STUDI LITERATUR PENGGUNAAN PSIKOTERAPI DALAM

MENGATASI EFEK SAMPING KEMOTERAPI PADA PASIEN

CA MAMMAE

SKRIPSI

Untuk Memenuhi Sebagai Persyaratan Mencapai Derajat Sarjana Keperawatan (S.Kep) Pada Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

OLEH:

ALFIANI RAHMI PUTRI

NIM. 201610420311107

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2020

i

STUDI LITERATUR PENGGUNAAN PSIKOTERAPI DALAM

MENGATASI EFEK SAMPING KEMOTERAPI PADA PASIEN

CA MAMMAE

SKRIPSI

OLEH:

ALFIANI RAHMI PUTRI

NIM. 201610420311107

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2020

ii

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN

iii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN

v

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur penulis ingin panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa,

karena berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan pengajuan

Seminar Hasil Skripsi dengan judul “Studi Literatur Penggunaan Psikoterapi dalam

Mengatasi Efek Samping Kemoterapi pada Pasien Ca Mammae” sebagai persyaratan

mencapai gelar Sarjana (S.Kep). Terselesaikannya Makalah Skripsi ini tidak lepas dari

bantuan berbagai pihak disetiap prosesnya.

Maka dari itu, penulis menyampaikan banyak ucapan terima kasih kepada:

1. Bapak Faqih Ruhyanudin, M.Kep., Sp.KMB selaku dekan Fakultas Ilmu

Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang dan juga selaku dosen

penguji.

2. Ibu Nur Lailatul Masruroh, MNS selaku ketua program studi Ilmu

Keperawatan.

3. Ibu Nur Aini, M.Kep selaku pembimbing peneliti yang tulus ikhlas

meluangkan waktunya untuk membimbing sampai tahap akhir.

4. Ibu Ririn Harini, M.Kep selaku penguji II sidang skripsi.

5. Orangtua peneliti, Bapak Imam Syafi’i dan Ibu Nanik Yuana yang selalu

mendoakan, mendidik dan memberi support baik secara moril maupun materiil

selama 4 tahun perkualiahan.

6. Saudara peneliti, Arif Rakhman Syafi’i, Nasrul Adytia Syafi’i dan Alif

Faturrahma yang meluangkan waktu luangnya untuk membantu peneliti.

7. Seluruh teman sejawat PSIK 2016 yang sudah melewati suka duka selama

perkuliahan dengan peneliti, terutama Muh. Fajar, Pipit Permatasari, Alya

Nabilla, Zuhriati Anggriani, Fauziah Mita, Vinda Purnamawati, Vidya

vi

Ananda, Monika Asri, Rifdah Dita, Anis Maulidatus, Ardhia Ayu, Nadhiratul

Layli, dan teman-teman lainnya yang peneliti tidak bisa menyebutkan satu per

satu.

8. Aditya Bayu Syahrian Affriandy, yang selalu mendoakan, meluangkan waktu,

menemani, dan menyemangati sehingga makalah skripsi ini dapat

terselesaikan tepat waktu.

9. TWICE selaku role model yang menginspirasi peneliti.

Serta pihak-pihak lain yang tidak dapat peneliti sebutkan satu per satu.

Malang, 24 Juni 2020

Penulis

ix

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................................................ ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ............................................................................................................ iii

SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN PENELITIAN ......................................................... iv

KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................................................... v

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... viii

BAB I ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian..................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus .................................................................................................................. 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis ............................................................................................................... 4

1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis................................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Keaslian Penelitian .................................................................................................................. 5

BAB II .................................................................................................................................................... 8

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 Konsep Kanker Payudara (Ca Mammae) ......................................................................... 8

2.1.1 Pengertian Ca Mammae ................................................................................................. 8

2.1.2 Tipe-tipe Ca Mammae ................................................................................................... 9

2.1.3 Stadium Ca Mammae ................................................................................................... 10

2.1.4 Penyebab Ca Mammae ................................................................................................ 12

2.1.5 Faktor Risiko Ca Mammae ......................................................................................... 12

2.1.6 Patofisiologi Ca Mammae ........................................................................................... 14

2.1.7 Manifestasi Klinis Ca Mammae ................................................................................ 15

2.1.8 Penanganan Ca Mammae ........................................................................................... 16

2.2 Konsep Kemoterapi ............................................................................................................... 20

2.2.1 Definisi Kemoterapi ...................................................................................................... 20

2.2.2 Tujuan Kemoterapi ....................................................................................................... 20

2.2.3 Indikasi Kemoterapi ..................................................................................................... 21

2.2.4 Efek Samping Kemoterapi .......................................................................................... 22

2.3 Konsep Psikoterapi ............................................................................................................... 30

x

2.3.1 Definisi Psikoterapi ....................................................................................................... 30

2.3.2 Tujuan Psikoterapi ........................................................................................................ 31

2.3.3 Bentuk-bentuk Psikoterapi ......................................................................................... 32

2.3.4 Psikoterapi pada Pasien Ca Mammae .................................................................... 35

BAB III ................................................................................................................................................ 37

KERANGKA KONSEP .................................................................................................................. 37

3.1 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................................................................... 37

BAB IV ................................................................................................................................................. 39

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ................................................................................................ 39

4.1 Desain Penelitian ................................................................................................................... 39

4.2 Tahapan Literatur Review .................................................................................................. 39

4.3 Populasi, Sampel, dan Teknik Sampling ....................................................................... 41

4.3.1 Populasi ............................................................................................................................. 41

4.3.2 Teknik Sampling ............................................................................................................ 41

4.3.3 Sampel ............................................................................................................................... 42

4.4 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................................................ 43

4.5 Analisa Data ............................................................................................................................ 43

4.6 Kesimpulan Penelitian ......................................................................................................... 44

BAB V ................................................................................................................................................... 46

HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISA DATA ..................................................................... 46

5.1 Karakteristik Studi ................................................................................................................. 46

5.2 Populasi .................................................................................................................................... 72

5.3 Efek Samping Kemoterapi Secara Fisiologis ................................................................ 73

5.3.1 Nyeri .................................................................................................................................. 73

5.3.2 Insomnia ........................................................................................................................... 73

5.3.3 Gangguan ritme circadian .......................................................................................... 74

5.3.4 Fatigue .............................................................................................................................. 74

5.3.5 Konstipasi......................................................................................................................... 74

5.3.6 Nausea dan muntah ...................................................................................................... 75

5.3.7 Appetite loss .................................................................................................................... 75

5.3.8 Gangguan kognitif ........................................................................................................ 75

5.3.9 Gangguan aktivitas fisik .............................................................................................. 76

5.3.10 Hair Loss ........................................................................................................................ 76

5.4 Efek Samping Kemoterapi secara Psikologis ............................................................... 77

5.4.1 Ansietas ............................................................................................................................. 77

5.4.2 Distres emosional .......................................................................................................... 77

xi

5.4.3 Depresi .............................................................................................................................. 78

5.4.4 Gangguan citra tubuh .................................................................................................. 78

5.4.5 Mood disorder................................................................................................................. 79

5.4.6 Gangguan interaksi sosial ........................................................................................... 79

5.4.7 Kualitas hidup ................................................................................................................. 80

5.5 Penggunaan Psikoterapi ..................................................................................................... 80

5.4.1 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ...................................................................... 80

5.4.2 Hipnosis ........................................................................................................................... 88

5.4.3 Brief Behavioral Therapy ............................................................................................ 89

5.4.4 Guided Imagery and Progressive Muscle Relaxation ........................................ 90

5.4.5 Mindfulness Based Therapy....................................................................................... 91

5.4.6 Self-Management ........................................................................................................... 94

5.4.7 Psikoedukasi ................................................................................................................... 96

BAB VI ................................................................................................................................................. 98

PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................................................................ 98

6.1 Efek Samping Kemoterapi pada Pasien Ca Mammae ............................................... 98

6.2 Psikoterapi dalam Mengatasi Efek Samping Kemoterapi ......................................102

BAB VII .............................................................................................................................................105

KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................................................................105

7.1 Kesimpulan ............................................................................................................................105

7.2 Saran ........................................................................................................................................105

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................................................107

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Stadium Ca Mammae ............................................................................................... 10

Tabel 5.1 Hasil Pencarian Literatur dan Analisa Data ...................................................... 47

Tabel 5.2 Karakteristik Responden ......................................................................................... 72

Tabel 5.3 Jenis Cognitive Behavioral Therapy pada Jurnal ............................................. 80

Tabel 5.4 Sesi Terapi Musik dan Terapi Mindfulness ...................................................... 91

Tabel 5.5 Sesi Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy ...................................................... 92

Tabel 5.6 Sesi Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction .......................................................... 94

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian ....................................................................... 37

Gambar 4.1 Diagram PRISMA Tahapan Literature Review .......................................... 40

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Pencarian Jurnal pada Database ProQuest, Science Direct, dan PubMed

Central .............................................................................................................................................. 103

Lampiran 2. Pengecekan Jurnal Internasional Terindeks Scopus SJR 0,15 ............. 105

Lampiran 3. Logbook Konsultasi Skripsi ................................................................... 111

Lampiran 4. Angket ACC Seminar Hasil ................................................................... 112

Lampiran 5. Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi ............................................................................ 114

Lampiran 6. Lampiran Daftar Riwayat Hidup .......................................................... 115

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