Post on 08-Feb-2023
1
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
“ECONOMIC SCIENCE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT”
Proceedings of the
RURAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE1. Rural Business Economics and Administration
2. Finance And Taxes
Jelgava2012
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
2
1-10
L. Rantamäki-Lahtinen Turning Rural Potential into Success
TIME SCHEDULE OF THE CONFERENCE
Preparation: October 2011 – April 2012Process: 26-27 April 2012
Abstracted / Indexed: ISI Web of Knowledge, AGRIS, EBSCO
3
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1-10
L. Rantamäki-Lahtinen Turning Rural Potential into Success
Professor Baiba Rivza
Latvia
Professor Bartosz Mickiewicz Poland
Professor Vilija AleknevicieneLithuania
Professor Irina Pilvere University of Latvia
Professor Ingrida Jakusonoka
Latvia
Associate professor Gunita Mazure Latvia
ProfessorBarbara Freytag-Leyer Germany
Professor Jacques Viaene Belgium
Professor Bo Öhlmer Sweden
Professor Wim J.M. Heijman the Netherlands
Professor Maria Parlinska Poland
Professor Csaba Forgacs Hungary
Professor Aina Dobele,
Latvia
Professor Liga Mihejeva,
Latvia
Associate professorBruna Maria Zolin Italy
Associate professorJonas Jasaitis
Lithuania
Associate professorAndra Zvirbule-Berzina
Entrepreneurship and
Latvia
Associate professorInguna Leibus Latvia
Associate professorModrite Pelse Latvia
The chief facilitator and project leader – associate professor Andra Zvirbule-Berzina
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
4
L. Rantamäki-Lahtinen Turning Rural Potential into Success
1-10
Editorial Board
Professor Baiba Rivza
Professor Irina Pilvere
Professor Bartosz Mickiewicz Poland
Professor Maria Parlinska Poland
Professor Vilija Alekneviciene
Professor Barbara Freytag-Leyer
Professor Jacques Viaene
Professor Bo Öhlmer
Professor Wim J.M. Heijman the Netherlands
Professor Csaba Forgacs
Professor Aina Dobele
Associate professor Bruna Maria Zolin Italy
Associate professor Andra Zvirbule-Berzina
Associate professor Gunita Mazure
Editor – in-chief Associate professor Andra Zvirbule-Berzina
Associate professor Gunita Mazure
Zanete Gruzina
Dzesija Zeiferte
Agnese Radzele-Sulce
Gunita Mazure
Agnese Radzele-Sulce
5
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
L. Rantamäki-Lahtinen Turning Rural Potential into Success
1-10
Reviewers
7206
Dzintra Atstaja Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (School of Business and Finance, Latvia)
Anita Auzina Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Stanislaw Bagienski Dr.hab., prof. nadz. (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland)
Dr.oec., lecturer (Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, Latvia)
Dainis Berjoza Dr.ing., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Veronika Bikse Dr.oec., prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Ligita Bite Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Vera Boronenko Dr.oec. (Daugavpils University, Latvia)
Ieva Brence Dr., assoc. prof. (Latvian Academy of Sciences, Latvia)
Inta Bruna Dr.oec., prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Veronika Bugina Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Andrzej Czyzewski Dr.hab., prof. (Poznan University of Economics, Poland)
Alina Danilowska Dr.hab., prof. (Warsaw University of Agriculture, Poland)
Rimantas Dapkus Dr., assoc. prof.( Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania)
Vija Dislere Dr.paed., assoc. prof., (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Aina Dobele Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Aija Eglite Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Justyna Franc-Dabrowska Dr.hab., adjunct prof. (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland)
Ineta Geipele Dr.oec., prof. (Riga Technical University, Latvia)
Barbara Golebiewska PhD hab. (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland)
Jaroslaw Golebiewski Dr.hab. (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland)
Gunta Grinberga-Zalite Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Inguna Gulbe
Dr.math., assoc. prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Uldis Ivans Mg.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Ingrida Jakusonoka Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Elita Jermolajeva Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Daugavpils University, Latvia)
Helma Jirgena
Inara Jurgena Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Leif Kalev PhD, assoc. prof. (Tallin University, Estonia)
Dr., PhD (Budapest Business School, Hungary)
Bogdan Klepacki Dr.hab., prof. (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland)
Evija Kopeika Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Vulfs Kozlinskis
Zaiga Krisjane Dr.geogr., prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Gediminas Kuliesis
Marika Laizane-Jurkane Dr.sc.pol. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Olga Lavrinenko Dr.oec. (Daugavpils University, Latvia)
Inguna Leibus Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Sviesa Leitoniene Dr., assoc. prof.( Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania)
Linda Leja
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
6
3-13
L. Rantamäki-Lahtinen Turning Rural Potential into Success
1-10
Agita Livina Dr.oec., assoc. prof.( Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences, Latvia)
Valdemaras Makutenas Dr., assist. prof.( Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania)
Gunita Mazure Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Bartosz Mickiewicz PhD., prof. (West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland)
Liga Mihejeva Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Tatjana Muravska Dr.oec., prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Aina Muska Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Grigorijs Olevskis Dr.hab.oec., prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Liga Paura Dr.sc.agr., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Modrite Pelse Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Irina Pilvere Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Dina Popluga Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Arturs Praulins
Agnese Radzele-Sulce Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Viktorija Rankevica Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (School of Business and Finance, Latvia)
Priit Sander PhD (Tartu University)
Linda Silina Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Inga Sina Dr.oec. (University College of Economics and Culture, Latvia)
Timo Sipiläinen PhD, assist. prof. (University of Helsinki, Finland)
Tomasz Siudek Dr., assist. prof. (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland)
Peteris Skinkis Dr.geogr., assoc. prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Teodor Skotarczak Dr.hab., prof. (West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland)
Ing. Ph.D. (Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic)
Evelina Spakovica Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Ilze Sproge Dr.sc.administr., assist. prof. (ISMA Graduate School, Latvia)
Neringa Stonciuviene Dr., prof.( Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania)
Evita Straumite Dr.sc.ing. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Aivars Strautnieks Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (emeritus) (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Voldemars Strikis Dr.agr., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Romena Sulca Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Tatjana Tambovceva Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Riga Technical University, Latvia)
Elga Tilta
Ilze Upite Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Agriculture, Latvia)
Rando Värnik PhD., prof. (Estonian University of Life Sciences. Estonia)
Dainis Viesturs
Agriculture, Latvia)
Dace Viksne Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Anastasija Vilcina Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Raina Vira
Irija Vitola Dr.oec., prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Inesa Voroncuka Dr.oec., prof. (University of Latvia, Latvia)
Jekaterina Voznuka
Bogdan Wawrzyniak Dr.hab., prof. (University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland)
Ludwik Wicki Dr.hab. (Warsaw University of Agriculture, Poland)
Lajos Zoltan Bakucs Dr. (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary)
Anda Zvaigzne Dr.oec., assist. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
Andra Zvirbule-Berzina Dr.oec., assoc. prof. (Latvia University of Agriculture, Latvia)
7
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
3-131-10
L. Rantamäki-Lahtinen Turning Rural Potential into Success
Foreword
This year the conference is organised for the 13th year running and all the papers are published in English. ISI Web of Knowledge
various European countries
Aleksandras Stulginskis University
Daugavpils University
Fulda University of Applied Sciences
Kaunas University of Technology
Professional Association of Project Managers
Riga Technical University Rural Support Service
Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences Tallinn University Institute of Political Science and Governance Tartu University
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1-10
University of Szczecin Ural State Mining University
Wageningen University
— — — — —
No. 27 Integrated and Sustainable Development
Rural Business Economics and AdministrationFinance and Tax
No. 29 Resources and Cooperation Resources and Sustainable ConsumptionProduction and Cooperation in Primary and Secondary Agriculture
The abstracts of the conference proceedings provided in English are submitted to the international databases:
Web of Knowledge
Web of Knowledge
Web of Science
Web of Science
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
AGRIS
EBSCO
CABI CAB Abstracts gives researchers instant access
CAB Abstracts
On behalf of the conference organisersAndra Zvirbule-Berzina
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
10
3-13
Content
1. Rural Business Economics and Administration
Dzintra Atstaja,Dzineta Dimante,
Agita Livina
Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
14
Tomas Balezentis,Irena Krisciukaitiene,
Alvydas BalezentisFarming Types: Frontier Benchmarking
20
Signe Balina,Sarmite Mickevica
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector 25
Zane Bulderberga,Irina Pilvere
31
Mariusz Chadrzynski
Elge Gaule,Jolita Sinkiene
Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
44
Andra Zvirbule- Berzina
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
Jitka Kalabova, Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
56
Sanita Klava Development and Structure of Latvian Agricultural Farms 61
Tatjana Kulikovafor Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
67
Arnis Lenerts,Irina Pilvere of Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in
Latvia
73
Oliver Lukason Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture,Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Heikki Makinen,Matti Ylatalo,
Matti RyhanenFinancial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Zane Mistre,Anda Zvaigzne
Assessment of Development Scenarios forThe Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Liene Muhina
Aina Muska,Ligita Bite
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
104
Zinta Zalite,Anita Auzina
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and PotentialEconomic Solutions for Increasing it
112
Viktorija Zaluksne, Baiba Rivza
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in
Aldona Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
126
11
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
3-13
Rosita Zvirgzdina, Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia 133
2. Finance and Taxes
Sandris Ancans 140
Vilija Alekneviciene, Lina Martirosianiene Opportunities
145
Vilija Alekneviciene, Neringa Stonciuviene,
Danute ZinkevicieneOrganisation: Cash Flow Discounting Approach
152
Iluta Berzina
National Parks of the Regions of Latvia
Irina Berzkalne,Elvira Zelgalve
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance:The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
164
Predicting Bankruptcy of Selected Companies from 170
Alina Danilowska Cooperative Banks and a Problem of Adverse Selection 176
Wim Heijman,Johan van Ophem,
Urszula Bronisz
Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Inguna LeibusState Aid for Self-Employed Persons in Latvia and Other
Anna Jesemchika Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
Jelena Lacenko, Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
Gunita Mazurethe Context of Global Financial Crisis
205
Baiba Mistre,Aina Dobele,Ilva Rudusa
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers andAssessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
211
Anatolijs Prohorovs,Ingrida Jakusonoka
Financing of Innovation System Development andAttraction of Private Capital
Michal SoliwodaDairy Cooperatives in Poland
225
Sandra Stucere, Gunita Mazure
Application of Immovable Property Tax in 231
Irija Vitola,Daiga Joma
Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects andPossibilities for Improvement
13
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
“ECONOMIC SCIENCE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT”
Proceedings of the
RURAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE1. Rural Business Economics and Administration
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
14
Atstaja et al. Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
1 E-mail address
Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
Dzintra Atstaja1
Dzineta Dimante
Agita Livina
Abstract. The
Key words: JEL code:
Introduction
believe that a lot can be done on the local level to foster
Results and discussion 1. The concept of green economy
one that results
in improved human well-being and social equity, while
scarcities. In its simplest expression, a green economy
15
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
can be thought of as one which is low carbon, resource
2. Spatial planning in the Context of the EU policies
consider that all European spatial and regional planning
sustainability principle is crucial for developing green
3. Statutory commitment of public participation
opinion and organise public participation in the territory
Atstaja et al. Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
16
involve in the spatial planning process not only local
Public participation is essential for every decision
public organisations and private individuals (public
spatial plans
—
—
—
— the plan developed as a result of public discussion is
Table 1
Development Planning Key Principles
Source: Development Planning System Law (2008), Spatial Development Planning Law (2011)
Atstaja et al. Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
17
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
—
prepared based on the best practices and observations of
Energy audits and Renovation Application Evaluation
observed regarding issues affecting private interests of
Atstaja et al. Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
municipalities
past three years and the birth rate in 2011 had gone up
results based upon the best practice in partnership of
spatial plans and the natural increase indicator per
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
trend in the entire country) accounting for budget
three types of partnership in practice and to involve
Bibliography
Table 2
Characteristics of sustainability of certain indicators of case study territorial units
Territorial unit
Approved spatial plan
Natural increase per 1000 inhabitants
Market sector economically active statistical units per 1000 inhabitants
2009 2010 2009 2010
44 46
46 50
Sigulda 0 61
61 65
Ikskile
for Tinuzi parish
52 61
- 57 60
Source: MEPRD (2011), the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (2011)
Atstaja et al. Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Retrieved:
Retrieved:
Retrieved:
pasvaldibu partneri attistibas planosana (Non-
Green Economy Report
Retrieved:
Atstaja et al. Public Activities in Developing Green Economy: Case Studies in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
20
Farming Types: Frontier Benchmarking
Frontier Benchmarking
Tomas Balezentis1 Irena Krisciukaitiene
Alvydas Balezentis
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
The aim
object of the research – technical
tasks
R
Benchmarking
Results and discussion1. Preliminaries of DEA
1 E-mail address
21
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
fo
input or output without worsening some other input
or output
economic
and allocative
ing
there are 1,2,..., ,...,j t N1,2,...,r m 1,2,...,i n
t
t
1/t t
t
(1)
j
b
1
1N
j
j
e
(2)
The best achievable input can therefore be calculated
1/t t t is obtained
Lithuania and selected countries
Farming Types: Frontier Benchmarking
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
22
in agricultural production: utilised agricultural area
The R package Benchmarking
Source: authors’ estimations based on the FADN data (European Commission, 2011)
Source: authors’ estimations based on the FADN data (European Commission, 2011)
Farming Types: Frontier Benchmarking
23
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
policy in general should be focused on support of the
Conclusions
policy in general should be focused on support of
Bibliography
Agricultural
Economics
Zemes ukio
mokslai
Benchmarking
for Best Practices: Winning through Innovative
Adaptation
Benchmarking with
DEA, SFA, and R
Data Systems
Benchmarking in Food and Farming
and Infrastructure Development
Omega
OECD-FAO Agricultural
Outlook 2011-2020
Vagos:
Farming Types: Frontier Benchmarking
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
24
Agrarian
Superiority
Vagos:
mokslo darbai
Farming Types: Frontier Benchmarking
25
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
1 E-mail address:
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
Signe Balina1 Sarmite Mickevica
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
strategic resource for the entire society to reach
resources for particular industry support on the
Theoretical foundation of competitiveness analysis
relevant resources they control and strategies they
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
26
that resources isolated by value chain analyses shall be
—
opportunities and/or neutralises threats in a
—
—
—
for this resource that are valuable but neither rare
Position of the ICT industry service sector in the economy of Latvia
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
27
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
th
rd by the
processing and hosting are dependent on personnel costs
st
the 2nd
Competitive position and strategic resource availability analysis of the ICT service sector
enterprise can be established by one industry specialist
Table 1
Key indicators of the Latvian ICT sector enterprises in 2010
Number of enterprises
Number of persons employed
Turnover
57 61
2 500 621
2 424 14 600 770
34 100 3
413 5 500 522
and related activities
6 400 173
57
214 700 15
ICT industry total 17 900
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
Internet service that has already been done by all key
specialists in different industries and project scales is
Source: authors’ calculations based on the data of the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia
Table 2
Top ICT telecommunication sector players in Latvia, 2010
Turnover, 2010 Number of employees
435
134
Total 2230
Source: Diena-Bonier, 2012
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
en
Data processing and hosting activity has considerably
loped Conclusions
strategic resource for the entire society to reach
Table 3
Average return on capital
Median of return on capital
Source: Lursoft, 2012
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
30
Analysis of Competitiveness of Latvia’s ICT Service Sector
Bibliography Development of Science and
Technology in Latvia, 2011
On the
Information Society of Latvia, 2011. Collection of
Statistical Data
The Global Information
Technology Report 2010–2011. Transformations
2.0
Resources, Firms, and Strategies:
A Reader in the Resource-Based Perspective
The Essential Guide to Competition and Strategy
Harvard Business Review
Academy of
Competitive Strategy:
Techniques for Analysing Industries and
Competitors: with a New Introduction
On Competition
31
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Rural - Urban Typology
Zane Bulderberga Irina Pilvere
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code: R00
Introduction
effective analysis of the spatial processes and successful
The rural – urban typology related issues have
are set to achieve the goal:
1) to evaluate the theoretical aspects of the concepts
2)
Results and discussionT
in the division of policies - urban planners usually
concentrating on urban nodes and giving scant attention
demographic,
economic, and people behaviour.
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
32
1. The demographic approach
national differences in the characteristics that distinguish
This approach can be used
have to change their status but it is not done because
share living in urban areas has considerably changed
has been increasing continuously until reaches the top in
clusters depending on the share of regional population
population – result in urban over-concentration causing
Source: authors’ construction based on the Central Statistical Bureau data, 2011
Share of population in rural and urban areas in Latvia, 1935 - 2010
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
33
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
2
2. Economic approachThis
localities that are still characterised by a truly rural
Source: authors’ construction based on the Eurostat data, 2010
Share of population in the EU-27 and Latvia, 2010
Table 1
Traditional stereotypical differences between urban and rural populations
Urban Dimension Rural
Economy
Employmentindustry occupations
Education
Services accessibility
representedPolitical views
Source: authors’ construction based on Scott, Gilbert, Gelan, 2007
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
34
ensuring that the rural areas parallel production of
to develop both the agriculture and forestry industry as
countries have found a reduction in service availability
and private institutions have to provide basic services in
differentiated depending on their relation to rural
in the United States stress the opportunities for urban
3. Social aspects
scientists had an opinion that rural territories featured
The education level of the population in the area is one
and less people are engaged in the agricultural industry
the rural as territorial residual category – outside of
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
35
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
in rura
Conclusions, recommendations
characterise urban and rural areas according to
The traditional approach is based on belief that rural
by different institution and for different purpose –
Table 2
Indicator Area 2006 2010
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
per capita (EUR)
Urban
Rural
Urban 13
Rural
Source: authors’ construction based on Development of Regions…, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
36
Bibliography Eurostat
Regional Yearbook 2010
Journal of Rural Studies
The Dictionary of Human Geography
4. Demographic Yearbook
5. Development of Regions in Latvia, 2004
6. Development of Regions in Latvia, 2006
7. Development of Regions in Latvia, 2008
8. Development of Regions in Latvia, 2010
Studies
Europe XXI
12.
gadam (Latvian Sustainable Development Strategy
till the year 2030
13. Law on Administrative Territories and Populated
Areas
Problems And Proposals for a Regulatory Framework
Wayne State
15. OECD Regional Typology
Retrieved:
International Regional Science Review
How to Best
Fourth International
18.
Collection of Papers of
International Conference “Countryside – our world”
20. Regions at the glance
Retrieved:
21. Regionalas politikas pamatnostadnu 2012.-2018.
gadam projekts The project of Regional Policy
Guidelines 2012-2018) Retrieved:
lv
Spatial Development Policies in Europe
glossaries/european-glossary/spatial-structures/
Patterns of European
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
37
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
25. Statistical Data of Population
(ed) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, What
World
The 2009 Revision. United
28.
Journal of
Rural Studies,
Latvija. Parskats par
tautas attistibu. 2004/2005: Ricibspeja regionos.
(Latvia. Human Development Report. 2004/2005,
Legal Capacity in Regions
Z. Bulderberga, I. Pilvere
The research has been supported within the ESF project “Support for the Implementation of Doctoral Studies at Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Milk Market in Poland - Selected Aspects of Functioning
Mariusz Chadrzynski
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code: D40
Introduction
in Poland is based on individual suppliers producing
selected aspects of functioning of diary sector in Poland
tasks are:
1) presentation of the general situation on the Polish
2)
3)
4)
aspects of functioning of the dairy sector in Poland
Agricultural Market Agency - Agencja Rynku Rolnego
included a critical analysis of the status of research
Domestic milk market
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Raw material base
Milk processing
restructuring led to a separation of a group of strong
Table 1
No. Items 2005 2009 2010
2770 2702 2551
100
12426 12447 12430
100
4262 4302 4731
100
736 712 551 465
100
222 200
100
Milk supplies to dairy plants (in thousand kg)
100
Source: author’s calculations based on Milk market – Condition and Prospects (various years, IERiGZ - PIB; Central
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
40
increase of the value of sales per dairy plant taken at
Milk balance and prices on the milk market
Table 2
No. Items 2009 2010
265 224 214 214
100
100
156 160 166 166
100
100
100
100
415 671
100
250 257 253
100
Source: author’s calculations based on: Milk Market – Situation and Prospects (various years, IERiGZ - PIB; Central
Table 3
No. Items 2005 2009 2010
Production 12426 12447 12430
350 647 764
12174 12431 13073 13211
1652 2321 2102 2124
Use for feeds 567 573 515 515
Self-supply included: 2215 2060 2111
7636
12174 12431 13073 13211
41
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
production and self-supplies has slightly decreased
The advantage of the Polish dairy producers over
World’s milk market and foreign trade in dairy products
Table 4
Changes of prices of the raw material and dairy products against the background of milk products and
No. Items 2000 - 2003 2007 - 2009
Wholesale prices
Dairy products retail prices 114
Total food
Table 5
in thousand tons
No. Items2009 2010
Import Export Import Export Import Export
27 103
140
2
11 4
Whey
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
42
vis a vis
Conclusions
also enforce specialisation and concentration of
The progress in the specialisation and concentration
Table 6
in EUR million
No. Items2009 2010
Import Export Import Export Import Export
1 10
123
14
Whey 21
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
44
E. Gaule, J. Sinkiene Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
Elge Gaule
Jolita Sinkiene
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code: R
Introduction
the attractiveness of a place is regarded as one of the
The tasks of the research are: 1) to disclose the essence
Research results and discussion
responsibilities to local level authorities in order to take
attain a clear objective - to increase the attractiveness
45
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Essence of local economic development
local opportunities address local needs and contribute
E. Gaule, J. Sinkiene Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
participation of local business enterprises in its local
Local economic development process
—
by place diagnosis and institutional mapping
—
investigation of the local economy
— by designing economic development strategy,
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
46
— strategy implementation
— good monitoring and evaluation
of policies adopted and institutions established in the
Concept of place attractiveness
business and people in the 20th and the 21st centuries
st
Factors of attraction
understand that place attractiveness for different society
— Community’s factors important to business
E. Gaule, J. Sinkiene Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
47
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
— City factors important to residents
— Community factors important to visitors
the spatial behaviour of visitors has changed: people
to the fact that the visitor considers additional factors
that the objectives to enhance the attractiveness of a
Conclusions —
—
attractiveness plays a key role for the success of
—
be understood as a self-supporting process: it helps
current and/or potential resources necessary for the
attraction of resources should be based on detailed
E. Gaule, J. Sinkiene Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Bibliography
Paper Prepared and Presented for Discussion by
E. Gaule, J. Sinkiene Role of Place Attractiveness for Local Economic Development
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
1 E-mail address
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
Zanete Gruzina1 Andra Zvirbule-Berzina
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code: E02
Introduction
opinion about the availability of bank loans has decreased
The aim of the research is to analyse possibilities of
research tasks
1)
2) to classify and describe support that is available for
3)
The research methods
suggest different strategy for each group of local
1. Role and importance of micro, small and medium size enterprises
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
50
—
—
—
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
action and developed the Microenterprise Support
Table 1
Share of micro, small and medium size enterpirses in the number of enterprises, employment and
Enterprises Micro Small Medium MSME Large
1 424 000 226 000 43 000
27 652 000 22 665 000 43 414 000
Source: authors’ calculations based on the European SMEs under..., 2010
Table 2
YearMicro
enterprisesGrowth
Small enterprisesGrowth Medium
enterprisesGrowth
2004 - 10062 - 2006 -
2005 2125
2006 105603 2363
2007 12745 2546
2546
115654 10122 2037
Source: authors’ calculations based on Mikro, mazo un videjo uznemumu..., 2011
51
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
2. Support for the development of MSMEs in Latvia
— Measures for business or self-employed start-ups Agency and offering training and support up to
—
start-ups
— Micro-lending programme
— Business incubators
Source: authors’ construction
Support available for the establishment of micro, small and medium size enterprises
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
52
— Mentoring and Business Angels
— Courses and seminars
several training sessions and courses for business
— Competitiveness Programme grants loans to the
of the credit institutions due to increased risks they
processing businesses and entrepreneurs attracting
— SME Growth Loan Programme
— Investment Loan in SEB and Swedbank in
possible to use help and advice of business angels and
incubators if the business is established not earlier than
development of micro, small and medium size enterprises in Zemgale region
e enterprises
Source: authors’ construction
Support available for the growth and development of micro, small and medium size enterprise
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
53
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 3
Description of clusters according to the cluster analysis
CriteriaClusters
1 2 3
Specially supported territories - -Akniste
Source: authors’ construction
Source: authors’ construction
Dendogram using average linkage for local municipalities in Zemgale region
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
54
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
the authors of the article suggest that according to the
available support:
Bibliography LIAA
(2011).
Retrieved:
SEB (2011).
European
Commission (2010).
Retrieved:
of Economics
Centrala statistikas parvalde (2011)
. Access:
. European Commission (2003)
State Employment Agency
(2011).
Report on the Results of the Survey on the Access
European
Central Bank (2011)
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
55
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Enterprises in Zemgale Region
International Finance Cooperation
Retrieved:
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
56
J. Kalabova, J. Turcinkova Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
Jitka Kalabova Jana Turcinkova
Abstract.
The
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
also refer to the distribution options of food on the
Pratt (2007) also believes that local food production
buying seasonal food is its freshness and high nutritional
57
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Source: Kotler, Armstrong, Principles of Marketing, 2008
Consumer buying behaviour model
Research results and discussion
live including the statistical testing of dependencies
—
three categories according to the size of the place
—
Source: questionnaire survey, October 2010 to January 2011, n = 3767
Mean values for factors, which are important when consumers are choosing a particular product in a store
J. Kalabova, J. Turcinkova Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
—
—
—
th rank out of 13 evaluation
shopping behaviour in relation to the origin of the food
The approach to local origin (a particular region of
Table 1
Results for the Czech Republic
Statement Mean Median Mode
7 5
6 5
Source: questionnaire survey, October 2010 to January 2011, n = 3767
Source: questionnaire survey, October 2010 to January 2011, n = 3767
J. Kalabova, J. Turcinkova Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Source: questionnaire survey, October 2010 to January 2011, n = 3767
Source: questionnaire survey, October 2010 to January 2011, n = 3767
J. Kalabova, J. Turcinkova Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
60
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
in the origins of food and that the origin of food plays an
can see a great potential in focusing on building an
be seen in the case of regional food products as one of
the food product origin is an opportunity for an increase
Bibliography Advertising and
Perspective.
British Food Journal,
Principles of
(
Research in
Economic Anthropology,
Republic).
Consumer Behaviour. Buying,
Having and Being.
American
Journal of Agricultural Economics, Oxford Journals,
Journal of Rural
Studies
Source: questionnaire survey, October 2010 to January 2011, n = 3767
J. Kalabova, J. Turcinkova Preferences of Consumers when Shopping for Regional Products
61
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
S. Klava
Development and Structure of Latvian Agricultural Farms After Joining The EU
Sanita Klava1
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
1 E-mail address
Introduction
Research object
Research hypothesis
research aim
research tasks
1) to research and analyse the proportion of rented
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
62
2)
3)
(FADN) of
Procedure of the Establishment,
Network
The FADN data are grouped using such an indicator
possibilities to create value added that enables the
Research results and discussion 1. Analysis of the area of land used by farms
On the
Republic of Latvia
units:
—
— In contrast to the previously observed region of
—
74
76
50 70 110
Pieriga
Regio
n 2010
2007
2004
Source: author’s calculations based on the FADN data, 2004-2010
S. Klava
63
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
—
—
Table 1 includes a calculation result on the proportion
of rented land in the total land balance over the period
The relatively largest areas of rented land belong to
2. Farm distribution by group of crops
th
S. Klava
Table 1
YearEconomic size of farms, ESU On average
per farm100 -< 250 >= 250
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2010
Source: author’s calculations based on the FADN data, 2003-2010
Table 2
Percentage distribution of various crop groups by area compared with the whole area of land belonging
Crop groupAverage in the period per farm
Economic size of farms, ESU
100 -< 250 >= 250
Rape
Other crops
Unused AA
Source: author’s calculations based on the FADN data, 2004-2010
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
64
—
—
—
— The table also includes data on agricultural land not
—
seen - agricultural land is increasingly used in agricultural
3. Effects of single area payments on the
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
5,5
6,5
7,5
8,5
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
< 4 4 -< 8 8 -< 16 16 -< 40
40 -< 100 100 -< 250 >= 250
Source: author’s construction based on the FADN data, 2004-2010
S. Klava
65
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Conclusions
Table 3
YearType of support and
indicators
Economic size of farms, ESU
100 -< 250 >= 250
2003476 1400 123220
-2065 -724 1124 143141
2004
1755 7014 16145 117634
266 533 4536
2775 5641 16016 63324
2007
3155 5624 104014
7102 15520 34163
13046
-3227 -1725
2010
3567 10436
2706 11340 27100 61611
1225 7316 16200 52162
Source: author’s calculations based on the FADN data, 2003-2010
S. Klava
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
66
A high proportion of cereals is observed in the area
Bibliography
Production and Rural Population Density in the
S. Klava
67
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
T. Kulikova Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
1 E-mail address:
Category Management as an Important Management Tool for Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
Tatjana Kulikova1
Abstract.
Category
management
Category management
Category man
Key words:JEL code: R11
Introduction
portance of use of Category management approach
enterprises in the process of Category management
Category management is a process that involves
today is called Category management
ations
Category management
Research results and discussion1. Theoretical base of the research
coordination of interaction processes of trade enterprises
process in its turn helps the enterprise enhance the
The content analysis of different theories on classic
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Category management
The author also pays a special attention to the
2. Industry peculiarities for rural trade enterprises in Latvia
presents the processes of globalisation in retail industry
analysis to Grocery retail in the Eastern Europe and
analysis of retail industry highlights the peculiarities of
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 and
T. Kulikova Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
Source: author’s construction based on the statistical data analysis
Retail turnover in Latvia, share of grocery versus non-grocery turnover
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
operatives provide several advantages to the partners:
on turnover share of trade cooperatives on retail grocery
segregated and organised an independent co-operative
T. Kulikova Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
franchise basis convenience stores under the Elvi brand
Table 1
Share of turnover, grocery retail by brand, centralised chains
Brand Company name 2010 Cum. share 2010
Mego Mego SIA
Sky
Source: author’s calculations based on GMID database, Lursoft
Table 2
Share of turnover, grocery retail by brand, united co-operatives
Brand Company name 2010 Cum. share 2010
Aibe
Elvi Elvi Grupa SIA
Tops!
Source: author’s calculations based on GMID database, Lursoft
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
70
T. Kulikova Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
3. Interpretation of the research results
to-day business relations basic concepts of Category
management
Category management
Category
management
The opportunity of trade organisation to strengthen
to the usage of Category management depends on
purchasing conditions for the biggest retail chains and
highlighted that the Category management
Category management
Category
management
Category
management
they use the Category management
Category
management
pay a special attention to Category management process
Category
management tools in organisations is dependent on
Category management
71
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Category management
It is obvious that coordination of processes in
the Category management
Category management
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Category management approach
Category
management
Category management
retail trade enterprises in the process of Category
management
Category management
Category management is
pay a special attention to Category management
Category management principles
Bibliography
. Annals of
Inquiry
Harvard Business Review
Practice: Synergy in Organisations, Proceedings
Organisational Dynamics,
Progressive Grocer
European
Journal of Information Science
Journal of Long Range Planning
Positioning Your Organisation to
Win
Total Quality
Out of the Crisis
T. Kulikova Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
72
The Evolution, Trends, and Future Directions of
Clusters and Competition:
New Agendas for Companies, Governments and
Institutions
World’s Top Strategic Consulting Firm
Translating Strategy into
Shareholder Value
16 April 2011
10 February 2011
T. Kulikova Performance Enhancement of Rural Trade Enterprises
This paper has been supported by the European Social Fund within the project “Support for Doctoral Studies at the
73
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
1 E-mail address
Role of Land Resources in the Development of the Market of Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
Arnis Lenerts1 Irina Pilvere
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code:
Introduction
it is necessary to analyse the use of agricultural land
industries of agriculture and forestry to provide the
research aim is to analyse agricultural
research object is agricultural
research subject
Research hypothesis: participants of the energy
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
74
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere
Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
Research tasks:1) to characterise the agricultural land resources
and their potential availability to produce RES of
2)
produce RES of agricultural origin according to the
3) to analyse the availability of agricultural land in the
4)
Research results and discussion1. Availability of agricultural land to produce renewable energy sources of agricultural origin
factor
of the entire agricultural area indicates on the
An unused agricultural area indicates that traditional
Part of agricultural land is not presently used for
as of
Table 1
Land uses in Latvia in 1935-2010, thou. ha
No. Indicators of land use 1935 1990 2000 20102010
against2010
against
Total area 100
Total agricultural area 2567 2430 66
Forests 1742 104 170
Other land (occupied by
1122 1074
Source: authors’ calculations based on the RSS data, 2011 and SLS, 2011
75
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
one can assure that these resources are not fully and
2. Necessary quantity of biomass of agricultural origin to produce renewable energy sources according to the target set
of agricultural origin that could be used for biogas
on a study Possibilities of Biogas Production from Various
Kinds of Biomass on a Farm
capacity of biogas plant is up to 1 MW and electricity
3
3 3 3
3. Availability of agricultural land in the territory of biogas thermoelectric power plants
is related to:
—
Table 2
Unused agricultural land in Latvia in 2010
No. Land statusArea Cadastral units
ha number
Surveyed land 100
Unused land: 66 613
Uncultivated land 316 341 56 571
742
Source: authors’ calculations based on the RSS data, 2011
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
76
—
contributing to an increase in value added in
—
-1
The purchase obligation at a certain price is based on
production of energy sources of agricultural origin
Source: authors’ calculations based on the RSS data,2011
Sown areas in agricultural territories near biogas TEPPs in 2011
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
77
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of a strategy ensure RES of agricultural origin are
produced according to the territorial location of energy
an opportunity to design a regional energy supply
resources produced based on the available resources
authors point to a need to establish a regional energy
Table 3
Low quality use of agricultural land in the municipalities of biogas development centres in Latvia in 2010
No. MunicipalityAgricultural
area, ha
Farmed agricultural land
Unutilised agricultural area
ha hauncultivated
haovergrown
habuildings
ha
3100 4 254 10
627 4 527 5
Dobele 6 370 3
Ilukste 27443 2134 7 21 14
25307 3101 11 561 21
Madona 71755 12 47
Auce 26221 23042 12 443 56
Nica 11316 1707 15 115 3
31355 21 22
22 1603
Iecava 32 15
Total 14 211
Source: authors’ calculations based on the RSS data, 2011
Source: authors’ construction
Development stages of RES market of agricultural origin
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Bibliography
of Renewable Energy Sources in Latvian Regions
and the Evaluation of Environmental, Economic and
Social Gains on the National and Regional Level)
biogazes ieguvi no svaigas un skabetas kukuruzas
(First Results of Producing Biogas from Fresh and
Retrieved:
and Rural Development Policies: a Prospective
Assessment for Latvia and the Baltic States).
(Economic and Environmental
Gains from Biogas Production)
pieredze (Historical Experience of the Economy of
Latvia)
(The Common Agricultural
Resource and Territorial Challenges of the Future)
(Forecast
Paper of the Republic of Latvia on Reaching the Share
of Renewable Energy Sources in Gross Energy Final
Production until 2020 in Accordance with Paragraph
3 of Article 4 of Directive 2009/28/EC)
Retrieved:
groza un sekojosi atcel Direktivas 2001/77/EK un
(Activity of
the Republic of Latvia regarding Renewable Energy
Directive 2009/28/EC of 23 April 2009 on Promoting
Renewable Energy Sources until 2020, which Amends
and Subsequently Cancels the Implementation of
Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC)
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
(Regular Report of the Republic
of Latvia on Achieving the Indicative Target in
Accordance with Paragraph 3 of Article 3 of Directive
2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of
electricity from renewable energy sources in the
internal electricity market)
(Possibilities for Biogas
Production from Various Kinds of Biomass on a Farm)
Retrieved:
(Basic Guidelines for Land
Policy for 2008-2014) http://
Retrieved:
A. Lenerts, I. Pilvere Renewable Energy Sources of Agricultural Origin in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
O. Lukason Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture,
Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Oliver Lukason1
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
1 E-mail address
Introduction
reason for such tendency could be the fact that relevant
The research object of current paper is Estonian
it is necessary to collect data on the failure reasons of
Research results and discussion
reasons
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of such research has been conducted based on the
et al.
et al.
et al.2. Data and methodology of study
The sources of failure reasons in the current study
Table 1
Bankruptcy declaration years of cases in the current study
Bankruptcy declaration year Number of cases
2002 7
2003 10
2004 7
2005 4
2006 6
2007 5
4
7
Source: author’s calculations based on the KIS and KOLA data
O. Lukason Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Database of court statistics
and decisions
and the second database KIS (Data system of courts)
aggregation to 17 different groups of perceived causes
often the given reason is represented through the
Table 2
Firm sizes of cases in the current study
Number of workers Number of cases
26
3
Not disclosed 12
Source: author’s calculations based on the KIS, KOLA and ECR data
Table 3
Frequencies of bankruptcy reasons for studied 50 cases
Category of reason Frequency
Internal
1
6
11
3
6
failed business plan 5
2
7
17
increase in input prices
action of cooperation partners
4
12
2
Source: author’s calculations based on the KIS and KOLA data
O. Lukason Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
3. Empirical analysis and discussion of results
the hypothesis that the source of bankruptcy reason
and bankruptcy year are associated shall currently
variables could be introduced and the typology of reasons
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Most of the research has been directed to forecasting
Bibliography
Engineering,
Strategic Change
Journal of Small Business
Journal of
O. Lukason Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
https://
O. Lukason Reasons of Firm Failures: Example of Estonian Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industries in 2002-2009
Journal of
International Journal of
Acknowledgment
SF0180037s08.
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
H. Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Farmer Characteristics, Farm Management and Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Heikki Mäkinen Matti Ylätalo
Matti Ryhänen
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Kay
et al., 2008
The aim of this study was to measure the management
capacity of Finnish dairy farmers by using variables that
describe their personal characteristics and managerial
behaviour and to see how the management capacity
Data and methods
—
—
—
—
Source: Rougoor et al., 1998
Management capacities in relation to environment, biological processes and farm results
H. Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Research results and discussion
Factors and summated scales describing the farmer
social values, instrumental values,
intrinsic values, and expressive values.
trust on own success and general trust on farming in the
future.
risk
aversion, appreciation of profession, critical attitude
towards bureaucracy, pro-environmental thinking, and
attitude towards the following political environment. The
interest in
management and entrepreneurial management.
external locus of control
satisfaction
and
satisfaction on agrarian way of living.
The decision making process
use of
analysis tools.
information activity.
H. Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
planning, and controlling. The variables relating to
Connections between farmer characteristics, management process and success indicators
H. Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Table 1
Gross margin Turnover Farm net incomeSatisfaction in
**
values ** * *
Intrinsic values
Social values
* *
bureaucracy
**
Appreciation of
profession ** ** ***
thinking * *
Risk aversion
***
control *
success *** *** ***
in future * * **
Entrepreneurial
*** *** * *
Interest in
activity
Use of analysis
tools *** ***
* * *
Financial planning
* * *
Source: authors’ calculations based on the research data
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Conclusions
interpretation: it is possible that relatively young
are also provided by the relatively high correlations
active touch is characterised by high appreciation of
analysis tools can also be seen as parts of this active
cross-sectional nature of the study is a possible
should be taken into account in order to get a reliable
it is possible to get to a positive track in the long
Bibliography
3:
Agricultural Systems
Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 23 (2):
Managerial and Production Practices on the
H. Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Agricultural
Systems
Journal of Agricultural Economics
Food
Economics - Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica
Journal of Agricultural and Applied
Economics
World
agriculture and rural Sociology Abstracts. 11(2):
Food Economics -
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,
Agricultural Economics 24:
Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource
Economics
Agricultural
and Food Science
Agricultural Economics
H. Financial Performance on Finnish Dairy Farms
Helsingin
yliopisto, Taloustieteen laitos. Julkaisuja 21:
The
Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 12:
Agricultural Systems
Psychological Bulletin
British Veterinary
Journal
Agricultural Economics
Paper presented at the
Helsingin yliopiston
Julkaisuja
Acta Agriculturae
Scandinavica,
and Personality Traits: The Edinburgh Study of
Journal of Vocational
Behaviour
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural
Economics
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of
The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Zane Mistre1 Anda Zvaigzne2
Abstract.
Key words:
JEL code:
1 E-mail address:
2 E-mail address:
Introduction
The research object research subject is internal
hypothesis
The research aim
research tasks
1)
2)
Materials and methodsThe present research is based on theoretical studies of
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and
Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
analysis:
—
—
Transfusiologists; —
—
—
Source: Saaty, 1980
Algorithm for a 3x3 matrix
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Research results and discussion
blood service institutions is carried out on the phone that
blood donors in the country per all residents is stable and
circulation into 5 large groups:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
by various legal statuses of the institutions engaged
is an institution directly subordinate to the Ministry of
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1)
2)
3)
4)
Source: authors’ construction based on the research results
Hierarchy of criteria for assessing the scenarios for internal communication and information circulation in the LBDS’s regional system
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 1
Final matrix for the priority vectors of criteria groups
Groups of criteria Experts Average
priority vectorA B C D E
Effective and rational use of
funding
indicators
Source: authors’ calculations based on the research results
Table 2
Calculation of the vector of global priorities
Scen
ari
os f
or
imp
rovin
g
the in
tern
al
co
mm
un
icati
on
an
d in
form
ati
on
cir
cu
lati
on
Eff
ecti
ve a
nd
ra
tio
nal u
se o
f fu
nd
ing
Incre
ase o
f th
e
reg
ion
al syste
m
co
mp
eti
tiven
ess
Incre
ase o
f q
uan
tita
tive
ind
icato
rs
Incre
ase o
f q
ualita
tive
ind
icato
rs
Man
ag
em
en
t o
f sto
cks o
f b
loo
d a
nd
its
co
mp
on
en
ts
Glo
bal p
rio
riti
es
blood service
Operation of independent
institutions producing
Present situation
Source: authors’ calculations based on the research results
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
the calculation of priority vectors for individual criteria
independent institutions producing blood and its
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
A single scenario of developing the internal
Source: authors’ construction based on the research results
Choices of the most appropriate scenario for internal communication and information circulation in the LBDS’s regional system
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Bibliography
University of Agriculture
Procedure of Financing the National Blood Service of
Latvia. In: European Integration studies: Research
and Topicalities: Proceedings of the International
In: Economic Science for Rural Development:
Service. In: Issues and Perspectives
The Analytic Hierarchy
Process
Structure and Operational Principles of the National
Assessment of Development Scenarios for The Regional Internal Communication and Information System of The Latvian Blood Donors Service
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1 E-mail address:
EU Structural Funds for Tourism Development in Latvia
Liene Muhina1
Abstract.
Key Words: JEL code: R10
Introduction
Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund (hereinafter –
taken into account in the planning period for 2007 – 2013
The Rural Support Service (hereinafter – the RSS) is
l
Research results
and priorities of the service industry because it is an
1. Tourism in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
2. Tourism project support receivers The research included support receiver projects for
but one support receiver had returned the received
Structural Funds has returned the received support
Table 1
Indicators of rural tourism accommodation sites
Year Number of sites Number of visitors
2007 312
376 131327 11245
2010 276
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2011
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2011
Number of rural tourism accommodation sites by regions
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
100
organised and non-organised sport and recreation tourist
Table 2
Support receivers whose projects are not available in the Internet resources
No Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Table 3
Support receivers whose e-mails do not work
No Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Table 4
Project receivers who replied within one hour
No Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
101
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
celebration on the indicated dates and it could not offer
Table 5
Project receivers who replied within one day
No Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Table 6
Project receivers who replied within two days
No Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Table 7
Project receivers who replied within three days
No Support receiver Name of the project
district
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
102
Conclusions
that is 1/5 of the support receivers included in the
The study presents that 1/5 of the support receivers
the granting and utilisation of the funds of the
Bibliography
on Statistical Data: Tourism in Latvia 2011).
Turisma
un viesmilibas terminu skaidrojosa vardnica
(Explanatory Dictionary on Tourism and Hospitality
Terms).
Project receivers who replied after three days
Nr. Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Support receivers who did not reply to e-mails but were contacted by phone
No Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Table 10
Support receivers out of contact
Nr. Support receiver Name of the project
Source: Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2008
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
104
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
1 E-mail address
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
Aina Muska1 Ligita Bite
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code: M21
Introduction
of catering services is the largest industry in the
of catering services created 2/3 of the hospitality
Research hypothesis
various factors having different correlative interrelations
The research aim is to investigate the factors affecting
tasks are set to achieve the research
1) to investigate the changes in indicators of catering
2)
3) to analyse the changes in the factors affecting the
The research object is enterprises engaged in the
subject is
105
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
methods
Research novelty – the factors affecting the
Research results and discussion1. Characteristics of catering enterprises in Latvia
supply services by offering food and beverages both for
The geographic distribution of catering enterprises is
of enterprises engaged in the industry of catering services
2100
2200
2300
2400
N
u
b
e
r
2005 2006 2007 2010
Source: authors’ construction based on the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2012a
Changes in the number of catering enterprises in Latvia in 2005 - 2010
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
106
Irrespective of the fact that the turnover of catering
the average labour productivity also rose in the period of
73 71 70 73
25 26 27 24
2005 2006 2007
Micro (0- - -
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2012c
Percentage distribution of the number of catering enterprises by
Table 1
Region 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
Riga 56 55 54 54 54 54
Pieriga 14 14 14 14 15 15
6 7 7 7 7 7
10 10 10 10
7
7 7 7 7 7 7
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2012a
Table 2
Total turnover, average turnover, and average labour productivity of
Indicators 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
301 735 311 432 216 547 217 630
- 3 -30 1
Average turnover 102 222
- 23 -3 -33 11
Average labour productivity 10 067 10 560
- 23 17 3 -13 6
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2012 c and authors’ calculations
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
107
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
The high capacity utilisation rate of catering enterprises in
development of catering enterprises
authors found out (Table 4) that a strong negative linear
Table 3
Number of catering enterprises per 1000 inhabitants in Latvia and its regions in 2005 - 2010
Region 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
Riga
Pieriga
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2012; 2012a
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
3. Analysis of the factors affecting the performance of catering enterprises
Table 4
Region
Factors
Number of residents
Average monthly
net wage of employees
Number of visitors in tourist accommodations
Household expense on food
and non-alcoholic beverages
Household expense on
restaurants, cafes, and hotels
Riga
Pieriga
Source: authors’ calculations
Table 5
Household expenses on food and non-alcoholic beverages as well as restaurants, cafes, and hotels and
Year
Expense on food and non-alcoholic beverages Expense on restaurants, cafes and hotels
on average per household member a month, LVL
on average per household member a month, LVL
2005
2006
2007
2010
Source: Household Budget in…, 2006; Household Budget Survey…, 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011 and
authors’ calculations
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of pensioners registered at social security institutions
After analysing the percentage distribution of
Table 6
Number of visitors in tourist accommodations in Latvia in 2005- 2010
Indicator 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
1155 1330 1556 1114 1312
730 754
63 61 57 61 70
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, 2012b and authors’ calculations
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
110
An analysis of the percentage distribution of tourists
not only by region but also by republican city and
the
Conclusions
The geographic distribution of catering enterprises
has increased in the regions but these changes
Table 7
Proportion of visitors in tourist accommodations in the regions of Latvia in 2005 - 2010
Regions 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
Riga 57 55 55 56 62
Pieriga 17 17 16 15 15
6 6 6 5 4 5
11 12 13 15 12 13
3 4 3 2 2 3
4 5 5 5 5 4
Source: Muska, Bite, 2012
Expenses of foreign tourists in Latvia in 2005 - 2010
Indicator 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
- 27 11 -17 -2
- 44 23 -2 -16 -7
30 32 31 27 27 26
Source: Tourism in Latvia…, 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009; 2010; 2011
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
111
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Bibliography
Retrieved: http://
asp
Retrieved:
services
Household Budget in 2005.
The
In: Rural Development
2011: Proceedings of the 5th
European Integration
Studies
Economics and Rural Development:
for February 2010
about/press-centre/biznesa-vides-apskati/
Statistical Yearbook of Latvia 2008
Tourism in Latvia in 2005.
Tourism in Latvia in 2006.
Tourism in Latvia in 2007.
Tourism in Latvia in 2008.
Tourism in Latvia in 2009.
Tourism in Latvia in 2011.
Factors Affecting the Development of Catering Enterprises in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
112
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and
Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
1 E-mail address:
2 E-mail address:
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
Zinta Zalite1 Anita Auzina2
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction Forest is a priceless natural treasure that provides
present and future living conditions depend on the socio-
The hypothesis
The aim of this study is to investigate the socio-
Enabling objectives 1)
2) to develop solutions for increasing the socio-
Materials and methods
2
113
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
–
Kekol
–
Ksoc
–
fakt–
–
R –
iv
–
–
S –
T – felling age
W –
r – discount rate ( ).
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
114
Research results and discussion
tha
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
115
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
affected not only by the age of the forest stand but also
and tree species that constitute the highest percentage
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Districts in Latvia where soil expectation value is higher than socio-economic
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Districts where socio-economic value is higher than the expected
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
116
3h-1
The popular belief that forests shall not be felled is
understand that forest felling is natural process if the
The authors carried out statistical analysis using SPSS
be unhindered because there are no restrictions on
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Source: authors’ calculations and construction
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
117
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
(the youngest age being 20 years and the oldest being
conclusion that the average rotation period for a forest
Provisions on rotation periods stipulated in the Forest
Forest stand value and forestland value are
one of the highest forestland values but not the highest
value of forestland: it is the ecological value that affects
Conclusions
objectives stipulate that sustainable forest
forestland and the ecological value of a stretch of
felling age and the value of the felling area at the
The average forest stand rotation period should
Recommendations
aspen stands to be used as fuel or high-energy
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Socio-Economic Value of State-Owned Forests and
Potential Economic Solutions for Increasing it
stand rotation periods provided for in the Forest
Bibliography
Forest Ecology. A Foundation
Printed in the United
Retrieved:
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
1 E-mail address
2 E-mail address
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the Context of Place Marketing
Viktorija Zaluksne1 Baiba Rivza2
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code: R11
Introduction
Marketing undertaken in the interests of a geographical
location is often referred to in literature as territorial
consistent strategic process that is closely related to the
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
120
are visualised as a result of branding and thereby gain
Hypothesis:
Object:
Aim:
Tasks: to analyse theoretical issues involved in place
Research results and discussion
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
121
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Source: authors’ construction based on the data array of the opinion poll “Place Image in Latvia”
Source: authors’ construction based on the data array of the opinion poll “Place Image in Latvia”
Character of the image of populated areas
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
respondents resulted in the distinguishing of ten factors
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
122
Source: authors’ construction based on the data array of the opinion poll “Place Image in Latvia”
Factors determining the uniqueness of the place (grouped
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
often characterised by objects and events that are
123
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
place positions itself and engages its residents in this
Source: authors’ construction based on the data array of the opinion poll “Place Image in Latvia”
Elements characterising the place image
Source: authors’ construction based on the data array of the opinion poll “Place Image in Latvia”
The application of various place marketing approaches in populated areas in Latvia
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
124
by personal attitudes of such people to their place of
resid
sense of belonging of the respondents to their place of
The results are presented graphically in the
have an effect on their sense of belonging to their place
ConclusionsThe authors of the present article analysed the
po
to objects that characterise the place rather rarely
Source: authors’ construction based on the data array of the opinion poll “Place Image in Latvia”
Breakdown of respondents across their sense of belonging to their place of residence depending on their monthly income
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
125
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
an effect on their attitudes and their sense
their sense of belonging to their place and their
Bibliography
Place Branding, H Stewart
Publications
Cities,
Investments, Industries, Residents and Visitors to
European Cities, Communities, Regions and Nations.
(On Brand). Riga:
Marketing v Rossii i za
Place’s Image in Latvia and Peculiarities of Its Perception in the
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
126
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in
Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
1 E-mail address:
Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
Aldona Zawojska1
Abstract. The paper presents the concept of organisation reputation and applies it to public sector organisations
Key words:JEL code:
is largely evident and only occasionally supported by
people trust and even revere those
not to distinguish between persons elected
to legislative bodies, persons elected as executives,
persons politically appointed, and permanent civil
servants
Introduction A good reputation, even in darkness, keeps on shining.
A good reputation is more valuable than money.
127
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Reputation - conceptual backgroundThe concept of reputation has had a vital role in
Selected opinions about the roles played by reputation
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
a
Methodology/approach of own empirical research
1. Research design and sample characteristics
Table 1
Reputation as assessment and awareness
Reputation as assets
An intangible resource (assets) of organisation
Source: author’s compilation based on the literature review
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in
Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
agencies in Poland: Agricultural Market Agency (AMA)
and Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of
the budget allocated to the agricultural sector and rural
avoided a decline in GDP during the late 2000s recession
Table 2
Importance of reputation
Importance
)
behave opportunistically
suppliers and partners are less concerned about contractual hazards
( ).
Agency reputations can serve to enhance professional prestige
Source: author’s compilation based on the literature review
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
2. Measures
by calculating the average of the 12 averages of the
Research results and discussion
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
in protecting agriculture and rural areas or perhaps they
do not think about the agencies generally but about their
It is possible that higher recognition of the ARMA
so they could not be generalised to other
Table 3
Sample characteristics, N=200
Characteristics2007 2011
Percentage
Gender Male
Age (years)
41-64
Education
Secondary
University
Good
Regular
Access to Internet
Up to 5
Up to 5
Source: author’s calculations based on the survey data
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
130
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in
Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Much of reputation literature concerns private
reputation in the public sector This paper is an initiative
and reveal that the surveyed agencies have neutral or a
all citizens (by putting a greater focus on the satisfaction
The research can contribute to both theory and practice
Bibliography
. The
Quarterly Journal of Economics,
). The Effect
Journal of Service Research,
.
Gaining and Sustaining
Competitive Advantage. Addison Wesley Publishing
Corporate Reputation Review
(2001).
European
The Forging of Bureaucratic
Autonomy: Reputations, Networks, and Policy
Innovation in Executive Agencies 1862-1928.
American
Journal of Political Science
The Role of Public Agencies in
Helping Rural Communities Build Social Capital: Case
Studies of the Interaction between the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources and Local
Communities
Review,
Table 4
Averages scores given to reputation attributes and overall reputation
AttributesAMA ARMA
2007 2011 Change 2007 2011 Change
acts in the best public interest
is politicized
overall reputation score
Source: author’s calculations based on the survey data
131
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
(
from the Corporate Image
Business School Press.
Handbook of Strategic
Business and
Society Review
,
The Annals
of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science
Journal of
The Case for Bureaucracy:
A Public Administration Polemic
Corporate Communications,
Bank and Credit,
Journal of
Journal
of Applied Psychology
Corporate Communications: An International
Journal,
Corporate Reputation Review
.Syrus, a Roman Slave: From the Latin.
Corporate Reputation Review
Economics,
Quarterly Information
Finances
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
Reputation-Based Governance
Corporate
Reputation Review
Corporate Reputation Review
.
Reputation and Sustained Superior Financial
1077– .
(2004).
: Some
Danish Evidence
Sticky Reputation: Analysing a Ranking
Corporate Reputation Review, ,
.
. European Journal of
.
Products as Returns to Reputation. The Quarterly
Journal of Economics,
–
Political Studies
Journal of Political Economy,
Journal of
Journal of
Organisational Behaviour,
Journal of the
,
.
Reputation. Business and Society,
Journal
of Public Administration Research and Theory
Governance.
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
132
A. Zawojska Reputation of Public Administration: Agriculture-Related Agencies in
Poland Seen Through Farmers’ Eyes
. The Economic Institutions Bureaucracy: What Government
Agencies Do and Why They Do It
133
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
1 E-mail address:
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
Rosita Zvirgzdina1
Modrite Pelse
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
soon the living standard of developed countries has
eco
population being poor or near to the poverty threshold
e
the readiness of all enterprises and individuals to be
prepared for active participation in the increase of
research object is the
research subject
The aim
tasks1)
2)
3)
The methods
Research results and discussionThe increase in production and its productivity depends
take advantages of the ensured possibilities related to
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
134
Finding and use of possibilities based on continually
the process of using his entrepreneur-capacity and
depends greatly on his ability to evaluate the factors
increase of the productivity in the enterprise and provide
—
—
—
—
—
If one characterises the size of farms involved in
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
135
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
differs
substantial causes related to a different use of production
investments
Source: authors’ construction based on the inquiry results in 2010
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
Source: authors’ construction based on the inquiry results in 2010
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
136
are considering the possibility of changing their activity
convinced that they are going to continue their activities
not contributed to the stability and sustainability in this
social capital
—
— changes in the used land area (ha) in the past
—
—
—
—
—
—
in different public agricultural organisations - the p-value
2
agricultural organisations ( 2
2
parties and public activities of religious organisations
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
Source: authors’ construction based on the inquiry results in 2010
137
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
engaged only in agricultural
cooperatives
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Table 1
Relation of public activities to farm growth criteria
Involvement of farm managers in public activities
ValueFarmed
land area
Land area
changes
Use of EU Funds
Material position
Farm viability
associations
p2
0.00027.772
0.001 0.0396.513
In public agricultural organisationsp
2
0.000 0.001 0.012
p2
In organised sport activitiesp
2 6.193
p2
Source: authors’ calculations based on the survey results of 2006
Table 2
Relationships between indicators characterising farm growth and farmers’ participation in cooperatives
Indicators characterising the economic growth of farmsValues
Cramer’s V2 p-value
0.000
0.000
Use of the EU funds 17.260 0.000
Material position 10.310 0.006
7.699 0.021
Source: authors’ calculations based on the survey results of 2006
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
related to the social capital and potential possibilities
social organisations and participation in agricultural
Bibliography
Review
Starptautiskas investicijas
American Journal of Sociology,
Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and
Systems of Innovation.
Retrieved:
Access:
Retrieved:
Latvijas statistikas gadagramata 2009.
Economic
Science for Rural Development: Proceedings of
Economic Science for Rural
Development: Proceedings of the International
Economic Science for Rural Development:
Disadvantaged Farmers and Problem Regions, The
Development of Farm Workforce.
of Agricultural Production and Entrepreneurship
Economic Science for Rural
Development: Proceedings of the International
“Vision
Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur in Rural Areas
Economic Science for Rural Development:
Development Possibilities of Farms in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
“ECONOMIC SCIENCE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT”
Proceedings of the
RURAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE2. Finance And Taxes
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
140
S. Ancans
1 E-mail address
Sandris Ancans1
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
not
not possible to keep the lat pegged to the euro and at
Research hypothesis
The research aim is to investigate several aspects of
tasks
1)
2)
3)
4)
Research results and discussion
comparative aspect
141
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 1
Code
Group or subgroup of goods and services
Latvia GermanyLatvia/
Germany
1995 2009 2010 2011 2005-2010 2010
01 Food and non-
alcoholic beverages
045
gas and other fuels
0455
06
07 Transport
0722
10 Education
Source: author’s calculations based on the CSB, Destatis
S. Ancans
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
142
not occurred in the developed countries during the recent
2. Impact of the Balassa-Samuelson effect on
researched price differences across various countries and
nontradables – barber services – it reached a value of
3. Real interest rates in Latvia in comparative aspect
to achieve greater price stability – the only option is to
Table 2
2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
GDP
e
Prices of goods
Prices of services
and personal care
services
Source: author’s construction based on the CSB
S. Ancans
143
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
dif
of the lat that caused interest rates on assets in lats to
rates in the beginning of the year and an increase in
zone
o
in
Table 3
2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
Nominal interest rates
Real interest rates
Source: author’s calculations based on the CSB, Destatis
S. Ancans
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
144
Conclusions
in developed countries have to be taken into
BibliographyEconomics
:
:
:
integracija Eiropas Savieniba
aspekts)
of Latvia. Integration of Latvia into the European
Retrieved: http://
International
Economics
Economics
S. Ancans
145
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1 E-mail address:
Agriculture Funding Measures in Lithuania:Demand and Opportunities
Vilija Alekneviciene Lina Martirosianiene1
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code
Introduction
contributing to the leadership of agricultural sector:
changes: large drought in Russia that destroyed the yield
caused the decline of agricultural products supply in the
and 4) to evaluate the share of credits issued for
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
146
Research results and discussion
2005-2006 and have stayed stable high during the
Spain
entities are being funded through direct assignations that
assignations are annual assignations provided to support
Source: authors’ construction based on the data of National Paying Agency, Ministry of Agriculture
147
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Fund presented the project of agricultural funding
346 contracts regarding the preferential credits
credits are very often unavailable due to the deposit
issues guarantees to the banks for the credits granted
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 1
The EU support for rural development in Lithuania in 2007-2010
2007 2009 2010 Total
114355 134072 135245 520359
2731.62
Source: authors’ calculations based on the data of National Paying Agency, Ministry of Agriculture
0
50
100
150
200
250
2004 2005 2006 2007 2010
5
4
5 247 2 246
4
150
57 5
106 4
143 142 5 145 3
3
7
Guarantees provided
Source: authors’ construction based on the data of Rural Credits Guarantee Fund
Granted credits and provided guarantees for Lithuanian
Source: authors’ construction based on the data of Rural Credits Guarantee Fund
Credits granted and guarantees issued to Lithuanian agricultural entities from various credit
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
agricultural entities insuring their plants) of unreturned
service – guarantees not only for the banks and credit
The average trend of change of credits granted for
The effectiveness of using the credits shall be
change of total agricultural production in 2004-2010
Table 2
Year
Credits, total Credits for agriculture and forestry
Amount million LTL
Amount million LTLbasic chain basic chain
2004 - -
2005
2006
2007
2010
Average X X X x
Source: authors’ calculations based on the data of the Bank of Lithuania
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
150
Conclusions Agricultural subjects are supported by direct
The average changing rate of credits granted to
The average changing rate of credits granted to
The average changing rate of total agricultural
that total agricultural production during the analysed
Bibliography
–
Table 3
Rates of changes of total agricultural production and ratio of credits granted for agriculture and
YearTotal agricultural
production, million LTL
Ratio of credits granted for agriculture and forestry and total
agricultural productionbasic chain
2004 -
2005
2006
2007
2010
Average x 16.07
Source: authors’ calculations based on the data of the Bank of Lithuania, the Department of Statistics
151
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
http://
Retrieved:
Retrieved:
Apzvalgos/
Retrieved:
Access:
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
152
Value Drivers of Multifunctional and Sustainable Agricultural Organisation: Cash Flow Discounting Approach
Vilija Alekneviciene1
Neringa StonciuvieneDanute Zinkeviciene
Abstract.
Key wordsJEL code G32
Introduction
The object of the research is value drivers of
Research results and discussion1. Value drivers of conventional agricultural
organisation
Fernandez (2007) raises an issue about discounted
1 E-mail address
V. Alekneviciene et al. Cash Flow Discounting Approach
153
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
have several approaches concerning the discount
2. Value drivers of multifunctional and
sustainable agricultural organisationMultifunctional and sustainable agricultural
V. Alekneviciene et al. Cash Flow Discounting Approach
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
154
2
functions of agricultural organisation – ensuring the
The value of agricultural organisation is also
typology of public goods: agricultural landscapes –
can be obtained through the grants and through the
state that the correct social discount rate (SDR) should
and Farley (2007) state that the discounts function
3. The model of value drivers of
multifunctional and sustainable agricultural
organisation
agricultural organisation based on the previous research
organisation depends on such drivers as NOPAT (the
V. Alekneviciene et al. Cash Flow Discounting Approach
155
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Source: authors’ construction
The model of value drivers of multifunctional and sustainable agricultural organisation
Conclusions
V. Alekneviciene et al. Cash Flow Discounting Approach
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
156
and functionality (grants and subsidies for increasing
Bibliography
Science of the Total Environment
Journal of
Corporation Law
Journal of Environmental
Journal
Journal of Finance
Journal of Accounting Research
Uslovije Obespecenija Konkurentospasobnosti
Naucnij Zurnal
KubGai
Environmental and Resource Economics
Final Report
Journal
Energy Procedia
Land Economics
Engineering Economics,
Agricultural Systems
Journal of Applied
Corporate Finance
Report
prepared for the Petoskey Area Open Space Task
Force.
International Journal of
Proceedings
V. Alekneviciene et al. Cash Flow Discounting Approach
157
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of Lithuania.
Report Prepared for
the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment
Research and Analysis Directorate (RERAD/004/09)
Ecological Economics
Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
veiksniai (Agricultural G
R aising Factors)
Theory and Studies for Rural Business and
Infrastructure Development
for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development
Agricultural Systems
in Precision Agriculture – Is it Worth the
Agricultural Systems
Technology
and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure
Development.
Ecological Economics
Agricultural Economics
http://
V. Alekneviciene et al. Cash Flow Discounting Approach
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1 E-mail address:
Elaboration and Approbation of Methodology for Estimating the
the Regions of Latvia
Iluta Berzina1
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code:
Introduction
protected areas (PA) and all four national parks (NP)
recent – it has been done since the second half of the
20th
is carried out despite lacking standards of research
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
and situation analysis on national parks and their nearby
territories carried out by these organisations are little and
Research main results and discussion1. The theoretical background for elaboration of a methodology
impact are
elaborated and repeatedly usable concept or strategy 2
3 and guidance4
5
2 3 4 5
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
160
Michigan State University in the United States (US)
2. Main components of the elaborated methodology
—
—
—
—
—
— the type of the research in case the elaborated
—
—
—
—
—
—
161
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
—
—
methodology
the year 2010 –surveys of 1443 NP visitors and
of e
alternativehypotheses (
Table 1
No. Type of economic impact Gauja NP Kemeri NP Razna NP Slitere NP
DEI
IEI
TEI
Source: author’s calculations based on the data from NP visitors’ surveys
Table 2
visitors in 2010 per NPs
No. Gauja NP Kemeri NP Razna NP Slitere NP
critical value
(1-a)
0 rejected / not rejected rejected rejected rejected
Source: author’s calculations based on Arhipova I. et al., 2006
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
162
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
the necessity for pre-conditions relating to data
Bibliography
Statistika ekonomika
(Statistics in Economics and Business. Solutions
of Foreign Terms)
Proceedings
Science for Rural Development”, ,
. Proceedings
and New Educational Technologies”,
Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines
Annals of Tourism
Research,
The
The Research.
Working Paper of the Finnish
Forest Research Institute.
Research
The Law of the Republic of Latvia.
163
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Working
Paper of the Professional Rural Tourism
Association of Latvia “Lauku celotajs”. Retrieved:
Journal
of Travel Research
Data Collection and Analysis for
and Tourism: a Practical Guide
Tourism
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
164
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
Irina Berzkalne1 Elvira Zelgalve
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
1 E-mail address:
Introduction
This
but that he can base his capital structure decisions on
The research hypothesis – capital structure
The aim of the paper is to analyse and assess the
tasks: 1) to analyse the theoretical aspects of
the capital structure of 5 enterprises (listed on the Stock
The methods of the research: analysis and synthesis
Research results and discussion
theoretical aspects
Delusions and
The Crowd: a Study of the Popular
Irrational Exuberance by
165
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
in Tech Stock Carve-Outs
Beyond
and the Psychology of Investing
The favoured approach to the topic of behavioural
2006):
—
behaviours or biases of individual investors that
—
by challenging the bases for these three underlying
—
—
—
precisely because it is perceived as being so highly
2. Recent publications on behavioural capital structure
authors apply behavioural consistency theory to corporate
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
166
that the leverage levels of the sector and leader for the
Latvian companies
(2
Table 1
Correlation between the share prices of the companies in the study
No. JSC Ventspils
NaftaJSC SAF
JSC Olainfarm
JSC Latvijas Kugnieciba
JSC Grindeks
1
1
1
1
1
Source: authors’ calculation based on the data by NASDAQ OMX Riga from 26 May 2004 to 16 December 2011
Source: authors’ construction based on the data from annual reports from 2002 to 2010
The structure of assets and the debt ratio of the companies in the study, in 2002 and in 2010
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
167
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
2
2
2
Source: authors’ construction based on the data from the annual reports and NASDAQ OMX Riga
Correlation between the debt ratio and share price of JSC Olainfarm and
Table 2
No. Company YearLiquidity
ratioROS* ROA* ROE* RCA* RFA*
Source: authors’ calculation based on the data from the annual reports
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
yi 0 1 i 2 i n i i
yi
–
–
–
Conclusions
Table 3
The summary of applied models for JSC Olainfarm and JSC Grindeks
No. Model Description
JSC Olainfarm
share price (average) and share
1st period: 2nd period:
price (average)
JSC Grindeks
share price (average) and share
Period 1:
Only share price (particular
Period 2:
Source: authors’ calculation based on the data from the annual reports, NASDAQ OMX Riga, Financial and Capital
Market Commission, the Central Statistical Bureau
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
on the data available and they are also subject to the
2
R2 2
Bibliography
Journal of
Financial Economics,
Retrieved:
Retrieved:
Journal of Applied Corporate Finance
Behavioural Finance and
Business Education and Technology
Journal,
Retrieved:
International
Research Journal of Finance and Economics,
The Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Retrieved:
The
Journal of Behavioural Finance,
Bank
of Valleta Review,
https://
articles/insights/asset-classes/investing-in-
This paper has been supported by the European Social Fund within the project «Support for Doctoral Studies at
Standard vs. Behavioural Finance: The Case of Capital Structure in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
170
K. Boratynska
Predicting Bankruptcy of Selected Companies from The Polish Meat Sector1
Katarzyna Boratynska2
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code: G33
Introduction
Study aim, method and tasks
1)
2) to identify and evaluate the factors that drive the
3) to assess the bankruptcy risk of selected Polish
1 1 2 2 n n 0
1
2 E-mail address:
171
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Research results and discussion
description of the analysed enterprises representing the meat sector
Table 1
Model A Model B Model C Model D Model E Model F Model G
rP (2)
WO/A
WN/P
KW/A
WO/KF
KO/MT
P/A
0)
Source: Maczynska E., Zawadzki M., 2006
Table 2
Numerator Denominator
rP (2) Sales revenues Revenues in the previous
year
Return on assets WO/A Operating result Total assets
Return on sales WN/P Sales revenues
assets result for 3 years
Total assets
KW/A Total assets
Adjusted ROE ratio Total assets
Debt service coverage
depreciation
Total liabilities
WO/KF Operating result
assets
KO/MT Working capital
Asset productivity P/A Sales revenues Total assets
Relative value of assets
value of assets
Source: Maczynska E., Zawadzki M., 2006
K. Boratynska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
172
concentration of hog and bovine livestock supply caused
the debts due to the bank lenders arising under loans and
sureties that are subject to restructuring as stipulated by
K. Boratynska
173
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 3
Financial ratios used for calculation of the IES PAS models
Enterprises Years
2005 2006 2007 2009 2010rP Polski Koncern
-
WO/A Polski Koncern
WN/P Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
KW/A Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
WO/KF Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
KO/MT Polski Koncern
P/A Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
Source: author’s calculations based on the Financial Statements of researched companies
K. Boratynska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
174
Table 4
Results of the models created by Maczynska and Zawadzki at the IES PAS
Enterprises Years
2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
Model A Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
Polski Koncern
Model D Polski Koncern
Model E Polski Koncern
Model F Polski Koncern
Model G Polski Koncern
Source: author’s calculations based on the Financial Statements of researched companies
2. Study results
return on sales noted by all the analysed entities in the
highlighted that the results of the traditional ratio analysis
K. Boratynska
175
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
conclusions:
ongoing basis and cannot be the only tool used to
Bibliography
K. Boratynska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
176
A. Danilowska
Cooperative Banks and a Problem of Adverse Selection in Agricultural Credit Market
Alina Danilowska1
Abstract.
Keywords:
JEL code: G21
Introduction
the facts to anyone other than an on-site observer
The better informed party is
tempted to engage in precontractual opportunism2 in
second”
Materials and methods
1 E-mail address:
2
177
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
The problem of adverse selection in credit market
to credit because of high transaction costs related to the
The characteristics of agricultural credit market in Poland
sector3
The data about the internal structure of agricultural
prevailed and a noticeable increase of their share in total
3
Table 1
The characteristic of agricultural credit market
Year
Credits for agriculture/credits
sector
Credits for individual farmers/agricultural credits
Share of cooperative banks in agricultural
credits
Preferential credits for agriculture/ credits for
agriculture
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
banks 2005 - 2010 GUS, Warsaw 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011
A. Danilowska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
How cooperative banks sort out the problem of adverse selection in agricultural credit market
Table 2
The role of cooperative banks in rural credit market
2000 2003 2005 2007 2009
Share of cooperative banks in individual
Share of cooperative banks in agricultural
Share of cooperative banks in individual
Monitoring of banks 2005 - 2010 GUS, Warsaw 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011
Table 3
The role of agricultural agents for the banks by the organisational form
2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009
-cooperative banks
-cooperative banks
Monitoring of banks 2005 - 2010 GUS, Warsaw 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011
A. Danilowska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
The characteristic feature of cooperative banks is
banks are generally very centralised and there is rather
role4
It is interesting that cooperative banks evaluate very
Conclusions
selection and try to sort out this through the
cooperative banks and that the agricultural activity is
4
Table 4
The impaired loans by groups of clients and banking sectors
2009 20102009 2010
CoB CmB CoB CmB CoB CmB
-individual entrepreneurs
-enterprises
individual entrepreneurs
-enterprises
Source: Report on the condition of Polish banks in 2010. The Polish Financial Supervision Authority,
www.knf.gov.pl/en/about_the_market/Banking
A. Danilowska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Bibliography
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
Determinants of Transaction Costs of Agricultural
Credit and Loans).
Institutions and
Economic Theory
. Agricultural Finance and Credit
Infrastructure in Transition Economies. Focus on
South Eastern Europe
Capitalism)
A. Danilowska
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
W. Heijman et al. Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Wim Heijman1 Johan van Ophem2 Wageningen University
Urszula Bronisz3
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code: R11
1 E-mail address:
2 E-mail address:
3 E-mail address:
Introduction
a way of discussing the
relative performance of economies in a benchmarking
sense. It can help identify areas of the economy that
are lagging behind but not the reason for those lags
of variables grouped together under Technology and
those
tangible substances that count for most in the daily lives
of people: namely good will, fellowship, sympathy, and
social intercourse among the individuals and families
who make up a social unit“
literature concerning social capital is focused on using it
”hidden values
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of individuals, enterprises, institutions, communities
and regions that are the current and potential sources
of value creation”;
”all
intangible resources available to a country or a region
that give relative advantage, and which in combination
.
of social capital and intellectual capital on regional
Research results and discussion
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
ghest
Table 1
Potential weighting scenarios
Business density
Knowledge based
business
Economic participation
Productivity Earnings Unemployment
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 3 1 1
Input-biased 3 3 3 1 1 1
Output-biased 1 1 1 1 3 3
Activity-led 1 1 3 1 1 1
Earnings-led 1 1 1 1 3 1
3 1 1 1 1 1
Source: Huggins, 2003
W. Heijman et al. Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
that less developed regions particularly face challenges
the absence of a basis innovative capacity in business
the other regions that have an above average GDP
—
—
—
The authors consider these factors as crucial
Table 2
RegionIndex of social
capitalRank
Index of competitiveness
RankGDP per capita
Rank
7 7
2 1 1
pl21 Malopolskie 3 3 11
pl22 Slaskie 1 2 2
11 10 16
pl32 Podkarpackie 6 13 15
14 16 13
pl34 Podlaskie 15 14
pl41 Wielkopolskie 5 3
5 12 6
7
pl51 Dolnoslaskie 4 4 4
pl52 Opolskie 16 14 10
10 11
12 15 12
13 6 5
Source: authors’ calculations based on the statistical data
W. Heijman et al. Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 3
Intellectual capital, factor loadings and relative weights of its relevant variables*
Variable Factor loading Relative Weight**
Participants of doctoral studies (persons)
Participants of postgraduate studies (persons)
Patents granted
Table 4
Index of intellectual capital of the 16 Polish regions
Region Code Index of intellectual capital Rank
7
MA 1
Malopolskie MP 2
Slaskie 3
Podkarpackie PM 10
Podlaskie PD 12
SW 14
15
Wielkopolskie WP 4
Dolnoslaskie DS 5
Opolskie OP 16
KP 11
PM 6
WM 13
W. Heijman et al. Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Conclusions
Bibliographyntellectual
Paper for
the 7th
Regional Innovation Strategies
in Poland: Lessons and Recommendations
Journal of Intellectual Capital
Intellectual Capital and the New
Wealth of Nations II
Capital
America Journal of Sociology
26
Competitiveness and Industrial Policy in Northern
Ireland
Journal of
Human Resource Costing and Accounting
Transition, Cohesion
and Regional Policy in Central and Eastern Europe
New Possibilities in
Education
Human and Social Capital and
Regional Development
Regional Studies
Journal of Global Information
W. Heijman et al. Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Journal
Social
Capital and Growth
(Problems of
Development of Border Regions in Eastern
Poland
Housing Policy Debate
Regional Studies
The Global Competitiveness Report
2004-2005
W. Heijman et al. Regional Competitiveness, Social and Intellectual Capital
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
1 E-mail address
2 E-mail address:
State Aid for Self-Employed Persons in Latvia and Other European Union Member States
Alona Irmeja1 Inguna Leibus2
Abstract.
Key words:
Introduction
aim of the research
Research results and discussion
challenges related to starting up a business plan are
1)
2)
3)
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
4)
5)
6)
enable people to access credit in order to set up a
business has been recognised through the creation of the
In the Czech Republic
Enterprise Estonia offers start-up grants of
In Spain
In Austria
Gründerbonus
and business in Latvia
wishing to set up a business
Many of the national articles report that support
business have been or are in the process of being set
or the Republic of Macedonia) or business incubators (for
In Bulgaria
direct services for facilitating the initial stages of their
In Ireland
Slovakia in
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
16 entrepreneurial and technological incubators
The United Kingdom has an established single
and training courses for before and after a business is
Eight business incubators are to be set up in Latvia
3. The provision of training, mentoring and advice
The Lithuanian
opportunities for pursuing activities under a business
In Luxembourg and Croatia
Austria and Iceland
Table 1
Business incubators by region and area of activity in Latvia
Region Name of incubator Area of activityNumber of companies
Riga
General partnership 53
reative industries business incubator Andrejsala
Foundation
52
Society 42
42
40
Aizkraukle
Source: authors’ calculations based on Biznesa inkubatori, 2011
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of professional consultancy services for these potential
In Latvia
for conducting business and business start-ups or self-
for
The State Employment Agency offers help to registered unemployed persons. receive the necessary help and support for business or
— consulting business plan preparation and
—
—
—
burdens
being taken on the national level to reduce bureaucracy
Greece
great
The Latvian
93
250
313
20
80
82
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
2008
2009
2010
year
numbers
submitted business plans approved business plans
Source: authors’ calculations based on Pasakumi komercdarbibas vai…, 2011
Submitted to and approved business plans by the State Employment Agency
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
In Slovakia
In Portugalto have contributed to business creation by reducing
5. Favourable tax or social security conditions for the self-employed
In Slovakia
In Romania
In Sweden
United Kingdom has also
Latvia
6. Measures to increase motivation towards self-employment
In Germany
In Latvia
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
activities that spread the best practices in starting
Luxembourg
ran the Trau dech — maach dech selbststänneg
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
countries have policies in place to support self-
increase understanding of the opportunities offered
types of incentives could not generate desired
Bibliography Innovation Phenomenon of the
21st Century.
Industrial
and Corporate Change
Retrieved:
Journal pf Political
Economy,
Journal of Policy
Journal of Business Venturing
Economica
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
International Journal of Sociology
Southern Economic Journal
A. Irmeja, I. Leibus
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
Anna Jesemcika1
Abstract.
Key words:
JEL code:
A. Jesemcika Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
1 E-mail address
Introduction
The aim of the research – to ascertain the
Tasks of the research – to study the criteria of
accounting and representation of the changes of the
Methods of the research
Research results and discussionAnalysis
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
A. Jesemcika Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
The presence of single principles of accounting is
The accounting policy is changed only if:
—
—
—
The approved accounting policy shall be applied
The accounting policy is not changed if it is:
—
—
It is not practically possible to apply the accounting
The annual report ensures the evaluation of the
concern business is not applicable in the accounting policy
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
related to the basic indicators of the enterprise in
of the reporting period disclosed in the period or at the
end of the period are adjusted before the approval of
If the accounting policy has been changed in
data of the previous reporting periods is disclosed in the
Table 1
Criteria for setting the principle of materiality
No. Criteria
0 – 1 000 000
1 000 000 – 3 000 000
10
7
5
Net turnover 1
Total assets
1 000 000 – 10 000 000
2
1
Source: author’s construction based on legal enactments of the Republic of Latvia
Table 2
No.
Balancesheet
or loss account
Statement of changes in equity
under construction
under construction
of the previous period
Source: author’s construction based on legal enactments of the Republic of Latvia
A. Jesemcika Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
voluntarily changed the accounting policy regarding the
of objects under construction include the direct costs
incurred in respect of the constructed object before its
Problems
end of th
Issues related to the application of fair value in
by different evaluations:
— foreign currency is disclosed by the real value
—
— accounts receivable and accounts payable - usually
—
—
evaluations of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet as
cial
Accountants do not apply the principle of fair value
—
—
—
The accounting by fair value and the disclosure
The disclosure of assets by fair value leads to the
data that could be used for the analysis of the enterprise
disclosing their potential and future opportunities in
is it necessary to recalculate the reporting data if an
this approach in practice is doubtful and the opinions on
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
The paper analyses the criteria of choice and
retrospective recalculation of indicators for the past
years related to the change of the accounting policy
A. Jesemcika Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Issues related to the application of fair value in
Bibliography
The Concept of Fair Value and
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
un budzets (European Union Financial Resources
A. Jesemcika Problematic Aspects of Financial Reporting in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
J. Lascenko, A. Jesemcika Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
Jelena Lascenko1
State Revenue Service
Anna Jesemcika
Abstract.
The aim of the research
tasks —
—
—
—
—
Key words:JEL code:
1 E-mail address
Introduction
control through the general analysis of enterprise
The authors believe that the control science should
The paper aims
cycle:
1)
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
200
an increase in reserves of unaccounted agricultural
2)
3)
analysis:
—
—
—
—
—
increase of production based on biased and unbiased
—
Research results and discussionInternal control of crop production output
The analysis of crop production process in agricultural
The data of Figure 1 lead to the conclusion that the
Source: authors’ construction based on Savickaja G., 2006
Scheme for the analysis and internal control of crop products
Source: authors’ construction based on Savickaja G., 2006
J. Lascenko, A. Jesemcika Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
201
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
The range of internal control issues offered by the
Internal control of livestock production The initial stages of livestock production and crop
factors or reduce their negative effect on the livestock
The analysis of current reserves in livestock
production enterprises and evaluation of their
Source: authors’ construction based on Savickaja G., 2006
Directions of reserves for the increase of the volume of crop productivity
Source: authors’ construction based on Savickaja G., 2006
J. Lascenko, A. Jesemcika Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
202
Internal control of agricultural products prime cost
The authors believe that the analysis and control
—
—
—
—
Source: authors’ construction based on Savickaja G., 2006
Directions of reserves for the increase of the volume of livestock productivity
Source: authors’ construction based on Savickaja G., 2006
Scheme for the analysis and control of agricultural production prime cost
J. Lascenko, A. Jesemcika Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
203
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
of internal control but also ensures creation of control
—
—
her research has o
, (1)
–
–
–
–
– additional costs necessary for the use of
–
– reserve for the increase of production
outlines the correlation occurred in the production
control that could be practically applied in a particular
Internal control of the use of material resources
—
—
—
—
— analysis and control of the level of production
and control of effective use:
—
—
—
—
resources:
J. Lascenko, A. Jesemcika Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
204
J. Lascenko, A. Jesemcika Improvement of Internal Control System of Agricultural Enterprises
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
of internal control process in agricultural
Objects of the production process in crop and
Internal control and analyses of the agricultural
is useful to develop technological procedure
It is necessary to analyse and control reserves
belonging to the enterprise in the scope of internal
Agricultural enterprises have to evaluate the
Bibliography
http://
Kontrolj
(
Formirovanije
(
Organisations
kontrolja (
Retrieved: http://
ucoz ru/publ/ vnutrennego kontrolja/
podkhody
dejateljnosti predprijatij (Analysis of Business
Activity of Organisations Moskva: Novoje
652
Ucjot biologicjeskih aktivov v sootvetstviji s
205
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1 E-mail address:
Mortgage Lending Market Development Tendencies Within the Context of Global Financial Crisis
Gunita Mazure1
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code:
Introduction
recently as a catalysing factor to change the traditional
Mortgage lending has been analysed and discussed
research hypothesis
aim of the research
research tasks have been advanced to achieve
1)
2)
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
206
Research results and discussionAnalysis of residential mortgage debt to GDP ratio in selected world countries in relation to the changes of interest rates on mortgage loans
the one related to the Great Depression and it is
contributed to the failure of key businesses declines in
category – transition countries and periphery – household
debt levels have been strongly rising in the past 15 years
Source: author’s construction based on Hypostat, 2011
207
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Interest rate developments on new mortgage loans
also in order to contain the sharp deterioration in the
several consecutive cuts in their respective policy rates
Source: author’s construction based on Hypostat, 2011
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Development dynamics of mortgage lending market in Latvia
—
—
—
—
Table 1
YearMortgage
loansmln. LVL
previous year
base year
Average per one
resident, LVL
previous year
Average per one
household, LVL
previous year
2004 100 - 100 100
2005
2006
2007
2010
Source: author’s calculations based on the Bank of Latvia and CSB data (2004-2010)
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
construction and reconstruction of housing started to
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
construction and reconstruction of housing started
Bibliography
Retrieved: http://
absalonproject.com/.../Principle-of-Balance-
Access:
Usefulness of the APR for Mortgage Marketing in
Retrieved:
. 2012.
2012.
Hypostat (2011). Hypostat 2010. A Review of
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
210
2012.
of Integration of the EU Mortgage Markets - Report
http://
.
2012.
211
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
1 E-mail address:
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
Baiba Mistre1
Aina Dobele Dr.oec.
Ilva Rudusa
Abstract.
Key words:.
JEL code:
IntroductionSocial transfers consist of state pensions and
Hypothesis
The research aim
tasks
—
— to assess the changes in the state social insurance
—
Research results and discussion
The consolidated budget is divided into the central
is divided into the basic budget and the state social
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
212
The state social insurance special budget is divided
Source: authors’ construction based on laws of the Republic of Latvia
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
213
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
social insurance contributions every year for respective
rate by type of social insurance affects changes in the
if revenues and a budget surplus of previous years in any
Table 1
Rates of state mandatory social insurance contributions for certain categories of taxpayers
Status of socially insured person 2001 2003 2009 2010 2011
Total rate
Rate for employers
Rate for employees
Total rate
Rate for employers
Rate for employees
-
Source: authors’ construction based on the Cabinet Regulations No. 452, 613, 1027, 1557, 1199
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
214
to the proportion of special budget revenues by taking
2. Analysis of the state social insurance special budget
To assess the role of the state social insurance special
The state social insurance special budget is analysed
increase in revenues of the state social insurance special
The increase in revenues of the state social insurance
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
Table 2
Latvia in 2002-2010, mln LVL
YearGDP (current
Social insuranceState social
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007 123
2010
Source: authors’ calculations based on the CSB and Treasury data
215
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
3. Analysis of the socio-economic factors affecting the state social insurance special budget
socially insured persons and the revenues of the special
ii rXâ â Y 10i
i
i
i
ri
An analysis of the result produced by the above-
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
Table 3
Changes in the state social insurance special budget in Latvia in 2001-2010
YearRevenues, mln LVL
Expenditures, mln LVL
Current year surplus/ mln LVL Revenues Expenditures
2001 - -
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2010
Source: authors’ calculations based on the Treasury data
Table 4
special budget in Latvia in 2002-2010
Indicators Special budget revenuesSpecial budget expenditures
social contributions
Source: authors’ calculations based on the CSB and SSIA data
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
216
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010
year
nu
mb
er,
th
sd
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
LV
L
Source: authors’ construction based on the CSB and SSIA data
Changes in the factors affecting the state social insurance special budget in Latvia in 2002-2010
R2
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
900 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100
Source: authors’ construction based on the CSB and SSIA data
Relationship between the number of employed persons and the number of socially insured persons in Latvia in 2002-2010
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
217
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
socially insured persons decreased but they did not fell
social insurance special budget and in social security in
Conclusions
social transfers is revenues of the state social
BibliographyConcept on the Stability of Social Insurance System
in a Long-term
. Access:
2. Explanations to Revenues and Expenditures of
the State Special Budget by Programme and
Subprogramme in 2002
3. Explanations to Revenues and Expenditures of
the State Special Budget by Programme and
Subprogramme in 2003
4. Law of the Republic of Latvia “On State Social
Insurance”
”The Application of Sustainable Development:
Critical Assessment”
In: European Integration Studies.
Proceeding
for Rural Development 2009”
8. Regulations Regarding Distribution of the Rates for
Type of Social Insurance in 2001: Cabinet Regulations
No. 452 of 19 December 2000 http://
9. Regulations Regarding Distribution of the Rates for
Type of Social Insurance in 2003: Cabinet Regulations
No. 613 of 27 December 2002 http://
10. Regulations Regarding Distribution of the Rates for
Type of Social Insurance in 2009: Cabinet Regulations
No. 1027 of 16 December 2008 http://
11. Regulations Regarding Distribution of the Rates for
Type of Social Insurance in 2010: Cabinet Regulations
No. 1577 of 22 December 2009 Retrieved: http://
12. Regulations Regarding Distribution of the Rates for
Type of Social Insurance in 2011: Cabinet Regulations
No. 1199 of 28 December 2010 http://
13. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme in 2004
Retrieved:
14. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme in 2005
Retrieved:
15. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme in 2006
Retrieved:
16. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme in 2007
Retrieved:
17. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme in 2008
Retrieved:
18. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme
in 2009
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
19. Revenues and Expenditures of the State Special
Budget by Programme and Subprogramme
in 2010 20.
Elements of the System of Financing Social Transfers and Assessment of Factors Affecting Them in Latvia
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
A. Prohorovs, I. Jakusonoka Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
1 E-mail address:
2 E-mail address:
Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
Anatolijs Prohorovs1
Ingrida Jakusonoka2
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
Innovation funding sources depend on the
The tasks are: 1) to characterise challenges that
Data sources and research methods. The authors
t
Joseph Ghalbouni and Dominique Rousies
Research results and discussion
th
th
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
220
A. Prohorovs, I. Jakusonoka Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
Product innovation
Process innovation’
Position innovation’
Paradigm innovation’- changes in the underlying
and detailed national strategy in the transition
—
—
—
shares (IPO) and selling the shares either on the national
Joseph
Ghalbouni and Dominique Rousies
October of 2010 analysed the reasons for rapid shrinking
Joseph Ghalbouni
and Dominique Rousies
Source: authors’ construction
Providers of venture capital funds and their legal organisation
221
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
A. Prohorovs, I. Jakusonoka Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
Source: authors’ construction based on Cannice Mark V., 2011; Boslet M., 2012
Source: authors’ construction
The authors of the paper have analysed the
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
222
A. Prohorovs, I. Jakusonoka Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
(Figure 3):
Public administration factors
private venture capital to various research and education
Imprimatur
and AB.LV Private Equity
Zalas gaismas investicijas
is no state governance and coordinating institution that
(technological parks for innovative projects and business
Imprematur Capital
Baltcap
Business environment
developed business culture and the application of
Research and education institutions
understanding of researchers and inventors of the
these universities have not established a close link
Informational support
223
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
reaktors, SEED forums
Connekt Latvija
of innovative technologies in addition to the selection of a
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Several approaches can be applied to the selection
specialists that understand venture capital long-
A. Prohorovs, I. Jakusonoka Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
It is necessary to start the education of high-level
specialists in the area of technology transfer and
venture capital funding (initially attracting those
cooperation should be activated and coordinated
research and other organisations involved in the
is possible to strengthen and activate venture capital
Bibliography
)
Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation
Retrieved:
Table 1
Investment elements included in Innovation Union Scoreboard 2011
ENABLERS EU27 EE LV LT FI SE
Finance and Support
N/A N/A N/A
FIRM INVESTMENTS
Source: authors’ construction based on Innovation Union Scoreboard 2011 (IUS 2011)
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
224
A. Prohorovs, I. Jakusonoka Financing of Innovation System Development and Attraction of Private Capital
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2011 (7 February
http://
Access:
In:
Retrieved:
. Access:
Retrieved:
225
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Dairy Cooperatives in Poland
Michal Soliwoda
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code:
Introduction
the level of provision of TFA and its rational usage in the
are the essential carrier of the production capacity of
it is necessary to reveal hidden reserves of productive
according to accounting and reporting rules (including
be characterised by the high level of productivity (in
Aim, methodology and scope of research
then tested:
positively affect the productivity of TFA in dairy
The research period covered the years 2004 -
cooperatives operated as independent entities at the date
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
226
Table 1
Set of independent variables used for the model of multiple regression
Designation Description of variables
Structure of funds
1
2
3
4
5
6
Relations concerning liabilities/ currents assets
7
10
11
Source: author’s construction
Table 2
Descriptive statistics for variables used for the model
Variables Average Median Minimum Maximum SD
y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
Source: author’s calculations
227
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1 11
2
4 6 regards
1 on
subsets cover the relations that depict the structure of
MARS)2
Research results and discussion
4 5
7
7
4
7
1
2
Source: author’s calculations in STATISTICA 9.1 (screenshot)
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
also a considerable variation in the accounting policy for
2 3 4 7
the variation of the dependant variable: productivity
4 7
Table 3
Impact of selected variables on the productivity of TFA: panel model
Standard error T-statistics p-value
4*
7*
3
6
11
R-square Standard error of estimation
Adjusted R-square
F-statistics
Source: author’s calculations
Table 4
Impact of selected variables on the productivity of TFA: panel model
Description y
Average (observed)
SD (observed)
Average (predicted)
SD (predicted)
Average (residuals)
SD (predicted)
Source: author’s calculations
Table 5
Parameters of modelling - MARSSplines
Description y
Threshold
Enabled
Source: author’s calculations
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
The graph depicting the observed values as a function
y = x
Conclusions s
leads to the conclusion that taking care of proper
Y = 1.68401763977268e+000 + 7.51734008122576e+000*max(0; X7-3.01737480141621e-001) - 3.77384222295297e+001*max(0; 3.01737480141621e-001-X7) + 3.58525678393210e+000*max(0; X4-4.83304418090643e-001) - 1.30376843808996e+002*max(0; X3-5.14903680487157e-001) + 3.82661958395429e+000*max(0; X2-5.45683907010272e-001) - 2.57287445291785e+001*max(0; 1.53205456245919e-001-X9) + 1.40795035926849e+002*max(0; X3-5.38111863533051e-001) + 1.82626235996917e+001*max(0; X3-3.30609413595912e-001) - 7.17327292331333e+000*max(0; X3-2.19745728671381e-001) - 3.91293969470539e+001*max(0; X3-6.03835653037881e-001)
Source: author’s calculations (computation by STATISTICA 9.1)
Regression equation - MARSSplines
Source: author’s construction (computation by STATISTICA 9.1)
Graph of observed and predicted values - MARSSplines
231
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
1 E-mail address
Application of Immovable Property Tax in The EU Baltic Sea Region Countries
Sandra Stucere1 Gunita Mazure
Abstract.
Key words:JEL code:
Introduction
scientists have researched individual aspects related to
The research is based on the hypothesis that
aim is set to verify the
tasks are advanced to achieve the set
1)
2)
3)
Research results and discussion
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
232
particularly these countries are profoundly studied in the
Analysis of tax burden and structure in the EU Baltic Sea Region countries
233
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
This is evidenced by the GDP per capita indicator
Table 1
Country 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010
Difference in percentage points
2010/2001
2010/
0
Estonia
Poland
Finland
Source: authors’ summary and calculations based on Taxation Trends …, 2010 and Government Finance …, 2011
13.9 1816.8
11.1 11.3 11.8 13.6 13.3
11
30.1
6.87.4 4.7
6.9
15.9
19.3
1.9
13.3
11.116.9
8.6 10.7
12.7
8.8
14.315.6
14.714.4
29.9
26.1
3027.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Denmark Germany Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Finland Sweden
% o
f GD
P
Indirect taxes Direct taxes Social contributions Shadow economy
Source: authors’ construction based on Government Finance …, 2011
Tax burden, tax structure and the share of shadow economy in the
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
234
standard – larger GDP per capita and higher average
th position according to the
th position (in
the 6th
th
th position according to the
sible to hide
Jens
analyses
in his paper
Immovable property tax in the EU Baltic Sea Region countries
The European Union has not set a single procedure for
essential so
There are different types for setting and application of
235
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 2
Application of immovable property tax in the EU Baltic Sea Region countries
Country Tax base Taxable object applied by a local government
Price for sqm
Engineering
constructions
Natural agricultural land
Residential buildings
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Engineering
constructions
-
-
-
-
-
-
Estonia - -
Residential buildings
Engineering
constructions
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Finland
Residential buildings
Engineering
constructions
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Poland
Residential buildings
-
-
-
-
-
-
Source: authors’ construction based on Taxes in Europe, 2011
Table 3
Amount of immovable property tax and its share in total tax revenues in the Baltic Sea Region countries for the period of 2005-2009
Country 2005 2006 2007 2009Difference
2009/2005
10 250 10 400 10 710
Estonia 506 517 552 755 755
Poland 11 614 12 622 14 700
Finland 725
Source: authors’ construction based on Taxes in Europe, 2011
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
236
standard procedures for calculation of the value of an
depending on the legislation of a certain country and
for the part of the property cadastral value that ranges
not be paid 10 calendar years after the construction
paid only one year after construction or reconstruction
revenues of the state consolidated budget reveal the
237
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Table 3 provides the possibility to analyse the
Conclusions, proposals, recommendations
Bibliography
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
1 E-mail address:
Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
Irija Vitola1 Dr.oec Daiga Joma Dr.philol.
Abstract.
Key words: JEL code:
Introduction
the sustainability of enterprises and the sustainable
Research aim and tasks
1) to identify and analyse the purpose and tasks of
2)
Research methodology
Research results and discussion
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
An analysis on the role and position of IPT in the
Insight into the history of immovable property tax
1)
2)
3)
rate
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
Table 1
Immovable property tax rates in 1990
Value of taxable immovable property, LVL
Immovable property tax rate, LVL
1500-25000
25000-50000
50000-250000
250000-750000
750000-2500000
Source: Vitola I., Boruks A., 2006
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
240
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
have to be paid on buildings and constructions until
stipulating that:
1) the cadastral value of buildings and constructions
2)
that:
1)
2)
3)
calculated based on the previous cadastral value of
1)
2)
Taxable items
The procedure for calculating the share of cadastral
241
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Taxable value and tax calculation
Tax rates
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
repressed persons regarding land and buildings included
Table 2
Immovable property tax rates in Latvia since 1 January 2010
Tax rate Taxable items
1)
2)
3)
4)
1)
2)
Source: authors’ construction based on Ivanova O., 2010; Law on Immovable Property Tax, 1997
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
242
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
de minimis
de minimis aid regarding
for 5 years and forestland – for 25 years but the IPT
is differentiated according to the purpose of use of
and social effects and reducing the differentiation of
Conclusions and recommendationsConclusions
taking into consideration interests of both the entire
of cadastral evaluation based on the cadastral
243
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
Recommendations
The IPT rates have to be set progressively according
property and the industry has to be introduced to set
effects and reducing the differentiation of individuals
The IPT has to be revised every 5 years after its
Bibliography
neder (One Suit does not Fit Everyone) Latvijas
Vestnesis. Plus.
cilveku dzivi (Property Tax Threatens Human Life)
(Amendments to the Law on Immovable Property
Tax)
(Amendments to the Law on Immovable Property
Tax)
(Amendments to the Law on Immovable Property
Tax)
(Amendments to the Law on Immovable Property
Tax)
(Immovable Property – News of
2010) Gramatvediba un ekonomika.
Latvijas Statistikas Gadagramata (Statistical
Yearbook)
Latvijas Statistikas Gadagramata (Statistical
Yearbook)
Latvijas Statistikas Gadagramata (Statistical
Yearbook)
Latvijas Statistikas Gadagramata (Statistical
Yearbook)
Likuma “Par nekustama ipasuma nodokli” normu
piemerosanas kartiba
Kadastralas vertesanas noteikumi (Regulations
Regarding Cadastral Assessment)
Nodoklu politika
Eiropas Savienibas vide (Tax Policy in the European
Nekustama ipasuma nodokla likmes ES
(
Nekustama ipasuma valsts kadastra likums
(Immovable Property State Cadastre Law):
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement
Economic Science for Rural Development Nr. 28., 2012
ISSN 1691-3078
244
Par ipasuma nodokli (Law on Property Tax):
Par nekustama ipasuma nodokli (Law on
Immovable Property Tax)
Tautsaimniecibas attistibas
problemas Latvija (Development Problems
of National Economy in Latvia).
Nodoklu politikas tiesiskie un ekonomiskie aspekti
(Legal and Economic Aspects of Tax Policy and
their Effect on the Business Environment in
Latvia).
Economics Science for Rural
Development: Proceedings of the International
I. Vitola, D. Joma Immovable Property Tax in Latvia: Problematic Aspects and Possibilities for Improvement