Eur asian Pre his tory, 8 (1–2): 29–49.

NEW AP PROACH TO THE SZELETIAN – CHRO NOL OGYAND CUL TURAL VARI ABIL ITY

¼ubomíra Kaminská1, Janusz K. Koz³owski2 and Petr Škrdla3

1 The In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy of the Acad emy of Sci ences of the Slo vak Re pub lic, De part ment Košice,Hmèiarska 13, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; kaminska@saske.sk

2 In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy, Jagiellonian Uni ver sity, Go³êbia 11, 31-007 Kraków, Po land;janusz.kozlowski@uj.edu.pl

3 The In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy of the Acad emy of Sci ences of the Czech Re pub lic, Královopolská 62/147,612 00 Brno – Královo Pole, Czech Re pub lic; skrdla@arub.cz

Ab stractThe Cen tral Eu ro pean Szeletian does not rep re sent a ho mo ge neous unit and should be divided into two groups on the

ba sis of strat i fied and ra dio met ri cally dated as sem blages. The Early Szeletian, which is rooted in the Cen tral Eu ro peanMicoquian (we can ob serve the smooth pas sage from the typ i cal Micoquian to the clas si cal Szeletian), and the Youn gerSzeletian char ac ter ized by Moravany-Dlha leaf points. The lat ter ap pears af ter the chro no log i cal gap cor re spond ing to theCampanian Ignimbrite and Hein rich 4 events. Prob a bly, the clas si cal/Early Szeletian and the Moravany-Dlha in dus tries do not rep re sent the same cul tural tra di tion.

Key words: Ini tial/Early Up per Palaeo lithic, Szeletian, Bohunician, Jerzmanowician, Kostenki-Streletskaya in dus try.

IN TRO DUC TION

Leaf points are con sid ered the di ag nos tic ar ti -fact type not only for the Mid dle/Up per Paleoli-thic tran si tion in Cen tral and East ern Eu rope butalso as in di ca tor of sev eral Mid dle Paleolithic cul -tural en ti ties. Among the Mid dle Paleolithic en ti -ties of this re gion leaf points are first and fore most char ac ter is tic of the Micoquian (Kulakovskaya,1990; Koz³owski, 1995; Valoch, 1995), as well as of the Moustero-Leval loi sian of the Bal kans andthe Lower Dan ube ba sin (Sirakova, 1990, 2009;Koz³owski, 1992; Paunescu, 1993; Valoch, 1993).Sev eral ep i sodes dur ing their time of ex is tencedem on strate the oc cur rence of leaf points, pos si blysince the early phase of the Mid dle Paleolithic(Guadelli et al., 2005) un til their late phase.

Among the “Tran si tional units” leaf pointswere found and clas si fied in four ba sic lithic com -plexes:

– the Szeletian in Cen tral Eu rope, the old estin the Mid dle Dan ube ba sin,

– the Sungirian (or Kostenki-Streletskaya in -dus try) in the Rus sian Plain,

– the Jerzmanowician (or the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician) in the Cen tral Eu ro -pean Plain,

– the Bohunician in Moravia (in the type-siteBrno-Bohunice and sev eral sur face sites).

The Szeletian – the pri mary ob jec tive of ana-lysis in this pa per – was de fined by F. Prošek(1953) as an in dus try of the tran si tional Mid -dle/Up per Paleolithic phase that evolved from theMous terian un der the in flu ence of the Aurig na -cian. The Szeletian was dated to Würm 1-2, cor re -spond ing to the Interpleniglacial (MIS 3). Thisdef i ni tion is to a large ex tent valid to day al thoughit has been crit i cized in a num ber of pub li ca tions.

The dis cus sion con cern ing the or i gins of theSzeletien drew the at ten tion to the Micoquianrather than to the Mous terian. The or i gins of theleaf points in the Micoquian in dus try was as cer -tained in Moravia (Valoch, 1990, 1995), in wes-

tern Slovakia (Kaminská et al., 2005a) and in theter ri tory of Hun gary (Ringer, 1983, 1989).

The re li abil ity of the strati graphic se quencesat the epon y mous site in Szeleta Cave (Fig. 1.12)has also been dis puted (Lengyel and Mester,2008). This site is the only one among the Szele-tian as sem blages that pro vided two sub se quentcul tural lev els with leaf points as cribed to theEarly and Late Szeletian (Allsworth-Jones, 1986;Svoboda and Simán, 1989; Simán, 1990). Somedoubts were raised as to the sup posed ho mo ge ne -ity of two strat i fied as sem blages and whether thera dio met ric dates of the finds from pre vi ous ex ca -va tions (Vértes, 1965) and from more re cent in -ves ti ga tions (Ad ams, 2002; Ringer, 2002) in deed

cor re spond to the oc cu pa tional ep i sodes in theSzeleta Cave (Lengyel and Mester, 2008). None -the less, the sug gested chro no log i cal hi a tus be -tween the two Szeletian oc cu pa tions in SzeletaCave is cur rently sup ported by the dates ( ka BP1)from a work shop of leaf points of the “de vel opedSzeletian” type from quartz-por phyry at theopen-air site of Egerszalók-Kõvágó on the mar gin of Bükk Moun tains (Koz³owski et al., 2009). There cent techno-mor pho log i cal anal y sis of leafpoints from Szeleta cave, in spite of the ab senceof di rect dates for the lower com plex dem on -strates that no di rect links could be es tab lished be -tween the Early and De vel oped Szeletian (Mester, 2010).

30 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 1. Map of the area with key sites men tioned in text. 1: Vedrovice V, 2: Moravský Krumlov IV, 3:Želešice-Hoynerhügel, 4: Ivanovce-Skala, 5: Zamarovce-Skalka, 6: Plavecký Mikuláš, Dzeravá skala Cave, 7:Radošina, Èertova pec Cave, 8: Moravany-Dlhá, 9: Trenèianské Teplice-Pliešky, 10: Trenèianska Turná-Hámre,11: Vlèkovce-Vinohradky, 12: Szeleta Cave

1 All the dates in the text are uncalibrated if contrary it is clearly written.

The links of the Szeletian with the Aurig na -cian pro posed by F. Prošek (1953) have also beencon tro ver sial. Some re search ers sug gest that aspecial type of Aurig na cian with leaf pointsshould be dis tin guished (Miškovice type – Oliva,1990). How ever, this con clu sion was basedmostly on sur face ma te ri als from Moravian sites.

The oc cur rence of leaf points in the Gra vet -tian sites in Moravian sites (Svoboda, 2002) andin west ern Slovakian sites (Bárta, 1988; Kamin-ská et al., 2008), only in the Late phase of theGra vet tian, is un ques tion able. Thus the claim of adi rect evo lu tion of Szeletian to Gra vet tian (Alls-worth-Jones, 1986) is du bi ous.

In deed, the Szeletian as sem blages re quired ama jor re-anal y sis that takes into ac count newlyob tained ev i dence, first in Moravia (Neruda andNerudová, 2009; Škrdla et al., in press), and Slo-vakia (Kaminská et al., in press). The pre vi ouslyob tained sources must also be re-ex am ined. Mostim por tantly, the chro nol ogy of the as sem blagesas cribed to the “Szeletian en tity” and the suppo-sed techno-ty po logi cal ho mo ge ne ity.

In spite of some dif fer ences we should stressthat two “tran si tional units” with bifacial pointsshow some com mon fea tures with the Szeletian,as fol lows:

– The Sungirian (Streletskian-Sungirian) andthe Jerzmanowician (LRJ unit) known to be de -rived from the Mid dle Paleolithic cul tural unitsthat are part of broadly de fined Micoquian (Flas,2008; Koz³owski, 2010).

– The two en ti ties per sisted al most un til theend of MIS 3 (Anikovich et al., 2008; Koz³owski,2010),

Both units are par tially con tem po ra ne ouswith the Aurig na cian (Sinitsyn, 2003; Flas, 2008).

Fi nally we should men tion the oc cur rence ofin di vid ual Jerzmanowician points not only in theBohunician asseblages such as in Stránská skálaIIa, layer 5 (Svoboda 2003: fig. 10.1j), but also inthe Szeletian as sem blages in Moravia (ŽelešiceIII) and in Up per Silesia (Bluszcz et al., 1996).

THE EARLY PHASE OF THESZELETIAN IN MORAVIA

Szeletian as sem blages were re ported fromdoz ens sites in the Moravian ter ri tory (Allsworth-Jones, 1986; Oliva, 1991; Valoch, 2000; Svo-

boda, 2001; Neruda and Nerudová, 2009). How -ever, the ma jor ity are sur face sites at trib uted tothe Szeletian due to the pres ence of bifaciallyworked leaf points and other char ac ter is tic tools.The only strat i fied col lec tions with ab so lute datesare only those ex ca vated: Vedrovice V, Moravský Krumlov IV, and Želešice-III. Based on avail ablera dio car bon dates, tech no log i cal and ty po logi calstud ies we de fine the Moravian Szeletian as EarlySzeletian. In ad di tion, they dem on strate a highlevel of re sem blance to the late Micoquian col lec -tion from Kùlna cave.

Vedrovice VThe site is lo cated on the south east erly slope

near the foot of the Krumlovský les moun tainridge at an el e va tion 270 m (Fig. 1.1). The sources of Krumlovský les-type chert are lo cated nearby.Dur ing 1982–1983 K. Valoch (1993) ex ca vatedsev eral thou sands of ar ti facts from sev eral ar ti fact clus ters em bed ded in interstadial soil at a depth of ca. 90 cm bel low sur face and cov ered by loess.

The ar ti facts were pro duced mainly from lo -cal raw ma te rial – Krumlovský les-type chert andsup ple mented by iso lated ar ti facts shaped fromim ported rocks (radiolarite and er ratic flint). Thetech nol ogy is char ac ter ized mostly by non-Leval-lois flake pro duc tion (in clud ing sev eral Levalloisflakes with facetted strik ing plat form), with rareblades and blade cores. The ty po logi cal in ven toryis com posed by high fre quency of notched anddenticulated tools, side scrap ers, and leaf points,sup ple mented by end scrap ers, burins and com -bined tools. Ra dio car bon dates range be tween45–39 ka BP (Valoch, 1993). How ever, the OSLdates, range from ca. 45 ka BP ob tained fromover ly ing ho ri zon through 60 ka BP from the ar -chae o log i cal layer to 102 ka BP for the bot tom ofthis ho ri zon (Nejman et al., 2011). In ad di tion ara dio car bon date of ca. 39 ka BP (Valoch, 1993)was ob tained the layer above the ar chae o log i calho ri zon and thus sug gests an ear lier age of theVedrovice V Szeletian, set tling the is sue of pos si -ble at tri bu tion of the site to the Micoquian.

Moravský Krumlov IVThe site is lo cated at an al ti tude of 320 m, on

south east erly ori ented slope from top of the Kru-mlovský les moun tain ridge (Fig. 1.2). The pre -his toric peo ple were at tracted by the pres ence of

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 31

raw ma te rial out crop (peb bles of the Krumlovskýles-type chert in Ter tiary gravel de pos its), avail -able near this lo cal ity. Dur ing 2000–2004 P. Ne-ruda and Z. Nerudová ex ca vated an area of 43 m3

(Neruda and Nerudová, 2009). A col lec tion of6000 ar ti facts were ex ca vated from the up per ar -chae o log i cal ho ri zon lo cated within the com plexof interstadial soils af fected by periglacial fea -tures. The in dus try is dom i nantly flake; one thirdof which re sulted from bifacial thin ning. Bladesare rare and blade cores are not pres ent. Leafpoints of dif fer ent shapes and in dif fer ent stagesof pro duc tion rep re sent the pre vail ing type. In ad -di tion to the points there are notched tools, flakeend scrap ers, side scrap ers, and denticulated tools.

Char coal sam ples yielded a se ries of datesrang ing be tween 43–41 ka BP. The OSL datesrange from 64 ka BP at the base of the ar chae o log i -cal ho ri zon to 43 ka BP in the up per part of thislayer, sim i larly to Vedrovice V and also sug gest an

ear lier age than ex pected from ra dio car bon datesand pos si ble af fil i a tion with the Micoquian.

Želešice-HoynerhügelThe site is lo cated above the right bank of Ha-

jany Creek, and rep re sents one part of the se riesof the sites fol low ing the course of this creek andalong the Bobrava River from Oøechov on the west to Popovice on the east (Fig. 1.3, Fig. 2). The al ti -tude of the site ranges be tween 268–276 m a.s.l.The site was re ported by K. Valoch (1956) andother finds were pub lished by M. Oliva (1987).Since 2009 this site was un der sur face sur vey byP. Škrdla (Škrdla et al., 2010). Be cause test pitsdug on the site in 2009 and 2010 yielded ev i dence for ar ti facts in in tact sed i ments, a small scale ex -ca va tion was car ried out in the sum mer of 2010(Škrdla et al., in press). The ex ca va tion yielded acol lec tion of 138 stone ar ti facts re corded in 3D,with ad di tional 59 ar ti facts (of ten micro chips)

32 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 2. Želešice-Hoynerhügel, a view to the Brno Ba sin

found dur ing wet-siev ing. The ar ti facts were ex -ca vated from three strati graphic ho ri zons. Thestudy of the re la tion ships be tween the ho ri zons isthe aim of planned ex ca va tion. The char coal lensin the low er most ho ri zon yielded a date of 37,700±800 BP (Poz-37821), which is com pa ra ble toother Moravian sites as signed to the Szeletian asin Vedrovice V and Moravský Krumlov IV (Va-loch, 1993; Davies and Nerudová, 2009). OSLdat ing, which would al low us to com pare this sitewith ear lier dates from Vedrovice V and Morav-ský Krumlov IV, is not yet avail able. The ar ti facts were pro duced from Krumlovský les-type chert,Stránská skála-type chert, radiolarite, quartz, andOlomuèany-type chert. The tech no log i cal spec -trum is char ac ter ized by debitage. Im por tant arefive ar ti facts with facetted strik ing plat forms (Fig. 3.8–12). The col lec tion of tools in cludes 11 items: an end-scraper made from Krumlovský les-typechert (Fig. 3.4), an atyp i cal end-scraper madefrom Stránská skála-type chert, a radiolarite burin(Fig. 3.5), a radiolarite dis tal frag ment of a Jerz-manowice point (Fig. 3.2), a dis tal frag ment of aMous terian point made from Stránská skála-typechert (Fig. 3.1), a prox i mal frag ment of a unifa-cially re touched leaf point made from radiolarite(Fig. 3.3), a splint ered piece from burnt Krum-lovský les-type chert, a frag ment of bi lat er ally re -touched blade from the Olomuèany-type chert(Fig. 3.14), a frag ment of a re touched radiolaritetool (Fig. 3.7), and two trun cated blades madefrom the Olomuèany-type chert (Fig. 3.6, 13).

The ty po logi cal spec trum is en larged by sur -face finds (over 500 ar ti facts in to tal) from whichonly the im por tant ones are noted – three frag -ments of leaf-points (Fig. 3.18, 24, 30), four frag -ments of Jerzmanowice-type points (Fig. 3.17, 19, 20, 25), and a se ries of ar ti facts with facettedstrik ing plat form (Fig. 3.21, 26–28). The col lec -tion from the site in clud ing sur face finds is in sig -nif i cant due to the pres ence of char ac ter is tic at -trib utes of sev eral EUP cul tures. Side scrap ersand a re touched leaf-point frag ments are gen er -ally con sid ered as typ i cal of the Szeletian in dus -try; pre pared (facetted) plat forms and op po site re -duc tion sur faces are con sid ered as typ i cal of theBohunician; Jerzmanowice-type points are con -sid ered as typ i cal of the Szeletian or Bohunician;and steeply re touched end scrap ers are con sid ered as typ i cal of the Aurig na cian.

THE SZELETIAN IN THE WESTSLOVAKIA

Among the Szeletian key-sites re ported indif fer ent pa pers two caves of ten men tioned: Èer-tova Pec and Dzeravá Skala as well as four open-air sites: Moravany-Dlhá, Zamarovce, Ivano-vce-Skala and Trenèianske Teplice (orig i nally de -scribed as Ve¾ký Kolaèín), with additonal sitesthe con tain only iso lated finds. Re cently, sev eralof those col lec tions were reanalyzed, sev eral siteswere reexcavated, and new ra dio met ric, dateswere ob tained.

Ivanovce – SkalaThe site is lo cated on the lime stone cliff

above the Váh river bed. The al ti tude of the sitereaches 210 m (Fig. 1.4; Fig. 4). The site was ex -ca vated by F. Prošek (1953) in 1949, and latercon tin ued by J. Bárta (1966:fig. 4), who cleanedProšek‘s pro file. The stone in dus try was re cov -ered from the decalcified W 1-2 fos sil soil be -tween two loess lay ers and the malacofauna wasde scribed as Striata-type. Re cently malacofaunaanal y sis place it in the interpleniglacial (Kamin-ská et al., 2008:219).

The ar ti facts were pro duced from radiolaritesup ple mented by quartz ite and other si li ceousrocks. The ear li est find was pub lished by J. Skutil(1938: fig. 41) as a “knife“, how ever, J. Bárta(1966: 26) identified it as a coarse leaf-point made from flint.

F. Prošek (1953: 146–148) de scribed theSzeletian tech nol ogy as based on the re duc tion ofir reg u lar and dis coid cores, sup ple mented by sev -eral pris matic cores. Broad flakes were fre quentand side scrap ers dom i nate the group of tools.End-scrap ers were carinated with in fre quentblade end-scrap ers. The burins in clude di hed raland carinated types were not few. Iso lated backedmicroblades were doc u mented. Ar ti facts desribed as leaf-points have dor sal flat re touch and onlypar tial ven tral flat re touch on the basal end(Prošek, 1953:tab. III.6), or ven tral re touch ofboth basal and dis tal ends (Prošek, 1953:tab.III.9). The wide and coarse tri an gu lar points,some times with flat re touch (Prošek, 1953:tab.III.4, IV.5, 6) are most prob a bly re touched flakesac cord ing to the draw ings in the pub li ca tion. An -other points de scribed by Prošek (1953:tab. III.4,

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 33

34 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 3. Želešice-Hoynerhügel, se lected ma te rial. 1-15: ma te rial from 2010 ex ca va tion; 16-31: sur face col lec tion

6, 7, 9, IV.5, 6) as heath-shaped leaf-points aresug ges tive of small bifaces and it can not be ex -cluded that they rep re sent Szeletian ar ti facts in anearly stage of shap ing.

In 2006, the part of a pro file on the south ernmar gin of Skalka was cleaned and it be came ap -par ent that the ex posed strati graphic se quence dif -fers from the pre vi ously de scribed. Interstratifiedbe tween two loess lay ers was a cal car e oussoliflucted layer (Kaminská et al., 2008:fig. 35),from which small pieces of char coal and threeradiolarite flakes were re cov ered The solifluctionof the find ho ri zon was al ready men tioned by J.Bárta (1966:27), and in ad di tion, on the sur facesof many of the ar ti facts from Prošek’s ex ca va tion(de pos ited at AÚ SAV at Nitra) car bon ate coat ing sur vived. Un for tu nately, the re touched tools –end-scrap ers, burins, points – still re ported by J.Bárta (1966:fig. 10 bot tom) are cur rently miss ingfrom depository. An im por tant fea ture of the col -lec tion is the pres ence of UP cores ini ti ated fromthe fron tal crest of pris matic and py ram i dal cores(Kaminská et al., 2008:fig. 34), found to getherwith crested blades.

The in dus try is com posed of two parts. Theear lier one in cludes discoidal and ir reg u lar cores,broad flakes, bifacially worked ar ti facts, and re -touched flakes, and the later in cludes sig nif i cantAurig na cian im ple ments such as carinated scrap -ers and cores. We can not ex clude that some mix -ing of Mid dle and Up per Paleolithic com po nentsoc curred due to solifluction, as documnented inthe cleaned pro file in 2006 and was orig i nally re -ported by J. Bárta (1966:27). An other im por tantob ser va tion is that none bifacially re touched leaf-point was found.

Zamarovce-Skalka brickyardThe site is lo cated on the south slope of White

Carpathians, slightly above the right bank of VáhRiver, in an al ti tude of 210 m (Fig. 1.5).

The site was lo cated in the wall of for merbrickyard quarry in which sev eral ar chae o log i calho ri zons were dis tin guished. From one layer wide flakes re moved from discoidal cores were re -ported. These ar ti facts were as so ci ated withbifacially re touched items found dur ing sed i ments ex ploi ta tion with out strati graphic con text. Prošek

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 35

Fig. 4. Ivanovce-Skala, a view to a site

(1953) de scribed the part of ma te rial as Szeletian.Chmielewski (1969) re clas si fied the in dus try asMicoquian, a clas si fi ca tion that be came broadlyac cepted (Kaminská et al., 2008). The brickyarddid not sur vive fur ther de vel op ment and re-ex ca -va tion is not pos si ble.

Plavecký Mikuláš, Dzeravá skala CaveThe cave is lo cated in a small brook val ley jut -

ting from the Lesser Carpathian Moun tain ridge tothe north (bel low the cave) and later to the west(closer to Rudava River val ley). The cave en trancereaches an el e va tion 450 m and it is lo cated 37 mabove lo cal the brook chan nel (Fig. 1.6).

The site was ex ca vated by Hillebrand (1913,1914) and Prošek (1951, 1953), and later was de -scribed as a clas si cal Szeletian site with char ac ter -is tic leaf points and bone points. The site wasre-ex ca vated dur ing 2002–2003 (Kaminská et al.,2005a, 2005b) and Late Paleolithic, Gra vet tian,Aurig na cian, and Micoquian oc cu pa tions weredoc u mented. It al lowed the chang ing of Prošek’sclas si fi ca tion of the Szeletian bone points toAurig na cian. The low er most layer 11 yielded

only three ar ti facts in clud ing bifacially workedar ti fact sim i lar to Prošek’s finds. The AMS andOSL dates in di cate that the layer is ca. 45–57 kaBP thus plac ing the oc cu pa tion of the cave to theMicoquian (Kaminská et al., 2005a).

Radošina, Èertova pec CaveThe site Èertova near Radošina is lo cated in

the W–E ori ented gap within Považský Inovecmoun tain ridge, sum mit of which reaches an el e -va tion of 450–750 m (Fig. 1.7, Fig. 5). The cave is in an al ti tude of 230 m and the cave tun nel runs insouth west – north east ern di rec tion with en tranceson both ends. While Èertova pec cave is openedto Nitra River Val ley, 4 km to the north west,when cross ing moun tain ridge, it opens to VáhRiver Val ley where is the site Moravany-Dlhá.

The cave was ex ca vated by L. Zotz (1937 and 1941; no re ports are avail able), by F. Prošek (in1949; Prošek, 1950), and J. Bárta (in 1958–1961;Bárta, 1959, 1965, 1972; Musil, 1996). While thefirst two ex ca va tors prob a bly ex ca vated only theGra vet tian de pos its, the later opened deeptrenches and rec og nized EUP and MP oc cu pa -

36 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 5. Radošina, Èertova pec Cave, a view to a site

tions, mainly near the north east ern en trance. Themost im por tant of Bárta’s dis cov er ies was ahearth, dated to 38 ka BP, and as signed by au thorto the Szeletian. The at tri bu tion of this layer to the Szeletian re lied on two ar ti facts with flat re touch(Bárta, 1965:tab. XV.1, 2). Be low the Szeletianho ri zon the same au thor rec og nized Mous terianlay ers. R. Musil, who an a lyzed the osteologicalas sem blage from the cave, dis cussed in his study,based on dif fer ences among the fau nal as sem -blages, the pos si bil ity that more ho ri zons, un for -tu nately not sep a rated dur ing Bárta’s ar che o log i -cal ex ca va tion, were pres ent.

Re cently, we reanalyzed all the avail able ma -te rial from this ex ca va tion (de pos ited in AI SASde pos i tory) and con fronted it with Bárta’s fieldnotes which sur vived in the same in sti tute, writ ten dur ing ev ery day of the ex ca va tion and not ing thedepths at tained in in di vid ual squares, in clud ingdraw ings of im por tant ar ti facts. Bárta dis cov eredthe hearth on 22 Oc to ber 1958. His orig i nal de -scrip tion of the hearth lo cated it at the bound arybe tween sec tors 19 and 20 at the depth 170–180 cm. It is im por tant to note that there were noar ti facts re ported from this area in the orig i nal do- cumentation. The pres ence of the Szeletian oc cu -pa tion of the cave was later based on the radiocar- bon date from the hearth and the pres ence of twoar ti facts with flat re touch (cur rently miss ing fromthe de pos i tory). The first flat re touched ar ti fact(Bárta, 1965:tab. XV.1) made of brown ra dio-larite was found within the sed i ments re movedfrom the cave and its as so ci a tion with the hearth is un cer tain. It was found one month ear lier be forethe hearth was un cov ered when MP ar ti facts (in -clud ing e.g., a side-scraper – Fig. 6.15; a Leval-lois flake – Fig. 6.4) were re trieved in sec tor 14and its sur round ings. The sec ond, (Bárta, 1965:tab. XV.2) a bifacially semi-flat re touched pointmade from a grey chert was found two years laterin sec tor 27, in the depth of 95 cm, in a layer orig i -nally de scribed by Bárta as W1-W2. There fore itsas so ci a tion with the hearth is un cer tain. Szeletianar ti facts as signed by Bárta were small undiag-nostic radiolarite flakes from sec tor 14, fromdepths of 280 cm (Fig. 6.2). The only ar ti fact wesug gest that could be at trib uted to the Szeletian isa dou ble side-scraper made on bifacial thin ningflake (BTF) from sec tor 16, from depth 160–180cm (Fig. 6.7), which is the same depth as that of

the hearth. Hence, based on the above reanalysisof the strati graphic sit u a tion, we sug gest that theSzeletian oc cu pa tion of the cave is not well doc u -mented. The only in di ca tion for a Szeletian oc cu -pa tion is the pres ence of this hearth. The re centlynew dates of bones lo cated near the hearth and ap -prox i mately at the same level, al though slightlyhigher are 40 100±1 200 BP (OxA-24106), 42100±1 500 BP (OxA-24107) and 45 000 BP(OxA-24108). In fact, our in ter pre ta tion is that ifthe cave was vis ited by Szeletian hunt ers onlydur ing a short visit and thus none of tech no log i -cally or typologically Szeletian char ac ter is tic ma -te rial el e ments were left in place. On the otherhand, tak ing into ac count a doc u mented MP oc cu -pa tion of the cave and a rel a tively late date for thelate Micoquian from Kùlna cave in the Moraviankarst, the hearth may be long to the MP pe riod aswell, sim i larly to above men tioned Dzeravá skalacave. The MP is tech no log i cally doc u mented by a pres ence of bifacial re touched ar ti fact (Fig. 6.1),dif fer ent kinds of side-scrap ers (Fig. 6.9, 14),BTFs (Fig. 6.5, 6, 10), and Levallois flakes (Fig.6.4, 12). Mor pho log i cally, we can sug gest bothMicoquian (biface, BTFs) and Moustérian (Leva-llois flakes) oc cu pa tional ep i sodes.

LATE PHASE OF THE SZELETIAN

Re cently ob tained AMS date from ear lier ex -ca va tion in Moravany-Dlhá in di cates a late phaseof Szeletian on West ern Slovakia, which is char -ac ter ized by Moravany-Dlhá-type points.

Moravany-Dlhá The site is lo cated on the left bank of Váh

river, on the south west ern slope of Povážský Ino-vec moun tain ridge, in an al ti tude of 330 m fac inginto Váh river val ley (Fig. 1.8, Fig. 7).

The Paleolithic re search in Moravany onVáh-Dlhá started with an am a teur sur face col lec -tion, whose re sults ware pre sented by L. Zotz in1939 (Zotz and Vlk, 1939). First sys tem atic re -search was ini ti ated by L. Zotz (1951: 181). Ex act lo ca tion of the trench from this ex ca va tion is notknown. The ex ca va tion of this site was con tin uedin 1946 by K. Absolon (Nerudová and Valoch,2009). The ar ti facts, es pe cially leaf points, whichare stored at the Pieš•any mu seum, were pub -lished by J. Bárta (1960). Sub se quent ex ca va tions

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 37

38 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 6. Radošina, Èertova pec Cave, se lected ma te rial from Bárta‘s ex ca va tion

were car ried out by J Bárta in 1963 and 1990. J.Bárta pub lished the re sults only par tially in shortpa pers (Bárta 1967, 1970).

The ex ca va tions were con tin ued in 2008 insev eral trenches where a few ar ti facts ap peared inin tact de pos its from which sam ples were taken for soil micromorphological anal y ses. Un for tu natelychar coal or bones for dat ing were not found.

In trench II/2008 be low the Ho lo cene soil ap -pear light brown loamy loess and a ho ri zon of fos -sil soil rich in car bon ates was ex posed. The mi -cromor pho log i cal sam ple from the depth of 80 cmrep re sents at least three or four dif fer ent cli ma ticstages. The pres ence of or ganic mat ter, root castsand bioturbations formed un der sta ble cli ma ticcon di tions. The slightly higher amounts of or -ganic mat ter can be seen in thin sec tions. Thevalue of mag netic sus cep ti bil ity is quite low dueto the pres ence of dia mag netic or ganic mat ter andsec ond ary cal cium car bon ates. The in tru sive ac -cu mu la tions of sec ond ary cal cium car bon ates inroot chan nels and its sur round ings rep re sent prob -a bly quite sta ble, more arid en vi ron ment (Bezce-Deak et al., 1997), with phases char ac ter ized bydes ic ca tion and slow ma trix im preg na tion alongroot chan nels. The up per most part of the sam plecon tains micro struc tures typ i cal for at least onestage of freez ing and thaw ing. The fea tures arethe prod uct of sea sonal tem per a ture changes inthe Last Gla cial (FitzPatrick, 1984; Van Vliet-Lanoe et al., 1984). It is ob vi ous that there was nore-de po si tion af ter the de vel op ment of those fea -tures. The pres ence of Fe hy drox ides im preg nat -ing the ma trix be low in a thin layer is the re sult ofmore hu mid con di tions. The fea tures de scribedabove were prob a bly de vel oped due to the same,

very cold en vi ron men tal con di tions. The state ofthe or ganic mat ter and sur round ing ma trix, to -gether with the in creased val ues of P, Ca/Mg andS marks the bur ied A soil ho ri zon sec ond ary in -flu enced by more arid and later cold and hu midcon di tions. The land scape con fig u ra tion plays anim por tant role in the de vel op ment as well as pres -er va tion of this ho ri zon. The ma te rial from thisho ri zon does not show any fea tures typ i cal forlong dis tance redeposition.

Among sam ples from the in ves ti ga tions by L. Zotz in 1943, which were stored in the col lec tionof the In sti tute of Ar chae ol ogy of SAV, cor re -spond ing prob a bly to the soil ho ri zon from trenchII/2008, anthracological anal y sis re vealed 67char coal frag ments which rep re sent both gym no -sperms and an gio sperms. In the for mer group,three spec i mens may be at trib uted both to Picea(spruce) or Larix (larch) and Pinus (pine).

In the group of an gio sperms, three taxa werefound: two gen era (Pru nus sp. and Salix sp./Po-pulus sp.) and one spe cies (Carpinus betulus).Some of these charcoals are from small branchesas they pres ent very strong ring cur va ture. Tak inginto con sid er ation the cli ma tic con di tions and pre -vi ously doc u mented taxa from Paleolithic sites(Hajnalová and Krippel, 1984; Wil lis et al., 2000; Damblon and Haesaerts, 2002; Wil lis and vanAndel, 2004), the most suit able char coal for ra -dio car bon dat ing from Moravany-Dlhá would begym no sperms. The AMS dat ing of a frag ment ofPices sp./Larix sp. pro duced a date of 33 600+300 (Poz-29011) which places the sam ple and the ar ti -facts from L. Zotz’s in ves ti ga tions in the youn gerpart of the Interpleniglacial (MIS 3). The cal i -brated ra dio car bon date us ing CalPal-Hulu-2007

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 39

Fig. 7. Moravany-Dlhá, a view to a site

(Weninger et al., 2007; Weninger and Jöris,2008), in di cates a date of ca. 39 000 cal BP,which co in cides with H-4 (Hein rich Event) or thebe gin ning of GIS8 (Green land Interstadial) called Denekamp (Rous seau et al., 2006).

This age is con sis tent with the re sults of themi cro-mor pho log i cal anal y sis, no ta bly of thesam ple ob tained at a depth of 50 cm in trench IIIfrom the 2008 ex ca va tion. The pres er va tion of or -ganic ma te rial also with a higher con tent of P,C/Mg and S shows that this is ho ri zon A ofInterpleniglacial soil.

The sec tion of trench III/2008 be low the Ho -lo cene soil shows traces of B ho ri zon of a fos silsoil. Micromorphological anal y sis of this layer in -di cates small amount of or ganic mat ter. The mosttyp i cal fea ture is in situ is lim pid cres cent claycoat ing. This fea ture is typ i cal for the for ma tionof the B ho ri zon. This is an in di ca tion of re-de po -si tion of soil ma te rial. The higher ac cu mu la tion of Fe, Al and Mg goes to gether with clay leach ingdown the sec tion. This ho ri zon was micromor-phologically de scribed as in situ soil B ho ri zon.

The in dus try from J. Bárta ex ca va tions in1963 and 1990 is based mostly on radiolarite andquartz. Im ported Carpathian ob sid ian and limno-quartzites are rel a tively rare. The struc ture of thema jor tech no log i cal groups is char ac ter ized by asmaller num ber of cores (23, mostly pris matic,sin gle plat form), a large num ber of flakes andchips (more than 1500), and blades (202 and 200frag ments) that are more nu mer ous than re -touched tools (123). Among the tools the mostfre quent are leaf points (67 items) mostly tri an gu -lar with a con vex ba sis (Moravany-Dlhá-type,Fig. 8.1–8). In ad di tion, there are end-scrap ers(10; Fig. 8.10–12, 14), burins (3), re touchedblades (12), re touched flakes (11) and side-scrap -ers (4; Fig. 8.13). Moravany-Dlhá site was prob a -bly a work shop pro duc ing mostly bifaciallyworked leaf points rep re sented also by un fin ishedpieces. Other tasks in which end-scrap ers, side-scrap ers, re touched blades and flakes were usedseems to have mar ginal im por tance.

Trenèianske Teplice-PlieškyThe site is lo cated on the south west ern slope

of the code 282 m a.s.l., above the right bank ofTeplièka River, which is the left trib u tary to theVáh River, cur rently run ning 4 km to the north -

west (Fig. 1.9, Fig. 9). The site is in a pro tectednar row Teplièka’s side-val ley and sep a rated byDubovec Hill (the sum mit of which reaches 342m, a part of Strážovské vrchy moun tain ridge)from the Váh River Val ley.

The site was dis cov ered by lo cal col lec torswho as sem bled a col lec tion of leaf points given to Bárta, in clud ing the dom i nant Moravany-Dlhá-type (Fig. 10). Bárta (1974) con tin ued the sur veyand pub lished the ma te rial from the site un der thename of Velký Kolaèín. In ad di tion, he dis cov -ered sev eral lo cal i ties with Paleolithic ar ti facts inthe vi cin ity of this site. In 2009, the ar ti fact col -lec tion from the site was re-an a lyzed, the site wasre lo cated in the neigh bor ing ca das tral ter ri tory ofTrenèianske Teplice. A se ries of trenches (to tallength of 40 m2) were ex ca vated (Kaminská, inpress). The ar ti facts from the 2009 ex ca va tionwere un cov ered from in tact col lu vial sed i mentslay ing di rectly bel low the top soil, at a depth of upto 70 cm (Fig. 11). The find ho ri zon lay on theweath ered Me so zoic bed rock. The col lec tion con -sists of over 600 items made from prev a lent lo calradiolarite, sup ple mented by si lici fied sand stone,and limnic si li ceous rocks. From a tech no log i calpoint of view the dom i nant por tion of the lithic as -sem blage is com posed of flakes, while blades andcores are in fre quent. Sev eral ar ti facts show acoarse fac eted strik ing plat form. Not sur pris ing isa pres ence of BTFs. The ty po logi cal spec trum iscom posed of side-scrap ers (in clud ing flat re -touched side-scrap ers), dif fer ent kinds of end-scrap ers (in clud ing a thick fan-shaped, on re -touched blades, and on a short blades), a leaf point of a wil low shape, a small frag ment of an otherleaf point, and a Mous terian point (sup ple mentedby an other unretouched pointed flake of sim i larshape). The col lec tion con tains also a denticula-ted tool, a notched tool, a splint ered piece, andsev eral re touched pieces. Al though the dat ing at -tempts (AMS and OSL) were not suc cess ful yet,bas ing our con clu sions on the ty po logi cal andtech no log i cal in di ces, this site could be cor re lated with Moravany-Dlhá as youn ger Szeletian oc cu -pa tion.

Trenèianska Turná-HámreThis open-air site is lo cated on the south east -

ern slope of Strážovské vrchy moun tain ridgeabove the right bank of Turòany brook, which is a

40 L. Kaminská et al.

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 41

Fig. 8. Moravany-Dlhá, se lected ma te rial from Bárta’s ex ca va tion

left trib u tary of the Váh River (Fig. 1.10). The al -ti tude of the site reaches 255 m a.s.l.

The site was dis cov ered by T. Michalík(2003, 2006), who re ported mor pho log i callySzeletian and Gra vet tian/Epigravettian ar ti facts.In 2007, four trenches were dug in or der to ver ifythe strati graphic po si tion of the finds, how ever,with no pos i tive re sults (Kaminská et al., 2008).Mor pho log i cally, only 37 ar ti facts from the sur -face sur vey and test trenches is pos si ble to joinwith Szeletian. This in dus try is made of pre vail -ing lo cal radiolarite, sup ple mented by limnic si li -ceous rock, Krumlovský les-type chert, andquartz. Im por tant is a pres ence of three leaf points with rounded base to gether with bifacially re -touched side-scraper. In the case of an other toolsand debitage is dif fi cult to af fil i ate it with par tic u -lar cul tural units.

Vlèkovce-brickyard VinohradkyThe site is sit u ated on the loess ac cu mu la tion

slightly ex tend ing from Váh River into the al lu -vial plain at an al ti tude of 146 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1.11).The small col lec tion of ar ti facts in clud ing a char -

ac ter is tic leaf point of Moravany-Dlhá-type andan arched backed piece was ex ca vated dur ing1955–1957 from a layer un der ly ing the Gra vet tianlayer (Bárta, 1962). The brickyard was re movedand re-ex ca va tion is not an op tion any more.

DIS CUS SION

The avail able ra dio car bon re cord, al thoughvery lim ited, to gether with the avail able techno-ty po logi cal stud ies sug gests the ho mo ge ne ity ofthe as sem blages de scribed as Szeletian. We candis tin guish two fa cies: Early Szeletian and LateSzeletian. The Early Szeletian is mainly knownfrom the Moravian sites (Vedrovice V, MoravskýKrumlov IV, Želešice III) and ra dio met ric datesfit well with GIS-11 and GIS-10 (ca. 43–42 kaBP). How ever, the OSL dat ing sug gests an ear lier age. This ob ser va tion is sup ported by tech no log i -cal and ty po logi cal ob ser va tions. Re con structedbifacial re duc tion se quence from the site Morav-ský Krumlov IV is char ac ter is tic of Mid dle Paleo- lithic in dus try. The Up per Paleolithic tool typesare rare and the Mid dle Paleolithic tools pre vail.

42 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 9. Trenèianské Teplice-Pliešky, a view to a site

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 43

Fig. 10. Trenèianské Teplice-Pliešky, se lected points from Bárta’s sur face sur vey

44 L. Kaminská et al.

Fig. 11. Trenèianské Teplice-Pliešky, se lected ma te rial from Kaminská’s ex ca va tion

Gen er ally, those in dus tries are rooted in theMicoquian and may rep re sent a con tin u a tion ofthe Micoquian oc cu pa tions as sug gested by therel a tively more re cent dates from Kùlna cave. The in dus tries from the two caves (Dzeravá skala andÈertova pec) in west ern Slovakia were re-eval u -ated and the Szeletian clas si fi ca tion of their as -sem blages was re futed. Both col lec tions wereclas si fied as Micoquian rather than Szeletian. The only Early Szeletian site in western Slovakia isprob a bly Ivanovce-Skala.

The ar gu ments pre sented in this pa per sug -gest that the Late Phase of Cen tral Eu ro peanLeaf-Point in dus tries cor re sponds to the pe riodaf ter the Flegrean Field vol ca nic erup tion and thesed i men ta tion of Campanian Ignimbrite tephra,and the fol low ing cool ing de scribed as Hein richEvent 4. This phase is rep re sented, first of all, bythe as sem blages with the Moravany-Dlhá pointsthat were found in Slovakia and Moravia, al -though in di vid ual points of this type were also re -corded in Aus tria (Brudernhof – Freund, 1952),Hun gary (Miskolc-Petöfi street – Vértes, 1965:pl. XXXV) and Ro ma nia (Ceahlãu-Ceteþica –Paunescu, 1987:fig. 5.1).

At the epon y mous site (and at other ho mo ge -neous as sem blages) Moravany-Dlhá points co-oc -cur with a small num ber of re touched tools: mainly short, usu ally flake, end-scrap ers, side-scrap ers, re -touched flakes and pos si bly re touched blades.

Sites with Moravany-Dlhá pointes ac com pa -nied by ar ti facts that are di ag nos tic for other tax o -nomic units of the Early Phase of the Up perPaleolithic were also re corded, but ho mo ge ne ityof such as sem blages is un cer tain. These are theMoravian open-air sites where Moravany-Dlhápoints oc cur in the Szeletian con text (e.g. Neslo-vice – Valoch, 1958:pl. VIII.2, XII.3; Valoch,1993:fig. 8.5; Želešice), in the Bohunician con -text (e.g. Oøechov – Valoch, 1956, 1960; Mo-helno – Škrdla, 1999), in Aurig na cian con text(e.g. Diváky-Konèiny – Oliva, 1987), and in onecase only at Slovakia – in the Zwierzyniecian con -text (Vlèkovce – Bárta, 1962).

The co-oc cur rence of Moravany-Dlhá pointswith leaf points typ i cal for the ear lier, clas si calSzeletian at the sites near Trenèín, pos si bly inMoravian sites, pro vid ing that the sites of Mo-helno and Oøechov can be al ter na tively as cribedto the Szeletian, could dem on strate con ti nu ity be -

tween the Early and Late Phase of in dus tries withleaf-points in Cen tral Eu rope, how ever, be causethe ho mo ge ne ity of these as sem blages is un cer -tain they can not con sti tute a de ci sive ar gu ment infa vor of such cul tural con ti nu ity.

An other hy poth e sis has to be taken into con -sid er ation, namely, that there is no con ti nu ity ofcul tural tra di tion be tween the Early and the LatePhase of Leaf-Point in dus tries, while the in dus trywith Moravany-Dlhá points has an in de pend entor i gin. Some sim i lar i ties of tri an gu lar Moravany-Dlhá points to the points of the Kostenki-Strelets-kaya (Sungirian) unit may sug gest links withEast ern Eu rope. How ever, there are no ta ble dif -fer ences, first in tech nol ogy as the Moravany-Dlhá points were made by us ing soft ham mer orpunch tech nique, whereas the Kostenki-Strelets-kaya points were mainly made by pres sure tech -nique, and sec ond, mor pho log i cally the bases ofcen tral Eu ro pean points are con vex and those ofEast ern Eu ro pean are con cave. These dif fer encesmake us in clined to as sume that sim i lar i ties be -tween these points are the ef fect of con ver gence,es pe cially if we con sider the large dis tance sep a -rat ing the ar eas of dis tri bu tion of the two units.On the other hand, two facts can not be over -looked: the con text of Kostenki-Streletskayapoints is sim i lar to the con text of Moravany-Dlhápoints with short end-scrap ers mainly on flakes,re touched flakes and side-scrap ers (Anikovich,1992; Anikovich et al., 2008), and the pres ence in Cen tral Eu rope of points re sem bling more closely Kostenki-Streletskaya points that were un for tu -nately found in un cer tain con texts al though some -times co-oc cur ring with Aurig na cian ar ti facts.Such tri an gu lar points with straight ba sis were re -corded at Moravian sites such as Lhota andHlinsko near Lipník on Beèvou (Klíma, 1979;Oliva, 1990; Škrdla, 2007), and in di vid ual spec i -mens oc cur also in Kvasice II (Oliva, 1990:fig.3.4) and Jarošov-Rochuz (Škrdla, 2005:fig.3.55.8).

CON CLU SIONS

The Szeletian in dus tries do not rep re sent aho mog e nous group and min i mally should be clas -si fied into two fa cies rec og nized on the ba sis ofstrat i fied and ra dio met ri cally dated as sem blages.The Early Szeletian is rooted in the Cen tral Eu ro -

Szeletian – chro nol ogy and cul tural variability 45

pean Micoquian and we can ob serve the smoothpas sage from typ i cal Micoquian as sem blages tothe Szeletien. The up per chro no log i cal limit be -tween the Early Szeletian and the youn ger phaseof the leaf-point in dus tries in Cen tral Eu rope co -in cides with the Campanian Ignimbrite and Hein -rich 4 events. The re la tion ship be tween the twoSzeletian fa cies is un known, how ever the chro no -log i cal gap be tween these two fa cies, as well asdif fer ences in tech nol ogy and typology in di catethat they do not rep re sent the same cul tural tradi-tion .

Ac knowl edge ments

This study was done as a part of the pro ject GPVEGA è. 2/0027/11 and GA AVÈR #IAA800010801.

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