- My cats are hungry.

Countable nouns yang singular dapat didahului dengan kata this, that, every, each, either, dan neither, sedangkan yang plural biasanya didahului kata these, those, some, any, enough, dan zero article. Lihat juga catatan dan contoh di atas.

Umumnya, uncountable nouns tidak dapat dibuat menjadi plural, kecuali jika disertai oleh jenis kata lainnya.- There are new wines being introduced every day.- The waters of the Atlantic are much warmer this time of year.- The Dutch are famous for their cheeses.

Countable nouns dapat diawali oleh a, an (indefinite article) untuk singular dan the (definite article) untuk singular maupun plural.

Jika countable nouns berbentuk singular, maka penggunaan kata seperti a, an, the, my, this, dsb. harus digunakan.- I want an orange. (tidak bisa dikatakan I want orange.)- Where is my bottle? (tidak bisa dikatakan Where is bottle?)

Tetapi, jika countable nouns berbentuk plural, maka kata benda itu dapat berdiri sendiri:- I like oranges.- Bottles can break.

Terkadang uncountable nouns diperlakukan singular yang akhirnya juga menggunakan verba singular.- This news is very important.- Your luggage looks heavy.

Indefinite article a, an tidak umum dipakai pada uncountable nouns.- a piece of news (bukan a news)- a bottle of water (bukan a water)- a grain of rice (bukan a rice)

Jadi, harus diberi kata keterangan di depannya. Perhatikan contoh lainnya berikut ini.

- There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.- He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.- They've got a lot of furniture.- Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?

Uncountable nouns juga sering digunakan tanpa article (zero article)- Poetry is beautiful.- Sugar is sweet.- Experience is the best teacher.

Uncountable nouns dapat didahului dengan kata some, any, enough, this, that, dan much. Dan karena bukan countable nouns maka tidak dapat didahului dengan kata these, those, every, each, either, and neither. Lihat lagi catatan dan contoh di atas.

Merupakan hal yang penting untuk mengetahui apakah suatu kata benda itu termasuk dalam countable nouns atau uncountable nouns. Hal ini akan memudahkan kita untuk mengenali jenis kata apa saja yang dapat diletakkan di sekitarnya.

Prepositions of Place

Prepositions of place adalah kata depan atau preposisi yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu letak, tempat atau posisi suatu nomina. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah at, in, dan on.

Prepositions of place (at, in, on):- at untuk menunjukkan posisi, letak, alamat yang jelas (point)- in untuk menunjukkan tempat (dalam ruang), nama kota, negara dsb. (enclosed space)- on untuk menunjukkan tempat di atas permukaan atau nama jalan (surface)

at (point): at the corner, at the door, at the the top of the page, at the entrance, at the crossroads, at 123 Majapahit Road in Surabaya etc.

in (enclosed space): in Surabaya, in the garden, in a box, in my pocket, in a building etc.

on (surface): on the wall, on the door, on the cover, on the menu, on a page, on Majapahit Road etc.

Contoh prepositions of place dalam kalimat:- Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.- My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late. - When will you arrive at the office? - Do you work in an office? - I have a meeting in New York. - The author's name is on the cover of the book. - There are no prices on this menu. - I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

Berikut di bawah ini frase preposisi at, in, on yang menunjukkan lokasi (prepositions of locations) yang sering digunakan.at: at home, at work, at school, at university, at the top, at reception, at class, at the office etc.in: in a car, in a lift, in the newspaper, in the sky, in a row, in Oxford street, in bed, in the bedroom, in (the) class, in the library etc.on: on a bus, on a train, on a bicycle, on a horse, on the radio, on television, on the left, on the way, on the plane etc.

Prepositions of place and directionPreposition Use Examples

above higher than sth. The picture hangs above my bed.

acrossfrom one side to the other side

You mustn't go across this road here.There isn't a bridge across the river.

after one follows the otherThe cat ran after the dog.After you.

against directed towards sth. The bird flew against the window.

alongin a line; from one point to another

They're walking along the beach.

among in a group I like being among people.

around in a circular way We're sitting around the campfire.

behind at the back of Our house is behind the supermarket.

below lower than sth. Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.

beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.

between sth./sb. is on each sideOur house is between the supermarket and the school.

by near He lives in the house by the river.

close to near Our house is close to the supermarket.

down from high to low He came down the hill.

from the place where it starts Do you come from Tokyo?

in front ofthe part that is in the direction it faces

Our house is in front of the supermarket.

inside opposite of outside You shouldn't stay inside the castle.

into entering sth. You shouldn't go into the castle.

near close to Our house is near the supermarket.

next to beside Our house is next to the supermarket.

off away from sth. The cat jumped off the roof.

onto moving to a place The cat jumped onto the roof.

opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the supermarket.

out of leaving sth. The cat jumped out of the window.

outside opposite of inside Can you wait outside?

over above sth./sb. The cat jumped over the wall.

past going near sth./sb. Go past the post office.

round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.

throughgoing from one point to the other point

You shouldn't walk through the forest.

to towards sth./sb.

I like going to Australia.

Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.

towards in the direction of sth. We ran towards the castle.

under below sth. The cat is under the table.

up from low to high He went up the hill.

TUGAS

BAHASA INGGRIS II

NAMA : AGUS ABDULLAH MUKTI

NIM : C.431.07.0023

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS SEMARANG