Post on 01-Mar-2023
IMPACTS OF DIGITAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE
LOGISTICS OF BROADCASTING STATIONS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
If Facebook were to be a country, only China and India
would be bigger as it claims to have more than 400
million users worldwide. Several hardware devices have
placed people on the virtual side of life; most now
have another life on the internet cloud. What are
these hardware devices? They are collectively termed
digital media.
Digital media are any type of media that are converted
from continuous or varying format to its finite or
discrete counterpart form, also known as digital
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format; it is encoded in a machine-readable format.
Digital media can be composed, read, distributed,
preserved, and modified on computers.
Computer and software; digital video; web pages and
websites, including social; digital audio, such as
mp3s; and e-books are examples of digital media
Wikipedia (2014). Digital media often exist in a
juxtaposed difference with print media, i.e. printed
books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional
or analog media, such as film or audio tape which
always stored in magnetic form. With prospects and
specialization in internet marketing and solutions,
digital media part aim is to develop and evolve markets
such as the internet, new, mobile and social media, and
it’s various technologies, so as to achieve results,
any means necessary are utilized to profit from
suitable markets.2
Exploring medium such as text, audio, video, and
graphics that is electronically transmitted over the
internet or over computer networks, and in digital
format (1’s and 0’s), as the computer only understands
1’s and 0’s as a language, and nothing more. It
typically refers to either hardware, or software
working together, also in the case of software, it may
mean digital music, movies, and television.
The technological aspect of digital media, called
digital media technology is a form of technology in the
electronic media where data are stored in digital, as
opposed to analog form. It at most times refers to the
technical facet of storage and transmission like hard
disk drives or computer networking of information or to
the end point, such as digital video, augmented reality
and digital art. It, in another technical attribute,
uses digital applications to create high tech form of3
media that is predominantly used online. Examples of
these applications are, graphics design software, sound
editing, web page design, digital video production and
editing and video games. Digital media technology does
not cease to cut across the use of digital compressors
that will dramatically increase over time such as
satellite television, satellite radio.
Information and communication these days has
transformed increasingly into less face-to-face
contact between family, friends and most especially
manufacturers, wholesalers or middle -men and
retailers. Products and services are more often sold
‘at a distance’, and questions are also often asked and
answered ‘at a distance’. This paradigm is made
possible by the developments in the field of
information technology, which in parallel, runs to the
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need for a more market-centered and service-
orientation. IJS global (2010).
Broadcasting is the dissemination of audio and video
content to audience in diffused locations through an
audio or visual mass communication medium, but usually
one using electromagnetic radiation (radio
frequency/waves), the content are specifically placed
in an envelope-like signal called carrier signal in a
process called modulation. The modulation maybe in
amplitude, frequency or phase. The receiving parties
may include the general public or a relatively large
subset thereof. In years, broadcasting has been used
for purpose of private recreation, non- commercial
exchange of messages, experimentation, self -training
and emergency communication such as amateur or ham
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radio and amateur television in addition to commercial
purpose radio or TV stations with advertisements.
Digital media has left no stone unturned as it touches
all life, either positively or negatively. It travels
to the extent of placing its hands on broadcasting,
over the years, broadcasting in Nigeria has been lame
for not most listeners get the information on their
fingertips, digital media has assisted so segment of
broadcasting, but as it does, and other sections in
broadcasting stations are suffering.
1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Digital media now shows up in virtually every spheres
of life, one can become a newspaper printing personnel
after being experienced in a printing press, another, a
broadcaster in the middle age but what will today’s
broadcasters and newspapers become with the influx of
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the internet and these trendy and useful digital
devices?
For the economy of a developing country like Nigeria,
this is a fundamental question that should ring in the
minds of engineers, economist, digital media
specialists and other stake holders. For logistics in
broadcasting houses and information centers, digital
media imparts is enormous, and as much as this may be,
nearly every caring people sees the positivity in the
impact digital media and technology has brought into
the activities of man, without taking a thin look on
the negative aspects of it. Proper awareness about the
impact of digital media on the day –to- day activities
surrounding the media life of man is included. It is
also surprising that say, the impact smartphones are
having on conversation. Time and time again you see
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people playing on their smartphones when they could be
talking and sharing things verbally with one another.
Our traditional media industry has been under tumult
ever since the advert and rise in digital media
platforms, combined with the economic downturn amongst
other problems.
This study wants to display the good and bad of digital
media as it relates of the logistics of broadcasting in
television and radio stations in Nigeria.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to analyze how digital
media and technology has created a hiatus on the
logistics of broadcasting houses and the dissemination
of information to the general public. The broadcast
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houses have their roles in every country, this study
wants to further explain the ways in which digital
media and technology has touched, either positively or
negatively, all the sections in broadcasting houses in
relation to the delivery of their services.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will serve as a tool to determining
appropriately the type of format or design that the
broadcasting houses will use when it comes to preparing
a certain framework for implementing their service of
information propagation, it will also guide them and
give them insights on how digital media and technology
may hinder or aid their vision in creating a certain
concept or idea.
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1.4 SCOPE OR DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Confined to only Nigeria as a country, this study is
made with cognizance to broadcasting houses, the ways
and attitudes of broadcasters, the motives of these
broadcasting houses and all with to the economy of the
country Nigeria.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In this research work, an attempt will be made to give
solutions to the questions stated below:
a)Does digital media and technology aid in the
distribution of information appropriately?
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b)To what degree has the advent of digital media and
technology affects the turn-outs of broadcasting
houses in Nigeria?
c)Do all broadcasters get the necessary trainings as
to how to effectively use digital media to promote
and distribute their ideas and information?
d)Does this innovation, digital media and technology,
give room for other stakeholders aside broadcasters
to help in the information distribution chain?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following research hypothesis derived logically
from the problems posed in the research questions.
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This is paramount as it points a direction, and focuses
as litmus test of the statement of claims or
prepositions contained in the concepts.
H1: Digital media and technology aid in the
distribution of information adequately
H0: Digital media and technology does not aid in the
distribution of information appropriately
H2: Digital media and technology affect to a large
extent the turn-outs of broadcasting houses in
Nigeria
H0: Digital media and technology affect minimally the
turn-outs of broadcasting houses in Nigeria
H3: All broadcasters get necessary trainings as to
how to effective promote and distribute their
concepts and ideas using digital media and technology
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H0: All broadcasters do not get necessary trainings
as to how to effective promote and distribute their
concepts and ideas using digital media and technology
H4: This innovation, digital media and technology,
give room for other stakeholders aside broadcasters
to help in the information distribution chain
H0: This innovation, digital media and technology,
gives no room for other stakeholders aside
broadcasters to help in the information
distribution chain
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
From the above hypothesis, it can be assumed that the
positive impacts of digital media and technology on the
logistics of broadcasting houses is far profiting than
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the negative effects, which makes digital media experts
in these broadcasting houses devise ways of
contribution of digital media use to suit the motives
of the stations.
This will certainly direct broadcasters on the path to
follow when a significant digital related ideas and
problems are to be tackled.
Digital media and technology say, may have or haven’t
contributed immensely to the logistics of broadcasting
houses in our country, both positively and negatively,
through its utilization by the broadcasters, and the
general public in the exchange of information.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
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This study is limited to Nigeria, some other countries
that resembles Nigeria in terms of development,
technological advancement and population may fit in.
Limitations also set out in the search of data, as
respondents and interviewee are reluctant in giving out
information that seem confidential to their
organizations.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS: CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATION
Some of the key words used in this study will be
clearly defined as a concept and as it is being used in
the real world i.e. in operation.
Conceptual--- Broadcast: This means to take place in a
radio or television program.
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Operational--- Broadcast: Is the transmission of radio
or television signals/ electromagnetic signals.
Conceptual--- Digital: This entails representation of
data as numbers e.g. counting with blocks.
Operational--- Digital: Is the variation of physical
quantities such as light waves by means of discrete
signals which are interpreted as numbers.
Conceptual--- Media: Is the middle muscular layer of
the lymph vessel.
Operational--- Media: Engulfs the various means of mass
dissemination of information i.e television, radio,
magazines, newspapers, internet etc.
Conceptual--- Technology: Is the study, application and
development of devices for productive processes.
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Operational--- Technology: Deals with the method s that
applies to technical know-how and tools.
Conceptual--- Logistics: Movement of management.
Operational--- Logistics: This is the planning,
organization and implementation of complex task.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE SOURCE
As if there were no other concepts in technology,
experts and technological gurus have made so many
researches in this area. This study if carefully
viewed, cut across disciplines like Electrical
Engineering, Computer science, Mass Communication and
Management Science. To make this research well detailed
and robust enough with information, it is very
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paramount that we stand on the shoulders of experts in
these fields.
This involves meetings with communication experts,
electrical engineers, media directors, economists,
producers and broadcast engineers. Journals,
commentaries, articles, and text books were also
reviewed.
2.1 DIGITAL MEDIA AND PRESENTATION
Quite a number of radio and television presenters these
days make their programme so interactive that every
opinions and contributions made by listeners came as
immediate as the liveliness of the show itself,
obviously, there is a total gone in the days where
presenters has no way of communicating with their
audience on the show, even those that came after the19
programme gets the delay of days before the
interactivity or rubbing of minds exist between the
presenters and its audience. Dave Duarte (2009).In
addition, digital media brought with it, an avenue for
presenters to sell themselves as a brand, advertise
their ideas, programme and company, market their
talents and make a lot of money as their audience click
on the pages of their companies’ website.
This interaction is being created because virtually all
computer networks are bi-directional and addressable.
In addition, you can enumerate and indicate where your
message will go, and a feedback will be gotten right
away. Rodrigo Gomez(2011). Most mass media are one-
way, or broadcast, media unlike the one way feature
that was built into telephone. They are engineered to
deliver the same message to many people at once, but
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they don’t provide for any return messages. Digital
media networks are different – you can still send the
same message to many people, and instance can stream
along Netflix, or streaming radio, or just a simple web
page, but you can also have interaction ranging from
minor elements choosing shows and rating them on
Netflix to major components such as posting pictures
and comments on other peoples’ photos on Flickr and
Facebook.
According to the article by Lars Qvortrup on the
European Journal of Communication published in
2006, Chaos Theory has been widely acknowledged as the
reality within the field of media and communications.
However, if this is actually true then the theory made
by Manuel Castellis on global network societies would
be made true. There are many critics who would argue
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against this case. Lars Qvortrup (2006) believes that
the society we live in is not an anthropocentric
society, which is to say, there is no rational man in a
control room pulling all the strings. He believes that
we actually live in a poly-centric society where many
people control how things function. Some people believe
that we do not live in a single global society, but
that there are many loosely coupled networks that
influence and disturb one another. With this in mind,
the cartoon theories in the Danish newspaper affect
cultural and social networks in Libanon and Syria, but
this in itself is an exception. Only under very special
circumstances can a wave of self-perpetuating
interference occur. Justin Healey (2011).
Also, a unique feature of networked digital media is
that because it is based on software, the people
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participating in the network can organize themselves
into temporary and imaginary segments. This is most
obviously seen in Facebook, where you can instantly and
easily create a new group around any sort of topic.
These “group have enormous value since they help us
coordinate, communicate, and collaborate on projects
large and small – from parties to promotion of brands.
Digital media presenters look at it in this way, the
most important parts of digital media are not simply
the easy part where conversion of regular media to
digital formats. It is the thorny part where the
unleash of tremendous value for society is taking
advantage of these new capabilities relating to
interactivity and group forming.
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2.2 DIGITAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
Doing simply task like recording ones voice with a
phone, or taking ones picture has done nothing but
merely take an analogue format or a physical portrait
of something and then transduce or convert it to its
digital equivalent. The technology of sending a core as
a physical signal by standing in front of slide door of
mall and the door open by itself is really a digital
technology. This, and other related facets are the
fast pace era through the use of technology. Say, home
recordings of television programme enormously advanced
this medium. Digital programming technology is a media
aided technology that makes television or radio content
to be downloaded instantly. This kind of technology
creates a notch for broadcasters to use the available
digital technologies to create numerous channels.
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Notwithstanding, service providers offer on-demand,
programme services that gives people the opportunity to
have the power of when and where they watch or hear
their media. Digital technology has converged
television and computers into one single medium.
An interesting aspect of digital media technology is
the digitization of items which include scanning,
recording and digital photography. This technology can
further enhance the inculcation of this information
into web publishing, where one can design a website
that allows illustrations or photos to accompany
different pages and placed buttons on special places
for ease of navigation. Digitized videos and audios can
also be published online by uploading or YouTube or
MySpace or any other sites so that it can be
broadcasted on the internet cloud. Dr. L.N Ikpaahindi
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(2013) in his paper presentation chipped in the
different types of digital tools, digitization
equipment can be separated into “contact” and “non-
contact”, saying contact equipment i.e flatbed scanners
require that the original item be flat or can be
pressed flat without damage, or non-contact equipment
which includes digital recorders or digital cameras
that are able to obtain a digital form of the item with
bare minimum contact with the original. Tom Jenkins
(2008).
Digital technology is even easier, in a sense, since it
is almost entirely a technical definition and relates
to the use of computers or digital related devices,
with regards to their “binary" language of on/off, 1/0,
bits and bytes. This is the digital world and includes
computers or smart devices, the software and operating
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systems to run them, and the movement and storage of
digital information via networks and storage (hard
drives and cloud services). Interruption of digital
item is the combination of the happenings in external
communication and technology as much as anything either
from the internal or external as long as it causes
distortion, which later boils down into a
communications challenge. Carrie James et al (2012).
During the driving of digitized initiatives, some might
see several reasons not to stay in tune with the
development or really adopting the technology. This
thus pivots a discouraging kind of to the rest of that
organization? Making or wanting to make the complex
simple through technology but sometimes, there’s a very
heavy resistance.
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Everyone has a pretty good idea what media are. Humans
use tools, and the tools we use to communicate across
distances, across time and to more people at once than
we could with our own voice and body are "media."
Although the definition could include interpersonal and
non-mass media, like the telephone, in common usage we
typically have a sense that "media" are for
communicating with more than just one person. The
technology of digital media has therefore; set a longer
life span for the existence of media.
2.3 DIGITAL MEDIA AND JOURNALISM
Though the digitization of everything has gradually
sent the traditional media down the drain and also
migrated advertisement from the traditional prints to
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the digital and new media, only cartoon related prints,
magazines and other leisure text have a little room to
breathe in prints. Really, digital media has tolerate
faster delivering and scattering of more news content
on several platforms. All eyes have not been taken off
traditional forms of media as they still survive on
government advertising, private companies and political
parties.
Digital media and journalism collides in political and
technological and financial strides. The first, which
happens to be political independence and freedom to
cover topics that are forbidden of them, greater risks
for journalists and less good- quality journalism, with
more trivialization and sensation in political
coverage. Secondly, the impacts being the deployment of
newer technologies that led to the transmutation in
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news production, dissemination, and consumption, as
well as in the practice of journalism able to
strengthen public debate and, implicitly, the quality
of democracy.
Apart from sales, the profit life- wire of so many
publication companies is advertisement, systematically
pushing these companies away from state and political
coffers will grossly affect their production, these
politicians and states pay or sometimes, pressurize
these publication companies to cover them in a positive
manner. Upload of and downloading of journalistic
contents via digital media devices such as smart phones
is on the increase, many newspaper daily content can be
read on the company’s website, this therefore speaks
that many newspaper companies and print media environ
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have recently been searching for a new way of putting
these technological concepts in their ideas.
These days, if technology is not adequately employed in
journalism maybe because of cost of production or
expertise, quality of news and output of information
will be directly affected, and this will in-turn
paralyze the security of jobs in the sector. In
essence, only the initial accrued cost of procuring
this high- tech equipment is exorbitant, the later
functioning is lot easier. Digitization has made the
production of information less expensive, but not most
journalist can utilize this except the well paid big
boy journalists in the industry. Digital media use does
not necessarily have effects on the ethics of
journalists but some media houses designed self-
regulation mechanisms, including codes of ethics. It
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has no direct consequence on the ethical behavior of
journalist and media houses. The public is oblivious of
these ethical codes and they are privately circulated
among the company’s employees, media houses with
ethical codes have this even before the advent of
digital media.
Digital media utilizes a flexible, scalable
architecture. It can accept analog, digital, and
control signals such as advanced EDID, CEC, and USB and
then transmit them over HDMI, HDBaseT, CAT5e, multimode
fiber, single-mode fiber, and now H.264 streaming video
over the network. By integrating streaming on the same
reliable platform, Digital Media delivers the best of
both worlds — the power of the network for content
delivery to mobile devices and destinations around the
world, and the reliability of point-to-point links for
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delivery within the room. Creston J.(2014). Creston saw
the importance in not only letting out this
technological advancement and their uses but also the
teachings of broadcasters and journalists on the use of
the digital media tools.
In the world of journalism, upcoming journalists and
students were introduced to the latest trends in
digital and social media, including mobile apps and
live streaming videos. Vargas said, “ JMS faculty and
students also offered instruction in creating and
sharing digital photos, using such social media tools
as Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and YouTube, and using
new online tools such as Storify, SoundCloud and
Thinglink” JMS online (2014). Among the innovative
features are
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iPad tablets containing latest apps for digital
media production
LED monitors, with Apple TV, which allow students
and faculty to view real-time media content and to
“mirror” their iPads
Energy efficient LED lighting fixtures, flush-
mounted the room
Amplified stereo ceiling components and Rolling
work stations
2.4 DIGITAL MEDIA, MARKETING AND BUSINESS
Every broadcasting house in Nigeria has a marketing
division which comprise marketers for go out to
interact with other companies and personnel so that the
can invest in their programme or advertise in their
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companies. Most of these broadcasting houses do not
spend as much as they spent yester years as compared to
recently. Most marketing and business are now directed
towards digital media. The use of digital devices like
computers, smart phones, iPads and maybe game consoles
to market and engage with stakeholders. Digital
marketing applies technologies or platforms such as
websites, e-mail, apps (classic and mobile) and social
networks. Wikipedia (2014).
Digital media is so inescapable that stakeholders and
the general public get the access to information
wherever and whenever they want. In the past, adverts
came from and only consist of only what the advertiser
want the people to know, broadcasting stations now make
adverts on platforms ranging from their websites to
blogs, streaming along pages where comments and likes
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can be placed on social media like Facebook, twitter,
vine and even instagram. Digital media is a fast
growing source of entertainment, news, shopping, and
social interaction, where customers and clients are
exposed to not only what the brand is saying, but also
what other i.e. media, friends, relatives and peers are
saying about it.
The cool part is that in every part of the world,
people can see and have a feel of the advert and also
make business transactions on the internet. Video and
audio files may be sent to broadcasting houses by
advertisement agents and it will be aired. With
business, accountants have to see to budget balance,
account tracks receivable, and manage payroll and sale
products and services. These are challenges of many
broadcasting houses nationwide, but if digital media is
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done strategically and consistently, the use of digital
media and technology to bolster their brand name,
concepts, ideas, improve customer relations and boost
advert placements. Not many broadcasting houses makes
use of these as they consider the major issue of
deciding which platforms to embrace, and the most time
efficient and cost effective alternatives. Broadcasting
houses should check out the digital resources that
others in their industry, including their competitors
to see if those platforms would fit in with their own
business plans. Presence of a broadcasting house on
Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn is very good and once a
business opts in to those social media, it must
maintain an active presence in that virtual world, and
the broadcaster should not just talk about the company
but also share information and ask questions, because
if this use of social media to share news, promote new37
ideas and solicit customers feedback is done right,
those social media followers will likely become
evangelists for the brand.
2.5 DIGITAL MEDIA AND PUBLIC/PRIVATE BROADCASTERS
It is no new discourse that private broadcasters are
well at the fore- front of digitization utilization as
compared to their counterparts in the public
broadcasting stations. Broadcasters in public broadcast
houses are struggling to get real results from the
company’s social media activity, aside making use of
that to market themselves as a brand, it is very little
to find these people being able to fuse it with that of
their company. This is often because they have no real
social media strategy. As a matter of fact, not many
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public broadcast houses have that wireless internet
networks in their environ.
As a broadcaster, who wants to attract new prospects,
one needs to make sure that you have an engaging social
media presence. Firstly, that means you need to be
active in social media, but there’s more to it than
that, as more to that as it may be, not a good
percentage of broadcasters in the public broadcasting
house has this.
Broadcasters need to offer something of interest to
their prospects, and a need of engaging a profile.
Also, they need to be posting useful information for
your audience. Naturally, not all prospects will come
to a broadcaster but you are also going to have to make
the effort.
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Broadcasters in private organizations search functions
on all the key social media platforms which allows them
to find people they should be engaging with, thirty
minutes of browsing on LinkedIn should give
broadcasters a large number of people that would be
worth connecting with. There are also plenty of free
tools on the Internet that helps to find social media
users in various industries and locations of choice.
Social media is not just about finding names. It’s a
lot easier to make contact with people on social media.
The need to realize that connecting is only the
beginning of a social media journey; it is not enough
to simply have social media connections. The main
gimmick is now having an excellent opportunity to start
a conversation with people on social media. To achieve
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this successfully, the broadcaster will need to be
posting content that will be of interest to them.
At some point, discussion with the immediate environ
will go further to having to move your connections into
your sales funnel. When you have the right level of
engagement with connections, it’s time to take
relationships from the cybernetic world into the real
world, and that should be the suggestion of real
conversations through calls, meetings, open houses and
even events you may be attending or participating in.
At that point, there will have to be a warm prospects,
where happiness will ensue from the talk and there will
be much more openings of working consideration.
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Social media is about relationship-building. It’s about
lead cultivating. If you have posted the right sort of
information for them, they will understand the value
that you can bring to them and their business. And
these are some of the opportunities broadcasters in
public houses may fall short of because of the
inadequate use or lack of the needed digital media
equipment.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH METHOD
The data collected and analyzed in this research
ultimately consist hands on tactics; it involves first
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hand data collection in the form of survey,
questionnaires, interviews, observations and
professional discussion.
Wikipedia gave a fitting definition of questionnaire as
a research instrument consisting of a series of
questions and other prompts for the purpose of
gathering information from respondents. Wikipedia
(2014). Used for statistical analysis, many
questionnaires need suitable question construction and
words that exist in some other kind of opinion polls to
make it stand out.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
This research work is designed in such a way that it
cuts across the whole of Ilorin metropolis and its
neighboring towns. There are more than ten broadcasting
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houses in Ilorin and its environ, and also close to
fifty production studios which amounts to having more
than a hundred broadcasters and production experts.
Harmony FM, Unilorin FM, Royal FM, Ray Power FM is some
of the intended radio stations to mention but a few.
3.3 RESEARCH SAMPLE
The research is restricted to the simple random
sampling procedure. A random sampling procedure can be
stated as a method of drawing a pulling a population so
that each member has equal chance of being selected.
In determining the sample size for this research
work, the systematic sample method was used. The
researcher conducted a total of fifty (50) interviews;
observations were made during the visit to the
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broadcasting houses. To make it more detailed and
concrete, a total of fifty (50) questionnaires were
also given to respondents.
3.4 MEASURING INSTRUMENT
The measuring instrument used in gathering
information for this study is the interviews made and
administered questionnaires.
The question in the questionnaire is divided into
two parts. The first part deals with occupational
variables while the second part covers the research
related question.
3.5 DATA VALIDITY
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Validity can be referred to as the degree of
accuracy of an instrument. It depicts how it will
measure up to what it is supposed to measure, it answer
the question of, does the instrument measure what it is
supposed to measure.
The instrument is valid because the questions were
reasonable and in-line enough to give unquestioned
results and also, the questionnaire was pre-tested and
the questions were given the desired result. Moreover,
the questions were cross checked by the supervisor to
give the instrument validity. On the basis of the
above, the instrument is therefore valid.
3.6 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
The method of data analysis that is used is simple
percentage and frequency tabular presentation in which
descriptive analysis was used to infer meaning to the46
data in the table. Also, the chi-square of goodness of
fit test is used to text some selected hypothesis.
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter of the study is targeted at analyzing
in a graphical and pictorial form, all the data
collected through the questionnaire that the researcher
administered in the cause of information sourcing which
will assist the researcher in explaining the findings
of the research work. The researcher administered a
total of 100 questionnaires, some of which were done by
interviewing the respondents and by having a phone
conversation with others.
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4.1.1 IMPORTANT DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE
RESPONDENTS
Table 1: Gender Distribution of Respondents
Sex
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Male 67 67%
Fema
le 33 33%
Figure1: Gender Distribution of Respondents (Graphical
Representation)
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Table 2: Work section distribution of respondents
Section
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Programmes 23 23%
Engineering 21 21%
Marketing 19 19%
News & Current
Affairs 21 21%
ICT 16 16%
49
Figure 2: Work section distribution of respondents
(Graphical Representation)
Table 3: Distribution of respondent’s years of experience
Years of
Experience
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
0-5 43 43%
5-10 18 18%
50
10-15 26 26%
15 and Above 13 13%
Figure 3: Distribution of respondent’s years of
experience (Graphical Representation)
4.1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ANALYSIS
Question 1
51
Q6. Modern equipment have made broadcasting much easier by
distributing information far more than it used to be
Table 4
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 61 61%
Agree 9 9%
Deeply
Disagree 0 0%
Disagree 30 30%
No Opinion 0 0%
52
Figure 4: Graphical Representation
Question 2
Q7. Radio receivers are now more portable and less expensive
Table 5
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply 62 62%
53
Agree
Agree 11 11%
Deeply
Disagree 5 5%
Disagree 22 22%
No Opinion 0 0%
Figure 5: Graphical Representation
Question 3
54
Q8. The design and development of devices for people with sense
impairment will aid information distribution
Table 6
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 38 38%
Agree 9 9%
Deeply
Disagree 10 10%
Disagree 43 43%
No Opinion 0 0%
55
Q9. Modern equipment has made transmission so easy that it can be
done anywhere, anytime and in any place.
Table 7
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 47 47%
Agree 5 5%
Deeply
Disagree 13 13%
57
Disagree 34 34%
No Opinion 1 1%
Figure 7: Graphical Representation
Question 5
Q10.Bringing interactivity into information dissemination will assist
broadcasters in forging ahead and making adjustments
Table 8
58
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 37 37%
Agree 6 6%
Deeply
Disagree 16 16%
Disagree 38 38%
No Opinion 3 3%
59
Figure 8
Question 6
Q11. As technology grows, broadcasters and broadcasting stations
make less money as there are lots of new handy ways to get
information
60
Table 9
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 30 30%
Agree 1 1%
Deeply
Disagree 29 29%
Disagree 40 40%
No Opinion 0 0%
Figure 9: Graphical Representation
61
Question 7
Q12. As technology grows, Setting up and managing a broadcast
house is very expensive unlike in the early 1990’s
Table 10
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 20 20%
Agree 3 3%62
Question 8
Q13. All these latest technological devices make the broadcasting
house very rowdy and cumbersome
64
Table 11
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 16 16%
Agree 2 2%
Deeply
Disagree 43 43%
Disagree 36 36%
No Opinion 3 3%
Figure 11: Graphical Representation
65
Question 9
Q14. Technological growth is gradually affecting our culture and
tradition as the instrument to play our historical materials is going
into extinction
Table 12
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
66
Deeply
Agree 31 31%
Agree 3 3%
Deeply
Disagree 20 20%
Disagree 43 43%
No Opinion 3 3%
Figure 12: Graphical Representation
67
Question 10
Q15. Technological change allows non- broadcasters to feature well in
the process of broadcasting
68
Table 13
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply
Agree 44 44%
Agree 1 1%
Deeply
Disagree 20 20%
Disagree 35 35%
No Opinion 0 0%
Figure 13
69
Question 11
Q16. Broadcasters get enough training to make them function well on
the job
Table 14
Response
Frequen
cy
Frequency
Distribution
Deeply 44 44%
70
Agree
Agree 2 2%
Deeply
Disagree 22 22%
Disagree 29 29%
No Opinion 3 3%
Figure 14: Graphical Representation
4.2 TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS
71
Using chi-square goodness of fit test, the researcher
gives an explanatory evidence to the concept of
research study. Obasi (2009), revealed in his research
work that chi-square goodness of fit test is a research
tool, used to create comparison between the observed
frequencies (o) and expected frequencies (e) of a given
set of data.
Ezeja E. Ojili (2005) added by defining an hypothesis
saying that it is an attentive statement that is put
across for investigation in explaining phenomenon. For
instance, Ho is a statement made to depend on the
research study. There exist, a relationship between
differences at a level of significance. Hypothesis is
an head-lamp or rather, a guide for the investigation
of the central process of research endeavor and they
keep the researcher on the main line of the study.
72
Denoted by , chi-square is a value showing
relationship between observed frequency and expected
frequency. Mathematically represented as:
= ,
Where
= Deviation, which is equal to the difference between
observed frequency and expected frequency, = o-e
= Summation of all items
73
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 1
H1: Digital media and technology aid in the
distribution of information adequately
H0: Digital media and technology does not aid in the
distribution of information appropriately
Table 15
Responses O E d =
o-e
= (o-
e)2 =
74
Deeply
Agree
61 20 41 1681 84.1
Deeply
Disagree
9 20 -11 121 6.05
Agree 0 20 -20 400 20
Disagree 30 20 10 100 5
No Opinion 0 20 -20 400 20
Total 10
0
10
0
135.15
The calculated value X2 = 135.15
Degree of freedom = k-1, where k = number of categories
= 5-1=4 the calculated value, 135.15 at four degree of
freedom and at 0.05 level of significance is = 9.488 75
Decision rule
Since the calculated value is greater than the
table value, we accept the alternative hypothesis H1:
Digital media and technology aid in the distribution of
information adequately
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 2
H2: Digital media and technology affect to a large
extent the turn-outs of broadcasting houses in
Nigeria
H0: Digital media and technology affect minimally
the turn-outs of broad casting houses in Nigeria
76
Deeply
Disagree
1 20 -19 361 18.1
Agree 29 20 9 81 4.1
Disagree 40 20 20 400 20
No Opinion 0 20 -20 400 20
Total 10
0
10
0
67.2
The calculated value X2 = 67.2
Degree of freedom = k-1, where k = number of categories
= 5-1=4 the calculated value, 67.2 at four degree of
freedom and at 0.05 level of significance is = 9.488
Decision rule
78
Since the calculated value is greater than the
table value, the valid hypothesis becomes H2: Digital
media and technology affect to a large extent the turn-
outs of broadcasting houses in Nigeria
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 3
H3: This innovation, digital media and technology,
give room for other stakeholders aside broadcasters
to help in the information distribution chain
H0: This innovation, digital media and technology,
gives no room for other stakeholders aside
broadcasters to help in the information
distribution chain
79
Table 17
Responses O Ed =
o-e
= (o-
e)2
=
Deeply
Agree
44 20 24 576 28.5
Deeply
Disagree
1 20 -19 361 18.1
Agree 20 20 0 0 0
80
Disagree 35 20 15 225 11.3
No Opinion 0 20 -20 400 20
Total 10
0
10
0
77.5
The calculated value X2 = 77.5
Degree of freedom = k-1, where k = number of categories
= 5-1=4 the calculated value, 77.5 at four degree of
freedom and at 0.05 level of significance is = 9.488
Decision rule
Since the calculated value is greater than the
table value, the valid hypothesis becomes H3: This
innovation, digital media and technology, give room for
other stakeholders aside broadcasters to help in the
information distribution chain
81
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 4
H4: All broadcasters get necessary trainings as to
how to effective promote and distribute their
concepts and ideas using digital media and technology
H0: All broadcasters do not get necessary trainings
as to how to effective promote and distribute their
concepts and ideas using digital media and technology
82
Table 18
Responses O Ed =
o-e
= (o-
e)2
=
Deeply
Agree
44 20 24 576 28.5
Deeply
Disagree
2 20 -18 324 16.2
Agree 22 20 2 4 0.2
Disagree 29 20 9 81 4.1
No Opinion 3 20 -17 289 14.5
Total 10
0
10
0
63.8
83
The calculated value X2 = 63.8
Degree of freedom = k-1, where k = number of categories
= 5-1=4 the calculated value, 63.8 at four degree of
freedom and at 0.05 level of significance is = 9.488
Decision rule
Since the calculated value is greater than the
table value, the valid hypothesis becomes H4: All
broadcasters get necessary trainings as to how to
effective promote and distribute their concepts and
ideas using digital media and technology
4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDING
The above research hypothesis, as was conducted
using chi-square statistical tool provides and84
empirical support to the fact that advent of digital
media and technology has in a long way, positively
affect each of the logistics in broadcasting houses.
The hypotheses supported the assumption that digital
media and technology play a paramount role in
broadcasting.
The outcome from hypothesis one tested positive H1,
digital media and technology aid in the proper
dissemination of information. This was proved to be
true given the degree of freedom of 4 and at 0.05 level
of significance. The calculated value of 135.15 is
greater than the table value of 9.488, thus
authenticating the fact that digital media and
technology aids in the dissemination of information
properly.
85
The second hypothesis tested positive too. Since
the calculated value of 67.2 is greater than the table
value of 9.488, thus giving credence to hypothesis two.
The researcher therefore, accepted the alternative
hypothesis H2 and rejected the null hypothesis (H0),
Digital media and technology affect minimally the turn-
outs of broad casting houses in Nigeria.
Hypothesis three H3 as well tested positive. This
is because the calculated value of 77.5 is greater than
the table value of 9.488, this offering acceptance to
the fact that innovation, digital media and technology,
gives no room for other stakeholders aside broadcasters
to help in the information distribution chain
Without contrary, the fourth hypothesis H4, was also
tested positive. This is because the calculated value
of 63.8 is greater than the table value 9.488, thus
86
giving credence to the fact that All broadcasters get
necessary trainings as to how to effective promote and
distribute their concepts and ideas using digital media
and technology.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY , CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
As keywords of this research work, digital media,
technology, logistics and broadcast houses, not only
come core in this aspect but also in virtually every
87
aspect of human endeavor. However, Boafo and Arnold
(1995), added that, “broadcast is not only necessary to
the various aspects of human development, but also to
the process of participating and nurturing the it”.
Thus, if nurtured properly and channeled to it are it
fundamental needs, digital media, like crude oil could
be the nation’s source of revenue. There is no activity
of human-kind that digital media hasn’t touched, from
education to banking, manufacturing, research,
government, airline and also information and
communication as the heart of broadcasting. Harnessing
enough power in this aspect by providing training for
the core users, i.e. the abstraction interface
personnel and enlightening the front-end users,
creativity can come in thereby, increasing other ways
of growing digital media and technology to promote,
88
increase productivity and efficiency in every
departments or logistics of broadcast houses in
Nigeria.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Vice president of video monetization at Adobe group,
Jeremy Helfand (2012) wrote that the next five years
will bring a dramatic shift in the media landscape
affecting all constituents- consumer, media companies
and advertisers. Even before the five years that he
predicted, lives and business orientation of most media
personnel has tremendously changed as digital media and
technology has not only help them make more money, but
it has also assisted them disseminating information to
their consumers at the slightest of space and the
comfort of all.89
Technologically retarded as some may say, yet, Nigeria
has recorded quite a number of mobile application
developers that many broadcast houses has employed to
design for them a platform to bring their information
to the finger-tips and footsteps of all. Online
streaming, content development, social media such as
Facebook and twitter involvement has also posed a cost
effective way for broadcasters and there listeners to
engage in an awesome interaction as listeners comments
on issues and even request for favorite music thereby
erasing the traditional phone calls approach.
Digital media and technology platforms have heightened
broadcasters’ involvement in the virtual community as
they serve and involve users by providing the
information, motivation, and tools for the user to
participate in current affairs debates and related
90
online/offline communities. Pat Aufderheide (2014).
They have also deepened their promotion in the news and
public affairs outlets due to their taking advantage of
digital platforms to add depth and context to coverage
of breaking news, events, and issues. Digital
journalism projects are also sustaining and expanding
core public affairs specializations such as
investigative reporting, international news, or science
and environmental coverage specialty beats that
commercial news organizations are otherwise cutting
across other fields.
Many broadcasters and other professionals have been
able to reach and communicate with their various
counterparts in various parts of the world where they
have shared ideas, this, courtesy LinkedIn, and some
other related social community.
91
Notwithstanding, digital media and technology has and
it is still moving the course of information
dissemination to a much greater heights beyond
imagination, as scientists, engineers and digital media
analyst are working day in day out to achieve more
feats and this field.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
The following recommendations are made after this
study
1.Increases tentacles: Using digital media,
information about the importance, efficiency and
cost effectiveness of the use of digital media
devices should be encourages so that information
breach or ill-informative world can be minimized.
92
This will ensure that most citizens of the country
are properly and adequately informed. Also, Digital
journalism is not just about effective use of
technology or organizational restructuring. It also
involves helping users to take advantage of the
abundance of new media resources and choices, to
become more frequent and more effective makers and
users. This category includes examples of projects
featuring news and media literacy, standards-
setting and training to become citizen journalists.
2.Government aid: The government should provide aid
or enforce policies on all of these mobile network
providers and internet service providers to cut
down their cost so the citizens can relate and
utilize the internetwork for information search and
communication purposes.
93
3.Wider outreach: Digital media and technological
platforms should be encouraged for more focused
network of users who share common identities,
problem, issues, interests or goals, rather than
following the principle that appeals to the masses,
the former establishes openings for the
broadcasting of information and engaging the
minority, ethnic, and low-income publics that are
often undeserved by mainstream coverage.
4. Re-orientating content: Designing again, in more
detailed and concise sense, the existing content
online can involve the transfer of content from one
interface to another, the belligerence of existing
news and data sources revolving round a specific
issue. Projects of such maximize user access to
94
existing content and create new value and utility
for users through smart curation.
5.Collaborate: Collaborative digital news and public
affairs projects should be organized around shared
issues, locations and user communities. These
projects should also involve connections between
different sorts of media outlets as well as related
organizations, institutions, and publics.
6.Innovative: Pioneers of digital media and
technology are coming up with new formats,
interfaces, and platforms for delivering news and
information and for sponsoring audience engagement
with public affairs without leaving out
advertisement. These serve as an addition on
commercial open platforms and software and a pull
95
on free open source software (FOSS). We should also
work to contribute.
7.Political Presence: Digital media and technology
has brought presence into the political virtual
world. They initiate political conversations and
civic engagement, either election related or
policy-centered. Instead of just making political
adverts, opinion polls should be done via this way
so as to access people’s comments, views and
reactions towards a particular topic. Some
political sites may have mobilizing information on
how to get involved, who to contact, and where to
show up to participate or vote. Political
conversations should also stimulated by government
transparency initiatives.
96
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION APERSONAL DATA
Please tick inside the box [ ] against youroption and fill out the blank space alternatively
1.Sex? a. Male [ ] b. Female [ ]
2.Occupation? _____________
3.Section? _________________
4.Broadcast Station/ Organization? _____________
5.Years of experience?
a. 0-5 [ ] b. 5-10 [ ] c. 10-15 [ ] d. 15 andabove [ ]
97
SECTION B
Please Note that
Deeply Agree – DA, Agree – A, Deeply Disagree– DD, Disagree – D, No Opinion - NO
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
6.Modern equipments have made broadcasting much easier by distributing information far more than it used to be
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
7.Radio receivers are now more portable and less expensive
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
8.The design and development of devices for people with sense impairment will aid information distribution
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
9.Modern equipments have made transmission so easy that it can be done anywhere, anytime and in any place.
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
98
10. Bringing interactivity into informationdissemination will assist broadcasters in forgingahead and making adjustments
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
11. As technology grows, broadcasters andbroadcasting stations make less money as thereare lots of new handy ways to get information
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
12. As technology grows, Setting up and managing abroadcast house is very expensive unlike in theearly 1990’s
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
13. All these latest technological devices make thebroadcasting house very rowdy and cumbersome
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
14. Technological growth is gradually affecting ourculture and tradition as the instrument to playour historical materials is going into extinction
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
15. Technological change allows non- broadcastersto feature well in the process of broadcasting
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
99
16. Broadcasters gets enough training to make themfunction well on the job
a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO
100
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103