IMPACTS OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON THE LOGISTICS OF BROADCASTING HOUSES IN ILORIN, NIGERIA.

IMPACTS OF DIGITAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE

LOGISTICS OF BROADCASTING STATIONS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

If Facebook were to be a country, only China and India

would be bigger as it claims to have more than 400

million users worldwide. Several hardware devices have

placed people on the virtual side of life; most now

have another life on the internet cloud. What are

these hardware devices? They are collectively termed

digital media.

Digital media are any type of media that are converted

from continuous or varying format to its finite or

discrete counterpart form, also known as digital

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format; it is encoded in a machine-readable format.

Digital media can be composed, read, distributed,

preserved, and modified on computers.

Computer and software; digital video; web pages and

websites, including social; digital audio, such as

mp3s; and e-books are examples of digital media

Wikipedia (2014). Digital media often exist in a

juxtaposed difference with print media, i.e. printed

books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional

or analog media, such as film or audio tape which

always stored in magnetic form. With prospects and

specialization in internet marketing and solutions,

digital media part aim is to develop and evolve markets

such as the internet, new, mobile and social media, and

it’s various technologies, so as to achieve results,

any means necessary are utilized to profit from

suitable markets.2

Exploring medium such as text, audio, video, and

graphics that is electronically transmitted over the

internet or over computer networks, and in digital

format (1’s and 0’s), as the computer only understands

1’s and 0’s as a language, and nothing more. It

typically refers to either hardware, or software

working together, also in the case of software, it may

mean digital music, movies, and television.

The technological aspect of digital media, called

digital media technology is a form of technology in the

electronic media where data are stored in digital, as

opposed to analog form. It at most times refers to the

technical facet of storage and transmission like hard

disk drives or computer networking of information or to

the end point, such as digital video, augmented reality

and digital art. It, in another technical attribute,

uses digital applications to create high tech form of3

media that is predominantly used online. Examples of

these applications are, graphics design software, sound

editing, web page design, digital video production and

editing and video games. Digital media technology does

not cease to cut across the use of digital compressors

that will dramatically increase over time such as

satellite television, satellite radio.

Information and communication these days has

transformed increasingly into less face-to-face

contact between family, friends and most especially

manufacturers, wholesalers or middle -men and

retailers. Products and services are more often sold

‘at a distance’, and questions are also often asked and

answered ‘at a distance’. This paradigm is made

possible by the developments in the field of

information technology, which in parallel, runs to the

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need for a more market-centered and service-

orientation. IJS global (2010).

Broadcasting is the dissemination of audio and video

content to audience in diffused locations through an

audio or visual mass communication medium, but usually

one using electromagnetic radiation (radio

frequency/waves), the content are specifically placed

in an envelope-like signal called carrier signal in a

process called modulation. The modulation maybe in

amplitude, frequency or phase. The receiving parties

may include the general public or a relatively large

subset thereof. In years, broadcasting has been used

for purpose of private recreation, non- commercial

exchange of messages, experimentation, self -training

and emergency communication such as amateur or ham

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radio and amateur television in addition to commercial

purpose radio or TV stations with advertisements.

Digital media has left no stone unturned as it touches

all life, either positively or negatively. It travels

to the extent of placing its hands on broadcasting,

over the years, broadcasting in Nigeria has been lame

for not most listeners get the information on their

fingertips, digital media has assisted so segment of

broadcasting, but as it does, and other sections in

broadcasting stations are suffering.

1.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Digital media now shows up in virtually every spheres

of life, one can become a newspaper printing personnel

after being experienced in a printing press, another, a

broadcaster in the middle age but what will today’s

broadcasters and newspapers become with the influx of

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the internet and these trendy and useful digital

devices?

For the economy of a developing country like Nigeria,

this is a fundamental question that should ring in the

minds of engineers, economist, digital media

specialists and other stake holders. For logistics in

broadcasting houses and information centers, digital

media imparts is enormous, and as much as this may be,

nearly every caring people sees the positivity in the

impact digital media and technology has brought into

the activities of man, without taking a thin look on

the negative aspects of it. Proper awareness about the

impact of digital media on the day –today activities

surrounding the media life of man is included. It is

also surprising that say, the impact smartphones are

having on conversation. Time and time again you see

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people playing on their smartphones when they could be

talking and sharing things verbally with one another.

Our traditional media industry has been under tumult

ever since the advert and rise in digital media

platforms, combined with the economic downturn amongst

other problems.

This study wants to display the good and bad of digital

media as it relates of the logistics of broadcasting in

television and radio stations in Nigeria.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to analyze how digital

media and technology has created a hiatus on the

logistics of broadcasting houses and the dissemination

of information to the general public. The broadcast

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houses have their roles in every country, this study

wants to further explain the ways in which digital

media and technology has touched, either positively or

negatively, all the sections in broadcasting houses in

relation to the delivery of their services.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will serve as a tool to determining

appropriately the type of format or design that the

broadcasting houses will use when it comes to preparing

a certain framework for implementing their service of

information propagation, it will also guide them and

give them insights on how digital media and technology

may hinder or aid their vision in creating a certain

concept or idea.

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1.4 SCOPE OR DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Confined to only Nigeria as a country, this study is

made with cognizance to broadcasting houses, the ways

and attitudes of broadcasters, the motives of these

broadcasting houses and all with to the economy of the

country Nigeria.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In this research work, an attempt will be made to give

solutions to the questions stated below:

a)Does digital media and technology aid in the

distribution of information appropriately?

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b)To what degree has the advent of digital media and

technology affects the turn-outs of broadcasting

houses in Nigeria?

c)Do all broadcasters get the necessary trainings as

to how to effectively use digital media to promote

and distribute their ideas and information?

d)Does this innovation, digital media and technology,

give room for other stakeholders aside broadcasters

to help in the information distribution chain?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following research hypothesis derived logically

from the problems posed in the research questions.

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This is paramount as it points a direction, and focuses

as litmus test of the statement of claims or

prepositions contained in the concepts.

H1: Digital media and technology aid in the

distribution of information adequately

H0: Digital media and technology does not aid in the

distribution of information appropriately

H2: Digital media and technology affect to a large

extent the turn-outs of broadcasting houses in

Nigeria

H0: Digital media and technology affect minimally the

turn-outs of broadcasting houses in Nigeria

H3: All broadcasters get necessary trainings as to

how to effective promote and distribute their

concepts and ideas using digital media and technology

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H0: All broadcasters do not get necessary trainings

as to how to effective promote and distribute their


H4: This innovation, digital media and technology,


to help in the information distribution chain


gives no room for other stakeholders aside

broadcasters to help in the information

distribution chain

1.7 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

From the above hypothesis, it can be assumed that the

positive impacts of digital media and technology on the

logistics of broadcasting houses is far profiting than

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the negative effects, which makes digital media experts

in these broadcasting houses devise ways of

contribution of digital media use to suit the motives

of the stations.

This will certainly direct broadcasters on the path to

follow when a significant digital related ideas and

problems are to be tackled.

Digital media and technology say, may have or haven’t

contributed immensely to the logistics of broadcasting

houses in our country, both positively and negatively,

through its utilization by the broadcasters, and the

general public in the exchange of information.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

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This study is limited to Nigeria, some other countries

that resembles Nigeria in terms of development,

technological advancement and population may fit in.

Limitations also set out in the search of data, as

respondents and interviewee are reluctant in giving out

information that seem confidential to their

organizations.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS: CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATION

Some of the key words used in this study will be

clearly defined as a concept and as it is being used in

the real world i.e. in operation.

Conceptual--- Broadcast: This means to take place in a

radio or television program.

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Operational--- Broadcast: Is the transmission of radio

or television signals/ electromagnetic signals.

Conceptual--- Digital: This entails representation of

data as numbers e.g. counting with blocks.

Operational--- Digital: Is the variation of physical

quantities such as light waves by means of discrete

signals which are interpreted as numbers.

Conceptual--- Media: Is the middle muscular layer of

the lymph vessel.

Operational--- Media: Engulfs the various means of mass

dissemination of information i.e television, radio,

magazines, newspapers, internet etc.

Conceptual--- Technology: Is the study, application and

development of devices for productive processes.

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Operational--- Technology: Deals with the method s that

applies to technical know-how and tools.

Conceptual--- Logistics: Movement of management.

Operational--- Logistics: This is the planning,

organization and implementation of complex task.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 LITERATURE SOURCE

As if there were no other concepts in technology,

experts and technological gurus have made so many

researches in this area. This study if carefully

viewed, cut across disciplines like Electrical

Engineering, Computer science, Mass Communication and

Management Science. To make this research well detailed

and robust enough with information, it is very

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paramount that we stand on the shoulders of experts in

these fields.

This involves meetings with communication experts,

electrical engineers, media directors, economists,

producers and broadcast engineers. Journals,

commentaries, articles, and text books were also

reviewed.

2.1 DIGITAL MEDIA AND PRESENTATION

Quite a number of radio and television presenters these

days make their programme so interactive that every

opinions and contributions made by listeners came as

immediate as the liveliness of the show itself,

obviously, there is a total gone in the days where

presenters has no way of communicating with their

audience on the show, even those that came after the19

programme gets the delay of days before the

interactivity or rubbing of minds exist between the

presenters and its audience. Dave Duarte (2009).In

addition, digital media brought with it, an avenue for

presenters to sell themselves as a brand, advertise

their ideas, programme and company, market their

talents and make a lot of money as their audience click

on the pages of their companies’ website.

This interaction is being created because virtually all

computer networks are bi-directional and addressable.

In addition, you can enumerate and indicate where your

message will go, and a feedback will be gotten right

away. Rodrigo Gomez(2011). Most mass media are one-

way, or broadcast, media unlike the one way feature

that was built into telephone. They are engineered to

deliver the same message to many people at once, but

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they don’t provide for any return messages. Digital

media networks are different – you can still send the

same message to many people, and instance can stream

along Netflix, or streaming radio, or just a simple web

page, but you can also have interaction ranging from

minor elements choosing shows and rating them on

Netflix to major components such as posting pictures

and comments on other peoples’ photos on Flickr and

Facebook.

According to the article by Lars Qvortrup on the

European Journal of Communication published in

2006, Chaos Theory has been widely acknowledged as the

reality within the field of media and communications.

However, if this is actually true then the theory made

by Manuel Castellis on global network societies would

be made true. There are many critics who would argue

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against this case. Lars Qvortrup (2006) believes that

the society we live in is not an anthropocentric

society, which is to say, there is no rational man in a

control room pulling all the strings. He believes that

we actually live in a poly-centric society where many

people control how things function. Some people believe

that we do not live in a single global society, but

that there are many loosely coupled networks that

influence and disturb one another. With this in mind,

the cartoon theories in the Danish newspaper affect

cultural and social networks in Libanon and Syria, but

this in itself is an exception. Only under very special

circumstances can a wave of self-perpetuating

interference occur. Justin Healey (2011).

Also, a unique feature of networked digital media is

that because it is based on software, the people

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participating in the network can organize themselves

into temporary and imaginary segments. This is most

obviously seen in Facebook, where you can instantly and

easily create a new group around any sort of topic.

These “group have enormous value since they help us

coordinate, communicate, and collaborate on projects

large and small – from parties to promotion of brands.

Digital media presenters look at it in this way, the

most important parts of digital media are not simply

the easy part where conversion of regular media to

digital formats. It is the thorny part where the

unleash of tremendous value for society is taking

advantage of these new capabilities relating to

interactivity and group forming.

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2.2 DIGITAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY

Doing simply task like recording ones voice with a

phone, or taking ones picture has done nothing but

merely take an analogue format or a physical portrait

of something and then transduce or convert it to its

digital equivalent. The technology of sending a core as

a physical signal by standing in front of slide door of

mall and the door open by itself is really a digital

technology. This, and other related facets are the

fast pace era through the use of technology. Say, home

recordings of television programme enormously advanced

this medium. Digital programming technology is a media

aided technology that makes television or radio content

to be downloaded instantly. This kind of technology

creates a notch for broadcasters to use the available

digital technologies to create numerous channels.

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Notwithstanding, service providers offer on-demand,

programme services that gives people the opportunity to

have the power of when and where they watch or hear

their media. Digital technology has converged

television and computers into one single medium.

An interesting aspect of digital media technology is

the digitization of items which include scanning,

recording and digital photography. This technology can

further enhance the inculcation of this information

into web publishing, where one can design a website

that allows illustrations or photos to accompany

different pages and placed buttons on special places

for ease of navigation. Digitized videos and audios can

also be published online by uploading or YouTube or

MySpace or any other sites so that it can be

broadcasted on the internet cloud. Dr. L.N Ikpaahindi

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(2013) in his paper presentation chipped in the

different types of digital tools, digitization

equipment can be separated into “contact” and “non-

contact”, saying contact equipment i.e flatbed scanners

require that the original item be flat or can be

pressed flat without damage, or non-contact equipment

which includes digital recorders or digital cameras

that are able to obtain a digital form of the item with

bare minimum contact with the original. Tom Jenkins

(2008).

Digital technology is even easier, in a sense, since it

is almost entirely a technical definition and relates

to the use of computers or digital related devices,

with regards to their “binary" language of on/off, 1/0,

bits and bytes. This is the digital world and includes

computers or smart devices, the software and operating

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systems to run them, and the movement and storage of

digital information via networks and storage (hard

drives and cloud services). Interruption of digital

item is the combination of the happenings in external

communication and technology as much as anything either

from the internal or external as long as it causes

distortion, which later boils down into a

communications challenge. Carrie James et al (2012).

During the driving of digitized initiatives, some might

see several reasons not to stay in tune with the

development or really adopting the technology. This

thus pivots a discouraging kind of to the rest of that

organization? Making or wanting to make the complex

simple through technology but sometimes, there’s a very

heavy resistance.

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Everyone has a pretty good idea what media are. Humans

use tools, and the tools we use to communicate across

distances, across time and to more people at once than

we could with our own voice and body are "media."

Although the definition could include interpersonal and

non-mass media, like the telephone, in common usage we

typically have a sense that "media" are for

communicating with more than just one person. The

technology of digital media has therefore; set a longer

life span for the existence of media.

2.3 DIGITAL MEDIA AND JOURNALISM

Though the digitization of everything has gradually

sent the traditional media down the drain and also

migrated advertisement from the traditional prints to

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the digital and new media, only cartoon related prints,

magazines and other leisure text have a little room to

breathe in prints. Really, digital media has tolerate

faster delivering and scattering of more news content

on several platforms. All eyes have not been taken off

traditional forms of media as they still survive on

government advertising, private companies and political

parties.

Digital media and journalism collides in political and

technological and financial strides. The first, which

happens to be political independence and freedom to

cover topics that are forbidden of them, greater risks

for journalists and less good- quality journalism, with

more trivialization and sensation in political

coverage. Secondly, the impacts being the deployment of

newer technologies that led to the transmutation in

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news production, dissemination, and consumption, as

well as in the practice of journalism able to

strengthen public debate and, implicitly, the quality

of democracy.

Apart from sales, the profit life- wire of so many

publication companies is advertisement, systematically

pushing these companies away from state and political

coffers will grossly affect their production, these

politicians and states pay or sometimes, pressurize

these publication companies to cover them in a positive

manner. Upload of and downloading of journalistic

contents via digital media devices such as smart phones

is on the increase, many newspaper daily content can be

read on the company’s website, this therefore speaks

that many newspaper companies and print media environ

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have recently been searching for a new way of putting

these technological concepts in their ideas.

These days, if technology is not adequately employed in

journalism maybe because of cost of production or

expertise, quality of news and output of information

will be directly affected, and this will in-turn

paralyze the security of jobs in the sector. In

essence, only the initial accrued cost of procuring

this high- tech equipment is exorbitant, the later

functioning is lot easier. Digitization has made the

production of information less expensive, but not most

journalist can utilize this except the well paid big

boy journalists in the industry. Digital media use does

not necessarily have effects on the ethics of

journalists but some media houses designed self-

regulation mechanisms, including codes of ethics. It

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has no direct consequence on the ethical behavior of

journalist and media houses. The public is oblivious of

these ethical codes and they are privately circulated

among the company’s employees, media houses with

ethical codes have this even before the advent of

digital media.

Digital media utilizes a flexible, scalable

architecture. It can accept analog, digital, and

control signals such as advanced EDID, CEC, and USB and

then transmit them over HDMI, HDBaseT, CAT5e, multimode

fiber, single-mode fiber, and now H.264 streaming video

over the network. By integrating streaming on the same

reliable platform, Digital Media delivers the best of

both worlds — the power of the network for content

delivery to mobile devices and destinations around the

world, and the reliability of point-to-point links for

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delivery within the room. Creston J.(2014). Creston saw

the importance in not only letting out this

technological advancement and their uses but also the

teachings of broadcasters and journalists on the use of

the digital media tools.

In the world of journalism, upcoming journalists and

students were introduced to the latest trends in

digital and social media, including mobile apps and

live streaming videos. Vargas said, “ JMS faculty and

students also offered instruction in creating and

sharing digital photos, using such social media tools

as Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and YouTube, and using

new online tools such as Storify, SoundCloud and

Thinglink” JMS online (2014). Among the innovative

features are

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iPad tablets containing latest apps for digital

media production

LED monitors, with Apple TV, which allow students

and faculty to view real-time media content and to

“mirror” their iPads

Energy efficient LED lighting fixtures, flush-

mounted the room

Amplified stereo ceiling components and Rolling

work stations

2.4 DIGITAL MEDIA, MARKETING AND BUSINESS

Every broadcasting house in Nigeria has a marketing

division which comprise marketers for go out to

interact with other companies and personnel so that the

can invest in their programme or advertise in their

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companies. Most of these broadcasting houses do not

spend as much as they spent yester years as compared to

recently. Most marketing and business are now directed

towards digital media. The use of digital devices like

computers, smart phones, iPads and maybe game consoles

to market and engage with stakeholders. Digital

marketing applies technologies or platforms such as

websites, e-mail, apps (classic and mobile) and social

networks. Wikipedia (2014).

Digital media is so inescapable that stakeholders and

the general public get the access to information

wherever and whenever they want. In the past, adverts

came from and only consist of only what the advertiser

want the people to know, broadcasting stations now make

adverts on platforms ranging from their websites to

blogs, streaming along pages where comments and likes

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can be placed on social media like Facebook, twitter,

vine and even instagram. Digital media is a fast

growing source of entertainment, news, shopping, and

social interaction, where customers and clients are

exposed to not only what the brand is saying, but also

what other i.e. media, friends, relatives and peers are

saying about it.

The cool part is that in every part of the world,

people can see and have a feel of the advert and also

make business transactions on the internet. Video and

audio files may be sent to broadcasting houses by

advertisement agents and it will be aired. With

business, accountants have to see to budget balance,

account tracks receivable, and manage payroll and sale

products and services. These are challenges of many

broadcasting houses nationwide, but if digital media is

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done strategically and consistently, the use of digital

media and technology to bolster their brand name,

concepts, ideas, improve customer relations and boost

advert placements. Not many broadcasting houses makes

use of these as they consider the major issue of

deciding which platforms to embrace, and the most time

efficient and cost effective alternatives. Broadcasting

houses should check out the digital resources that

others in their industry, including their competitors

to see if those platforms would fit in with their own

business plans. Presence of a broadcasting house on

Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn is very good and once a

business opts in to those social media, it must

maintain an active presence in that virtual world, and

the broadcaster should not just talk about the company

but also share information and ask questions, because

if this use of social media to share news, promote new37

ideas and solicit customers feedback is done right,

those social media followers will likely become

evangelists for the brand.

2.5 DIGITAL MEDIA AND PUBLIC/PRIVATE BROADCASTERS

It is no new discourse that private broadcasters are

well at the fore- front of digitization utilization as

compared to their counterparts in the public

broadcasting stations. Broadcasters in public broadcast

houses are struggling to get real results from the

company’s social media activity, aside making use of

that to market themselves as a brand, it is very little

to find these people being able to fuse it with that of

their company. This is often because they have no real

social media strategy. As a matter of fact, not many

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public broadcast houses have that wireless internet

networks in their environ.

As a broadcaster, who wants to attract new prospects,

one needs to make sure that you have an engaging social

media presence. Firstly, that means you need to be

active in social media, but there’s more to it than

that, as more to that as it may be, not a good

percentage of broadcasters in the public broadcasting

house has this.

Broadcasters need to offer something of interest to

their prospects, and a need of engaging a profile.

Also, they need to be posting useful information for

your audience. Naturally, not all prospects will come

to a broadcaster but you are also going to have to make

the effort.

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Broadcasters in private organizations search functions

on all the key social media platforms which allows them

to find people they should be engaging with, thirty

minutes of browsing on LinkedIn should give

broadcasters a large number of people that would be

worth connecting with. There are also plenty of free

tools on the Internet that helps to find social media

users in various industries and locations of choice.

Social media is not just about finding names. It’s a

lot easier to make contact with people on social media.

The need to realize that connecting is only the

beginning of a social media journey; it is not enough

to simply have social media connections. The main

gimmick is now having an excellent opportunity to start

a conversation with people on social media. To achieve

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this successfully, the broadcaster will need to be

posting content that will be of interest to them.

At some point, discussion with the immediate environ

will go further to having to move your connections into

your sales funnel. When you have the right level of

engagement with connections, it’s time to take

relationships from the cybernetic world into the real

world, and that should be the suggestion of real

conversations through calls, meetings, open houses and

even events you may be attending or participating in.

At that point, there will have to be a warm prospects,

where happiness will ensue from the talk and there will

be much more openings of working consideration.

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Social media is about relationship-building. It’s about

lead cultivating. If you have posted the right sort of

information for them, they will understand the value

that you can bring to them and their business. And

these are some of the opportunities broadcasters in

public houses may fall short of because of the

inadequate use or lack of the needed digital media

equipment.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHOD

The data collected and analyzed in this research

ultimately consist hands on tactics; it involves first

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hand data collection in the form of survey,

questionnaires, interviews, observations and

professional discussion.

Wikipedia gave a fitting definition of questionnaire as

a research instrument consisting of a series of

questions and other prompts for the purpose of

gathering information from respondents. Wikipedia

(2014). Used for statistical analysis, many

questionnaires need suitable question construction and

words that exist in some other kind of opinion polls to

make it stand out.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

This research work is designed in such a way that it

cuts across the whole of Ilorin metropolis and its

neighboring towns. There are more than ten broadcasting

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houses in Ilorin and its environ, and also close to

fifty production studios which amounts to having more

than a hundred broadcasters and production experts.

Harmony FM, Unilorin FM, Royal FM, Ray Power FM is some

of the intended radio stations to mention but a few.

3.3 RESEARCH SAMPLE

The research is restricted to the simple random

sampling procedure. A random sampling procedure can be

stated as a method of drawing a pulling a population so

that each member has equal chance of being selected.

In determining the sample size for this research

work, the systematic sample method was used. The

researcher conducted a total of fifty (50) interviews;

observations were made during the visit to the

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broadcasting houses. To make it more detailed and

concrete, a total of fifty (50) questionnaires were

also given to respondents.

3.4 MEASURING INSTRUMENT

The measuring instrument used in gathering

information for this study is the interviews made and

administered questionnaires.

The question in the questionnaire is divided into

two parts. The first part deals with occupational

variables while the second part covers the research

related question.

3.5 DATA VALIDITY

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Validity can be referred to as the degree of

accuracy of an instrument. It depicts how it will

measure up to what it is supposed to measure, it answer

the question of, does the instrument measure what it is

supposed to measure.

The instrument is valid because the questions were

reasonable and in-line enough to give unquestioned

results and also, the questionnaire was pre-tested and

the questions were given the desired result. Moreover,

the questions were cross checked by the supervisor to

give the instrument validity. On the basis of the

above, the instrument is therefore valid.

3.6 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

The method of data analysis that is used is simple

percentage and frequency tabular presentation in which

descriptive analysis was used to infer meaning to the46

data in the table. Also, the chi-square of goodness of

fit test is used to text some selected hypothesis.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter of the study is targeted at analyzing

in a graphical and pictorial form, all the data

collected through the questionnaire that the researcher

administered in the cause of information sourcing which

will assist the researcher in explaining the findings

of the research work. The researcher administered a

total of 100 questionnaires, some of which were done by

interviewing the respondents and by having a phone

conversation with others.

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4.1.1 IMPORTANT DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE

RESPONDENTS

Table 1: Gender Distribution of Respondents

Sex

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Male 67 67%

Fema

le 33 33%

Figure1: Gender Distribution of Respondents (Graphical

Representation)

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Table 2: Work section distribution of respondents

Section

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Programmes 23 23%

Engineering 21 21%

Marketing 19 19%

News & Current

Affairs 21 21%

ICT 16 16%

49

Figure 2: Work section distribution of respondents

(Graphical Representation)

Table 3: Distribution of respondent’s years of experience

Years of

Experience

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

0-5 43 43%

5-10 18 18%

50

10-15 26 26%

15 and Above 13 13%

Figure 3: Distribution of respondent’s years of

experience (Graphical Representation)

4.1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ANALYSIS

Question 1

51

Q6. Modern equipment have made broadcasting much easier by

distributing information far more than it used to be

Table 4

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 61 61%

Agree 9 9%

Deeply

Disagree 0 0%

Disagree 30 30%

No Opinion 0 0%

52

Figure 4: Graphical Representation

Question 2

Q7. Radio receivers are now more portable and less expensive

Table 5

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply 62 62%

53

Agree

Agree 11 11%

Deeply

Disagree 5 5%

Disagree 22 22%

No Opinion 0 0%


Question 3

54

Q8. The design and development of devices for people with sense

impairment will aid information distribution

Table 6

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 38 38%

Agree 9 9%

Deeply

Disagree 10 10%

Disagree 43 43%

No Opinion 0 0%

55


Question 4

56

Q9. Modern equipment has made transmission so easy that it can be

done anywhere, anytime and in any place.

Table 7

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 47 47%

Agree 5 5%

Deeply

Disagree 13 13%

57

Disagree 34 34%

No Opinion 1 1%


Question 5

Q10.Bringing interactivity into information dissemination will assist

broadcasters in forging ahead and making adjustments

Table 8

58

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 37 37%

Agree 6 6%

Deeply

Disagree 16 16%

Disagree 38 38%

No Opinion 3 3%

59

Figure 8

Question 6

Q11. As technology grows, broadcasters and broadcasting stations

make less money as there are lots of new handy ways to get

information

60

Table 9

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 30 30%

Agree 1 1%

Deeply

Disagree 29 29%

Disagree 40 40%

No Opinion 0 0%


61

Question 7

Q12. As technology grows, Setting up and managing a broadcast

house is very expensive unlike in the early 1990’s

Table 10

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 20 20%

Agree 3 3%62

Deeply

Disagree 51 51%

Disagree 26 26%

No Opinion 0 0%


63

Question 8

Q13. All these latest technological devices make the broadcasting

house very rowdy and cumbersome

64

Table 11

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 16 16%

Agree 2 2%

Deeply

Disagree 43 43%

Disagree 36 36%

No Opinion 3 3%


65

Question 9

Q14. Technological growth is gradually affecting our culture and

tradition as the instrument to play our historical materials is going

into extinction

Table 12

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

66

Deeply

Agree 31 31%

Agree 3 3%

Deeply

Disagree 20 20%

Disagree 43 43%

No Opinion 3 3%


67

Question 10

Q15. Technological change allows non- broadcasters to feature well in

the process of broadcasting

68

Table 13

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply

Agree 44 44%

Agree 1 1%

Deeply

Disagree 20 20%

Disagree 35 35%

No Opinion 0 0%

Figure 13

69

Question 11

Q16. Broadcasters get enough training to make them function well on

the job

Table 14

Response

Frequen

cy

Frequency

Distribution

Deeply 44 44%

70

Agree

Agree 2 2%

Deeply

Disagree 22 22%

Disagree 29 29%

No Opinion 3 3%


4.2 TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS

71

Using chi-square goodness of fit test, the researcher

gives an explanatory evidence to the concept of

research study. Obasi (2009), revealed in his research

work that chi-square goodness of fit test is a research

tool, used to create comparison between the observed

frequencies (o) and expected frequencies (e) of a given

set of data.

Ezeja E. Ojili (2005) added by defining an hypothesis

saying that it is an attentive statement that is put

across for investigation in explaining phenomenon. For

instance, Ho is a statement made to depend on the

research study. There exist, a relationship between

differences at a level of significance. Hypothesis is

an head-lamp or rather, a guide for the investigation

of the central process of research endeavor and they

keep the researcher on the main line of the study.

72

Denoted by , chi-square is a value showing

relationship between observed frequency and expected

frequency. Mathematically represented as:

= ,

Where

= Deviation, which is equal to the difference between

observed frequency and expected frequency, = o-e

= Summation of all items

73

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 1

H1: Digital media and technology aid in the

distribution of information adequately

H0: Digital media and technology does not aid in the

distribution of information appropriately

Table 15

Responses O E d =

o-e

= (o-

e)2 =

74

Deeply

Agree

61 20 41 1681 84.1

Deeply

Disagree

9 20 -11 121 6.05

Agree 0 20 -20 400 20

Disagree 30 20 10 100 5

No Opinion 0 20 -20 400 20

Total 10

0

10

0

135.15

The calculated value X2 = 135.15

Degree of freedom = k-1, where k = number of categories

= 5-1=4 the calculated value, 135.15 at four degree of

freedom and at 0.05 level of significance is = 9.488 75

Decision rule

Since the calculated value is greater than the

table value, we accept the alternative hypothesis H1:

Digital media and technology aid in the distribution of

information adequately


H2: Digital media and technology affect to a large

extent the turn-outs of broadcasting houses in

Nigeria

H0: Digital media and technology affect minimally

the turn-outs of broad casting houses in Nigeria

76

Table 16

Responses O Ed =

o-e

= (o-

e)2

=

Deeply

Agree

30 20 10 100 5

77

Deeply

Disagree

1 20 -19 361 18.1

Agree 29 20 9 81 4.1

Disagree 40 20 20 400 20

No Opinion 0 20 -20 400 20

Total 10

0

10

0

67.2




freedom and at 0.05 level of significance is = 9.488

Decision rule

78


table value, the valid hypothesis becomes H2: Digital

media and technology affect to a large extent the turn-

outs of broadcasting houses in Nigeria






gives no room for other stakeholders aside

broadcasters to help in the information

distribution chain

79

Table 17

Responses O Ed =

o-e

= (o-

e)2

=

Deeply

Agree

44 20 24 576 28.5

Deeply

Disagree

1 20 -19 361 18.1

Agree 20 20 0 0 0

80

Disagree 35 20 15 225 11.3

No Opinion 0 20 -20 400 20

Total 10

0

10

0

77.5





Decision rule


table value, the valid hypothesis becomes H3: This

innovation, digital media and technology, give room for

other stakeholders aside broadcasters to help in the

information distribution chain

81


H4: All broadcasters get necessary trainings as to

how to effective promote and distribute their


H0: All broadcasters do not get necessary trainings

as to how to effective promote and distribute their


82

Table 18

Responses O Ed =

o-e

= (o-

e)2

=

Deeply

Agree

44 20 24 576 28.5

Deeply

Disagree

2 20 -18 324 16.2

Agree 22 20 2 4 0.2

Disagree 29 20 9 81 4.1

No Opinion 3 20 -17 289 14.5

Total 10

0

10

0

63.8

83





Decision rule


table value, the valid hypothesis becomes H4: All

broadcasters get necessary trainings as to how to

effective promote and distribute their concepts and

ideas using digital media and technology

4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDING

The above research hypothesis, as was conducted

using chi-square statistical tool provides and84

empirical support to the fact that advent of digital

media and technology has in a long way, positively

affect each of the logistics in broadcasting houses.

The hypotheses supported the assumption that digital

media and technology play a paramount role in

broadcasting.

The outcome from hypothesis one tested positive H1,

digital media and technology aid in the proper

dissemination of information. This was proved to be

true given the degree of freedom of 4 and at 0.05 level

of significance. The calculated value of 135.15 is

greater than the table value of 9.488, thus

authenticating the fact that digital media and

technology aids in the dissemination of information

properly.

85

The second hypothesis tested positive too. Since

the calculated value of 67.2 is greater than the table

value of 9.488, thus giving credence to hypothesis two.

The researcher therefore, accepted the alternative

hypothesis H2 and rejected the null hypothesis (H0),

Digital media and technology affect minimally the turn-

outs of broad casting houses in Nigeria.

Hypothesis three H3 as well tested positive. This

is because the calculated value of 77.5 is greater than

the table value of 9.488, this offering acceptance to

the fact that innovation, digital media and technology,

gives no room for other stakeholders aside broadcasters


Without contrary, the fourth hypothesis H4, was also

tested positive. This is because the calculated value

of 63.8 is greater than the table value 9.488, thus

86

giving credence to the fact that All broadcasters get

necessary trainings as to how to effective promote and

distribute their concepts and ideas using digital media

and technology.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY , CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY

As keywords of this research work, digital media,

technology, logistics and broadcast houses, not only

come core in this aspect but also in virtually every

87

aspect of human endeavor. However, Boafo and Arnold

(1995), added that, “broadcast is not only necessary to

the various aspects of human development, but also to

the process of participating and nurturing the it”.

Thus, if nurtured properly and channeled to it are it

fundamental needs, digital media, like crude oil could

be the nation’s source of revenue. There is no activity

of human-kind that digital media hasn’t touched, from

education to banking, manufacturing, research,

government, airline and also information and

communication as the heart of broadcasting. Harnessing

enough power in this aspect by providing training for

the core users, i.e. the abstraction interface

personnel and enlightening the front-end users,

creativity can come in thereby, increasing other ways

of growing digital media and technology to promote,

88

increase productivity and efficiency in every

departments or logistics of broadcast houses in

Nigeria.

5.2 CONCLUSION

Vice president of video monetization at Adobe group,

Jeremy Helfand (2012) wrote that the next five years

will bring a dramatic shift in the media landscape

affecting all constituents- consumer, media companies

and advertisers. Even before the five years that he

predicted, lives and business orientation of most media

personnel has tremendously changed as digital media and

technology has not only help them make more money, but

it has also assisted them disseminating information to

their consumers at the slightest of space and the

comfort of all.89

Technologically retarded as some may say, yet, Nigeria

has recorded quite a number of mobile application

developers that many broadcast houses has employed to

design for them a platform to bring their information

to the finger-tips and footsteps of all. Online

streaming, content development, social media such as

Facebook and twitter involvement has also posed a cost

effective way for broadcasters and there listeners to

engage in an awesome interaction as listeners comments

on issues and even request for favorite music thereby

erasing the traditional phone calls approach.

Digital media and technology platforms have heightened

broadcasters’ involvement in the virtual community as

they serve and involve users by providing the

information, motivation, and tools for the user to

participate in current affairs debates and related

90

online/offline communities. Pat Aufderheide (2014).

They have also deepened their promotion in the news and

public affairs outlets due to their taking advantage of

digital platforms to add depth and context to coverage

of breaking news, events, and issues. Digital

journalism projects are also sustaining and expanding

core public affairs specializations such as

investigative reporting, international news, or science

and environmental coverage specialty beats that

commercial news organizations are otherwise cutting

across other fields.

Many broadcasters and other professionals have been

able to reach and communicate with their various

counterparts in various parts of the world where they

have shared ideas, this, courtesy LinkedIn, and some

other related social community.

91

Notwithstanding, digital media and technology has and

it is still moving the course of information

dissemination to a much greater heights beyond

imagination, as scientists, engineers and digital media

analyst are working day in day out to achieve more

feats and this field.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

The following recommendations are made after this

study

1.Increases tentacles: Using digital media,

information about the importance, efficiency and

cost effectiveness of the use of digital media

devices should be encourages so that information

breach or ill-informative world can be minimized.

92

This will ensure that most citizens of the country

are properly and adequately informed. Also, Digital

journalism is not just about effective use of

technology or organizational restructuring. It also

involves helping users to take advantage of the

abundance of new media resources and choices, to

become more frequent and more effective makers and

users. This category includes examples of projects

featuring news and media literacy, standards-

setting and training to become citizen journalists.

2.Government aid: The government should provide aid

or enforce policies on all of these mobile network

providers and internet service providers to cut

down their cost so the citizens can relate and

utilize the internetwork for information search and

communication purposes.

93

3.Wider outreach: Digital media and technological

platforms should be encouraged for more focused

network of users who share common identities,

problem, issues, interests or goals, rather than

following the principle that appeals to the masses,

the former establishes openings for the

broadcasting of information and engaging the

minority, ethnic, and low-income publics that are

often undeserved by mainstream coverage.

4. Re-orientating content: Designing again, in more

detailed and concise sense, the existing content

online can involve the transfer of content from one

interface to another, the belligerence of existing

news and data sources revolving round a specific

issue. Projects of such maximize user access to

94

existing content and create new value and utility

for users through smart curation.

5.Collaborate: Collaborative digital news and public

affairs projects should be organized around shared

issues, locations and user communities. These

projects should also involve connections between

different sorts of media outlets as well as related

organizations, institutions, and publics.

6.Innovative: Pioneers of digital media and

technology are coming up with new formats,

interfaces, and platforms for delivering news and

information and for sponsoring audience engagement

with public affairs without leaving out

advertisement. These serve as an addition on

commercial open platforms and software and a pull

95

on free open source software (FOSS). We should also

work to contribute.

7.Political Presence: Digital media and technology

has brought presence into the political virtual

world. They initiate political conversations and

civic engagement, either election related or

policy-centered. Instead of just making political

adverts, opinion polls should be done via this way

so as to access people’s comments, views and

reactions towards a particular topic. Some

political sites may have mobilizing information on

how to get involved, who to contact, and where to

show up to participate or vote. Political

conversations should also stimulated by government

transparency initiatives.

96

QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION APERSONAL DATA

Please tick inside the box [ ] against youroption and fill out the blank space alternatively

1.Sex? a. Male [ ] b. Female [ ]

2.Occupation? _____________

3.Section? _________________

4.Broadcast Station/ Organization? _____________

5.Years of experience?

a. 0-5 [ ] b. 5-10 [ ] c. 10-15 [ ] d. 15 andabove [ ]

97

SECTION B

Please Note that

Deeply Agree – DA, Agree – A, Deeply Disagree– DD, Disagree – D, No Opinion - NO

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

6.Modern equipments have made broadcasting much easier by distributing information far more than it used to be

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

7.Radio receivers are now more portable and less expensive

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

8.The design and development of devices for people with sense impairment will aid information distribution

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

9.Modern equipments have made transmission so easy that it can be done anywhere, anytime and in any place.

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

98

10. Bringing interactivity into informationdissemination will assist broadcasters in forgingahead and making adjustments

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

11. As technology grows, broadcasters andbroadcasting stations make less money as thereare lots of new handy ways to get information

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

12. As technology grows, Setting up and managing abroadcast house is very expensive unlike in theearly 1990’s

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

13. All these latest technological devices make thebroadcasting house very rowdy and cumbersome

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

14. Technological growth is gradually affecting ourculture and tradition as the instrument to playour historical materials is going into extinction

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

15. Technological change allows non- broadcastersto feature well in the process of broadcasting

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

99

16. Broadcasters gets enough training to make themfunction well on the job

a.DA [ ] b. A [ ] c. DD [ ] d. D e. NO

100

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Prospects, Promises and Problems, Pg 22, edited by

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5.Rodrigo Gomez and Gabriel Sosa-Plata(2011), Mapping

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101

6.Carrie James et al (2012) Young People, Ethics and

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104

IMPACTS OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON THE LOGISTICS OF BROADCASTING HOUSES IN ILORIN, NIGERIA.

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