“Copenhagen in the 18th-century viewed from a Refuse Dump”. Postmedieval Archaeology, 39(2),...

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gyPost-Medieval Archaeology 392 (2005) 311ndash327

Notes and News

Eighteenth-century Copenhagen viewed from a refuse dump

By LENE HOslashST-MADSEN

SUMMARY The excavation of a town refuse dump in Copenhagen has recovered a remarkablyrich and varied assemblage of artefacts including ceramics glass animal bones feathers textilesgloves woollen socks silk stockings and shoes They were deposited c 1750ndash65 but include manyobjects dating from the early years of the 18th century Because the deposits were waterloggedvarious unusual types of organic evidence were preserved This paper gives an introduction to the siteand its material and outlines some of its research potential

In 2003 the Museum of Copenhagen conducted an relatively recent date and were found before themuseum employed an archaeologist they wereexcavation at a site on Esplanaden 50 in Copen-

hagen just to the south of the Little Mermaid and never properly processed The organic pieces werethrown away along with most of the ceramics andthe fortification known as Kastellet and to the

north of the Royal Palace Amalienborg (Fig 1) It no excavation report was produced Only theexceptional pieces now survive in the museumrsquoswas carried out because the A P Moller-Maersk

Group wanted to enlarge their headquarters collectionsThe museum decided that these finds justifiedthreatening buried archaeological deposits over an

area of about 10000m2 an unusually large poten- an archaeological investigation In co-operationwith the Maersk Company four trial trenchestial area for a city excavation in Denmark

When the museum was informed of the pro- each c 3m deep were dug by machine to examinethe potential of the area (Fig 3) It was evidentposed development it searched for information

that could justify an excavation There had been that the former sea bottom had originally beenc 1m below sea level directly over it was a 2ndash3mMesolithic occupation in the vicinity1 but no later

activity until the 17th century In the Middle Ages thick waterlogged layer of undisturbed and verywell preserved refuse Selected areas of the sides ofthe site lay under water outside the town In the

17th century the town fortifications were enlarged the trenches were dug out in horizontal sectionsand the exact positions of all the finds wereenclosing this area Contemporary maps show that

it was filled up during the 17th and early 18th recorded to see how rich the layers were andwhether there were time differences between thecenturies (Fig 2)2 Extensive building activity in

the area in the 1970s including the building of the deposits Samples were collected for macrofossilanalysisMaersk headquarters had yielded a rich collection

of artefacts dating from the late 17th to the middle There were no prehistoric finds The artefactsdated primarily from the first half of the 18thof the 18th century Among them were faience

plates with the monogram of the Danish king century they were very rich varied and wellpreserved The material is so recent that theFrederik IV (1699ndash1730) combs textiles and

vessel glass3 These had been brought to the museum collections dating from this period consistprimarily of artefacts from the higher levels ofMuseum of Copenhagen but since they were of

copy Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2005 DOI 101179007943205X62688

311

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy312 L HOslashST-MADSEN

FIG 1

Map showing the location of the site the military fortification Kastellet the faience factory Store Kongensgade and theRoyal Castle Amalienborg

society and objects that were considered of high and so on but it was not possible to separate theindividual loads of refuse from one another It wasvalue in the contemporary society everyday items

were not considered interesting4 For example the therefore decided to go on digging horizontallyand record all finds by area and leveltrial trenches recovered seven intact everyday shoes

and 53 fragments In the Danish National Approximately 10 of the area was excav-ated In one area the refuse was dug by hand butMuseumrsquos collections there is only one everyday

18th-century womanrsquos shoe this method was very laborious In another areathe soil was excavated by machine and then sortedIt was therefore decided to conduct a large-

scale investigation Since the layers of refuse were by hand A much larger sample could be recoveredin this way but it was apparent that there was biasc 2ndash3m thick and the area was 1ha in size the

deposits amounted to at least 20000m3 of refuse in the recovery of different materials by individualexcavators and the smaller items were often lostIt was impossible to examine the whole site

instead two areas were selected for thorough To document the loss the soil from one area waswet-sieved This gave quite a large sample of seedsexcavation Various methods were employed At

first a big mechanical excavator was used to dig fish bones hair and feathers indicating the rangeof evidence being lost by other methods ofhorizontally in thin layers to establish differences

in the layers and in the distribution of finds excavationThe excavation yielded an enormous amountHowever it was soon evident that the dumping of

refuse had not been horizontal but vertical the of varied material especially ceramics glassanimal bones textiles and even feathers It has allrubbish had probably been tipped from the edge of

dry ground where it would have been possible to undergone preliminary processing The ceramicassemblage comprises several thousand sherdsstand safely working steadily outward into the

water This method of landfill has been used until with a great variety of wares and vessel forms Thecommon coarse kitchen wares account for most ofrecent times in Denmark (Fig 4) It will naturally

give different kinds of concentrations of finds over the assemblage but there are many interestingtypes of higher-quality ceramics including faiencean area In this instance there were concentrations

of horn cores glass bottles ceramics porcelain from the Danish Store Kongensgade factory

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy18TH-CENTURY COPENHAGEN VIEWED FROM A REFUSE DUMP 313

FIG 2

Map of Copenhagen of 1658(copy The Royal LibraryDepartment of Maps Printsand Photographs LorenzenV map XXIII )

(1723ndash72 Fig 5) and imported faience primarily known earlier than the middle of the 18th centuryParts of at least two different grenadier hats fromfrom the Netherlands German stoneware is also

represented as well as quite a lot of Chinese King Frederik IVrsquos army have now been identifiedand more components of uniforms may turn upporcelain reflecting the new 18th-century habits of

drinking tea and coffee (Fig 6) The ceramics when the material is examined properly There isalso an assemblage of iron objects most are relatedshould yield important information about trading

connections either to building activity (in the form of nailshinges and keys [Fig 8] locks and so on) or toThe metal finds are not large in number mdash

only about 500 items mdash but there is an interesting kitchenware (in the form of knives [Fig 9] forkspans and other vessels)series of copper alloy objects including buckles

scissors pins buttons and plates Among the sheet The material also contains thousands of dressparts includingmetal one badge from the hat of a grenadier in the

army of the Danish king Frederik IV (1699ndash1730)ought to be mentioned here (Fig 7) Before this $ coarse knitted woollen socks

$ fine silk stockingsexcavation no fragments of Danish uniform were

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 3

Trial trench during excavation Photo ViviLena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen

FIG 4

Landfill in 1930 atKongens Enghavesouth of CopenhagenIt is possible that thesame method oftipping was used in the18th centurycopy Museum ofCopenhagen archive

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 5

Decorated faience plates from the Store Kongensgade Factory The initials FL refer to King Frederik V and QueenLouise (married 1743ndash51) F5J to Frederikrsquos second marriage to Queen Juliane Marie (married 1752ndash66) The other

plates were produced in the same period Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen

FIG 6

Chinese porcelain plates Photo Henning Nielsen copy Museum of Copenhagen

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 7

A copper-alloy plate from thehat of a grenadier soldier asexcavated (above) and after3D-reconstruction Photocopy Museum of Copenhagen

nutrition Bay leaves pea pods peach stones hazelnuts oyster shells eggshells and bones of red deerchicken and lamb indicate that the diet was bothrich and varied for at least some of the townrsquosinhabitants

Some of the items show signs of secondary useand recycling The human hair from the wigs hadapparently been cut off before the rest was thrownaway this was probably done because the haircould be used for new wigs A childrsquos sock wasmade of different knitted pieces (Fig 13) thatprobably came from the better parts of other worn-out socks Parts of the brims of two of the hatshave been cut away Many of the Europeanceramic vessels show signs of repair but so far nosigns of such repairs have been noted on theFIG 8Chinese porcelain This might be because theIron key with attached textile Photo Soeren Kjems copyporcelainrsquos primary value was visual in otherMuseum of Copenhagenwords there was no status value in serving tea inmended cups

$ gloves (Fig 10) and shoes made of leather This short report indicates only a small partand textile of the potential of this assemblage other categories

$ a manrsquos pair of coarse woven trousers of find include clay pipes combs (Fig 14) wooden$ hats made of felt (Fig 11) or leather and objects (Fig 15) a book (Fig 16) glass and

even one made by knitting bottles The material seems to have been dumped$ wigs made with human hair (Fig 12) in the period c 1750ndash65 mdash a coin of 1762 among

other things indicates that some of it was depositedStudy of this material should expand ouras late as the 1760s The overall picture seems to beunderstanding of the dress codes of rich and poorthat the refuse was dumped over a relatively shortin 18th-century Copenhagen5period of time mdash perhaps no more than 10ndash15Because the preservation conditions wereyears Had the date-range been wider greaterextremely good seeds plant remains and faecesdifferences in dating evidence should have beenanimal as well as human were plentiful Whenapparent between the different strata and from oneconsidered with the many animal bones found at

the site these should throw new light on the townrsquos area to another However many individual items

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9

Kitchen knives with handles of wood and bone Photo Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen

FIG 10

Knitted glove Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11

Felt hat before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen

FIG 12

Wig made from human hair before conservation Photo Vivi Lena Andersen copy Museum of Copenhagen

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13

A childrsquos sock made of different knitted pieces Photo copy Koege Conservation Centre

can be dated to the early years of the 18th century $ Military refuse uniform parts canon ballsetcSince these older items were often found with the

mid 18th-century material they must have beenThe fairly large quantities of valuable itemsold when discarded

such as porcelain and faience could indicate thatMuch valuable information has already beenpart of the refuse came from the nearby Amalien-gained by studying the specific areas and layersborg Royal Palace or from the big new townfrom which the artefacts come but much needs tohouses built in New Copenhagen in the mid-18thbe done if the potential of this approach is to becentury The factory refuse from the nearby Storefully realized One major question is where theKongensgade factory had travelled only aboutrefuse comes from Most of it seems to have been200m The parts of military uniforms could origin-brought directly to the dump since concentrationsate from the military fortification of Kastellet justof different types of waste were seen in specificnorth of the site Collectively these finds couldareas indicating that most of the deposits wereindicate that the waste comes primarily from areasundisturbed Broadly the material can be placedclose to the refuse dumpin three categories

In Denmark there has been no tradition ofarchaeological excavation and research in the$ Household debris food waste ceramics dress

parts and refuse from latrines period that dates from after the Reformation of1536 In part this has arisen from a widespread$ Production waste such as cow skulls from

horn processing and butchering wasters assumption that written sources and museum col-lections supply all the required information fromfrom the nearby faience factory of Store

Kongensgade wigs that have been cut about the era This means that new methods have had tobe invented during the excavation and the sub-before being thrown away (indicating wig-

making) and tailoring refuse in the form of sequent processing of finds The excavation hasalready shown that there is great potential inpieces of textile and leather

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14

Combs made of (a) horn and (b) wood Photos Soeren Male figure made of wood Photo Jesper Langkildecopy Museum of CopenhagenKjems copy Museum of Copenhagen

written historical material and with moderninformation about the disposal of refuse6historical archaeology in Copenhagen but it has

also raised new questions and problems Conserva-tion is a major concern The large and importantgroups of ceramics glass and metal objects can ACKNOWLEDGMENTSsurvive with limited conservation but the organicitems have to be preserved to survive All the I wish to thank Bi Skaarup head of the Archaeolo-

gical Department of the Museum of Copenhagenorganic material is at present kept in water butthis can only be done for a limited period It might for her active interest and support An absolutely

fantastic crew of young enthusiastic archaeologistsbe argued that it is not necessary to preserve it allHowever if the relationships between the different worked through the excavation and the processing

of finds Vivi Lena Andersen Rikke Kristensentypes of item are to be explored it is crucial that allthe material should be preserved In the authorrsquos Camilla Haarby Hansen Susanne Mueller Jensen

Jesper Langkilde Stine Wozniak and Soerenopinion this does not mean that all finds of refuseshould be preserved in the future it is however Kjems The author also wishes to thank Karsten

Skjold Petersen of the Royal Danish Arsenalvery important to research thoroughly a well-defined sample to cast light on the future potential Museum for helping with the interpretation of the

military uniform parts Inge Enghoff of the Zoolo-of this type of evidence Another important issue isthat the museumrsquos collections consist primarily of gical Museum University of Copenhagen for the

preliminary analysis of the animal bones Anninehigh-value items however it may be the low valueitems in this sample that could yield the most Moltsen of the NOK company for the preliminary

analysis of the plant remains Ulla Houkjaer of theimportant information In studying this collectionit will also be crucial to make comparisons with Danish Museum of Decorative Art for her help

with the preliminary analysis of the ceramics andsimilar material from other refuse dumps with the

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16

Cover of a small book consisting of wooden boards covered with leather shown (a) open and (b) closedPhoto Jesper Langkilde copy Museum of Copenhagen

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON

Bjoern Westerbeek Dahl of Copenhagen City Hall Christiansen P 2004 lsquoHvorfor folkekultur mdash DanskFolkemindesamling 100 arrsquo Siden Saxo no 2Library for help with the historical sources

Finally Simon Bothfeldt and his co-workers at the 25ndash29Lorenzen E 1971 lsquoModetoslashj og gangklaeligderrsquo inConservation Centre in Koege deserve a special

acknowledgement for their time-consuming and Stensberg (ed) 1971 361ndash87Lorenzen V 1940 Haandtegnede Kort 1660ndash1757difficult work on organic materials

Copenhagen Henrik Koppels ForlagPedersen R 2004 lsquoStudying the materiality of cul-NOTES

ture Reflections on some fundamental issuesrsquo1 Andersen 1985 42ndash47 Rosenkjaeligr 1893 Ethnologia Scandinavica 34 13ndash222 Lorenzen 1940 maps XVIIIndash XXI Ratje W amp Murphy C 1992 Rubbish The Archae-3 Ahlefeldt-Lauervig 1971 Wodstrup 1976 216ndash21 ology of Garbage New York Harper Collins4 Christiansen 2004 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 Rosenkjaeligr H N 1893 lsquoFra Frihavnenrsquo Naturen og5 Andersen 1977 Lorenzen 1971 361ndash87 mennesket 96 Schiffer 1972 156 Mikkelsen 1991 49ndash92 Ratje Schiffer M 1972 lsquoArchaeological context and sys-

amp Murphy 1992 Pedersen 2004 13ndash22 temic contextrsquo American Antiquity 372 156ndash65Stensberg A (ed) 1971 Dagligliv i Danmark i det

BIBLIOGRAPHY Syttende og Attende arhundrede CopenhagenArnold BuskPUBLISHED SOURCES

Wodstrup J 1976 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfundrsquoHistori-Ahlefeldt-Lauervig J 1971 lsquoKoslashbenhavnske jordfund ske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn 1976 Copen-

1970rsquo Historiske meddelelser om Koslashbenhavn hagen Hendriksens eftf1971 Copenhagen Hendriksens eftf 130ndash35

Andersen E 1977 Danske dragterndash moden iUNPUBLISHED SOURCE1700ndasharene Copenhagen Nationalmuseet

Andersen K 1985 lsquoFrihavnenndash Den foslashrste Konge- Mikkelsen A 1991 lsquoSkarn Skrald og Affald Traeligkaf affaldets kulturhistorie 1840ndash1990rsquo Universitymosepladsrsquo Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1985

Copenhagen Nationalmuseet 42ndash47 of Copenhagen PhD thesis

Copenhagen City Museum Absalonsgade 3 1658 Copenhagen V Denmark [lhmkbmkffkkdk]

The Kenneth J Barton collection of vernacular pottery

By DAVID DAWSON

SUMMARY Kenneth Bartonrsquos large collection of everyday post-medieval European ceramics hasrecently been donated to Somerset County Museums The Note describes the character of thecollection the intentions behind its formation its potential for research and access to the collection

Whilst reference collections of vernacular pottery can be compared To archaeologists modern pot-ters and anyone interested in traditions of makingpeculiar to a particular region are relatively com-

monplace it is rare to find a good reference pottery over the past 300 years the Barton collec-tion is an invaluable resource The experience ofcollection in which the vernacular wares of a wide

swathe of western Europe and the Mediterranean taking a Saintonge pegau into onersquos own hands to


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 1

Map showing the location of the site the military fortification Kastellet the faience factory Store Kongensgade and theRoyal Castle Amalienborg

society and objects that were considered of high and so on but it was not possible to separate theindividual loads of refuse from one another It wasvalue in the contemporary society everyday items

were not considered interesting4 For example the therefore decided to go on digging horizontallyand record all finds by area and leveltrial trenches recovered seven intact everyday shoes

and 53 fragments In the Danish National Approximately 10 of the area was excav-ated In one area the refuse was dug by hand butMuseumrsquos collections there is only one everyday

18th-century womanrsquos shoe this method was very laborious In another areathe soil was excavated by machine and then sortedIt was therefore decided to conduct a large-

scale investigation Since the layers of refuse were by hand A much larger sample could be recoveredin this way but it was apparent that there was biasc 2ndash3m thick and the area was 1ha in size the

deposits amounted to at least 20000m3 of refuse in the recovery of different materials by individualexcavators and the smaller items were often lostIt was impossible to examine the whole site

instead two areas were selected for thorough To document the loss the soil from one area waswet-sieved This gave quite a large sample of seedsexcavation Various methods were employed At

first a big mechanical excavator was used to dig fish bones hair and feathers indicating the rangeof evidence being lost by other methods ofhorizontally in thin layers to establish differences

in the layers and in the distribution of finds excavationThe excavation yielded an enormous amountHowever it was soon evident that the dumping of

refuse had not been horizontal but vertical the of varied material especially ceramics glassanimal bones textiles and even feathers It has allrubbish had probably been tipped from the edge of

dry ground where it would have been possible to undergone preliminary processing The ceramicassemblage comprises several thousand sherdsstand safely working steadily outward into the

water This method of landfill has been used until with a great variety of wares and vessel forms Thecommon coarse kitchen wares account for most ofrecent times in Denmark (Fig 4) It will naturally

give different kinds of concentrations of finds over the assemblage but there are many interestingtypes of higher-quality ceramics including faiencean area In this instance there were concentrations

of horn cores glass bottles ceramics porcelain from the Danish Store Kongensgade factory

Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 2










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 3


FIG 4


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 5



FIG 6


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 7









Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9


FIG 10


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 2










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 3


FIG 4


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 5



FIG 6


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 7









Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9


FIG 10


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 3


FIG 4


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 5



FIG 6


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 7









Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9


FIG 10


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 5



FIG 6


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 7









Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9


FIG 10


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 7









Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9


FIG 10


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 9


FIG 10


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 11


FIG 12


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 13










Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


FIG 15FIG 14













Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo


(a)

(b)

FIG 16


Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






Pub

lishe

d by

Man

ey P

ublis

hing

(c)

Soc

iety

for

Pos

t-M

edie

val A

rcha

eolo

gy322 D DAWSON















By DAVID DAWSON






“Copenhagen in the 18th-century viewed from a Refuse Dump”. Postmedieval Archaeology, 39(2),...

Documents

Transcript of “Copenhagen in the 18th-century viewed from a Refuse Dump”. Postmedieval Archaeology, 39(2),...