Post on 01-Feb-2023
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gyPost-Medieval Archaeology 392 (2005) 311ndash327
Notes and News
Eighteenth-century Copenhagen viewed from a refuse dump
By LENE HOslashST-MADSEN
SUMMARY The excavation of a town refuse dump in Copenhagen has recovered a remarkablyrich and varied assemblage of artefacts including ceramics glass animal bones feathers textilesgloves woollen socks silk stockings and shoes They were deposited c 1750ndash65 but include manyobjects dating from the early years of the 18th century Because the deposits were waterloggedvarious unusual types of organic evidence were preserved This paper gives an introduction to the siteand its material and outlines some of its research potential
In 2003 the Museum of Copenhagen conducted an relatively recent date and were found before themuseum employed an archaeologist they wereexcavation at a site on Esplanaden 50 in Copen-
hagen just to the south of the Little Mermaid and never properly processed The organic pieces werethrown away along with most of the ceramics andthe fortification known as Kastellet and to the
north of the Royal Palace Amalienborg (Fig 1) It no excavation report was produced Only theexceptional pieces now survive in the museumrsquoswas carried out because the A P Moller-Maersk
Group wanted to enlarge their headquarters collectionsThe museum decided that these finds justifiedthreatening buried archaeological deposits over an
area of about 10000m2 an unusually large poten- an archaeological investigation In co-operationwith the Maersk Company four trial trenchestial area for a city excavation in Denmark
When the museum was informed of the pro- each c 3m deep were dug by machine to examinethe potential of the area (Fig 3) It was evidentposed development it searched for information
that could justify an excavation There had been that the former sea bottom had originally beenc 1m below sea level directly over it was a 2ndash3mMesolithic occupation in the vicinity1 but no later
activity until the 17th century In the Middle Ages thick waterlogged layer of undisturbed and verywell preserved refuse Selected areas of the sides ofthe site lay under water outside the town In the
17th century the town fortifications were enlarged the trenches were dug out in horizontal sectionsand the exact positions of all the finds wereenclosing this area Contemporary maps show that
it was filled up during the 17th and early 18th recorded to see how rich the layers were andwhether there were time differences between thecenturies (Fig 2)2 Extensive building activity in
the area in the 1970s including the building of the deposits Samples were collected for macrofossilanalysisMaersk headquarters had yielded a rich collection
of artefacts dating from the late 17th to the middle There were no prehistoric finds The artefactsdated primarily from the first half of the 18thof the 18th century Among them were faience
plates with the monogram of the Danish king century they were very rich varied and wellpreserved The material is so recent that theFrederik IV (1699ndash1730) combs textiles and
vessel glass3 These had been brought to the museum collections dating from this period consistprimarily of artefacts from the higher levels ofMuseum of Copenhagen but since they were of
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62688
311
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gy312 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 1
Map showing the location of the site the military fortification Kastellet the faience factory Store Kongensgade and theRoyal Castle Amalienborg
society and objects that were considered of high and so on but it was not possible to separate theindividual loads of refuse from one another It wasvalue in the contemporary society everyday items
were not considered interesting4 For example the therefore decided to go on digging horizontallyand record all finds by area and leveltrial trenches recovered seven intact everyday shoes
and 53 fragments In the Danish National Approximately 10 of the area was excav-ated In one area the refuse was dug by hand butMuseumrsquos collections there is only one everyday
18th-century womanrsquos shoe this method was very laborious In another areathe soil was excavated by machine and then sortedIt was therefore decided to conduct a large-
scale investigation Since the layers of refuse were by hand A much larger sample could be recoveredin this way but it was apparent that there was biasc 2ndash3m thick and the area was 1ha in size the
deposits amounted to at least 20000m3 of refuse in the recovery of different materials by individualexcavators and the smaller items were often lostIt was impossible to examine the whole site
instead two areas were selected for thorough To document the loss the soil from one area waswet-sieved This gave quite a large sample of seedsexcavation Various methods were employed At
first a big mechanical excavator was used to dig fish bones hair and feathers indicating the rangeof evidence being lost by other methods ofhorizontally in thin layers to establish differences
in the layers and in the distribution of finds excavationThe excavation yielded an enormous amountHowever it was soon evident that the dumping of
refuse had not been horizontal but vertical the of varied material especially ceramics glassanimal bones textiles and even feathers It has allrubbish had probably been tipped from the edge of
dry ground where it would have been possible to undergone preliminary processing The ceramicassemblage comprises several thousand sherdsstand safely working steadily outward into the
water This method of landfill has been used until with a great variety of wares and vessel forms Thecommon coarse kitchen wares account for most ofrecent times in Denmark (Fig 4) It will naturally
give different kinds of concentrations of finds over the assemblage but there are many interestingtypes of higher-quality ceramics including faiencean area In this instance there were concentrations
of horn cores glass bottles ceramics porcelain from the Danish Store Kongensgade factory
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 313
FIG 2
Map of Copenhagen of 1658(copy The Royal LibraryDepartment of Maps Printsand Photographs LorenzenV map XXIII )
(1723ndash72 Fig 5) and imported faience primarily known earlier than the middle of the 18th centuryParts of at least two different grenadier hats fromfrom the Netherlands German stoneware is also
represented as well as quite a lot of Chinese King Frederik IVrsquos army have now been identifiedand more components of uniforms may turn upporcelain reflecting the new 18th-century habits of
drinking tea and coffee (Fig 6) The ceramics when the material is examined properly There isalso an assemblage of iron objects most are relatedshould yield important information about trading
connections either to building activity (in the form of nailshinges and keys [Fig 8] locks and so on) or toThe metal finds are not large in number mdash
only about 500 items mdash but there is an interesting kitchenware (in the form of knives [Fig 9] forkspans and other vessels)series of copper alloy objects including buckles
scissors pins buttons and plates Among the sheet The material also contains thousands of dressparts includingmetal one badge from the hat of a grenadier in the
army of the Danish king Frederik IV (1699ndash1730)ought to be mentioned here (Fig 7) Before this $ coarse knitted woollen socks
$ fine silk stockingsexcavation no fragments of Danish uniform were
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gy314 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 3
Trial trench during excavation Photo ViviLena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 4
Landfill in 1930 atKongens Enghavesouth of CopenhagenIt is possible that thesame method oftipping was used in the18th centurycopy Museum ofCopenhagen archive
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 315
FIG 5
Decorated faience plates from the Store Kongensgade Factory The initials FL refer to King Frederik V and QueenLouise (married 1743ndash51) F5J to Frederikrsquos second marriage to Queen Juliane Marie (married 1752ndash66) The other
plates were produced in the same period Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 6
Chinese porcelain plates Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
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gy316 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 7
A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen
nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants
Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups
$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories
$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and
even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among
other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at
the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
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gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
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gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
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gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
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gy312 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 1
Map showing the location of the site the military fortification Kastellet the faience factory Store Kongensgade and theRoyal Castle Amalienborg
society and objects that were considered of high and so on but it was not possible to separate theindividual loads of refuse from one another It wasvalue in the contemporary society everyday items
were not considered interesting4 For example the therefore decided to go on digging horizontallyand record all finds by area and leveltrial trenches recovered seven intact everyday shoes
and 53 fragments In the Danish National Approximately 10 of the area was excav-ated In one area the refuse was dug by hand butMuseumrsquos collections there is only one everyday
18th-century womanrsquos shoe this method was very laborious In another areathe soil was excavated by machine and then sortedIt was therefore decided to conduct a large-
scale investigation Since the layers of refuse were by hand A much larger sample could be recoveredin this way but it was apparent that there was biasc 2ndash3m thick and the area was 1ha in size the
deposits amounted to at least 20000m3 of refuse in the recovery of different materials by individualexcavators and the smaller items were often lostIt was impossible to examine the whole site
instead two areas were selected for thorough To document the loss the soil from one area waswet-sieved This gave quite a large sample of seedsexcavation Various methods were employed At
first a big mechanical excavator was used to dig fish bones hair and feathers indicating the rangeof evidence being lost by other methods ofhorizontally in thin layers to establish differences
in the layers and in the distribution of finds excavationThe excavation yielded an enormous amountHowever it was soon evident that the dumping of
refuse had not been horizontal but vertical the of varied material especially ceramics glassanimal bones textiles and even feathers It has allrubbish had probably been tipped from the edge of
dry ground where it would have been possible to undergone preliminary processing The ceramicassemblage comprises several thousand sherdsstand safely working steadily outward into the
water This method of landfill has been used until with a great variety of wares and vessel forms Thecommon coarse kitchen wares account for most ofrecent times in Denmark (Fig 4) It will naturally
give different kinds of concentrations of finds over the assemblage but there are many interestingtypes of higher-quality ceramics including faiencean area In this instance there were concentrations
of horn cores glass bottles ceramics porcelain from the Danish Store Kongensgade factory
Pub
lishe
d by
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 313
FIG 2
Map of Copenhagen of 1658(copy The Royal LibraryDepartment of Maps Printsand Photographs LorenzenV map XXIII )
(1723ndash72 Fig 5) and imported faience primarily known earlier than the middle of the 18th centuryParts of at least two different grenadier hats fromfrom the Netherlands German stoneware is also
represented as well as quite a lot of Chinese King Frederik IVrsquos army have now been identifiedand more components of uniforms may turn upporcelain reflecting the new 18th-century habits of
drinking tea and coffee (Fig 6) The ceramics when the material is examined properly There isalso an assemblage of iron objects most are relatedshould yield important information about trading
connections either to building activity (in the form of nailshinges and keys [Fig 8] locks and so on) or toThe metal finds are not large in number mdash
only about 500 items mdash but there is an interesting kitchenware (in the form of knives [Fig 9] forkspans and other vessels)series of copper alloy objects including buckles
scissors pins buttons and plates Among the sheet The material also contains thousands of dressparts includingmetal one badge from the hat of a grenadier in the
army of the Danish king Frederik IV (1699ndash1730)ought to be mentioned here (Fig 7) Before this $ coarse knitted woollen socks
$ fine silk stockingsexcavation no fragments of Danish uniform were
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for
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gy314 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 3
Trial trench during excavation Photo ViviLena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 4
Landfill in 1930 atKongens Enghavesouth of CopenhagenIt is possible that thesame method oftipping was used in the18th centurycopy Museum ofCopenhagen archive
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 315
FIG 5
Decorated faience plates from the Store Kongensgade Factory The initials FL refer to King Frederik V and QueenLouise (married 1743ndash51) F5J to Frederikrsquos second marriage to Queen Juliane Marie (married 1752ndash66) The other
plates were produced in the same period Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 6
Chinese porcelain plates Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
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gy316 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 7
A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen
nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants
Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups
$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories
$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and
even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among
other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at
the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items
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lishe
d by
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iety
for
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
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gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
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gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
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edie
val A
rcha
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gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 313
FIG 2
Map of Copenhagen of 1658(copy The Royal LibraryDepartment of Maps Printsand Photographs LorenzenV map XXIII )
(1723ndash72 Fig 5) and imported faience primarily known earlier than the middle of the 18th centuryParts of at least two different grenadier hats fromfrom the Netherlands German stoneware is also
represented as well as quite a lot of Chinese King Frederik IVrsquos army have now been identifiedand more components of uniforms may turn upporcelain reflecting the new 18th-century habits of
drinking tea and coffee (Fig 6) The ceramics when the material is examined properly There isalso an assemblage of iron objects most are relatedshould yield important information about trading
connections either to building activity (in the form of nailshinges and keys [Fig 8] locks and so on) or toThe metal finds are not large in number mdash
only about 500 items mdash but there is an interesting kitchenware (in the form of knives [Fig 9] forkspans and other vessels)series of copper alloy objects including buckles
scissors pins buttons and plates Among the sheet The material also contains thousands of dressparts includingmetal one badge from the hat of a grenadier in the
army of the Danish king Frederik IV (1699ndash1730)ought to be mentioned here (Fig 7) Before this $ coarse knitted woollen socks
$ fine silk stockingsexcavation no fragments of Danish uniform were
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy314 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 3
Trial trench during excavation Photo ViviLena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 4
Landfill in 1930 atKongens Enghavesouth of CopenhagenIt is possible that thesame method oftipping was used in the18th centurycopy Museum ofCopenhagen archive
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 315
FIG 5
Decorated faience plates from the Store Kongensgade Factory The initials FL refer to King Frederik V and QueenLouise (married 1743ndash51) F5J to Frederikrsquos second marriage to Queen Juliane Marie (married 1752ndash66) The other
plates were produced in the same period Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 6
Chinese porcelain plates Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy316 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 7
A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen
nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants
Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups
$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories
$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and
even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among
other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at
the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
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lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy314 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 3
Trial trench during excavation Photo ViviLena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 4
Landfill in 1930 atKongens Enghavesouth of CopenhagenIt is possible that thesame method oftipping was used in the18th centurycopy Museum ofCopenhagen archive
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 315
FIG 5
Decorated faience plates from the Store Kongensgade Factory The initials FL refer to King Frederik V and QueenLouise (married 1743ndash51) F5J to Frederikrsquos second marriage to Queen Juliane Marie (married 1752ndash66) The other
plates were produced in the same period Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 6
Chinese porcelain plates Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy316 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 7
A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen
nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants
Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups
$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories
$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and
even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among
other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at
the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 315
FIG 5
Decorated faience plates from the Store Kongensgade Factory The initials FL refer to King Frederik V and QueenLouise (married 1743ndash51) F5J to Frederikrsquos second marriage to Queen Juliane Marie (married 1752ndash66) The other
plates were produced in the same period Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 6
Chinese porcelain plates Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy316 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 7
A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen
nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants
Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups
$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories
$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and
even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among
other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at
the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy316 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 7
A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen
nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants
Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups
$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories
$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and
even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among
other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at
the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 317
FIG 9
Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 10
Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy318 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 11
Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
FIG 12
Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 319
FIG 13
A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre
can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the
mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded
such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories
In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress
parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from
horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store
Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-
making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy320 L HOslashST-MADSEN
FIG 15FIG 14
Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen
written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has
also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-
gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely
fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing
of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen
Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten
Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the
military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the
preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary
analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help
with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 321
(a)
(b)
FIG 16
Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697
Pub
lishe
d by
Man
ey P
ublis
hing
(c)
Soc
iety
for
Pos
t-M
edie
val A
rcha
eolo
gy322 D DAWSON
Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources
Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special
acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials
Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES
ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-
amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det
BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES
Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-
1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35
Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet
Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985
Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis
Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]
The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery
By DAVID DAWSON
SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection
Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-
monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide
swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to
copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62697