1 Good Governance - Herkutanto

7/27/2019 1 Good Governance - Herkutanto

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TUJUAN PEMBICARAAN

Memahami perilaku suatu lembaga yang

baik dan efisien

Membandingkan keadaan umum

lembaga di Indonesia

Implementasi sistem kelembagaan yang

baik pada sebuah rumah sakit


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AKAR MASALAHAKAR MASALAH PEMAHAMAN TENTANG

KORPORASI KURANG Tidak dapat menempatkan diri pada

proporsinya

KETIDAKJELASAN PEMILIKANASSET

Pemilik diragukan keabsahannya

TIDAK ADA SYSTEM YANGMELAKUKAN GOVERNING

Tidak dikenal Governing Body


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HE/SHE, WHO HAS THE GOLDE/SHE, WHO HAS THE GOLDMAKE RULESAKE RULES


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GOOD GOVERNANCEGOOD GOVERNANCE

Governance

Good Corporate Governance

Good Clinical Governance


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IMPLEMENTASI DALAM

PELAYANAN KESEHATAN

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

lembaga rumah sakit

Badan Hukum Pemilik Rumah Sakit

CLINICAL GOVERNANCE

lembaga komunitas Staf Medis di sebuahRumah Sakit

Komite Medis Rumah Sakit


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CORPORATE

Pemahaman Korporasi

MS Word


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CORPORATIONCORPORATION

-- DEFINITIONDEFINITION--

"A corporation is an artificial being,

invisible, intangible, and existing only incontemplation of law. [Marshall, 1819]

a corporation "is only in abstracto; . . . acorporation . . . is invisible, immortal, andrests only in intendment and considerationof the law. [Lord Coke, 1613 ]

"the college is in corporate matters figuredas a person. [Pope Innocent IV, 1300 AD]


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CORPORATE PRINCIPLESCORPORATE PRINCIPLES (1)(1)

The Corporate is an Artificial Person

Dibentuk dari individu yang menjadi pemiliknya Directed by general will of owners

Mempunyai kekuasaan kolektif

Mempunyai kewajiban kolektif The Sovereignty (kekuasaan tertinggi)

Inalienable (tidak dapat dicabut)

Indivisible (tidak terbagi-bagi) Limitation

The sovereign cannot impose on the subject any burden

which is not necessary to the community

JJ Rousseau, The Social Contract, 1762


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CORPORATE PRINCIPLESCORPORATE PRINCIPLES (2)(2)

There is a SystemThere is a System

StructuresStructures

Rules (Rules (aturanaturanmainmainantarantarpemainpemain))

Regulations (Regulations (kebijakankebijakan ygyg dibakukandibakukan))

There is a GovernanceThere is a Governance existence of Governing Boardexistence of Governing Board

one Tier & two Tiersone Tier & two Tiers


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Definition

Corporate governance is the system by whichbusiness corporations are directeddirected and controlled

The structure specifies the distribution of rights and

responsibilities among participants such as, the board,shareholders and other stakeholders

It spells out the rules and procedures for makingdecisions on corporate affairs and also provides the

structure by which company objectives are set and the

means of attaining them and monitoringperformance


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One Tier vs Two Tiers System


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PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

I) The rights of shareholders;

II) The equitable treatment of shareholders;

III) The role of stakeholders;IV) Disclosure and transparency;

V) The responsibilities of the board.

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Paris, 1999


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The rights of shareholdersThe corporate governance framework should protect shareholdersThe corporate governance framework should protect shareholders rightsrights

A. Basic shareholder rightsA. Basic shareholder rights include the right to: 1) secure methods of ownership registration; 2) convey ortransfer shares; 3) obtain relevant information on the corporation on a timely and regular basis; 4) participate and votein general shareholder meetings; 5) elect members of the board; and 6) share in the profits of the corporation.

B. To participate in decision makingB. To participate in decision making of fundamental corporate changes such as: 1) amendments to thestatutes, or articles of incorporation or similar governing documents of the company; 2) the authorisation of additionalshares; and 3) extraordinary transactions that in effect result in the sale of the company

C. To participate effectively and vote in general shareholder meC. To participate effectively and vote in general shareholder meetingsetings and should be informed ofthe rules including voting procedures, that govern general shareholder meetings: 1. shareholders should be furnishedwith sufficient and timely information concerning the date, location and agenda of general meetings, as well as fulland timely information regarding the issues to be decided at the meeting; 2. Opportunity should be provided forshareholders to ask questions of the board and to place items on the agenda at general meetings, subject to reasonablelimitations 3. Shareholders should be able to vote in person or in absentia, and equal effect should be given to voteswhether cast in person or in absentia.

D. To obtain a degree of controlD. To obtain a degree of control disproportionate to their equity ownership, the Capital structures andarrangements should be disclosed

E. TransparencyE. Transparency, Markets for corporate control should be allowed to function in an efficient and transparent manner.

F. To consider the costs and benefits of exercising their votingF. To consider the costs and benefits of exercising their voting rightsrights..


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The equitable treatment of shareholders

The corporate governance framework should ensure the equitabletreatment of all shareholders, including minority and foreign

shareholders. All shareholders should have the opportunity to obtain

effective redress for violation of their rights.

A. All shareholders of the same class should be treated equallyAll shareholders of the same class should be treated equally.1. Within any class, all shareholders should have the same voting rights. All

investors should be able to obtain information about the voting rights attached

to all classes of shares before they purchase. Any changes in voting rightsshould be subject to shareholder vote.

2. Votes should be cast by custodians or nominees in a manner agreed upon withthe beneficial owner of the shares.

3. Processes and procedures for general shareholder meetings should allow forequitable treatment of all shareholders. Company procedures should not makeit unduly difficult or expensive to cast votes.

B. Insider trading and abusive selfInsider trading and abusive self--dealing should be prohibiteddealing should be prohibited.

C. Members of theMembers of the board and managersboard and managers should be required to discloserequired to discloseany material interestsany material interests in transactions or matters affecting the corporation.


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The role of stakeholdersThe corporate governance framework should recognise the rights of

stakeholders as established by law and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth,

jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises.

A. The corporate governance framework should assure that the rights ofstakeholders that are protected by law are respected.

B. Where stakeholder interests are protected by law, stakeholders shouldhave the opportunity to obtain effective redress for violation of theirrights.

C. The corporate governance framework should permit performance-enhancing mechanisms for stakeholder participation.

D. Where stakeholders participate in the corporate governance process,they should have access to relevant information.


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Disclosure and transparencyThe corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accuratedisclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including

the financial situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company

A. DisclosureDisclosure should include, but not be limited to, material information on:1. The financial and operating results of the company.

2. Company objectives.

3. Major share ownership and voting rights.

4. Members of the board and key executives, and their remuneration.

5. Material foreseeable risk factors.6. Material issues regarding employees and other stakeholders.

7. Governance structures and policies.

B. InformationInformation should be prepared, audited, and disclosed in accordance with high quality

standards of accounting, financial and non-financial disclosure, and audit.

C. An annual audit should be conducted by an independent auditorAn annual audit should be conducted by an independent auditor in order to provide anexternal and objective assurance on the way in which financial statements have beenprepared and presented.

D. Channels fordisseminating information should provide for fair, timely and codisseminating information should provide for fair, timely and costst--efficientefficientaccess to relevant information by users.


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PRINSIP GOVERNMENTPRINSIP GOVERNMENT Every free action has two causes which

concur (secara bersama) to produce it:1.1. Moral (Moral (thethe willwill which determines the act)which determines the act)

2.2. Physical (Physical (thethe strengthstrength which execute itwhich execute it))

Legislative PowerLegislative Power (mind(mind will)will) Formulates the willFormulates the will

Only belong to the people (Only belong to the people (or its representativesor its representatives))

Executive PowerExecutive Power (muscle(muscleact)act) Cannot belong to the generality of the peopleCannot belong to the generality of the people

Exercised only in particular actsExercised only in particular acts

JJ Rousseau, The Social Contract, 1762


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Roles Of The Board And Management

Vision

Mission

Core Values

Strategies

Goals and Action Plans

Budget

Operations

Board of

directors

Management

Oversight and

monitoring

Managing

Source: Mak Yuen Teen @ CGFRC


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PENYIMPANGAN ATASPENYIMPANGAN ATAS GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLESGOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES

PENCAMPURAN ANTARA

EXECUTIVE POWER DAN LEGISLATIVE

POWER

EksekutifEksekutifyang memiliki wewenang legislatif

Bagaikan otot yang mempunyai otak sendiri

Dapat bergerak tidak terkendali (involuntary movement)

LegislatifLegislatifyang memiliki wewenang eksekutif

Bagaikan otak yang dapat bergerak sendiri (mempunyai energi

kinetik)

Konflik dengan komponen motorik (percuma mempunyai otot

telah didisain mempunyai kemampuan spesifik)


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Commercial Advantage

Build a respected and

trusted global brand

Preferred supplier (e.g. in

North American markets) Preferred partner (e.g. in

joint ventures with MNCs)

Competition for global talent

Build trust with

employees Preferred employer for

talent in global market

Key Benefits Of Corporate Governance

Lower cost of equity and

debt capital

Better access to

international capital

markets

Longer term investors

and better relationships

Risk management and

internal controls

Protect strategic or

financial investments

Promote quality decision-making

Encourage effective succession planning for senior management

Enhance the long-term prosperity of company

Good

Corporate

GovernanceFIN

ANCIAL

BEN

EFITS

REPU

TATIONBE

NEFITS

OPERATIONAL BENEFITS


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SITUATION IN ASIASITUATION IN ASIA

Historical Overview

Crisis ImpactLesson Learned


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210301LNZXT376TSMW-P1

Investors views on the quality of governance in AsiaInvestors views on the quality of governance in Asia

2.6

2.5

2.0

1.7

1.5

1.1

1 2 3 4 5

Quality of corporate governanceScale

Japan

Taiwan

Korea

Thailand

Malaysia

Indonesia

Very

good

Very

poor

U.S.

(estimate)

20

20

24

26

25

27

0 10 20 30

Premium investors are wil ling to

pay for a well governed company%

U.S.

18%

Asia

24%


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Average premium investors would be willing to pay for

a well-governed company

Average premium investors would be willing to pay for

a well-governed companyAverage %

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

0Anglo-Saxon

USUK

Continental Europe

Italy

Switzerland

Germany

France

Spain

Latin America

Chile

ArgentinaMexico

Brazil

ColumbiaVenezuela

Taiwan

Asia

Japan

Indonesia

Korea

ThailandMalaysia


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The Anglo-Saxon governance systemThe Anglo-Saxon governance system

Shareholder

environment

Independence

and

performance

Capital market

liquidity

Corporate

context

Institutional

context

Transparency

andaccountability

OECD

Principles

Dispersed

ownership

Highlydeveloped

institutional

investment

Non-

executive

majority

boards

Al igned incentives

Act ive market

for corporate

control

Act ive private

equity market

(incl . IPOs)

Clear

lines of

accountability

Highdisclosure


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The Asian governance systemThe Asian governance system

Shareholder

environment

Independence

and

performance

Capital market

liquidity

Corporate

context

Institutional

context

Transparency

andaccountability

OECD

Principles

Concentrated

ownership

Reliance on

family and state

finance

Insider

boards

Incentives

aligned with

core shareholders

Limited market

for corporate

control

Under-developed

and illiquid

investment market

Inadequate

minority

protection

Limiteddisclosure


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Anglo-Saxon governance system

Managing the transitional challengeManaging the transitional challenge

Asian governance system


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SITUATION IN INDONESIASITUATION IN INDONESIA

Historical Overview

Crisis ImpactLesson Learned


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SistemSistem AdministrasiAdministrasi KerajaanKerajaan didi

IndonesiaIndonesia Kerajaan tidak memiliki pegawainya sendiri

(yg dibayar wajar). Watik dibiarkan hidup secara otonom.

Pegawai kerajaan diberi kekuasaan menguasai

wilayah tertentu diluar ibukota. Pejabat kerajaan memperoleh penghasilan

bukan dari gaji tetapi dari kuasanya untuk

memungut upeti tertentu dari desa / rakyat.PungliPunglioleholehPejabatPejabatAdministrasiAdministrasi

Wibawa, Samodra, Countries in the Archipelago, 2001


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PERAN PEJABAT KERAJAANPERAN PEJABAT KERAJAAN

Peran Pejabat bukan sebagai

administrator yang melayani rakyat,tapi lebih sebagai simbolik penguasa.

Basis legitimasinya adalah pada

kekuatan magisnya (cerita2) dan bukanpada kemampuan menyejahterakan

rakyatnya

Wibawa, Samodra, Countries in the Archipelago, 2001


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LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED1.1. The imperatives of good policies and effective enforcementThe imperatives of good policies and effective enforcement2.2. Reform of corporate governanceReform of corporate governance

a. Overviewa. Overview

bad practices in corporate governance has contributed to the Indonesian crisis sub-standard corporate governance is an undeniable fact of life in pre-crisis

b. Fostering voluntary adherence to good governanceb. Fostering voluntary adherence to good governance The policy framework needed to pressure corporate organizations to take

governance issues seriously

c. Formalizing leadership and management practicesc. Formalizing leadership and management practices the extent to which Board of Director & Board of Commissioner really function as

a board in which decisions are made collectively is not well known.

the rights and duties of each board should be spelled out in written form incompany documents.

e. Incentive contracting and succession arrangementse. Incentive contracting and succession arrangements East Asians, including Indonesians, do not negotiate on incentives openly;

Directors are also expected to work conscientiously even without a contract.


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KESIMPULANKESIMPULAN Konsep good governance menghargai para

pemilik asset / memberberdasar prinsip keadilan

Korporasi bukan budaya asli Indonesia, prosespembelajaran berlangsung sangat lambat

Lembaga publik di Indonesia agakdisorientasi

perihal kepemilikan (ownership) asset lembaga Lembaga2 di Indonesia harus merubah stylenyauntuk menghindari konflik dan tetap survive

Rumah sakit harus menerapkan prinsip good

corporate governance Kelompok profesi medis di rumah sakit harus

menerapkan prinsip good clinical governance


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KEY WORDSKEY WORDS

OWNERSHIP OF ASSETSOWNERSHIP OF ASSETS

FAIRNESSFAIRNESS

ACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTABILITY


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