ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF

GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION

ABEBE ANAGAW SINSHAW

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE COLLEGE

URBAN MANAGEMENT MASTERS PROGRAM

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF

GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION

ABEBE ANAGAW SINSHAW

A Thesis submitted to the Urban Management Masters Program, Ethiopian Civil

Service College, in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the award of a

Masters Degree in Urban Management.

ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA

JULY, 2009

DECLARATION

I, Abebe Anagaw, Registration number UMM-664/00 do hereby declare that this Thesis

is my original work and that it has not been submitted partially or fully by any other

person for an award of a degree in any other University.

Name of Participant Abebe Anagaw Sinshaw Signature………….Date…………..

This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as College Supervisor.

Name of Advisor Ms. Angelina N.A Sackey Signature…………….Date…………

APPROVAL

The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend to the Ethiopian Civil

Service College to accept the Thesis submitted by Abebe Anagaw Sinshaw, and entitled

“Analysis of the Development and Management of Green Areas in Fenote Selam city”

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Urban

Management.

Name of Advisor Ms. Angelina N.A. Sackey Signature………..Date……………….

Name of Internal Examiner………………… Signature……………Date……………….

Name of External Examiner………………. .. Signature………………Date……………..

Name of Head of Department……………… Signature…………….Date………………

DEDICATION

I dedicate this dissertation for my Father and Mother:

Ato ANAGAW SINSHAW

W/ro YEZEBNESH KEBEDE

Who had great intension to see my academic performance, but did not see it due

to………?

ABSTRACT This study was conducted at Fenote-Selam city, Western Gojjam zone in Amhara region,

entitled ‘Analysis of the Development and management of Green Areas in Fenote-Selam

City’’. The main objective of the study was to assess the system of green area

development by different actors in the city, hindrances of development and factors for the

low level of awareness about green areas in the city.

The study shows that there are various stakeholders who had developed their own green

areas, though the development plan of the city did not design green area compounds

government institutions, individuals and schools. There were various factors for the low

development of the sector in the city. The attention given for it by the officials and

residents, the need for using green areas for illegal purposes and lack of professionals

are the main constraints for the underdevelopment of the area.

The thesis recommends some basic issues to alleviate the constraints and make the city as

competitive and sustainable as other cities in Ethiopia. Professional training, awareness

creation through different means, integration with stakeholders for development

participation are some of the recommendations suggested by the Thesis. Moreover, the

Thesis strongly suggest that, city officials who have a mandate and responsibilities

should be armed with the concept of Urbanization, sustainable city and creating

sustainable community.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks to the Almighty GOD who do what is necessary for human beings as his will but

not as the greed-full human thoughts and wants on the ground. Next, my special thanks

and appreciation is for my academic advisor Ms.Angelina N.A.Sackey, for her valuable

professional guidance, corrections, and constructive comments at any time, working day

and night for the successful finalization of this Thesis.

My gratitude goes to my wife W/ro Yeshume Dagnaw for her irreplaceable and

incredible supports for the achievements in my first and second degree for the last 10

years, but no word has a power to express my appreciation of her support.

Thirdly, I would like to express my appreciation to Fenote-Selam City administration and

Mayor Committee who nominated me to continue my education in Ethiopian Civil

Service College, with full sponsorship.

Finally, my gratitude goes to those who had supported me morally, financially, and

materially during my academic duration in the college and who helped me when I was in

difficulties.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ ix

ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. x

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................. 1

1. 0.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Back Ground of the Study ..................................................................................... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 2

1.3. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3

1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................... 3

1.3.2. Specific objectives ......................................................................................... 3

1.3.3. Research Questions ........................................................................................ 3

1.4. Significance of the study ....................................................................................... 4

1.5. Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 4

1.6. Description of the Study Area ............................................................................... 4

1.7. Limitations of the study .......................................................................................... 5

2.0. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE.................................................... 6

2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ........................................ 6

2.1.1 Definition of Green Areas ............................................................................... 6

2.1.2 History of Green Areas ................................................................................... 7

2.2. CONCEPTS OF GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ..... 9

2.2.1. Qualities of Successful Development and Management of Green Areas. ...... 10

2.3. URBAN GREEN AREAS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE ................................... 11

2.3.1. Green Areas as Criteria for City Competitiveness. ........................................ 11

2.3.2. Multi Functionality of Urban Green Areas. ................................................. 12

2.3.3. Management of Green Areas ........................................................................ 13

2.3.4. The ‘CLERE’ model of management of green areas ..................................... 14

2.4. PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS

.................................................................................................................................. 17

2.4.1. Planning Related Problems........................................................................... 17

2.4.2. Development/Investment Related Problems ................................................. 18

2.4.3. Lack of Awareness ....................................................................................... 18

2.4.4. Lack of Skilled and Committed Professionals .............................................. 19

2.5. GREEN AREAS IN ETHIOPIA ......................................................................... 19

2.5.1. Early History of Green Areas in Ethiopia ..................................................... 19

2.5.2. The Present Situation of Green Areas of Ethiopia ......................................... 20

2.6. PROBLEMS OF GREEN AREAS DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

IN ETHIOPIA ........................................................................................................... 21

2.6.1. Environmental problems in Ethiopia. ........................................................... 21

2.6.1.1. Unplanned Urbanization Process and Related Problems ........................ 22

2.6.1.2. Poverty and Urbanization ...................................................................... 23

2.6.1.3. Financial Problems ................................................................................ 24

2.6.2. National Initiatives towards Sustainable Environment .................................. 25

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................... 26

3.0. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 26

3.1 Research Design .................................................................................................. 26

3.2. Data Types and Sources ...................................................................................... 26

3.3. Sampling Technique ........................................................................................... 27

3.4 Data Collection Method ....................................................................................... 27

3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................... 29

4.0. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ....................................................... 29

4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 29

4.2. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS ............. 29

4.2.1. Age Group ................................................................................................... 29

4.2.2. Sex Distribution ........................................................................................... 30

4.2.3. Income Level of Respondents ...................................................................... 30

4.2.4. Level of Education of Respondents .............................................................. 31

4.3. GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT................................ 32

4.3.1. APPROACHES USED FOR GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND

MANGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 32

4.3.1.1. Green Areas Developed by Government Institution ............................... 32

4.3.1.1.1. Green Space of Jabi Agriculture and Rural Development Office ..... 33

4.3.1.1.2. Damot Higher Education Preparatory School Green Space ............. 33

4.3.1.1.3. Green Areas of Fenote–Selam Hospital .......................................... 33

4.3.1.1.4. Green Areas of the Community Skill Training Center/CSTC .......... 34

4.3.1.2 Green Areas Developed by Private Individuals ....................................... 34

4.3.1.2.1 Developed by Permission from the Municipality ............................. 35

4.3.1.2.2. Development With in the Compound of Individuals ....................... 35

4.3.1.3 Green Areas Developed by Birsheleko Military Training School ............ 35

4.3.1.4 Green Areas Developed by the Municipality .......................................... 36

4.3.2. HINDERANCES TO GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND

MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 36

4.3.2.1 Lack of Awareness ................................................................................. 37

4.3.2.2 Effects of the Former Policy ................................................................... 39

4.3.2.3. Lack of Qualified officials and Professionals ......................................... 40

4.3.2.3.1 Professionals: .................................................................................. 40

4.3.2.3.2 Officials/ Head of offices ................................................................. 41

4.3.2.4 Problems Related with the Development Plan ........................................ 42

4.3.2.5 Financial Problems ................................................................................. 43

4.3.2.6 Lack of Participatory Planning for Development of Green Spaces .......... 45

4.3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG

PEOPLEABOUT THE VALUES OF GREEN AREAS ......................................... 46

4.3.3.1 Low Attention Given to Green Areas ..................................................... 47

4.3.3.2 Less Environmental Awareness of the People and Officials .................... 47

4.3.3.3. Immigration and type of Economic Activities Engaged by the People ... 48

CHAPTER -FIVE ....................................................................................................... 49

5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 49

5.1. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 49

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 50

References

Annexes

LIST OF TABLES Tables No Name of the Table page

Table 2.1. The CLERE model for multifunctional green areas ------------------------------16

Table 2.2. Population and housing situation ---------------------------------------------------23

Table 3.1. Types and number of respondents --------------------------------------------------27

Table 4.1. Age structure of respondents --------------------------------------------------------29

Table 4.2. Income level of respondents ---------------------------------------------------------31

Table 4.3. Level of education of respondents --------------------------------------------------31

Table 4.4. Summary of total areas and plots used for green

areas by institutions ------------------------------------------------------------------32

Table 4.5. Constraints based on their seriousness as responded by

Respondents --------------------------------------------------------------------------37

Table 4.6. Respondents choices for using green areas ----------------------------------------39

Table 4.7. Human resource capacity of SBPD team of the city ------------------------------41

Table 4.8. Qualifications and disciplines studied by officials --------------------------------42

Table 4.9. Areas where planning problems are existed --------------------------------------43

Table 4.10. Causes of financial constraints as responded by officials ----------------------44

Table 4.11. Budget allocation for SBPD team ------------------------------------------------45

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. Pie chart Show sex distribution of respondents…………….30

Fig. 2 Budget distribution for SBPD team of the city………………45

LIST OF APPENDICES

Annex 1: Questionnaire for Households

Annex 2: Questionnaire for officials

Annex 3: Focus group discussion checklist

Annex 4: Field observation checklist

Annex 5: Questionnaires responses

ACRONYMS ADLI- Agricultural Development Leading Industrialization

BoFED Beaurou of Finance and Economic Development

CABEspace- Commission for Architectural and Built Environment

CO2-- Carbon dioxide

EPA- Environmental Protection Authority

EUDP- Ethiopian Urban Development Policy

NUPI- National Urban Planning Institution

PASDEP- Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development for

Eradication of Poverty

RUPI- Regional Urban Planning Institution

UEPM- Urban Environmental Planning and Management

URGE- Urban Regions Green Environment

WHO- World Health Organization

D/Mayor Deputy Mayor

G/Manager- General Manager

SBPD- Sanitation, Beatification and Parks Development

CSTC Community Skills training Center

Development and Management of Green Areas in Fenote Selam

Abebe Anagaw, y.dagnaw@gmail 1

CHAPTER ONE

1. 0. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Back Ground of the Study For a long time in human history man has assumed that the environment enveloping his

existence was invulnerable, bountiful and immense in its capacity to support life (Mayur,

in UEM, 2008, p: 90). Because at his time the interaction between man and his physical

environment was based on natural balance. There was no deforestation, over production,

over consumption, over exploitation of the natural environment.

The natural environment became affected due to the human interactions and consumption

of its resources. The consumption level is high in urban areas than rural areas. Then

development and management of urban areas need special attention. Urban settlements

are inhabited by more people with in small areas and need some open green spaces for

recreational, socio-cultural, ecological and climatic benefits. However, these green areas

are not available and are malfunctioned where available

But besides the multifunctional values of green areas in urban settlements, their

development and management priorities by the local communities and authorities are not

given much attention. Development activities like residential, commercial, and real state

developments have been given more priority at the expense of development of green

areas.

The consequences of these and other related problems, in the urban settlements

specifically and at the global level, is increasing in the lose of biodiversity and increasing

global warming, lose of social cohesion and degraded environment which brings

unlivable city and suffocated areas.

The study concentrates on the approaches followed to develop green areas by different

actors in the city, factors of under development and under management of green areas in

the city administration and the causes for low awareness on benefits of green areas in the

city of Fenote-Selam. Moreover the study tried to address these problems and comment

some solutions for the community and local authority.

1.2. Statement of the Problem Today the world population is increasing at an alarming rate. When population increases,

the demand for resources also increases. To fulfill this unlimited demand over the limited

earth resource, environmental and other natural resources degradation is the result. In

addition, an increasing number of people are becoming urbanized; they continue to

consume resources for survival and to utilize them at an accelerated pace (Mayur, in

UEM, 2008: p: 90). Therefore, human beings continue his running for fulfilling his need

with out regeneration of the environment, and then the environment continues its

deterioration from local to global level.

For the problem of rapid urbanization and its impact on the environment, different actors

engaged from local on city level to global level, because environmental problems are

local (specific) in their origin while global in their impact. Therefore, local actions should

be taken to reduce the global impact. Among the local actions, development of green

areas with its multifunctional purposes is irreplaceable.

Urban green areas provide an invaluable role and contribution towards regeneration,

healthy living, social inclusion and cultural development, all leading to improved quality

of life and ecological and climatic values in the urban settlement. These green areas in

Ethiopian case, function as a forum for political demonstration, as a social space where

by the community performs its historic, religious and other socio–cultural activities

including sport tournaments, music festivals, and recreation and spiritual observances.

Even if the significance is unarguable, currently due to various factors, which this thesis

intends to address, their functionality as a green space is highly threatened.

In the city of Fenote-Selam which inhabits more than 48,000 people, there is no

development and well managed green areas. Even if they are presented in the

development plan of the city, their development on the ground is absent. For this the

values gained from green areas are vanished which affect the temperature of the city in

addition to its low land ness.

The populations of the city administration of both types (children, students, Youths, old

ages, women) have no places for recreation, meeting, resting, or out door learning for

practical sessions etc. The city also lacks the intrinsic benefits of green areas for

ecological, climatic and socio–cultural values. These make the city less competitive,

unattractive, and non–livable and lack the coordinating capacity for creating sustainable

community at the city level.

When the city lacks green areas, its population lost it’s identify, lose its cultural ties

(social cohesion), develops social exclusion, and generally developed more of

individualism and private life. On the other side, cities with weak and less developed

green areas affect the ecosystem (lost its micro organisms and small animal species);

increased temperature (co2 concentration raised), flood and land slid are prominent. These

and other related problems degrade the tourist attraction and livability of the city.

Even if the Federal government and the Amhara National Regional State developed

environmental protection policy, different guidelines and proclamations with full

mandate and responsibilities, the policy and the guide lines gave more attention for rural

environment problems than urban environmental problems. There is, therefore, a gap of

awareness about the urban environmental problems between the federal and local

authorities on the development and management of environmental beneficiary areas like

urban green areas, which this thesis is, intends to address, in the specific urban centers.

1.3. Objectives

1.3.1. General objective The main objective of this paper is to analyze or assess the development and management

of green areas in Fenote-Selam city administration.

1.3.2. Specific objectives To identify the different approaches used for the development and management of

green areas in F/Selam city.

To identify the constraints for the development and management of green areas in

F/Selam

To investigate the factors of low level of awareness of the residents towards the

functions of green areas in F/Selam city.

1.3.3. Research Questions What approaches are followed by the local authority to develop and manage Green

Areas in the city administration of F/Selam?

What constraints or hindrances are their in the city administration to develop and

manage the Green Areas?

What are the factors that brought the less awareness of the residents towards the

benefits or values of Green Areas in the city of F/Selam?

1.4. Significance of the study Any study emanates from a specific problem in a specific area. Therefore, after the

findings from the study, there has been some significance for that local area in the

specific problem. Then, the significance of this study is to:

Find the main factors that hinder the development and management of the green areas

in the study area.

Create awareness for the residents about the multifunctional values of green areas in

the city.

For the officials, it is useful for their budget and professional allocation for the

development and management of green areas.

It serves as background for further detailed studies in the future.

1.5. Scope of the Study The study is conducted in the city administration of F/Selam, in Amhara region.

Specifically the study focused in kebele 01 and 02 of the city where there is great

problem of recreational areas due to different factors. And also in these kebeles there are

some tendencies towards using green areas for other illegal purposes like residential and

commercial purposes on the expense of green areas. The study tries to address these

problems and create awareness on the residents of different groups and for the kebele

administrations towards the real values or benefits of green areas.

1.6. Description of the Study Area The study area is found in the North Western Ethiopia in Amhara National Regional

State. It is one of the 22 city administrations in the region. Its absolute location is found.

10o41 N latitude and

37o 16 E longitudes

With a total population of 48, 883 (BoFED, 2008), out of this 23,434(48 %) are males

while25, 449 (52 %) are Females. Its average annual temperature is about 22oc and

annual rainfall is about 962mm. It is located at about 1900 meter above mean sea level.

Its total area covers 4248 hectares of land. The city administration has 5 Kebeles, from

which two are rural while three are urban kebeles.

The city’s topography is characterized by a sloppy nature of gradient from North to South

and the main road following the gradient is the watershed of the two rivers, situated east

and west boarder of the city.

The prominent economic activities are trade and service deliveries are the most

prominent, though there is little agricultural activities like milk and crop production at the

fringe of the city.

1.7. Limitations of the study

Even if budget and time constraints is the bottleneck of the study, lack of organized

secondary data and basic information from the officials and professionals take the lion

share of the constraints in the study. There is also lack of sufficient and detailed studies in

the area, which bring lack of literatures related to the field. These in turn bring

deficiencies of better concepts and theories about the problem under study. Therefore,

scholars in urban management and other stakeholders who are working in the

environmental issues should have to be wrote about the benefits and problems faced in

the field.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

2.1.1 Definition of Green Areas Different writers and users of green areas had defined green areas at different times but

they had common concepts in their definition i.e. their intrinsic values. Miller (1986; p:

73) defined urban Green Areas as “any large, medium or small sized area of land or

water in or near an urban area that can be used for recreational, aesthetical or

ecological functions”. While the URGE project (the research project under the 5th

framework programme of the European commission defined urban green spaces as:

“Urban green spaces are understood as public green spaces located in

urban areas mainly covered by vegetations (as opposed to other open

spaces) which are directly used for active or passive recreation or

indirectly used virtue of their positive influence on the urban environment,

accessible to citizens, serving the diverse needs of citizens and thus

enhancing the quality of life in cities or urban regions” (URGE- project

2002).

Therefore, both definitions described open areas, as areas that are set aside within the

city’s boundaries for recreational uses with unrestricted public access, such as parks,

playing fields, landscape buffers, and community paths. Therefore, these sites should be

planned and preserved for the intended purposes as a means of maintaining quality life in

urban centers. For this thesis the definition given by URGE is taken as a working

definition, because of its conduciveness for the creation of Sustainable Community. But

as Zeleke (2008) in his Master thesis, pointed out that by it self, it is not an end, but

demands effective management that protects and greens the areas to maintain their

intended objectives (Zeleke, 2008, p: 15).

The concept of sustainable community has been born for developing and managing

different aspects of green spaces with in a typical modern urban local authority.

Sustainable community – as defined by Barker, is the community whose physical

design, appropriateness of landscape to amenity, forms of self correcting

governance and decision making, educational goals, ecological management,

shared values of citizenship, equity and fairness investment in the public

realm and civic institutions, protect the rights of future generations, to meet

their own needs for happiness, prosperity, and an enduring society (Barber,

2005, p: 6)

From the definition it is clear that the physical fabric of urban development, the park

system is the largest manifestation of public realm which enshrines the values of a civic

society, and the means by which the society learn to care for the natural world, cultural

expression, sociability, equality of access and community involvement are all encouraged

to flourish by well used and well cared for green spaces which leads to the “livability” of

cities.

2.1.2 History of Green Areas Problems of urbanization are currently being felt in developing cities in Asia and Africa.

These were also felt to some extent in cities in Europe and North America as they

urbanized and industrialized in the mid-19th century. 19th century urbanization and

industrialization in the west created conditions that were both exploitative and dangerous

to human life, with massive urban migration, high density, industrial pollution, human

waste, lack of open spaces, and commonly occurring out breaks of disease. This resulted

in the reduction of the life chances of the inhabitant. As Hunt in Johnson(2008)

indicated, cities of over 100,000 residents life expectancy at birth dropped from 35 years

in the 1820s to 29 in the 1830s (Hunt in Johnson,2008,p:2 )

Public spaces are formed by at least two different processes. Some have developed

naturally while others developed in a planned way. The natural system creates the public

spaces without deliberate planning through appropriation, by repeated use in a particular

way, or by the concentration of people because of an attraction. Each of these results in a

place that accommodates people for specific purposes and becomes, overtime, a site that

people rely on to meet, relax, protest, or market. For example the bustling Djemaa-el-Fra

square in Marakech, Morocco, this public space was formed naturally and is used for a

traditional medival market place, outside the walls (Stephen, 1992: p.50-51).

The planned public spaces have different origins, although their function is more or less

similar with unplanned, they emerge frequently from the office of city planners,

architects and landscape planners and commissioned by public or private clients.

Open spaces are as old as the history of city development in the ancient times. Some form

of public market places can be traced back to the Mesopotamian cities of 2000 B.C, the

major precursors of latter–day public spaces occurred in the cities of ancient Greece and

Rome. As Mumfored, 1961 cited in Stephen indicated the acropolis, a fortified area

containing the temple precinct, served as the nucleus of Greek towns. But as civilization

developed, the agora – the secular market and meeting place–assumed increasing

prominence and functioned as for daily communications and formal assembly (Stephen,

1992; p: 52).

In addition to the market squares the great plazas of the renaissance, carefully planned

and formally designed, were a departure from the more organic, naturally evolving public

spaces of the middle Ages. Starting in Livorno, Italy, in the late 16thc main squares began

to be constructed as a unity, based on a fully symmetrical design (Girouard in Stephen,

1992; p: 55). Some of these grand central spaces like St. Peter’s Square in Rome, were

emblems of civic and religions pride, others, like the palace de la Concorde in Paris–are

arguably too large and lacking in connections to the surrounding city (Stephen, 1992,

p:55).

The major public spaces in European and American cities prior to the industrial

revolution were the centrally located squares. The public provision of sizable green

spaces and recreation areas was limited prior to the emergence of the parks movement in

the mid 1800s. The mass direct fore runners of the public park are probably the royal

gardens and grounds of France and England.

Starting in the late 1960s, new college compasses and other facilities were sometimes

designed with out large central spaces in which major demonstrations and assemblies

could occur. The notion that citizens can and should take control of open spaces becomes

a significant focus of community self–help movement of the 1970s. By the 1980s, the

community gardening concept become more pervasive, and was even “mainstream” with

additional sites developed at hospitals, work places, schools, public parts and else where

(Francise in Stephen, 1992: p: 69). But it had one large challenge to the future to these

spaces in the tendency of municipal governments to view them as solely an interim use of

Now at this time of great urbanization and urban environmental problems, the

development and management of green areas need a better understanding of the multi-

functional nature of them which could see their position rise up local political agendas

across urban authorities. Therefore, the promotion of a single multifunctional urban green

space or park system is not greatly undermined by the fragmented nature of the political

and managerial structures. The concept of “sustainable community” has been born for

developing and managing different aspects of green spaces with in a typical modern

urban local authority.

2.2. CONCEPTS OF GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT Urbanization is an increasing number of people in urban areas as opposed to rural areas

with a high population density high relative to the density of the surrounding area. If the

area inhabited by more people with much more buildings, there is high concentration of

CO2 and other socio–cultural deteriorations. Therefore, to alleviate these problems and

bring other direct and indirect benefits, development and management of green areas is

crucial. To do these, Ebenezer Howard in Miller (1996) promoted the concept of garden

cities in Great Britain late in the last century as a response to the excess of the Industrial

revolution. He proposed that new towns will be built for a population of 30,000 to 50,000

people, and that each town contain industry to support the local population. Those towns

to be surrounded by a greenbelt of undeveloped land in the ratio 5 hectares of greenbelt to

each hectare of city (Howard in Miller, 1996, p: 180)

As human are the producer, consumer, protector and manager of urban green areas, what

they think about green area and how they uses it, is important. Therefore, any discussion

of city planning and urban design, which does not address environmental issues, has a

little meaning at a time of increasing population pressures on a declining natural resource

base, wide spread ecological destructions, increasing population, ozone layer depletion

and climate change (Moughtine, 2005, P:1)

From the time of indusial revolution, the thinking of garden city with relation to

population pressure and production of industrial waste up to the present sophisticated

direct and indirect benefits, development and management of green areas need high

quality and big investment both in the urban authorities and private participations. It is

not simply a question of leisure, but a question of perpetuating the life of healthy human

and endangers species of animals and plants. At this time of high rate of rapid

urbanization due to natural increase and rural–urban migration, the need of land for

housing legally and for squatering illegally need the day to day supervision and

protection of green areas. This also brings a need to committed manager and developer of

green areas.

2.2.1. Qualities of Successful Development and Management of Green Areas. Successful green areas have different qualities behind the attractiveness of the physical

existence. Among these qualities sustainability, connectivity and accessibility,

inclusiveness and biodiversity are the prominent (Stephen, 1992, p: 59 – 60).

Sustainability: green areas contribute towards making more attractive towns and cites;

provide venues for cultural events and the arts; raise land value; and provide safe routs;

ecologically they provide flood protection and sustainable drainage; creating micro–

climates; air filtration; shading, and enhancing biodiversity.

Connectivity and Accessibility: the network of spaces should be integrated with the

surrounding street pattern and access points placed at major junctions. Integrated, safe

and attractive routes should link with the net work of green areas and encourage people to

travel to work and school or to access local services on foot or by bicycle.

Inclusiveness: parks and green areas should provide a resource for a wide range of

people of both sexes and different ages and back grounds, green areas should be socially

inclusive and accommodate a varity of uses. All individuals should feel comfort and no

single group should dominate.

Biodiversity: providing a hierarchy of green areas should help to meet biodiversity

conservation objectives, as each space will offer different habitats for species. For

example, flourish or die–if the level of management and intervention was related at some

time in the future.

2.3. URBAN GREEN AREAS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE The development, design, management and protection of urban green spaces are at the

top of the agenda of sustainability and livability; urban green areas play a key role in

improving the livability of our towns and cities. The quality and viability of cities largely

depend on the design, management and maintenance of green areas as well as open and

public paces in order to fulfill their role as an important social and visual focus. Urban

green spaces are not only an important component in housing areas, but also in business,

leisure and other commercial development.

The quality of green spaces helps to define identity of towns and cities, which can

enhance their attraction for living, working, investment and tourism. Therefore, they can

contribute positively to the competitiveness of cities.

2.3.1. Green Areas as Criteria for City Competitiveness. Quality of green spaces helps as criteria for cities competitiveness from the social,

planning, economic and ecological perspectives pointed out by Baycan(, 2002,p:2).

Social Perspective: particular type of green Area can offer a bigger diversity of land uses

and opportunities for a wide range of activities which help to foster active life styles and

can be of real benefit to health. Well managed and maintained green areas contribute to

social justice by creating opportunities for people of all ages to interact. Urban green

areas emphasize the diversity of urban areas by reflecting the different communities they

serve and meeting their varying needs. They enhance cultural life by providing venues for

festivals, civic celebrations and theatrical performance. Urban green areas provide safe

play areas for children contribute to children’s physical, mental and social development

and play an important role in the basic education of school children with regard to the

environment and nature.

Planning perspective: a network of high quality green areas linking residential areas

with business, retail and leisure developments can help to improve the accessibility and

attractiveness of local facilities and employment centers, well designed networks of green

areas help to encourage people to travel safely by foot or by bicycle for recreation or

commuting. Further more, well–designed urban green areas provide a barrier to noise and

can function as a visual screen.

Economic perspective: a green area might deliver products such as wood or fruits and

also compost and energy as a result of urban green production. Their presence can create

an increase in the economic value of an area and provides new jobs. It adds value to the

surrounding property both commercial and residential, consequently increasing tax yield

to maintain public services. Green areas contribute in attracting tourists, encourage

employment and inward investment. Indirectly as Barber (2005) indicted increases

improvement to health from access to safe, attractive green areas has the potential to

lower waiting lists for medical care and to reduce lost of time for work.

Ecological perspective: urban green areas moderate the impact of human activities by,

for example, absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen, contribute to the maintenance of

a healthy urban environment by providing clean air, water and soil, improve the urban

climate and maintain the balance of the city’s natural urban environment. They preserve

the local natural and cultural heritage by providing habitats for a diversity of urban wild

life and conserve a diversity of urban resources.

2.3.2. Multi Functionality of Urban Green Areas. The term multifunctional needs to be applied to urban green areas as a managed entity if

it is to reflect the diversity of uses and meanings we attach to such provision. Public

accessible green areas have a variety of public uses. However, not all the managed

functions of green areas involve human activity, even where people are the ultimate

beneficiaries e.g. the management of rain water flows, many environmental benefits can

be realized before any person sets foot on the land.

Brant et.al in Barber (2005), tries to define the concept of multifunctionality, seeing an

integration of land uses with in a definable landscape (Brardt et.al in Barber, 2005, p: 15).

Such multifunctionaltiy makes is easier to unite ecological, aesthetic and socio–cultural

aspects of sustainability. Brandt suggests that:

“There will be high demands on the landscapes of the future, which will have

to serve simultaneously the following functions: ecological (as an area for

living), economic (as an area for production), socio–cultural (as an area for

recreational and identification), historical (as an area for settlement and

identify), and aesthetic (as an area for experience).”

Urban parks and green areas are an essential part of the urban heritage and infrastructure,

being a strong element in the architectural and land escape character of towns and cities,

providing a sense of place and engendering civic pride. They are important for enabling

social interaction and to fostering community development. Public green areas help to

conserve natural systems, including carbon, water and other natural cycles, with in the

urban environment, supporting ecosystems and providing the contrast of living elements

in both designed landscapes and conserved wild life habitats with in urban environment.

Parks and green areas are supportive of social and economic objectives and are important

learning resources. In particular the provision of public parks helps to reduce the

inequalities, poor health and social exclusion in derived areas and reduces the inherent

tension between the many social and ethnic groups who form the wider community.

Providing for the recreational and leisure needs of a community assists their economic

revival of cities, increasing their attractiveness as a place for business investment, to live,

work and take leisure. Therefore, these values can be thought of as benefits, capable of

being optimized by good management. Many of the benefits are seen as attributes of

green areas as a whole but seen as a single entity, and delivering diverse benefits to a

single urban settlement, helps to secure their holistic management.

2.3.3. Management of Green Areas Green areas are a single entity with interrelated multifunctional values. This

multifunctionality character makes the management very complex. Because management

of green areas needs to be understand the whole benefits and characteristics of green

areas to maximize the values.

Therefore, management of green areas, defined by the multifunctionality behavior, need

to impress local politicians to help them to see green areas as a multi-faceted enterprise,

recognizing the link and interdependency of the strands. This may help to avoid any one

strand gaining priority at the expense of others, particularly in competing for resources,

and in securing specialist management expertise across the functions, and encouraging a

unified and coherent management structure and system. Then, to do these

multifunctionality benefits of green areas, integrated management system is essential.

The best example of the integrated management system, which focused on the multi

purpose of green areas, is the ‘CLERE’ model of management.

2.3.4. The ‘CLERE’ model of management of green areas Understanding the nature of the green area system should come before devising any new

management system for its care. Therefore, understanding the multifunctional nature of

the green areas system is at least as important as understanding the typological diversity

of its physical form [Barber, 2005, p: 20). With this in mind, and taking in to account the

many different approaches to defining the multifunctional nature of urban green areas,

Barber proposed 5 distinct aspects of the management role. These are Community,

Landscape, Ecology, recreation, Economy (CLERE). In this model these aspects can be

expressed as 5 multifunctional strands:

As an agent for community development and education

As landscape to be conserved.

As an ecosystem providing urban service.

As a recreational resource for health and wellbeing.

As a contributor to the local economy.

Here the notion of culture is another which finds expression in several strands.

Landscapes are conserved for their sense of place and contribute to a sense of identity.

Public parks are managed in part, for the cultural activities they are able to host but the

urban park is also a hallmark of our culture, as in the collective enjoyment of such places

as part of the public realm (Barber, 2005, p:26).

For generalization, the following table summarizes the 5 distinct but inter–related

functions with the rational for choice, and a selection of typical management issues

associated with it.

Table 2.1

The “CLERE” mode for multifunctional Green Areas

Function Rational Typical management issues

As an agent for

community

development

and education

- Local park and green areas help to strength the spirit of community a

money st resient propagation who share as an interest in their welfare.

Community involvement kings social benefits and, through an e

nujyemtn with local politics, helps to conserve the quality and

multifunctional use of the green area system. Children in particular, are

able to learn about the natural environment, and develop skills thorough

- providing volumes for community events.

- creating opportunities for volunteers.

- Supporting families and inter – generational mixing.

- Crating partnerships with business and voluntary groups.

- Enabling alternate, sociable transport routes.

- As a focus or catalyst for participatory planning exercise.

As landscape

to be conserved

- Parks and green areas area cultural lands capes and oan integrated

part of the built form of urban settlements. Lands capes help to define a

sense of place, local character and identify. Whole city escapes are

celebrated and action is taken to conserve their quality. Natural features

with in the city are often conserved as landscape in their own right.

- conserving historic land serapes, wood lands and nature reserves.

- conserving views from and in to green land escapes.

- Maintaining structural elements such as true, lakes and path ways.

- using park and green landscapes as settings for cultural activity such

as out door theatrical and musical performances.

- using landscapes as an education resources through schools and

voutnre programmes.

ecosystem

providing

urban services.

- Green areas provide service to the urban environment through

sustaining natural process. This include delaying food water, moderating

urban temperatures and humidity, redacting air and water born

pollution and supporting wild life.

Their proximity for recreation and community activity helps to reduce air

pollution and energy consumption generated by motor traffic.

- supporting sustainable urban drainage system.

- Creating and managing wildlife habitats.

- promoting and recycling, environmental education.

- improving connectivity between green areas for walking and cycling.

- Planting for shade and wind – protection.

recreational resource for

health and will

– being

- Recreation is the use of leisure tie mot refresh and regensate mind,

body and sprit.

- Green areas system enable a wide range of recreational activity for

urban dwellers, local and largely free to users. Parks and green areas

provide an ecape to tranquility and access to the heactign power of the

natural world with in the urban environment.

- staring events, promoting sports, encouraging healthy lifetimes

conserving traina quality, providing facilities such as changing rooms,

cafes and toilets.

- providing safe areas for children’s play. Reserving conflicts between

users.

contributor to

the local

economy

- good quality green areas enhances properly prices, and the value of he

taxable urban asset base recreational use contributes to raising

productivity, saving on the cost of medical care and prompting domestic

and social harmony. Increasing community involvement and

programming diversionary activity can reduce crime. Green ares can

help to promote tourism and crate a favorable image of place to

encourage inward investment and improve recruitment and retention of

staff. It can help to nurture skills such as food production, horticulture

and nature conservation craft skills.

- Monitoring surrounding property values.

- contributing to tourism.

- promoting divesionaly youth activity schemes.

- running health and education programmes in partnership with social

employers and schools.

- Promoting and marketing recreational opportunities.

Crating opportunities for conservation and horticultural skills

development.

Source: Alan Barber, 2005; p: 21

2.4. PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS Even if there are great and various benefits of urban green areas, both in developed and

developing countries, there are various problems for development and management it.

Great environmental problems emanate from urban areas (industries, transport, high

consumption of resource etc) than rural areas, where in the opposite direction reduction in

green areas (generally to maintain environmental problems) and other activities are seen

in urban areas. In many cases, the area changed from the overall recreational quality.

Nillson and Randrup in Zeleke (2008) indicated that in Mexico City, the green areas

share of the city is falling by 3.7 percent annually. Buildings often replace and reduce

green areas of the city. The common but very dangerous problems in cities that lost the

quantity and quality of green areas are illegal settlements on the green areas and other

open reserved public places. These problems are common especially in the fringes of

urban areas. In general, the problems can be grouped as planning problems, development

(investment) related problems, lack of awareness about benefits of green areas, and lack

of professionals in the field.

2.4.1. Planning Related Problems Here the planning problem implies that both the implementation and preparation

(participatory planning) process deficiency. In the implementation process, as Belachew

(2001) described the preparing and implementing body are different; therefore, they have

different perceptions about the green areas for urban society and environment Belachew

(2001, p: 22). In the planning process, most planning authorities including the Ethiopian

National Urban Planning Institutes (NUPI) and Regional Urban Planning Institutes

(RUPI) lack community participation. Barber (2005, p: 45) implied that out of 290

planning authorities 8, which is only 6 percent of the 290, in England had undertaken an

assessment of the needs of their community for the full range of outdoor facilities, only

one planning authority, which is 0.3 percent, said it had adopted a local standard for all

categories of green space.

2.4.2. Development/Investment Related Problems Here there are greater conflicts between urban green areas and other land uses for

different purposes. One of these land uses which creates conflict with green areas is the

need for investment and development for business activities.

Freeman and Senior in Zeleke (2008) depicted that there were high arguments supporting

development at an expense of green spaces gave priority for economic development.

These and other related opinions affected the networks of green areas and under valued

their multifunctional benefits for sustainable community development (Zeleke, 2008, p:

18). In England out of 131 towns green areas found in 75 towns, were threatened by

development of various kinds. Public green areas with in urban areas had been lost to

encroaching development and too much of what is left has been neglected and poorly maintained

(Barber, 2005 p: 27).

2.4.3. Lack of Awareness Urban green areas have multifunctional benefits. Some of the benefits are direct uses of

green areas like for playing, seating or resting under the shade of the trees while other

benefits are intrinsic /indirect, which is the major benefits, not directly used the physical

state of the green areas. These intrinsic benefits include regulation of the urban

microclimate, creation of social cohesion between different groups of users and as an

identity for a specific city.

Even if green areas have irreplaceable values, both the community and local authorities

undervalued and put at the bottom of priorities to develop and manage it. Because of this

lack of awareness the community, prefer the green areas to use for other purposes like

grazing, dumping site for wastes, crop production, as a local market (open market). On

the other hand the local authority neglect and gave less attention and tried to change the

proposed land use for green areas to another land uses like residential, commercial and

for investment purposes.

Because of these and other related problems, urban environmental deterioration is

increasing and contributes for the global warming at global level.

2.4.4. Lack of Skilled and Committed Professionals Green areas gave a multifunctional purpose to the realization of sustainable community.

Then its nature of multifunctional needs multidisciplinary professionals for development

and management. Therefore, local authorities need these specialists for their green areas.

But there are acute shortages of professionals and, even the professionals are present,

they are unwilling to work as a park and green area workers. For example, as CABE

space/The Commission for Architecture and Built Environments in England report in

2005/ indicated the principal obstacles in recruiting skilled and young staffs are feeling as

they are lower in status and no recognition by the society, poor career development

prospects and bureaucratic difficulties with recruitment procedures. Low pay in the

sector, particularly as entry level is also a contributory factor, at the managerial level,

there is a clear need identified for training in strategic thinking, vision and leadership

across the sector.

It is already apparent that some of the basic skills, needed to promote the

multifunctionality of the full range of green areas which make up a typical green areas

portfolio, are not present in many city administrations. Even when they are present, skills

like recreation programming, ecology and landscape management are poorly integrated

with the management cohort. The lack of special provision for graduate entry looks like

creating bigger problems for the future (Barber, 2005: P: 53). Therefore, today

environmental problems are a hot global issue of perpetuating species, a question of

living and save human life from climatic catastrophes. To this, the global population

launched a scenario towards achieving the objectives of Agenda 21, and implementing

locally the Local Agenda 21. However, local authorities are either unaware or involuntary

to do towards this scenario of reducing climatic and environmental problems; because

their priority for local environment in budgeting and recruiting professionals is very

limited, it is only for the matter of report.

2.5. GREEN AREAS IN ETHIOPIA

2.5.1. Early History of Green Areas in Ethiopia Development of urban green areas of Ethiopia was relating with the history of Addis

Ababa, which was established in 1886 by Emperor Minilik II. Accordingly, in the early

development of Addis Ababa the king divided the location of the residences of his noble

men and gave land according to their respective positions. The chiefs in their turn

redistribute their land to their immediate followers and create several clusters of residents

known as “Safars” which means “Camp”. The common meeting places for these safars

were the “Ghibi” the current grand palace area, the church area and the Arada Market. As

Johnson in his PhD. thesis explained, the city’s evolution was that “an increase in

population and the coming and going of regional governors and other people, to pay

homage to the king promoted the development of commercial services around the Ghibbi

and it made the Ghibbi an important place of public meeting and gathering. The services

of commercial activities make Arada the most popular fabric of the city with its scene of

varied life of the people” (Johnson, 1976: P: 87)

The Arada area can, therefore, be considered as the first city’s open public spaces of

Addis Ababa. It is unarguable that these open public spaces played a fundamental role in

the early development of Addis Ababa even if their quality was poor and characterized by

spontaneous grow and fragmented due to the early tradition between individuals that

influence the land occupation and location of houses, absence of the tradition of city

building, gave more emphasis for domestic life than public life.

In general, during the early development of Addis Ababa up to the development of the

master plan of the city during the Italian occupation, these open public places served as a

place for social gathering, rest, ceremonial gathering and even for recreational purposes.

2.5.2. The Present Situation of Green Areas of Ethiopia Smart growth and development of urban centers demanded the collaboration of public,

private and non-profit sectors on growth and development to achieve holistic advantages

of the town (Thorns in Zeleke, 2008, p: 24). This means that management of urban green

areas is essential for realizing smart urban growth.

The Ethiopian urban development policy/EUDP of 2005, emphasized that there should be

effective urban environmental management while undertaking economic activities. The

urban administrations, government and the people should give proper attention to

environmental protection to avoid continuous suffocation and pollution followed with the

expansion of cities (EUDP. 2005: P: 37). It also emphasized for the delineation of green

areas with in the framework of the urban plan, at the town and kebele level and

considering environmental protection issues in the over all urban development activities.

(EUDP, 2005, P: 38). In addition to the policy, as Zeleke added, the decentralization

administrative process has enhanced urban administration to be effective in managing

urban based local development (Zelke, 2008, p: 24). There should be integration between

different stakeholders to play role of problems solving (PASDEP, 2006).

Ethiopia, besides signing and ratifying international conventions and protocols related

with environmental problems, it also adopted environmental managing instruments in its

constitution and other related proclamations at home/domestic level. The 1995

constitution of Ethiopia gave emphasis for citizen’s environmental rights in Article 44

and for environmental objectives in Article 92 (Constitution of 1995). Therefore, to

realize this Proclamation No. 9/95 established the Ethiopian environmental protection

Authority (EPA) in 1995 with mandates and responsibilities.

Following the establishment of EPA, the Ethiopian environmental policy was developed

and enacted in 1997 and gave somehow little attention for planning and development of

green areas in urban settlements. Again, the Amhara Nationa Regiona State/ANRS

established the land use, administration, and environmental protection authority in 2005

and on the same year established the beurou for works and urban development with its

full mandate and responsibility at the regional level.

2.6. PROBLEMS OF GREEN AREAS DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA

2.6.1. Environmental problems in Ethiopia. The constitution of Ethiopia (1995) provided the principle of “environmental rights” and

declared in article 44, sub–article 1 that “all persons have the right to a clean and healthy

environment”. In line with this constitutional principle, the Federal government legally

established the environmental protection authority to advise the government, create

awareness at all levels, and coordinate and regulate environmental activities in Ethiopia.

Even if the above-indicated initiatives promoted and guaranteed the well-being of the

environment, Ethiopia has significant backlogs of environmental challenges to tackle and

many new problems to combat. Environmental problems that have been witnessed over

the years in Ethiopia could be related to both rural and urban settings. Urban Ethiopia,

because of the increased influx of migrant population from rural areas in search of

livelihood, is mainly affected by sanitation and waste management problems.

As the national and international environmental problems intensified, the world

population started to take measures towards sustainable environment since the Stockholm

conference of 1972 and following this the Rio-summit of 1992, ushered a new era of

global fusion between development and environment in the concept of sustainable

development.

2.6.1.1. Unplanned Urbanization Process and Related Problems The immediate Zones of urban centers are the ones which would face problems from the

expansion of cities. It is usually thought that the problem of urban fringes will involve the

growth of urban land uses, the problem of urban amenities, and the problem of

administration (Ramchandaran in Tegegne, 1999).

It is quite true that with increasing expansion of urban centers, fringe lands will be

converted to urban land use such land uses tend to be haphazard and unpleasant. Most

slums are located in such urban fringes. There are also, no adequate infrastructures and

amenities in these areas (Tegegne, 1999, P: 97)

The major or core problems of urban environmental problems of Ethiopia emanates from

the history of urbanization processes. The Ethiopian urban growth like in the other

developing nations had not resulted from agricultural and industrial development but

rather mainly from administrative and commercial functions: and the rural “Push” with

out the associated economic development. Rapid population growth due to the natural

increase and influx of rural population has important implications on the overall

situations; it brings faller to provide the necessary urban amenities. As a result, this

situation has created enormous urban crises of which perhaps housing shortage is quite

visible (Tegegne, 1999, P: 155).

Table 2.2 Population and housing situation of Addis Ababa

Year Population Housing Unit Persons/housing unit

1967 683,530 150,338 4.5

1976 1,097,280 213,386 5.1

1978 1,167,315 221,395 5.3

1984 1,423,111 259,555 5.5

1994 2,112,737 374,742 5.7

Source: Tegegne Glegziabheu, 1999, P: 155.

From the table above, we can conclude that with increasing population there was no

accelerated housing unit construction which may result squatters and slums this in turn

resulted the lose of environmental and recreational sites for residential purposes and

intensifies the carrying capacity of individual rooms and in turn bring indoor

environmental hazards.

2.6.1.2. Poverty and Urbanization For the provision of infrastructure and services, either there must be a correlation

between population numbers or capacity of infrastructure provision or the number of

population must be control its alarming rate/expulsion. However, cities like Ethiopian

cities, which are characterizing by the city of poverty, several infrastructures and

amenities provision is seeing as a luxury than as function for basic needs. Therefore,

cities in Ethiopia are characterizing by:

Rapid population growth or Population explosion

Un planned land uses

Low awareness about urban life or essence of urbanization is very weak

Deteriorated environmental infrastructure

Inhabiting by poor people.

Most urban development is not guided by urban land use plans. The unidirectional of the

urban expansion, following roads and investment areas, is also a problem of plan

implementation for the intended purposes. In Ethiopia, only 25 percent of the cities have

development plan (Solomon, 2007, P: 10). This situation aggravates the environmental

problems, lack of infrastructure and lack of service expansion. In Addis Ababa master

plan for example, 22,000 ha. is reserved for urban forests, from this only 6,028 ha. is

covered with eucalypts trees.

Green areas are proposed not in all land use plans (classifications), but they are planned

or proposed only in residential, indusial and around riverbanks of the city (Solomon,

2007, p: 10). This situation implies that even in planning institutions and planners, the

values of green areas are not considering as a basic need or lung of the city. The

accessibility and connectivity of the green areas are not in the essence of urbanization of

most Ethiopian cities and towns.

To generalize, lack of proper urban development policy, environmental protection policy,

urban environmental education in higher educations, priorities given for getting residence

than quality of residence before 10 years are the main and critical urban problems in

Ethiopia. Therefore, old cites as Addis Ababa has a backlog of environmental problems,

while the newly emerged ones has a challenge of ignorance and lack of awareness for

green areas.

2.6.1.3. Financial Problems Green areas need high investment for developing and managing them. Even if, budget

constraint is common in all sectors but urban environmental activities have primary

locked by this issue in Ethiopia. As Derese (2008) in his paper entitled “A Tragedy of

the Urban Commons” explained, there had no adequate budget and the requested skilled

professionals for planning and enforcing the authority for the development and

beautification of parks in Addis Ababa. Because of that, it is now out sourcing the parks

management for private entrepreneurs. For examples, the monthly water and electricity

bill of the Africa Park (found on the way from Grand Palace to Meskel Square) is now

between 35,000- 40,000 birr. The annual expense of maintaining the park has, therefore,

become more than the annual budget of the agency itself (Derese, 2008, p: 10). The cost

of redevelopment of the Africa Park was spent more than 40,000,000 birr by Midroc

Ethiopia international PLC. in 2004. In times of fiscal constraints, as Ann Forsyth (2003:

p: 11) budgets for green area maintenance are often one of the first things to be cut.

Therefore, budget for development and maintenance of green areas is a key factor in spite

of their multi functional benefits for city environment in particular and its contribution to

divert the current problems related to global warming.

2.6.2. National Initiatives towards Sustainable Environment Different cross–sectoral and sectoral polices were prepared following the fall of Derg

(1991). These policies worth considering and relate the environment with other major

development issues. The Economic Policy, Social policy, Population policy, Health

policy, Education and training policy, Women policy, Energy policy and other related

development initiatives policies tried to connect their target with the worth of the

environment. But movement towards sustainable development not only requires national

commitment but also favorable economic and socio–cultural commitment for

implementation towards the setting goals in the policy.

The Agricultural Led Industrialization and Rural Centered Development (ADLI), giving

more emphasis for improving the living standards of the rural majority (84%) of the total

population of Ethiopia. This policy is the core for other policies. Therefore, the

environment and urban development policies emanate from this general direction of

reducing poverty and bring development in the rural area finally the urban population

will satisfy from these rural based developments as a center of industries and markets as

well as sources of labor for these industries. Even if, the direction is vital, it was not gave

attention for the development of green areas in the urban settlements for their direct and

indirect intrinsic values (Tegegne, 1999, p: 77).

The urban development policy and, strategy since 2005 had an effective start for guiding

cities with development plan for newly emerged cities like Bahir Dar,Hawassa, Adama;

and redevelopment projects of the central parts of old cities like Addis Ababa, Gondar,

Diredawa and Harar are the promising activities for the creation and expansion as well as

well development of green areas in these cities, Example, Diaspora Square in

Megenagna, the Nations Nationalities Square of Gutera in Addis Ababa are results of

redevelopment of the city centre.

Abebe Anagaw, y.dagnaw@gmail

CHAPTER THREE

3.0. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design Following the selection and approval of the topic, relevant and appropriate literatures

were collected, assessed, and reviewed critically. After the revision of the literature,

necessary and relevant data were collected using different techniques of data collection.

For this Thesis, questionnaire for 120 residents who are living near and around the green

areas, interviews with 20 officials, and focused group discussion with 8 former municipal

officials and residents who are living more than 45 years in the city of Fenote-Selam were

used. The data were tabulated, analyzed and presented using tables and pie charts. Based

on the results obtained in the discussion general summary and conclusions were forward.

Finally, useful recommendations were given for the city administration towards reducing

the existing problems.

3.2. Data Types and Sources Here, both the primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected

through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions as discussed in part 3.1

above. Data from the residents who lived near and around the proposed green areas were

collected through structured questionnaires while the information from the municipal

officials using interview and from the former municipal officials collected through focus

group discussions.

The secondary data were collected from different documents like books, journals,

previous researches, reports, websites and plans. The types of collected data were both

qualitative and quantitative. More of the information was qualitative because of the nature

of the information needed for analysis.

The data were collected from different sources using questionnaire, interview and focus

group discussions. In the questionnaire, 120 respondents from households were

interviewed 20 current officials and 8 former officials were interviewed. Below is a table

shows the type of respondents and information obtained.

Table 3.1 Types and numbers of respondents in the data collection

No Types of respondents Data collection tools Total

% Quest Interview Focu group

discussion 1 Households 120 - - 120 81 2 Municipal officials - 20 - 20 14 3 Former officials and

residents - - 8 8 5

4 Total 120 20 8 148 100 percentage 81 14 5 100

Source:- Field Survey, April, 2009

From the table above 86 % of the respondents were households, while 14 % were

officials. On the other hand, 86 % of the information was collected through questionnaire

and 14 % through interview

3.3. Sampling Technique To get relevant and correct information, respondents should be selected using appropriate

technique for their fair representation and for generalization after the study was

completed. For this reason, the research used a purposive sampling technique of

households who are living near and around the proposed green areas, and for those whose

home is presented within the proposed green areas in kebele 01 and 02 because of the

existing development planning problem which were prepared and implemented since

1996. The target population of the study was that households which are situated around

the 12 green areas designed by the plan in kebele 01 and 02. From each green area 10

households were taken as a sample for the study. Therefore, from the 12 green areas 120

households were taken. The total households surrounding the green areas were the

sampling frame of the study. The development plan of the city design 12 green areas each

covers 4800 m2,i.e. 80m by 60m of dimensions.

3.4 Data Collection Method The research collect data from residents using enumerators recruited by the researcher

through questionnaires while from municipal officials were interviewed by the researcher

himself. The focus group discussions were done by the writer with two facilitators who

had experiences in the administration and presentation of public meetings in the city

administration

3.5 Data Analysis The Data were presented and analyzed against the main variables which were presented

in the specific objectives and research questions. The analysis used simple statistical tools

like tables, percentages, and frequencies. The analysis applied both qualitative and

quantitative methods based on the data type obtained from the questionnaires. The data

analysis and presentation used excel computer programme and simple calculations for

tabulation and charts.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter analyses and presents the data from the field survey. The analysis and

presentation is based on the research objectives and questions with a general socio-

economic characteristic of respondents.

4.2. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS The Socio-economic characteristics of respondents had a direct relationship with the

development and management of green areas in a given city. Because of this, it is

necessary to discuss these variables which include age, sex, income level, and education

and migration level of residents.

4.2.1. Age Group Different age groups had different implications for green area development and

management of the city. Well developed and managed green areas contribute more to the

psychological, social and cultural developments of children. This is also useful for

practical teaching and learning processes of students and for development of interactive

life among age mates. For adults, green areas create conducive atmosphere for socio-

cultural development and social cohesion and for celebration of different ceremonies. For

the aged, it provides a place for leisure, rest and information exchange among each other

from different sources like magazines, journals and news papers.

Table 4.1. Age Structure of Respondents

No Age group No of respondents percentage Remark

1 <30 years 25 17

2 30-45 60 41

3 46-60 55 37

4 >60 8 5

Total 148 100

Source; Field Survey, April 2009

From the table, one can understand that green area development is vital for all age groups

or residents, i.e. for children and youths who account for 17% of the respondents. It helps

in mental and social development and practical education about the environment and

nature. For adults who account for 78 % of respondents it creates fertile ground for

different socio-cultural cohesion and ceremony, and for aged people who account for 5 %

it is used as restful place and for leisure activities and also information exchange.

4.2.2. Sex Distribution Sex distribution of respondents had a different interpretation in relation with green areas

in a given area. Women had access to use the green areas for intended values if it is well

developed, because mothers are the first person from the family to care for their children

and observe what it need from the green areas. On the contrary, they have access to use

for illegal activities because it is near the open spaces for dumping solid wastes. If the

level of awareness of women is increased in the use of green areas for intended values, it

will help improve the management. Therefore, the sex distribution of respondents affect

the intention of using green areas especially for those women who are not educated and

had low awareness of green areas, or had an intention of using green areas for dumping

solid waste and grazing. Below is the sex distribution of the respondents.

84, 57%

64, 43% Sex Male Femal

Fig 1. Pie chart Show sex distribution of respondents

4.2.3. Income Level of Respondents Income of individuals and city as an entity affect directly the development and quality of

green areas. As income of individuals’ increases, then the tendency of using green areas

for dumping solid waste and other illegal activities decreases due to their ability to raise

funds to develope and maintain the park and willingness of people to use them. But as

shown in the table below the income level of the respondents is not more than 2,000 birr

per month. This implies that currently the park will not be patronized if user fees are

changed for usage.

Table4.2. Income level of respondents per month

No Income Interval in birr No. of respondents percentage Remark

1 <1,000 43 29

2 1,000 – 2,000 67 45

3 > 2 , 000 38 26

Total 148 100

Source:- Field Survey, April 2009

From the table, more than 74 percent of the respondents earn less than 2000.00 birr per

month which is not sufficient to fulfill their basic needs.

4.2.4. Level of Education of Respondents Here education level and the attitude or awareness of green areas development and

management had a direct relation. If the level of education is high then the awareness

about the values or benefits of green areas will be high, which in turn lead to increased

contribution for development and management of green areas. For an illiterate society,

green area means nothing except simple open spaces for solid waste storage or for ‘edir’

and cemetery purposes, while for literate and modern society green areas is a means for

leisure and recreation. Therefore, education is one instrument necessary for the creation

and development of green areas in cities.

Table 4.3 Level of education of respondents

No of Respond

Level of education Total Read & write 12th C 12 +2 12+4 and

above Respondents 12 64 56 16 148

percentage 8 43 38 11 100

Source:- Field Survey April 2009

From the table above, more than 91 percent of the respondents had no bachelor degree

which had direct impact on awareness and understanding of the values of green areas.

From the table above, 8 percent of the respondents can read and write, 43 percent had

completed 12th grade, 38 percent hold diploma and 11 percent holds bachelor degree and

above. This shows that the town has quite a literate community, whose awareness level on

green areas has to be raised.

4.3. GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

4.3.1. APPROACHES USED FOR GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

Any development is not a result of one party effort but is a result of integrated effort of

actors or citizens. The integrated effort of government, non-governmental and community

based organizations can help ensure achievements of a goal set to address a particular

problem. The same is true for green areas development, management and maintenance in

the city. In Fenote-Selam city, though negligible, there are some trials here and there

carried by different actors both government institutions, individuals and community

organizations for the protection of the environment. The actions of different stakeholders

for protecting green areas in the city are discussed in the following sub-headings.

4.3.1.1. Green Areas Developed by Government Institutions Although, the master plan has not grouped as green areas, institutions had developed

green spaces in their compound. For example Fenote-Selam Hospital, Damot Higher

Education Preparatory School, Jabi-Agriculture and Rural Development Office and

Community Skills Training Centre/CSTC have developed and protected their green

compound. On the other hand, Demote High School, Backel Primary Full Cycle School,

Fenote-Selam Primary Full Cycle School and office of the city administration had not

taken this initiative of green area development, although they had access to water, labor

and sufficient and fertile land in their compound. Below is size of plots used by the above

mentioned institutions for green area development.

Table 4.4 Total areas used for green areas by the institutions in hectares

No Gov’t institutions Total area

Area covered by green areas Percentage

1 Jabi agricultural & rural dev. office

3.2 0.4 13

2 Deamote Preparatory school 4.1 0.72 18 3 Fenote selam hospital 3.6 0.79 22 4 Community skills training center 2.9 2.4 83 Total 13.8 4.31 31

Source: Computed from the Master Plan and Field Survey, April, 2009

4.3.1.1.1. Green Space of Jabi Agriculture and Rural Development Office Jabi agriculture and rural development office is not administered by Fenot_Selam city

administration, but its head quarter is situated in the city. It had developed a mini-forest in

its compound using endigenous tree seedlings and has recruited one contract guard for

keeping and maintaining the trees. The total area of the office compound covers 3.2

hectares and from this, the green space 0.4 hectors is used for tree plantation. The head of

the land use and environmental protection team explained that, the development will

continue by preparing seedlings in its nursery site for the office and for other stakeholders

who are contributing to environmental protection and rehabilitation.

4.3.1.1.2. Damot Higher Education Preparatory School Green Space Out of 8 Schools in the city, the preparatory school had developed and managed very well

greenery in the school compound. The director of the school, Ato Yiheyis Ferede, during

the focus group discussion said that, the school had an experience in keeping and

managing the forest since the last 25 years, when it was started, until 1996 when it was

taken over by the department of agriculture. After 1996, when the new curriculum was

designed and agriculture was canceled from the school curriculum, biology and

geography departments took the initiative for the management and maintenance of the

green spaces until 2002. But when the curriculum was revised again due to the change in

policy and the status of the School was upgraded into preparatory level, the initiative was

taken over by the environmental protection and rehabilitation club. Since then the club

manages and maintains the green areas and uses it for practical education, environmental

protection and ecological values, as well as, generate income from selling edible fruits

from that forest.

The green area and the forest with different species cover 0.72 hectares of total 4.1 of the

school compound, which is 8 percent of the school compound

4.3.1.1.3. Green Areas of Fenote–Selam Hospital Fenote-Selam hospital had developed a forest of indigenous tree species all over the

compound. This green compound is different from the above two institutions in its area of

coverage. Here, the trees were planted over the whole compound in rows and under the

trees different flowers and grasses were planted and managed for recreation of patients.

According to the manger of the hospital, there are two contract employee gardeners who

are responsible for planting, weeding, watering and ensuring the overall management and

care of the plants. This space he said is mainly used for, psychological treatment for those

who took a medical treatment for long time in the hospital. The hospital covers 3.6

hectares of land, and the developed and fenced green parts of the compound covers about

0.79 hectares, which is 19 percent of the total area of the hospital.

4.3.1.1.4. Green Areas of the Community Skill Training Center/CSTC The community skills training center, which is situated at the right bank of Lah River,

provides better opportunity for irrigation. The center has developed very dense forest of

local species in its compound, using the river water for irrigation. Inside the plantation,

there are different structures which were constructed and are used by trainers during their

practical training sessions; but now the center is used by micro and small scale enterprises

for skill development, recreation and production center. This plantation has promoted

ecological and environmental values in addition to the above purposes. It protects the area

from run-off, high wind and dust raised from the surrounding bare grounds. There are

different species of small animals and plants on the river side where there is no frequent

human visit because of the dense nature of the plantation near the river. The area creates

opportunities for income earning from the sale of edible fruit and coffee for the center. At

the time of field observation, there were many fruits which were ripe and ready for sale.

The total area of the centre covers about 2.9 hectares while 2.4 are covered with

plantations; the remaining 0.5 hectares are different structures like roads and footpaths

with training halls and offices. There are also workshops for metal, wood, and sculptures.

4.3.1.2 Green Areas Developed by Private Individuals Under this group; there are two types of individuals engaged in development and

management practices of green areas in Fenote-Selam. These are;

Those who had got permission for development in the river banks of Lah and

Arara rivers, and

Those who had planted trees in their living compound for different purposes

4.3.1.2.1 Developed by Permission from the Municipality The topography of the city is sloppy in nature, with a high gradient which increases run

off into the two rivers. To reduce the effect of the run off and contribute to environmental

protection, many individuals had an interest of developing their own private green areas

along the banks of Lah and Arara rivers. But, even if their proposal was for

environmental protection and management, practically they planted eucalyptus trees for

marketing, which had high commercial value in the area and adverse effects for the

surrounding environment. Ato Melkamu, head of administration office, said that, due to

lack of monitoring and controlling of the project proposals, the individuals continue

planting eucalyptus and aggravate the environmental degradation process to get money at

the expense of the environment. He added that, more than 5 individuals took the

permission, but neither of them developed according to their project objectives.

4.3.1.2.2. Development With in the Compound of Individuals Under this topic we talked about each and every individual planted a tree in their

compound. Individuals in the city had a practice of planting and developing tree species

in their compound due to:

Availability of seedlings from agriculture office,

High temperature of the area, and

For making money from the edible fruits collected from the trees by selling them.

The 120 respondents interviewed, replied that they had planted trees in their compound

for the purposes explained above. This practice has promoted a well protected and

preserved green areas for environmental balance, ecological benefits and also ensured

income generation from the sold fruits. Although, the trees were planted for economic

and shade purpose, they indirectly gave the benefits gained from well developed and

managed green areas.

4.3.1.3 Green Areas Developed by Birsheleko Military Training School Birsheleko military training school is one of the largest military training institutions of

Ethiopia which is located south west of Fenote Selam, at a distance of almost 30kms. This

institution had a strong socio-economic relation with the city administration of Fenate

Selam. Because of this strong cohesion and millennium ceremony in 2007, the institution

got land for planting and developing its own park for the commemoration of the

Ethiopian millennium. Although, the park is at an infant stage, the management and care

taking for it is very good. It is located at the top hill of the city in the north which was

susceptible to high run-off and landslide. In addition to its park value, it has contributed

to natural resource management and conservation as it serves as a terrace on the hillside.

It has great potential for recreation and research activities, because it is near to the

Teachers College of Fenote Selam and also adjacent to Fenote Selam Technical and

Vocational School in the west of the park. The General Manager of the city indicated that

the total area of the park is 1.9 hectares. The Manager added that, there is one guard and

gardener for the management of the park hired by the institution on a contract basis.

According to the Deputy Mayor, the military school will transfer the park for the city

administration after the park is well developed and ready to provide services to the

general public.

4.3.1.4 Green Areas Developed by the Municipal aouthority Although the development and management of green areas is the responsibility of the

municipal aouthority, none of the green areas proposed on the master plan were

developed, except the main square of the city circled for the statue of Emperor Haile

Sellassie II. The square covers an area of 1256m2 with a radius of 20m from the centre to

the edge of the main asphalt road.

In addition to the main square, the municipality had maintained and managed a road side

green area, which was transferred from one individual whose name is Ato Anteneh

Mehari 10 years ago who was member of the former municipal council. These road side

trees stretch from the main square to the northern edge of Fenote Selam Primary Full

Cycle School which is 980m in length. During the discussion with Ato Anteneh, he said

that if each and every individual took the initiative in development, management and

maintenance of green areas, it would be possible to keep the city as competitive as

possible, like the near by cities of Bahir Dar and Debre Markos. He added in the

discussion that environmental education and awareness raising workshops must be

delivered to all citizens of the city.

4.3.2. HINDERANCES TO GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT Different development approaches used by the city administration discussed above in part

4.3.1.of this chapter. But the above green areas resulted and developed by the good will

of institutions which developed them in their compound; that is there is no plan and

budget at the city level for the sector’s development of green areas because of different

problems. Therefore, the following are some of the problems discussed;

Table4.5. Perceptions of respondents on constraints and their rank

in seriousness

Rank Constraints NO respondents

% Remark

1 Lack of awareness 143 97

2 Low level of community participation 132 89

3 Lack of finance/budget 128 83

4 Lack of professionals 123 83

5 Effect of former urban policy 69 47

6 Problems of the existing plan 42 28

7 Lack of coordination between community and municipality.

8 Lack of controlling and monitoring the private developers

Source: Field Survey, April 2009

Therefore, according to the responses from the table; lack of awareness, low level of the

community participation with municipality in green areas development and management,

lack of finance, effects of the former policy in urban development and the problems

related with the existing development plan are the major ones. These problems are

discussed briefly in the next sub titles.

4.3.2.1 Lack of Awareness Green areas have different values, both direct and indirect values. Among the values of

green areas:

For recreation and leisure of both users;

For economic benefits through job opportunities;

For environmental benefits: temperature regulation, wind direction and speed

diversions etc;

For ecological values: if green areas are presented well they used as a habitat for

biotic & abiotic organisms and create an ecosystem;

For socio-cultural cohesion: green areas had a power of attraction as a center of

meeting for different age, culture and sex groups and helps to integrate and

discuss about their localities, politics, religion, economy etc;

For practical education of students about nature, environment, flora and fauna and

about their interaction and relationships.

In spite of the listed and other related values, the community, civil servants, the officials

and even professionals are not aware of these values or simply ignored them. Because of

this low awareness, the community has the habit of using green areas (spaces) for illegal

purposes like for dumping of solid wastes, grazing, crop production, storing and selling

construction materials. As some respondents said during the interview, the awareness

problem is not only for the people but is also an issue among officials. The municipal

authority plants seedlings at the beginning of each summer, but none of the seedlings had

developed well because they are not taken care of and maintained regularly. The city

administration should provide environmental education and discuss clearly the values of

green spaces to the general public. The respondents also pointed out that, they want to use

the green areas for:

Edir purposes ;

Dumping solid wastes;

Storing and selling construction materials;

Grazing and crop production rather than the unknown and invisible benefits of

green areas.

Table 4.6. Respondents’ preference for using green areas

No Choices of respondents to use green areas

Number of responds % Remark

1 For edir & burial ceremony 123 83

2 Dumping solid wastes 145 98

3 Storing & selling for construction materials

4 Grazing 68 46 5 Crop production 25 17

Source: Field Survey, April, 2009

From the responses given in table 4.6 above, one can infer that the awareness of the

people about the real and intrinsic benefits is very poor. The non-use of green areas for

social gathering or other good purposes lead to weak cultural cohesion and loss of the

eco-system and aggravate environmental degradations. This loss of socio-cultural

cohesion brings about total loss of the culture of the society due to lack of transitivity

from generation to generation and also create new unwanted (bad) habits in the society

like chewing chat and addiction to other alcoholic drinks.

4.3.2.2 Effects of the Former Policy The city of Fenote Selam was found in 1946, during the imperial period of Haile

Sellassie, without any development plan to serve as a center of grain and animal market

for Debre Markose city and Addis Ababa. In addition, it served as the administrative

center for the then Kolla Dega Damote Awaraja. During this time, the city expanded

rapidly without any urban development plan. Until 1988 the city had no development

plan. This resulted in most of today’s villages not having green areas and other social

facilities for the wellbeing of the people. The Manager of the city noted that, the central

part of the city is characterized by locked and stunted houses without any open spaces,

which covered a total area of almost 4.95 km2.

The 1996 revised plan tried to solve the problem by assigning green areas in these

suffocated villages, but the area assigned for green areas had already been occupied by

houses built before the preparation of the plan. This revised plan, as the explanation of

General Manager, bring a new problem of social and economic disorder due to relocation

from their villages and this destroys their existing social bond among the people.

The revised plan of the city had assigned sufficient and accessible green areas on the

physical plan before the land was redistributed for those who need or are waiting for land

for construction of their home. Now, the availability and accessibility for open spaces for

each household is secured regardless of the development and management of them which

are neglected.

4.3.2.3. Lack of Qualified officials and Professionals City that is livable, neat, suitable and attractive for residents, guests and tourists, increases

its competitiveness. This attractiveness and competitiveness results from qualified and

committed officials, as well as professionals who work day and night for achieving the

goals of making the city more competitive and attractive.

The nature of green areas is multifunctional which requires multidisciplinary

professionals for well development and management. Without qualified and committed

professionals, better awareness, and sufficient budget or modern and best plan cannot be

achieved. Therefore, professionals are irreplaceable for green areas development.

4.3.2.3.1 Professionals: The municipality of Fenote Selam human resource structure had 21 positions for

Sanitation, Beautification, and Parks Development/SBPD team. Among the 21 positions 5

are occupied while 16 are vacant. The occupied 5 positions are not occupied by

professionals rather they are supportive staffs and contract term employee. This occupied

24 % positions, do not even have the necessary qualification, to undertake the

responsibility of developing green areas for more than 48,000 populations of the city.

From table 4.7 below, out of the 21 positions for sanitation, beautification and parks

development, only 5 positions are occupied. These 5 workers are not qualified enough for

green areas development.

This is not the only problem in terms of professionals but also the structure itself is faulty,

because the proposed professions were social sciences (mainly management and

economics) bachelor holders, while green area development requires engineering and

other urban planning and plant science professions. Therefore, from the given information

and structure of the human resource there is an acute professional shortage for the green

area sector.

Table 4.7 Human Resource capacity for SBPD team of the city

No Proposed positions Qual. Amount

Occupied

Vacant

Remark

1 Manager 12+4 1 - 1

2 Team leader BA+ 1 - 1

3 Assistant team leader 12+2 1 - 1

4 Community need assessment and planning expert

12+4 1 1 -

5 SBPD orientation and monitoring expert

12+2 1 1 -

6 Training material production expert

12+4 1 1 -

7 Supply and maintenance junior expert

12+2 1 1 -

8 Monitoring and supporting the reuse of solid wastes

12th. 1 - 1

9 Guards 4th. C 8 1 7

10 Drainage works 4th C 5 - 5

Total 21 5 16

Source: Mayor’s Office of the city administration.

The other problems of the structure or positions are focused more on solid waste

department than greening and protecting the area. Even the employee in the department,

who work on the horse driven carts to pick solid wastes, used green areas for storing the

collected solid wastes until they take off and dump in the sites. Thus, the employee of the

municipal authority themselves are not aware about the values and benefits of green areas

as was observed during the field observation.

4.3.2.3.2 Officials/ Head of offices As of any city administration, Fenote Selam city administration had its own officials or

political leaders of the city, who have responsibilities and mandates of guiding the

population into better life and help them out of poverty. From the officials 15 had a

background of education while 4 are graduated with BA in business streams, only 3 of the

officials had had Urban Management Masters degree. From these mixtures of

qualifications none of them had a background of urban planning or engineering. This

hinders the achievement of the goals of a city, needed to make more attractive and

competitive.

16 officials out of 20, who were participating in the interview, said that they knew about

the open spaces intended for green areas but none of them had know-how about the

values of green areas and also they didn’t know about the budget and professional

shortage for green areas development and care. The reason for these problems, as pointed

out by the Deputy Mayor, are high attrition rate of officials and lack of well trained

professionals who could play a great role in awareness creation for the people and the

civil servants.

Table 4.8 Qualifications and subject area of city officials

No Qualification Subject area No of response by officials % Remark

1 BA/BSc Education 10 45 2 BA Social Science 4 18 3

management 1 accounting

3 MA Urban management 3 14 4 12+2 Education 5 23

Total 22 100

Source: Capacity Building office of the city, April, 2009

The table above depicted that more than 68 percent of the officials came from education

sector while the remaining are social science streams. Then the sector which requires

urban planning and engineering do not have qualified personnel with knowledge and

skills in the subject matter. These and other constraints increase the ignorance of officials

and the public about the benefits of green areas in the city of Fenote Selam. The

qualification and area of study of most officials had no direct relation with urbanization

and urban development planning and implementing skills, which is the basic element for

making cities more competitive and livable through utilizing its natural resources.

4.3.2.4 Problems Related with the Development Plan During plan preparation, the professionals or the plan makers should have a clear and

precise know-how and understanding about the people’s culture and settlement pattern of

the people who are living in the city for which the plan is prepared. Their failures to visit

the sites to be planned has resulted in the preparations of plans in which certain areas

have been prepared for green areas on the plan but in actual fact are already built up

areas.

These problems are observed on the existing Fenote Selam city development plan, which

proposed a single plot of land for residential and green areas in Kebele 02, specifically in

local name of ‘Jigga Sefer’ and also residential and Kebele administration in Kebele 03.

This was confirmed by the urban planning and land administration team leader of the

municipal authority and was also observed from the development plan. Again, in Kebele

02 locally called ‘Bakel Sefer’, a green area on the plan is on the ground a well developed

residential settlement, while in Kebele 01 the proposed green area is covered with

Moslem Cemetery on the ground.

Table 4.9 Areas where planning problems were existed

No Kebele Area proposed as green areas Number of hhs under the proposed green area Remark

1 01 4580m2

2 02 3500m2 13

3 02 2800m2 17

4 03 2300m2 4hhs & kebele administration

Total 13,180m2

Source: Computed from the master plan and field observation, April, 2009

4.3.2.5 Financial Problems The financial problem for green area development and management is critical for both

developed and developing countries for developing, maintaining and administering green

areas. The problem is not only for running costs but also expenses for salary for high

qualified multidisciplinary professionals which require heavy investment. In Fenote

Selam, the problems have two faces, according to Deputy Mayor of the city:

Lack of budget for physically developed green areas, and

Lack of attention and negligence when budget is prepared and allocated for

development plans.

The officials explained during the interview, that they didn’t know about how much is

allocated for green area development. The Manager added that, there was no trend of

allocating budget for green area development in the city administration. Even if the

budget constraint is visible at all, less attention and lack of awareness about the benefits

or values of green areas have affected budget allocation for green areas. The actual budget

constraint and lack of awareness and attention has resulted in the problem of under

development of the green areas in the city.

Table 4.10: Causes of financial constraints as responded by officials

No Causes of financial constraints No of respondents (officials) % Remark

1 Real Lack of budget 5 25 2 Less attention is given 9 45 3 Non inclusion green areas in budget

allocations 6 30

Total 20 100

Source: Field Survey, April 2009

From the table above, over 75 percent of budget constraints emanate from ignorance and

negligence of officials about green areas development. This also led to low public

participation because the administration can’t take the initiative to inform and educate the

public about the importance of green areas. Officials have to gain understanding about

what is a livable and competitive city. To develop their awareness, the city authorities

have to learn from the experiences of other cities like Bahir Dar and Debre Markos which

had better experiences in the green area management.

From the table 4.11 and fig.2 below on page 45, one can see that, even if there is a gap

between revenue and expenditure, the rate of increase for both revenue and expenditure is

positive i.e., increasing in an increasing rate. But, when we see the trend of budget

allocation for SBPD, there is no rate of increase, than decreased reversely from 33 % to

26 % from year to year. The actual expenditure for SBPD in 2005 is, only 1 % of the total

expenditure of the year, while in 2008 it reduced to 0.075 % of the total expenditure of

the year. This means that there is a great budget reduction for the sector of green areas,

even at the time of budget surplus. Therefore, lack of finance is not the problem of green

areas development and management in Fenote Selam city, but lack of attention for the

field.

Table4.11. Budget allocation for SBPD Team of the city/2005-2008

Year Total Revenue Total Expenditure Allocated for SBPD team Planned Actual % Planned actual % Planned actual %

2005 1787624 1314657 74 4826205 2910286 60 10560 3479 33

2006 1699470 1425798 84 6878595 4585183 67 20405 5485 27

2007 1812721 1701289 94 11163847 10374344 93 32205 8304 26

2008 2123918 2233348 105 16009394 13573910 85 38755 10288 27

total 7423733 6675092 90 38878041 31443723 81 101925 27556 27

Source: Office of finance and economic, planning team, April, 2009

Fig. 2 Budget distribution for SBPD team of the city

4.3.2.6 Lack of Participatory Planning for Development of Green Spaces Participatory planning is a reflection of democratic administration which should accept

and respect the interest of the people ruled. For this, there must be consultation,

participation, evaluation and monitoring of any development plan by all stakeholders, and

had taken the priority according to the need and interest of the stakeholders. Priorities

must set to solve the existing problem and brought prosperity. As the level of

participation of the people increases, the level of contribution for development and sense

of ownership increases. In the city of Fenote Selam, there are many community

organizations like Edir, Equb, Youth Association, Teachers Association and many others

which had opportunity for participation in consultations, monitoring and evaluation of

development activities.

In the interview with Ato Birhanu Muluneh a member of the chamber of commerce of the

city, if one institution took the initiative for green area development, no one will oppose

participating in planting and keeping plantations in each villages. He added that,

especially the schools and government institutions have opportunities to take this

responsibility due to their access to different professionals and experiences of their staffs.

Therefore, there will be one responsible institution taking the initiatives and

responsibilities for development and management of public green spaces.

4.3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLEABOUT THE VALUES OF GREEN AREAS

Some of the values of green areas can be understood easily like playing grounds for

children, shade for protecting sun light, provision of edible fruits for selling and eating.

But green areas have indirect values or benefits which are not understood easily. Some of

these indirect values are:

Ecological values which serve as habitat for biotic and abiotic organisms,

Environmental values which regulate microclimate through the process of

photosynthesis, keep the temperature of the city cold, reduce run off, deflect wind

speed and direction,

Economic values through job creation inside the green areas in the recreation

centre and administration works, and

Socio-cultural values: green areas serve as meeting points for all types of people

and develop strong relationship among different peoples with different cultures,

religion, language, etc

Therefore, there are different factors to understand these intrinsic values of green areas.

Among the factors affecting the awareness of the people about green areas include: -

No attention is given by both officials & professionals and the people at all.

Low environmental awareness of the people and officials;

Illiteracy of residents in their level of education;

Poverty and immigration from rural areas to the city with the mind and thinking

of peasantry;

Ignorance about livable and competitive cities,

Effect of former policy are among the factors for low level of awareness about

green areas

4.3.3.1 Low Attention Given to Green Areas When we saw the planning and priority setting of Fenote Selam, nothing was said about

green areas in planning or in budget preparation. On the contrary, environmental

degradation, increasing effect of run off by rain and wind erosion, deforestation, high

temperature, lack of playing grounds, and increase in chat chewing and alcohol addicting

habits had eroded the working and learning time and power of youths.

When these and other related problems began, the city administration didn’t take any

action towards green areas development and maintenance. During the interview city

administration officials replied that, even if they didn’t know about the real values of

green areas, they talked about the state and condition of green areas like shading to

protect sunlight and recreation services. From this opinion one can conclude that the city

officials didn’t give attention and set priority for green spaces development in the city.

The manager of the city, Ato Liyew Anmut explained that, since 2005 the city recruited a

gardener in a contract term employee, who keep and, take care of and maintain the

plantations in the Main Square and road side. The municipal authority give more attention

to solid waste collection services in the same department compared to green areas.

4.3.3.2 Less Environmental Awareness of the People and Officials Although, there are a number of environmental protection clubs in every school of the

city, their activities are confounded to the collection and disposal of solid wastes in their

compound. None of the club representative responded that they had educated the

community in and out side the school. All schools had their own mini-media services for

learning- teaching activities, but as the representative of the clubs explanations, they had

not transmitted any article concerning green area, although they had talked about the

word “global worming and expansion of desertification”. The head of the environmental

protection and rehabilitation club of Edigetber Primary Full Cycle School, Ato Adugna

said that, the main objective of the club is to create awareness to students on how to keep

and maintain their local surrounding clean and protect them from transmitted diseases.

Again, he added that he had no know-how about the benefits of green areas rather than

the openness of the places for recreation and to reduce suffocation as well as grazing for

cattle of the surrounding residents. He is one of the individuals who had permission to

plant and develop his own private indigenous forest and recreation site. He had planted

eucalyptus trees and sold more than 80,000 Eth. Birr as part of the expenses of his project

objectives to develop green spaces and provide recreational services.

4.3.3.3. Immigration and type of Economic Activities Engaged by the People The population of Fenote Selam are engaged mostly in small scale own business activities

including farmers inside the city who plough in the surrounding rural areas. The main

cause of population increment over the last 20 years as explained by the General

Manager, was from immigrants from the surrounding rural areas, from Birsheleko

military school and from Ethio Agri-ceft Pvt. Agriculture investment which were located

south of the city at a distance of 30 and 22 kms respectively. These people had an interest

of building home on open spaces reserved for green areas because of long waiting to get

developed land for construction. When they were asked, in the interview, about the

benefits of green areas in their surrounding, they replied that it is beneficiary for them to

build home and dump solid wastes and used for excretions at the expense of its intrinsic

benefits.

The types of economic activities of the residents have an adverse effect with the

development and management of green areas. There are many individuals who are

engaged in animal raring for milk and meat production and sometimes for crop

production or for plowing. Therefore, these individuals have great interest to use the

green areas for grazing and producing crops. Many women headed households are also

engaged mainly on preparing and selling local beer whose by-product locally called

‘atella’ is used as food for cows and sheep raring by the above discussed individuals.

Therefore, their life is based with the cause and effect relationship with those who had

raised cattle and sheep. This implies simply the need to use green areas for grazing and

dumping solid wastes than developing and managing it.

From the table 4.2 on page 31, 74 % of the respondents, had got below 2000.00 birr per

month which can’t help and support to satisfy their basic needs.

CHAPTER -FIVE

5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. CONCLUSIONS The green areas development and management, as well as the maintenance require

multidisciplinary professionals and high budget allocation. The green areas had a nature

of inclusiveness in their development and utilization activities and values. To examine

these and other related issues of green areas in the city of Fenote Selam data were

collected through different tools and finally extensive analysis was made. The results

obtained from the analysis are generalized and summarized as fellows:

The city administration had open spaces intended for green areas in the development

plan of the city. These green areas should be developed either by the municipal

authority itself, or by transferring to the community based organizations. The green

areas developed by the government institutions were developed by the positive will

of the head of the institutions that are willing to organize and initiate the staff

members and also allocate budget for contract workers for caring about the plants

and trees.

The individuals who had permission for developing their own private green areas

along the river banks of Lah and Arara as shown in the objectives of environmental

protection and rehabilitation had planted commercial eucalyptus trees instead of

trees for recreational purposes.

Green areas developed by individuals in their compound had multipurpose, though

they were at first developed for protection from sunlight or shade and to sell the

fruits.

The awareness of the population towards developing and using green areas for the

intended values are very poor. They prefer using the spaces intended for green areas

for illegal activities like grazing, crop production, dumping for solid wastes etc than

getting intensive values of green areas.

Due to lack of participatory planning, during the preparation of the development

plan of the city in 1996, there are contradictions on the implementation of the plan.

The plan shows settlements, villages and kebele administration as green areas. This

lead to high costs of compensation and social and economic paradoxes created due

to relocation in to new areas specially in kebele 02 called “jigga sefer”

Underdevelopments of green areas are a result of the absence of the required

professionals with experience and sufficient budget. The municipal authority human

resource structure has no urban planner and professional personnel for related fields

for developing the sector. This implies no attention is given for the sector’s

development, but environmental degradation and raise of temperature from year to

year is the main characteristics of the city.

There are various factors which contribute to the low level of awareness of the

people about the benefits gained from the well developed green areas. Low attention

given to the sector by the population and officials on the city, the type of economic

activities engaged in by most residents like cattle raring and local beer production on

the residents’ side and the level of education and discipline studied by the officials

affect their awareness towards green areas. They believed that green areas are

simply open spaces used for mainly dumping of solid waste and for edir and other

celebration of cultural festivals.

Schools are rich in different types of academic professionals from their teachers,

students, and other administrative staffs. For these, they had formed different clubs

concerning different areas of interest. Among the clubs formed is the environmental

protection and rehabilitation club, which were organized in all schools of the city

administration. But none of the clubs had developed their own green spaces, and

have a nursery site for recreational area, except Damote Preparatory School. Schools

also have a mini-media clubs and gave services for transmitting news, music,

announcements and other cross cutting issues. But they never release news, facts or

information about the values and benefits of green areas and environmental

protection. These and other constraints had contributed its part to the low level of

environmental awareness of the population

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS Following the data collections for achieving the objectives set in chapter one, the

data analyzed and discussed, the following recommendations for green areas

management in Fenote Selam has been provided below.

There should be integration among residents and other stakeholders in the city; the

community based organizations like Edir, Equip, Teachers Associations,

Environmental Protection Club, Anti-Malaria Association, Branch Office of

Chamber of Commerce and other Associations are potential stakeholders in the

development and management of the sector under study. These bodies should not

only participate in planting and caring of seedlings, but also be given the

opportunity to deliver and transmit environmental education and awareness to the

population in the city. Therefore, the city administration should work intimately

with community based organizations and strongly encourage other government

institutions to develop green areas in their compound

The city administration should strongly monitor and evaluate the development

activities done by individuals who had got land for developing their private green

areas along the banks of the two rivers. Unless they comply with environmental

friendly procedures and practices, the environmental protection objectives would not

be achieved, consequently, the process of environmental degradation may increase

and the water volume of the rivers will decreased, due to the adverse effects of

eucalyptus tree on the river water.

The municipality should develop one model green area in the city and celebrate

different ceremonies to increase the people’s awareness about the benefits of green

areas. Again the administration should implement the rules and regulations of green

areas to keep the green areas clean and should develop by-laws with the

participation of the whole population to penalize those who use green areas for

illegal activities.

As Fenote Selam city is one of the hottest cities in the region with an average annual

temperature of 220C, the city administration should plan and allocate sufficient

budget for tree plantation to avert climate effects on the city.

Unless and other wise the population is participating in the planning process,

priorities set only by the officials like top down planning approach could not

alleviate the cities socio-economic and environmental problems. Therefore, public

participation must be taken at each step of development plans and green areas

development and management.

The city administration must hire qualified professionals who have good experience

in green area development and in general urban planning, such as urban engineers

and also surveyors. Hiring professionals is not sufficient, but the city administration

should train its own young and committed workers in training institutions like

ECSC, Addis Ababa University, Bahir Dar University and many other universities.

With out professionals there will no success and achievement of planned objectives.

Officials should be aware of on the concepts of livable, competitive and sustainable

development of cities and pattern of urbanization locally and globally using different

source of information in additional to workshops and short term trainings.

The city administration should encourage and support environmental protection

clubs to educate members of the club and the community. Members of the clubs

should transfer the know-how in to their parents and others. The clubs should

develop their own model of green areas inside the school like Damot Preparatory

School. The mini-media club and service should transmit the values and benefits of

green areas and total environmental protection. In the news to increase people’s

knowledge and awareness in green areas.

References

Alan Barber, 2005: Management of multifunctional urban green apace in

England, the university of Manchester, England

Ann Forsyth, 2003: People and Urban green areas: Perception and Use,

University of Minnesota, USA.

Association of Ethiopian Geographers,(1999): Migration and Urbanization in

Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

Baycan, 2002: Development and Management of green areas in European cites; a

comparative analysis: paper presented at the 38th international planning congress,

Sep: 21-26, 2002, Athence, Greece.

Belachew Kalekirstose, 2001: Detail panning as a link to plan making and

implementation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

BoFED of Amhara Region, 2009; Annual statistical bulletin of the region for

Derese Getachew, 2008: The “Tragedy of the Urban Commons”. A case study of

2 public places in Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Development plan of Fenote Selam city, 1996.

ECSE, 2008: Urban Environmental Planning and Management course Hand book.

Adopted from Rashmi Mayur, 1997: environmental problems of developing

countries, annals, AAPSS, 444, July 1979.

Johnson Martin Eric, 1974: The evolution of the morphology of Addis Ababa,

Los Angeles, university of California Ph.D. Thesis.

Kumplachew Tesgaye; 2007: critical assessment on the current operation of

planned public open spaces in Addis Ababa, MA thesis, AAU, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Federal Affairs, 2005: Urban Development Policy of Ethiopia, Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia

Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 2006: The Plan of Action for

Sustainable Development and Eradication of Poverty (PASDEP, 2006).

Negarit Gazetta, First Year, No 9, proclamation No 9/1995.

Solomon, (2007); Effects of Unplanned Urbanization: A paper presented to the

awareness creation for the house of parliament, April, 2007, Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia.

Stephen Carr, 1992: Public Space: Environment and behavior series, Cambridge

university press, new York, USA,

Strategic Plan of Fenote Selam City from 2005-2009

Strategic plan of the Office of Municipal Services of Fenote Selam 2005-2009

Tegegne G.E, (1999), Towards an Urbanization policy in Ethiopia: A paper

presented at the proceedings of the second annual conference of The Association

of Ethiopian Geographers, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.

The 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia

URGE project, 2005: Urban green environment: improving the quality of life in

urban regions through urban greening initiatives, research number 000016,

Birmingham, England.

Zeleke Gonfa, 2008 Examining potentials for protecting and greening urban open

spaces in Robe Town, MA thesis, urban management ECSC, Addis Ababa

Ethiopia.

Web sites

URGE: development of green spaces: www. urge. Project. Org

DTLR (2002): Green spaces, better places: www. odpm.gov.UK

Urban parks forum (2001): Public Parks Assessment: www. greenspace. Org.Uk.

CABE space: www. cabespace. org.UK

Annex 1:

Questionnaires for the households. This questionnaire is for the purpose of academic interest to get information about the development & management of green areas in Fenote-Selam city. Therefore, nothing is behind it, so I appreciate your collaboration for filling the questionnaire giving your limited time for my study at the Ethiopian Civil Service College in the Masters of Art [MA] in urban management.

No need of writing name 1. Age: less than 30 years Between 30 – 45 years

Between 45 – 60 years Greater than 60 years

2. Sex: Male Female 3. Occupation: Entrepreneur Group Employee Other Specify

4. Income: Less than 1000.00 birr 1,000 - 2,000 birr >2000 birr 5. Education: Illiterate 12th complete Diploma 12+4 and above

6. Kebele of Residence: ___________________________________________ 7. Are there any Green areas around your dwelling? YES No 8. If your answer in Q #7 is yes, what is the purpose/ existing of the green area?________

9. By whom the green area was developed and managed now?_____________________ 10. How frequently is the green area maintained?________________________________

11. Is there a Millennium park in your Kebele? YES NO 12. If your response for Q #11 is YES, Who Develop and manage?_________________ 13. Is there a community park developed and managed by the community itself? YES NO 14. If your respond is YES for Q #13, express the function and state of being at this time? 15. What do you think about the values of green area in the urban environment?

And list the functions_________________________________________________ 16. What is expected from you for the protecting and made sustainable the value of green

area in your locality? _________________________________________________ 17. Who do you think is the main responsible body for the development and

management? _______________________________________________________ 18. How do you evaluate the municipality for developing and managing green

areas?______________________________________________________________ 19. Is the municipality allocate sufficient budget and recruit essential professionals?

20. Tick the one which you feel better

21. Do you have trees in your compound? Yes No

22. If you say Yes in Q no 21, what type of tree species and where do you get the seedlings? ___________

23. had you ever participating in planting and gardening campaign in the city? Yes No 24. If you say yes, Q No 23 where did your planted it?____________________________

No Item/ case Responses Always Sometimes Not at all

1 Do you attend meetings concerning green area development & management

2 I contributes money and labor for the development and management

3 I report for Police when Green areas are used for other purposes illegally

4 I define the officials when they are changed the GA areas in to other development purposes

5 I have discussed with my neighbors how to keep, develop and manage the green areas

6 I have been participating in planting and gardening of in the green area

7 I have been asked the municipality green areas for community school building site

8 I have been used the site for developing the dumping waste

9 I would like used the green areas for grazing than recreation

10 I would like see the Green areas for storing & selling building materials like sand, stone and etc…

11 The community reported for the municipality when I used the green areas for grazing & Dumping wastes illegally.

Annex 2 Questionnaires for officials This questionnaire is for the purpose of academic interest to get information about the development & management of green areas in Fenote-Selam city. Therefore, nothing is behind it, so I appreciate your collaboration for filling the questionnaire giving your limited time for my study at the Ethiopian Civil Service College in the Masters of Art [MA] in urban management. No need of writing name 1. What are the values of Green areas in the City? ______________________________ 2. Who is responsible for development, management, maintenance and protection of green areas in the city? 3. What is the main roll of city administration in green areas development and Managements? ________________________________________________________ 4. Who many experts are there in the city administration concerning green areas?

NO Job Title needed Existing Remark

Qualification # Qualification #

5. How often the green areas are maintained?____________________________________ 6. How much budget is allocated for the last 5 years for green areas development and management?

Year Capital Recurrent Remark

Planed Actual Planned Actual

20005 2006 2007 2008 2009

7. Who are the main stakeholders participating and will participate in the future No Major stakeholders Major role played and achieved Challenges faced Remark

1 2 3 4 5

8. What mechanisms or approaches follow for the development and management of green areas in the city?________________________________________________________ 9. What are the main challenges facing the city administration in developing and managing green areas?___________________________________________________ 10. What do you suggest the solutions for Q No 9?_______________________________ 11. What do you believe for making F/Selam city competitive with B/Dar and D/Markos in livability and tourist destinations?_____________________________________ 12. Who many public parks e.g. millennium park are there in the city? 13. What are the main functions of these public parks? ___________________________ 14. Who is responsible for protecting the forests along the river banks of Lah and Arara and the forest of Bakel settlement area from deforestation? 15. Is there a nursery site in the city? Yes No 16. If your response is yes in Q No 15, what type of seedlings is planted in the site? Year Types of seedling distributed Remark

Eucalyptus Mango Abocado Papaya Wanza Tid Other specify

2000 2001 2002 . . . . 2008

17. Do you believe that is there sufficient green areas for Youths and other users in the

cit? Yes No 18. If your response is No in Q No 17, then what will be done to develop sufficient green

areas?______________________________________________________________ 19. What is the contribution of green areas protecting youths from alcohol and chat

addiction?__________________________________________________________

Annex 3

Focus group discussion checklist

1. How many green areas are there in the kebele and what is the existing situation? 2. What values are gained from green areas? Direct Values for:

Children Youths and students Old people Women

Indirect values in terms of: Socio –Cultural Cohesion Economic values Ecological values Environmental Values Aesthetic values

3. What is the contribution and responsibility of the community, according to their local organizations, for green area development?

4. Key problems encountered in the area. 5. What will do to curve these problems in Q No 4? 6. How many green areas are used for other development activities and the loose and

gain from this development activities?

Annex 4

Field observation Check list

No State of the green areas Response Date of observation Remark Yes No

1 Derelict sit

2 Fenced and planned with trees

3 Well developed and serviced

4 Developed and managed by private

5 Developed and managed by the public

6 Developed and managed by the

municipality

7 Developed and managed by churches

8 Changed to other purposes

9 Used for dump site for solid waste

10 Used for grazing

11 Used for crop production

12 Others

2. Environmental conditions of the site: erosion- gully, sheet erosion etc

3. Existing state and function at present.

Annex 5

QUESTIONNAIRES’ RESPONSES

No Questions and Responses No of Respon. %

1 Age of respondents

.<30 years 25 17

.30-45 years 60 41

.45-60 years 55 37

.>60 years 8 5

2 Sex of Respondents

.Male 84 57

.Female 64 43

3 Income level of respondents

.<1,000 birr 43 29

.1,000-2,000 birr 67 45

.>2,000 birr 38 26

4 Education of respondents

.Read and write 12 8

.12th complete 64 43

.12+2 56 38

.12+4 and above 14 11

5 Types of respondents

.Households 120 81

.Municipal officials 20 14

.Former municipal officials and residents lived more than 45

Areas Covered by green areas developed by Institutions/ hectares. .

Jabi agricu. And Rural Development Office. 0.4

.Damote Preparatory School 0.72

.Fenote-Selam Hospital 0.79

.Community Skills Training Center 2.4

.Lack of awareness 143 97

.low level of community participation 132 89

.Lack of finance 128 83

Constraints for green areas development

.Lack of professionals 123 83

.Effect of the former policy 69 47

.Existing development plan 42 28

.Lack of controlling and monitoring on private developers 23 16

.Lack of coordination between community and municipality 29 20

8 Respondents interest of using green areas

. For Edir and burial ceremony 123 83

.Dumping solid wastes 145 98

No Questions and Responses No of Respon. %

.Storing and selling for construction materials 80 54

.Grazing 68 46

.Crop production 25 17

9 Officials response for financial constraints

.Real luck of budget 5 25

.Less attention is given 9 45

.Non inclusion of green areas in budget allocation 6 30

ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION

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