National Minorities in Federal Ethiopia: Case Study of Amhara ...
ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION
Transcript of ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION
ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION
By
ABEBE ANAGAW SINSHAW
ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE COLLEGE
URBAN MANAGEMENT MASTERS PROGRAM
ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF
GREEN AREAS IN FENOTE-SELAM CITY, AMHARA REGION
By
ABEBE ANAGAW SINSHAW
A Thesis submitted to the Urban Management Masters Program, Ethiopian Civil
Service College, in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the award of a
Masters Degree in Urban Management.
ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA
JULY, 2009
DECLARATION
I, Abebe Anagaw, Registration number UMM-664/00 do hereby declare that this Thesis
is my original work and that it has not been submitted partially or fully by any other
person for an award of a degree in any other University.
Name of Participant Abebe Anagaw Sinshaw Signature………….Date…………..
This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as College Supervisor.
Name of Advisor Ms. Angelina N.A Sackey Signature…………….Date…………
APPROVAL
The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend to the Ethiopian Civil
Service College to accept the Thesis submitted by Abebe Anagaw Sinshaw, and entitled
“Analysis of the Development and Management of Green Areas in Fenote Selam city”
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Urban
Management.
Name of Advisor Ms. Angelina N.A. Sackey Signature………..Date……………….
Name of Internal Examiner………………… Signature……………Date……………….
Name of External Examiner………………. .. Signature………………Date……………..
Name of Head of Department……………… Signature…………….Date………………
DEDICATION
I dedicate this dissertation for my Father and Mother:
Ato ANAGAW SINSHAW
&
W/ro YEZEBNESH KEBEDE
Who had great intension to see my academic performance, but did not see it due
to………?
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ABSTRACT This study was conducted at Fenote-Selam city, Western Gojjam zone in Amhara region,
entitled ‘Analysis of the Development and management of Green Areas in Fenote-Selam
City’’. The main objective of the study was to assess the system of green area
development by different actors in the city, hindrances of development and factors for the
low level of awareness about green areas in the city.
The study shows that there are various stakeholders who had developed their own green
areas, though the development plan of the city did not design green area compounds
government institutions, individuals and schools. There were various factors for the low
development of the sector in the city. The attention given for it by the officials and
residents, the need for using green areas for illegal purposes and lack of professionals
are the main constraints for the underdevelopment of the area.
The thesis recommends some basic issues to alleviate the constraints and make the city as
competitive and sustainable as other cities in Ethiopia. Professional training, awareness
creation through different means, integration with stakeholders for development
participation are some of the recommendations suggested by the Thesis. Moreover, the
Thesis strongly suggest that, city officials who have a mandate and responsibilities
should be armed with the concept of Urbanization, sustainable city and creating
sustainable community.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks to the Almighty GOD who do what is necessary for human beings as his will but
not as the greed-full human thoughts and wants on the ground. Next, my special thanks
and appreciation is for my academic advisor Ms.Angelina N.A.Sackey, for her valuable
professional guidance, corrections, and constructive comments at any time, working day
and night for the successful finalization of this Thesis.
My gratitude goes to my wife W/ro Yeshume Dagnaw for her irreplaceable and
incredible supports for the achievements in my first and second degree for the last 10
years, but no word has a power to express my appreciation of her support.
Thirdly, I would like to express my appreciation to Fenote-Selam City administration and
Mayor Committee who nominated me to continue my education in Ethiopian Civil
Service College, with full sponsorship.
Finally, my gratitude goes to those who had supported me morally, financially, and
materially during my academic duration in the college and who helped me when I was in
difficulties.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ ix
ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. x
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................. 1
1. 0.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Back Ground of the Study ..................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 2
1.3. Objectives ............................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................... 3
1.3.2. Specific objectives ......................................................................................... 3
1.3.3. Research Questions ........................................................................................ 3
1.4. Significance of the study ....................................................................................... 4
1.5. Scope of the Study ................................................................................................ 4
1.6. Description of the Study Area ............................................................................... 4
1.7. Limitations of the study .......................................................................................... 5
2.0. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE.................................................... 6
2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS ........................................ 6
2.1.1 Definition of Green Areas ............................................................................... 6
2.1.2 History of Green Areas ................................................................................... 7
2.2. CONCEPTS OF GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ..... 9
2.2.1. Qualities of Successful Development and Management of Green Areas. ...... 10
2.3. URBAN GREEN AREAS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE ................................... 11
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2.3.1. Green Areas as Criteria for City Competitiveness. ........................................ 11
2.3.2. Multi Functionality of Urban Green Areas. ................................................. 12
2.3.3. Management of Green Areas ........................................................................ 13
2.3.4. The ‘CLERE’ model of management of green areas ..................................... 14
2.4. PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS
.................................................................................................................................. 17
2.4.1. Planning Related Problems........................................................................... 17
2.4.2. Development/Investment Related Problems ................................................. 18
2.4.3. Lack of Awareness ....................................................................................... 18
2.4.4. Lack of Skilled and Committed Professionals .............................................. 19
2.5. GREEN AREAS IN ETHIOPIA ......................................................................... 19
2.5.1. Early History of Green Areas in Ethiopia ..................................................... 19
2.5.2. The Present Situation of Green Areas of Ethiopia ......................................... 20
2.6. PROBLEMS OF GREEN AREAS DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
IN ETHIOPIA ........................................................................................................... 21
2.6.1. Environmental problems in Ethiopia. ........................................................... 21
2.6.1.1. Unplanned Urbanization Process and Related Problems ........................ 22
2.6.1.2. Poverty and Urbanization ...................................................................... 23
2.6.1.3. Financial Problems ................................................................................ 24
2.6.2. National Initiatives towards Sustainable Environment .................................. 25
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................... 26
3.0. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 26
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................................. 26
3.2. Data Types and Sources ...................................................................................... 26
3.3. Sampling Technique ........................................................................................... 27
3.4 Data Collection Method ....................................................................................... 27
3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 28
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CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................... 29
4.0. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ....................................................... 29
4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 29
4.2. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS ............. 29
4.2.1. Age Group ................................................................................................... 29
4.2.2. Sex Distribution ........................................................................................... 30
4.2.3. Income Level of Respondents ...................................................................... 30
4.2.4. Level of Education of Respondents .............................................................. 31
4.3. GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT................................ 32
4.3.1. APPROACHES USED FOR GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND
MANGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 32
4.3.1.1. Green Areas Developed by Government Institution ............................... 32
4.3.1.1.1. Green Space of Jabi Agriculture and Rural Development Office ..... 33
4.3.1.1.2. Damot Higher Education Preparatory School Green Space ............. 33
4.3.1.1.3. Green Areas of Fenote–Selam Hospital .......................................... 33
4.3.1.1.4. Green Areas of the Community Skill Training Center/CSTC .......... 34
4.3.1.2 Green Areas Developed by Private Individuals ....................................... 34
4.3.1.2.1 Developed by Permission from the Municipality ............................. 35
4.3.1.2.2. Development With in the Compound of Individuals ....................... 35
4.3.1.3 Green Areas Developed by Birsheleko Military Training School ............ 35
4.3.1.4 Green Areas Developed by the Municipality .......................................... 36
4.3.2. HINDERANCES TO GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 36
4.3.2.1 Lack of Awareness ................................................................................. 37
4.3.2.2 Effects of the Former Policy ................................................................... 39
4.3.2.3. Lack of Qualified officials and Professionals ......................................... 40
4.3.2.3.1 Professionals: .................................................................................. 40
4.3.2.3.2 Officials/ Head of offices ................................................................. 41
4.3.2.4 Problems Related with the Development Plan ........................................ 42
4.3.2.5 Financial Problems ................................................................................. 43
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4.3.2.6 Lack of Participatory Planning for Development of Green Spaces .......... 45
4.3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG
PEOPLEABOUT THE VALUES OF GREEN AREAS ......................................... 46
4.3.3.1 Low Attention Given to Green Areas ..................................................... 47
4.3.3.2 Less Environmental Awareness of the People and Officials .................... 47
4.3.3.3. Immigration and type of Economic Activities Engaged by the People ... 48
CHAPTER -FIVE ....................................................................................................... 49
5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 49
5.1. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................ 49
5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 50
References
Annexes
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LIST OF TABLES Tables No Name of the Table page
Table 2.1. The CLERE model for multifunctional green areas ------------------------------16
Table 2.2. Population and housing situation ---------------------------------------------------23
Table 3.1. Types and number of respondents --------------------------------------------------27
Table 4.1. Age structure of respondents --------------------------------------------------------29
Table 4.2. Income level of respondents ---------------------------------------------------------31
Table 4.3. Level of education of respondents --------------------------------------------------31
Table 4.4. Summary of total areas and plots used for green
areas by institutions ------------------------------------------------------------------32
Table 4.5. Constraints based on their seriousness as responded by
Respondents --------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Table 4.6. Respondents choices for using green areas ----------------------------------------39
Table 4.7. Human resource capacity of SBPD team of the city ------------------------------41
Table 4.8. Qualifications and disciplines studied by officials --------------------------------42
Table 4.9. Areas where planning problems are existed --------------------------------------43
Table 4.10. Causes of financial constraints as responded by officials ----------------------44
Table 4.11. Budget allocation for SBPD team ------------------------------------------------45
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Pie chart Show sex distribution of respondents…………….30
Fig. 2 Budget distribution for SBPD team of the city………………45
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Annex 1: Questionnaire for Households
Annex 2: Questionnaire for officials
Annex 3: Focus group discussion checklist
Annex 4: Field observation checklist
Annex 5: Questionnaires responses
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ACRONYMS ADLI- Agricultural Development Leading Industrialization
BoFED Beaurou of Finance and Economic Development
CABEspace- Commission for Architectural and Built Environment
CO2-- Carbon dioxide
EPA- Environmental Protection Authority
EUDP- Ethiopian Urban Development Policy
NUPI- National Urban Planning Institution
PASDEP- Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development for
Eradication of Poverty
RUPI- Regional Urban Planning Institution
UEPM- Urban Environmental Planning and Management
URGE- Urban Regions Green Environment
WHO- World Health Organization
D/Mayor Deputy Mayor
G/Manager- General Manager
SBPD- Sanitation, Beatification and Parks Development
CSTC Community Skills training Center
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CHAPTER ONE
1. 0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back Ground of the Study For a long time in human history man has assumed that the environment enveloping his
existence was invulnerable, bountiful and immense in its capacity to support life (Mayur,
in UEM, 2008, p: 90). Because at his time the interaction between man and his physical
environment was based on natural balance. There was no deforestation, over production,
over consumption, over exploitation of the natural environment.
The natural environment became affected due to the human interactions and consumption
of its resources. The consumption level is high in urban areas than rural areas. Then
development and management of urban areas need special attention. Urban settlements
are inhabited by more people with in small areas and need some open green spaces for
recreational, socio-cultural, ecological and climatic benefits. However, these green areas
are not available and are malfunctioned where available
But besides the multifunctional values of green areas in urban settlements, their
development and management priorities by the local communities and authorities are not
given much attention. Development activities like residential, commercial, and real state
developments have been given more priority at the expense of development of green
areas.
The consequences of these and other related problems, in the urban settlements
specifically and at the global level, is increasing in the lose of biodiversity and increasing
global warming, lose of social cohesion and degraded environment which brings
unlivable city and suffocated areas.
The study concentrates on the approaches followed to develop green areas by different
actors in the city, factors of under development and under management of green areas in
the city administration and the causes for low awareness on benefits of green areas in the
city of Fenote-Selam. Moreover the study tried to address these problems and comment
some solutions for the community and local authority.
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1.2. Statement of the Problem Today the world population is increasing at an alarming rate. When population increases,
the demand for resources also increases. To fulfill this unlimited demand over the limited
earth resource, environmental and other natural resources degradation is the result. In
addition, an increasing number of people are becoming urbanized; they continue to
consume resources for survival and to utilize them at an accelerated pace (Mayur, in
UEM, 2008: p: 90). Therefore, human beings continue his running for fulfilling his need
with out regeneration of the environment, and then the environment continues its
deterioration from local to global level.
For the problem of rapid urbanization and its impact on the environment, different actors
engaged from local on city level to global level, because environmental problems are
local (specific) in their origin while global in their impact. Therefore, local actions should
be taken to reduce the global impact. Among the local actions, development of green
areas with its multifunctional purposes is irreplaceable.
Urban green areas provide an invaluable role and contribution towards regeneration,
healthy living, social inclusion and cultural development, all leading to improved quality
of life and ecological and climatic values in the urban settlement. These green areas in
Ethiopian case, function as a forum for political demonstration, as a social space where
by the community performs its historic, religious and other socio–cultural activities
including sport tournaments, music festivals, and recreation and spiritual observances.
Even if the significance is unarguable, currently due to various factors, which this thesis
intends to address, their functionality as a green space is highly threatened.
In the city of Fenote-Selam which inhabits more than 48,000 people, there is no
development and well managed green areas. Even if they are presented in the
development plan of the city, their development on the ground is absent. For this the
values gained from green areas are vanished which affect the temperature of the city in
addition to its low land ness.
The populations of the city administration of both types (children, students, Youths, old
ages, women) have no places for recreation, meeting, resting, or out door learning for
practical sessions etc. The city also lacks the intrinsic benefits of green areas for
ecological, climatic and socio–cultural values. These make the city less competitive,
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unattractive, and non–livable and lack the coordinating capacity for creating sustainable
community at the city level.
When the city lacks green areas, its population lost it’s identify, lose its cultural ties
(social cohesion), develops social exclusion, and generally developed more of
individualism and private life. On the other side, cities with weak and less developed
green areas affect the ecosystem (lost its micro organisms and small animal species);
increased temperature (co2 concentration raised), flood and land slid are prominent. These
and other related problems degrade the tourist attraction and livability of the city.
Even if the Federal government and the Amhara National Regional State developed
environmental protection policy, different guidelines and proclamations with full
mandate and responsibilities, the policy and the guide lines gave more attention for rural
environment problems than urban environmental problems. There is, therefore, a gap of
awareness about the urban environmental problems between the federal and local
authorities on the development and management of environmental beneficiary areas like
urban green areas, which this thesis is, intends to address, in the specific urban centers.
1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. General objective The main objective of this paper is to analyze or assess the development and management
of green areas in Fenote-Selam city administration.
1.3.2. Specific objectives To identify the different approaches used for the development and management of
green areas in F/Selam city.
To identify the constraints for the development and management of green areas in
F/Selam
To investigate the factors of low level of awareness of the residents towards the
functions of green areas in F/Selam city.
1.3.3. Research Questions What approaches are followed by the local authority to develop and manage Green
Areas in the city administration of F/Selam?
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What constraints or hindrances are their in the city administration to develop and
manage the Green Areas?
What are the factors that brought the less awareness of the residents towards the
benefits or values of Green Areas in the city of F/Selam?
1.4. Significance of the study Any study emanates from a specific problem in a specific area. Therefore, after the
findings from the study, there has been some significance for that local area in the
specific problem. Then, the significance of this study is to:
Find the main factors that hinder the development and management of the green areas
in the study area.
Create awareness for the residents about the multifunctional values of green areas in
the city.
For the officials, it is useful for their budget and professional allocation for the
development and management of green areas.
It serves as background for further detailed studies in the future.
1.5. Scope of the Study The study is conducted in the city administration of F/Selam, in Amhara region.
Specifically the study focused in kebele 01 and 02 of the city where there is great
problem of recreational areas due to different factors. And also in these kebeles there are
some tendencies towards using green areas for other illegal purposes like residential and
commercial purposes on the expense of green areas. The study tries to address these
problems and create awareness on the residents of different groups and for the kebele
administrations towards the real values or benefits of green areas.
1.6. Description of the Study Area The study area is found in the North Western Ethiopia in Amhara National Regional
State. It is one of the 22 city administrations in the region. Its absolute location is found.
10o41 N latitude and
37o 16 E longitudes
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With a total population of 48, 883 (BoFED, 2008), out of this 23,434(48 %) are males
while25, 449 (52 %) are Females. Its average annual temperature is about 22oc and
annual rainfall is about 962mm. It is located at about 1900 meter above mean sea level.
Its total area covers 4248 hectares of land. The city administration has 5 Kebeles, from
which two are rural while three are urban kebeles.
The city’s topography is characterized by a sloppy nature of gradient from North to South
and the main road following the gradient is the watershed of the two rivers, situated east
and west boarder of the city.
The prominent economic activities are trade and service deliveries are the most
prominent, though there is little agricultural activities like milk and crop production at the
fringe of the city.
1.7. Limitations of the study
Even if budget and time constraints is the bottleneck of the study, lack of organized
secondary data and basic information from the officials and professionals take the lion
share of the constraints in the study. There is also lack of sufficient and detailed studies in
the area, which bring lack of literatures related to the field. These in turn bring
deficiencies of better concepts and theories about the problem under study. Therefore,
scholars in urban management and other stakeholders who are working in the
environmental issues should have to be wrote about the benefits and problems faced in
the field.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURES
2.1 DEFINITION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
2.1.1 Definition of Green Areas Different writers and users of green areas had defined green areas at different times but
they had common concepts in their definition i.e. their intrinsic values. Miller (1986; p:
73) defined urban Green Areas as “any large, medium or small sized area of land or
water in or near an urban area that can be used for recreational, aesthetical or
ecological functions”. While the URGE project (the research project under the 5th
framework programme of the European commission defined urban green spaces as:
“Urban green spaces are understood as public green spaces located in
urban areas mainly covered by vegetations (as opposed to other open
spaces) which are directly used for active or passive recreation or
indirectly used virtue of their positive influence on the urban environment,
accessible to citizens, serving the diverse needs of citizens and thus
enhancing the quality of life in cities or urban regions” (URGE- project
2002).
Therefore, both definitions described open areas, as areas that are set aside within the
city’s boundaries for recreational uses with unrestricted public access, such as parks,
playing fields, landscape buffers, and community paths. Therefore, these sites should be
planned and preserved for the intended purposes as a means of maintaining quality life in
urban centers. For this thesis the definition given by URGE is taken as a working
definition, because of its conduciveness for the creation of Sustainable Community. But
as Zeleke (2008) in his Master thesis, pointed out that by it self, it is not an end, but
demands effective management that protects and greens the areas to maintain their
intended objectives (Zeleke, 2008, p: 15).
The concept of sustainable community has been born for developing and managing
different aspects of green spaces with in a typical modern urban local authority.
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Sustainable community – as defined by Barker, is the community whose physical
design, appropriateness of landscape to amenity, forms of self correcting
governance and decision making, educational goals, ecological management,
shared values of citizenship, equity and fairness investment in the public
realm and civic institutions, protect the rights of future generations, to meet
their own needs for happiness, prosperity, and an enduring society (Barber,
2005, p: 6)
From the definition it is clear that the physical fabric of urban development, the park
system is the largest manifestation of public realm which enshrines the values of a civic
society, and the means by which the society learn to care for the natural world, cultural
expression, sociability, equality of access and community involvement are all encouraged
to flourish by well used and well cared for green spaces which leads to the “livability” of
cities.
2.1.2 History of Green Areas Problems of urbanization are currently being felt in developing cities in Asia and Africa.
These were also felt to some extent in cities in Europe and North America as they
urbanized and industrialized in the mid-19th century. 19th century urbanization and
industrialization in the west created conditions that were both exploitative and dangerous
to human life, with massive urban migration, high density, industrial pollution, human
waste, lack of open spaces, and commonly occurring out breaks of disease. This resulted
in the reduction of the life chances of the inhabitant. As Hunt in Johnson(2008)
indicated, cities of over 100,000 residents life expectancy at birth dropped from 35 years
in the 1820s to 29 in the 1830s (Hunt in Johnson,2008,p:2 )
Public spaces are formed by at least two different processes. Some have developed
naturally while others developed in a planned way. The natural system creates the public
spaces without deliberate planning through appropriation, by repeated use in a particular
way, or by the concentration of people because of an attraction. Each of these results in a
place that accommodates people for specific purposes and becomes, overtime, a site that
people rely on to meet, relax, protest, or market. For example the bustling Djemaa-el-Fra
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square in Marakech, Morocco, this public space was formed naturally and is used for a
traditional medival market place, outside the walls (Stephen, 1992: p.50-51).
The planned public spaces have different origins, although their function is more or less
similar with unplanned, they emerge frequently from the office of city planners,
architects and landscape planners and commissioned by public or private clients.
Open spaces are as old as the history of city development in the ancient times. Some form
of public market places can be traced back to the Mesopotamian cities of 2000 B.C, the
major precursors of latter–day public spaces occurred in the cities of ancient Greece and
Rome. As Mumfored, 1961 cited in Stephen indicated the acropolis, a fortified area
containing the temple precinct, served as the nucleus of Greek towns. But as civilization
developed, the agora – the secular market and meeting place–assumed increasing
prominence and functioned as for daily communications and formal assembly (Stephen,
1992; p: 52).
In addition to the market squares the great plazas of the renaissance, carefully planned
and formally designed, were a departure from the more organic, naturally evolving public
spaces of the middle Ages. Starting in Livorno, Italy, in the late 16thc main squares began
to be constructed as a unity, based on a fully symmetrical design (Girouard in Stephen,
1992; p: 55). Some of these grand central spaces like St. Peter’s Square in Rome, were
emblems of civic and religions pride, others, like the palace de la Concorde in Paris–are
arguably too large and lacking in connections to the surrounding city (Stephen, 1992,
p:55).
The major public spaces in European and American cities prior to the industrial
revolution were the centrally located squares. The public provision of sizable green
spaces and recreation areas was limited prior to the emergence of the parks movement in
the mid 1800s. The mass direct fore runners of the public park are probably the royal
gardens and grounds of France and England.
Starting in the late 1960s, new college compasses and other facilities were sometimes
designed with out large central spaces in which major demonstrations and assemblies
could occur. The notion that citizens can and should take control of open spaces becomes
a significant focus of community self–help movement of the 1970s. By the 1980s, the
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community gardening concept become more pervasive, and was even “mainstream” with
additional sites developed at hospitals, work places, schools, public parts and else where
(Francise in Stephen, 1992: p: 69). But it had one large challenge to the future to these
spaces in the tendency of municipal governments to view them as solely an interim use of
land.
Now at this time of great urbanization and urban environmental problems, the
development and management of green areas need a better understanding of the multi-
functional nature of them which could see their position rise up local political agendas
across urban authorities. Therefore, the promotion of a single multifunctional urban green
space or park system is not greatly undermined by the fragmented nature of the political
and managerial structures. The concept of “sustainable community” has been born for
developing and managing different aspects of green spaces with in a typical modern
urban local authority.
2.2. CONCEPTS OF GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT Urbanization is an increasing number of people in urban areas as opposed to rural areas
with a high population density high relative to the density of the surrounding area. If the
area inhabited by more people with much more buildings, there is high concentration of
CO2 and other socio–cultural deteriorations. Therefore, to alleviate these problems and
bring other direct and indirect benefits, development and management of green areas is
crucial. To do these, Ebenezer Howard in Miller (1996) promoted the concept of garden
cities in Great Britain late in the last century as a response to the excess of the Industrial
revolution. He proposed that new towns will be built for a population of 30,000 to 50,000
people, and that each town contain industry to support the local population. Those towns
to be surrounded by a greenbelt of undeveloped land in the ratio 5 hectares of greenbelt to
each hectare of city (Howard in Miller, 1996, p: 180)
As human are the producer, consumer, protector and manager of urban green areas, what
they think about green area and how they uses it, is important. Therefore, any discussion
of city planning and urban design, which does not address environmental issues, has a
little meaning at a time of increasing population pressures on a declining natural resource
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base, wide spread ecological destructions, increasing population, ozone layer depletion
and climate change (Moughtine, 2005, P:1)
From the time of indusial revolution, the thinking of garden city with relation to
population pressure and production of industrial waste up to the present sophisticated
direct and indirect benefits, development and management of green areas need high
quality and big investment both in the urban authorities and private participations. It is
not simply a question of leisure, but a question of perpetuating the life of healthy human
and endangers species of animals and plants. At this time of high rate of rapid
urbanization due to natural increase and rural–urban migration, the need of land for
housing legally and for squatering illegally need the day to day supervision and
protection of green areas. This also brings a need to committed manager and developer of
green areas.
2.2.1. Qualities of Successful Development and Management of Green Areas. Successful green areas have different qualities behind the attractiveness of the physical
existence. Among these qualities sustainability, connectivity and accessibility,
inclusiveness and biodiversity are the prominent (Stephen, 1992, p: 59 – 60).
Sustainability: green areas contribute towards making more attractive towns and cites;
provide venues for cultural events and the arts; raise land value; and provide safe routs;
ecologically they provide flood protection and sustainable drainage; creating micro–
climates; air filtration; shading, and enhancing biodiversity.
Connectivity and Accessibility: the network of spaces should be integrated with the
surrounding street pattern and access points placed at major junctions. Integrated, safe
and attractive routes should link with the net work of green areas and encourage people to
travel to work and school or to access local services on foot or by bicycle.
Inclusiveness: parks and green areas should provide a resource for a wide range of
people of both sexes and different ages and back grounds, green areas should be socially
inclusive and accommodate a varity of uses. All individuals should feel comfort and no
single group should dominate.
Biodiversity: providing a hierarchy of green areas should help to meet biodiversity
conservation objectives, as each space will offer different habitats for species. For
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example, flourish or die–if the level of management and intervention was related at some
time in the future.
2.3. URBAN GREEN AREAS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE The development, design, management and protection of urban green spaces are at the
top of the agenda of sustainability and livability; urban green areas play a key role in
improving the livability of our towns and cities. The quality and viability of cities largely
depend on the design, management and maintenance of green areas as well as open and
public paces in order to fulfill their role as an important social and visual focus. Urban
green spaces are not only an important component in housing areas, but also in business,
leisure and other commercial development.
The quality of green spaces helps to define identity of towns and cities, which can
enhance their attraction for living, working, investment and tourism. Therefore, they can
contribute positively to the competitiveness of cities.
2.3.1. Green Areas as Criteria for City Competitiveness. Quality of green spaces helps as criteria for cities competitiveness from the social,
planning, economic and ecological perspectives pointed out by Baycan(, 2002,p:2).
Social Perspective: particular type of green Area can offer a bigger diversity of land uses
and opportunities for a wide range of activities which help to foster active life styles and
can be of real benefit to health. Well managed and maintained green areas contribute to
social justice by creating opportunities for people of all ages to interact. Urban green
areas emphasize the diversity of urban areas by reflecting the different communities they
serve and meeting their varying needs. They enhance cultural life by providing venues for
festivals, civic celebrations and theatrical performance. Urban green areas provide safe
play areas for children contribute to children’s physical, mental and social development
and play an important role in the basic education of school children with regard to the
environment and nature.
Planning perspective: a network of high quality green areas linking residential areas
with business, retail and leisure developments can help to improve the accessibility and
attractiveness of local facilities and employment centers, well designed networks of green
areas help to encourage people to travel safely by foot or by bicycle for recreation or
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commuting. Further more, well–designed urban green areas provide a barrier to noise and
can function as a visual screen.
Economic perspective: a green area might deliver products such as wood or fruits and
also compost and energy as a result of urban green production. Their presence can create
an increase in the economic value of an area and provides new jobs. It adds value to the
surrounding property both commercial and residential, consequently increasing tax yield
to maintain public services. Green areas contribute in attracting tourists, encourage
employment and inward investment. Indirectly as Barber (2005) indicted increases
improvement to health from access to safe, attractive green areas has the potential to
lower waiting lists for medical care and to reduce lost of time for work.
Ecological perspective: urban green areas moderate the impact of human activities by,
for example, absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen, contribute to the maintenance of
a healthy urban environment by providing clean air, water and soil, improve the urban
climate and maintain the balance of the city’s natural urban environment. They preserve
the local natural and cultural heritage by providing habitats for a diversity of urban wild
life and conserve a diversity of urban resources.
2.3.2. Multi Functionality of Urban Green Areas. The term multifunctional needs to be applied to urban green areas as a managed entity if
it is to reflect the diversity of uses and meanings we attach to such provision. Public
accessible green areas have a variety of public uses. However, not all the managed
functions of green areas involve human activity, even where people are the ultimate
beneficiaries e.g. the management of rain water flows, many environmental benefits can
be realized before any person sets foot on the land.
Brant et.al in Barber (2005), tries to define the concept of multifunctionality, seeing an
integration of land uses with in a definable landscape (Brardt et.al in Barber, 2005, p: 15).
Such multifunctionaltiy makes is easier to unite ecological, aesthetic and socio–cultural
aspects of sustainability. Brandt suggests that:
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“There will be high demands on the landscapes of the future, which will have
to serve simultaneously the following functions: ecological (as an area for
living), economic (as an area for production), socio–cultural (as an area for
recreational and identification), historical (as an area for settlement and
identify), and aesthetic (as an area for experience).”
Urban parks and green areas are an essential part of the urban heritage and infrastructure,
being a strong element in the architectural and land escape character of towns and cities,
providing a sense of place and engendering civic pride. They are important for enabling
social interaction and to fostering community development. Public green areas help to
conserve natural systems, including carbon, water and other natural cycles, with in the
urban environment, supporting ecosystems and providing the contrast of living elements
in both designed landscapes and conserved wild life habitats with in urban environment.
Parks and green areas are supportive of social and economic objectives and are important
learning resources. In particular the provision of public parks helps to reduce the
inequalities, poor health and social exclusion in derived areas and reduces the inherent
tension between the many social and ethnic groups who form the wider community.
Providing for the recreational and leisure needs of a community assists their economic
revival of cities, increasing their attractiveness as a place for business investment, to live,
work and take leisure. Therefore, these values can be thought of as benefits, capable of
being optimized by good management. Many of the benefits are seen as attributes of
green areas as a whole but seen as a single entity, and delivering diverse benefits to a
single urban settlement, helps to secure their holistic management.
2.3.3. Management of Green Areas Green areas are a single entity with interrelated multifunctional values. This
multifunctionality character makes the management very complex. Because management
of green areas needs to be understand the whole benefits and characteristics of green
areas to maximize the values.
Therefore, management of green areas, defined by the multifunctionality behavior, need
to impress local politicians to help them to see green areas as a multi-faceted enterprise,
recognizing the link and interdependency of the strands. This may help to avoid any one
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strand gaining priority at the expense of others, particularly in competing for resources,
and in securing specialist management expertise across the functions, and encouraging a
unified and coherent management structure and system. Then, to do these
multifunctionality benefits of green areas, integrated management system is essential.
The best example of the integrated management system, which focused on the multi
purpose of green areas, is the ‘CLERE’ model of management.
2.3.4. The ‘CLERE’ model of management of green areas Understanding the nature of the green area system should come before devising any new
management system for its care. Therefore, understanding the multifunctional nature of
the green areas system is at least as important as understanding the typological diversity
of its physical form [Barber, 2005, p: 20). With this in mind, and taking in to account the
many different approaches to defining the multifunctional nature of urban green areas,
Barber proposed 5 distinct aspects of the management role. These are Community,
Landscape, Ecology, recreation, Economy (CLERE). In this model these aspects can be
expressed as 5 multifunctional strands:
As an agent for community development and education
As landscape to be conserved.
As an ecosystem providing urban service.
As a recreational resource for health and wellbeing.
As a contributor to the local economy.
Here the notion of culture is another which finds expression in several strands.
Landscapes are conserved for their sense of place and contribute to a sense of identity.
Public parks are managed in part, for the cultural activities they are able to host but the
urban park is also a hallmark of our culture, as in the collective enjoyment of such places
as part of the public realm (Barber, 2005, p:26).
For generalization, the following table summarizes the 5 distinct but inter–related
functions with the rational for choice, and a selection of typical management issues
associated with it.
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Table 2.1
The “CLERE” mode for multifunctional Green Areas
Function Rational Typical management issues
As an agent for
community
development
and education
- Local park and green areas help to strength the spirit of community a
money st resient propagation who share as an interest in their welfare.
Community involvement kings social benefits and, through an e
nujyemtn with local politics, helps to conserve the quality and
multifunctional use of the green area system. Children in particular, are
able to learn about the natural environment, and develop skills thorough
play.
- providing volumes for community events.
- creating opportunities for volunteers.
- Supporting families and inter – generational mixing.
- Crating partnerships with business and voluntary groups.
- Enabling alternate, sociable transport routes.
- As a focus or catalyst for participatory planning exercise.
As landscape
to be conserved
- Parks and green areas area cultural lands capes and oan integrated
part of the built form of urban settlements. Lands capes help to define a
sense of place, local character and identify. Whole city escapes are
celebrated and action is taken to conserve their quality. Natural features
with in the city are often conserved as landscape in their own right.
- conserving historic land serapes, wood lands and nature reserves.
- conserving views from and in to green land escapes.
- Maintaining structural elements such as true, lakes and path ways.
- using park and green landscapes as settings for cultural activity such
as out door theatrical and musical performances.
- using landscapes as an education resources through schools and
voutnre programmes.
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As an
ecosystem
providing
urban services.
- Green areas provide service to the urban environment through
sustaining natural process. This include delaying food water, moderating
urban temperatures and humidity, redacting air and water born
pollution and supporting wild life.
Their proximity for recreation and community activity helps to reduce air
pollution and energy consumption generated by motor traffic.
- supporting sustainable urban drainage system.
- Creating and managing wildlife habitats.
- promoting and recycling, environmental education.
- improving connectivity between green areas for walking and cycling.
- Planting for shade and wind – protection.
As a
recreational resource for
health and will
– being
- Recreation is the use of leisure tie mot refresh and regensate mind,
body and sprit.
- Green areas system enable a wide range of recreational activity for
urban dwellers, local and largely free to users. Parks and green areas
provide an ecape to tranquility and access to the heactign power of the
natural world with in the urban environment.
- staring events, promoting sports, encouraging healthy lifetimes
conserving traina quality, providing facilities such as changing rooms,
cafes and toilets.
- providing safe areas for children’s play. Reserving conflicts between
users.
As a
contributor to
the local
economy
- good quality green areas enhances properly prices, and the value of he
taxable urban asset base recreational use contributes to raising
productivity, saving on the cost of medical care and prompting domestic
and social harmony. Increasing community involvement and
programming diversionary activity can reduce crime. Green ares can
help to promote tourism and crate a favorable image of place to
encourage inward investment and improve recruitment and retention of
staff. It can help to nurture skills such as food production, horticulture
and nature conservation craft skills.
- Monitoring surrounding property values.
- contributing to tourism.
- promoting divesionaly youth activity schemes.
- running health and education programmes in partnership with social
employers and schools.
- Promoting and marketing recreational opportunities.
Crating opportunities for conservation and horticultural skills
development.
Source: Alan Barber, 2005; p: 21
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2.4. PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF GREEN AREAS Even if there are great and various benefits of urban green areas, both in developed and
developing countries, there are various problems for development and management it.
Great environmental problems emanate from urban areas (industries, transport, high
consumption of resource etc) than rural areas, where in the opposite direction reduction in
green areas (generally to maintain environmental problems) and other activities are seen
in urban areas. In many cases, the area changed from the overall recreational quality.
Nillson and Randrup in Zeleke (2008) indicated that in Mexico City, the green areas
share of the city is falling by 3.7 percent annually. Buildings often replace and reduce
green areas of the city. The common but very dangerous problems in cities that lost the
quantity and quality of green areas are illegal settlements on the green areas and other
open reserved public places. These problems are common especially in the fringes of
urban areas. In general, the problems can be grouped as planning problems, development
(investment) related problems, lack of awareness about benefits of green areas, and lack
of professionals in the field.
2.4.1. Planning Related Problems Here the planning problem implies that both the implementation and preparation
(participatory planning) process deficiency. In the implementation process, as Belachew
(2001) described the preparing and implementing body are different; therefore, they have
different perceptions about the green areas for urban society and environment Belachew
(2001, p: 22). In the planning process, most planning authorities including the Ethiopian
National Urban Planning Institutes (NUPI) and Regional Urban Planning Institutes
(RUPI) lack community participation. Barber (2005, p: 45) implied that out of 290
planning authorities 8, which is only 6 percent of the 290, in England had undertaken an
assessment of the needs of their community for the full range of outdoor facilities, only
one planning authority, which is 0.3 percent, said it had adopted a local standard for all
categories of green space.
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2.4.2. Development/Investment Related Problems Here there are greater conflicts between urban green areas and other land uses for
different purposes. One of these land uses which creates conflict with green areas is the
need for investment and development for business activities.
Freeman and Senior in Zeleke (2008) depicted that there were high arguments supporting
development at an expense of green spaces gave priority for economic development.
These and other related opinions affected the networks of green areas and under valued
their multifunctional benefits for sustainable community development (Zeleke, 2008, p:
18). In England out of 131 towns green areas found in 75 towns, were threatened by
development of various kinds. Public green areas with in urban areas had been lost to
encroaching development and too much of what is left has been neglected and poorly maintained
(Barber, 2005 p: 27).
2.4.3. Lack of Awareness Urban green areas have multifunctional benefits. Some of the benefits are direct uses of
green areas like for playing, seating or resting under the shade of the trees while other
benefits are intrinsic /indirect, which is the major benefits, not directly used the physical
state of the green areas. These intrinsic benefits include regulation of the urban
microclimate, creation of social cohesion between different groups of users and as an
identity for a specific city.
Even if green areas have irreplaceable values, both the community and local authorities
undervalued and put at the bottom of priorities to develop and manage it. Because of this
lack of awareness the community, prefer the green areas to use for other purposes like
grazing, dumping site for wastes, crop production, as a local market (open market). On
the other hand the local authority neglect and gave less attention and tried to change the
proposed land use for green areas to another land uses like residential, commercial and
for investment purposes.
Because of these and other related problems, urban environmental deterioration is
increasing and contributes for the global warming at global level.
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2.4.4. Lack of Skilled and Committed Professionals Green areas gave a multifunctional purpose to the realization of sustainable community.
Then its nature of multifunctional needs multidisciplinary professionals for development
and management. Therefore, local authorities need these specialists for their green areas.
But there are acute shortages of professionals and, even the professionals are present,
they are unwilling to work as a park and green area workers. For example, as CABE
space/The Commission for Architecture and Built Environments in England report in
2005/ indicated the principal obstacles in recruiting skilled and young staffs are feeling as
they are lower in status and no recognition by the society, poor career development
prospects and bureaucratic difficulties with recruitment procedures. Low pay in the
sector, particularly as entry level is also a contributory factor, at the managerial level,
there is a clear need identified for training in strategic thinking, vision and leadership
across the sector.
It is already apparent that some of the basic skills, needed to promote the
multifunctionality of the full range of green areas which make up a typical green areas
portfolio, are not present in many city administrations. Even when they are present, skills
like recreation programming, ecology and landscape management are poorly integrated
with the management cohort. The lack of special provision for graduate entry looks like
creating bigger problems for the future (Barber, 2005: P: 53). Therefore, today
environmental problems are a hot global issue of perpetuating species, a question of
living and save human life from climatic catastrophes. To this, the global population
launched a scenario towards achieving the objectives of Agenda 21, and implementing
locally the Local Agenda 21. However, local authorities are either unaware or involuntary
to do towards this scenario of reducing climatic and environmental problems; because
their priority for local environment in budgeting and recruiting professionals is very
limited, it is only for the matter of report.
2.5. GREEN AREAS IN ETHIOPIA
2.5.1. Early History of Green Areas in Ethiopia Development of urban green areas of Ethiopia was relating with the history of Addis
Ababa, which was established in 1886 by Emperor Minilik II. Accordingly, in the early
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development of Addis Ababa the king divided the location of the residences of his noble
men and gave land according to their respective positions. The chiefs in their turn
redistribute their land to their immediate followers and create several clusters of residents
known as “Safars” which means “Camp”. The common meeting places for these safars
were the “Ghibi” the current grand palace area, the church area and the Arada Market. As
Johnson in his PhD. thesis explained, the city’s evolution was that “an increase in
population and the coming and going of regional governors and other people, to pay
homage to the king promoted the development of commercial services around the Ghibbi
and it made the Ghibbi an important place of public meeting and gathering. The services
of commercial activities make Arada the most popular fabric of the city with its scene of
varied life of the people” (Johnson, 1976: P: 87)
The Arada area can, therefore, be considered as the first city’s open public spaces of
Addis Ababa. It is unarguable that these open public spaces played a fundamental role in
the early development of Addis Ababa even if their quality was poor and characterized by
spontaneous grow and fragmented due to the early tradition between individuals that
influence the land occupation and location of houses, absence of the tradition of city
building, gave more emphasis for domestic life than public life.
In general, during the early development of Addis Ababa up to the development of the
master plan of the city during the Italian occupation, these open public places served as a
place for social gathering, rest, ceremonial gathering and even for recreational purposes.
2.5.2. The Present Situation of Green Areas of Ethiopia Smart growth and development of urban centers demanded the collaboration of public,
private and non-profit sectors on growth and development to achieve holistic advantages
of the town (Thorns in Zeleke, 2008, p: 24). This means that management of urban green
areas is essential for realizing smart urban growth.
The Ethiopian urban development policy/EUDP of 2005, emphasized that there should be
effective urban environmental management while undertaking economic activities. The
urban administrations, government and the people should give proper attention to
environmental protection to avoid continuous suffocation and pollution followed with the
expansion of cities (EUDP. 2005: P: 37). It also emphasized for the delineation of green
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areas with in the framework of the urban plan, at the town and kebele level and
considering environmental protection issues in the over all urban development activities.
(EUDP, 2005, P: 38). In addition to the policy, as Zeleke added, the decentralization
administrative process has enhanced urban administration to be effective in managing
urban based local development (Zelke, 2008, p: 24). There should be integration between
different stakeholders to play role of problems solving (PASDEP, 2006).
Ethiopia, besides signing and ratifying international conventions and protocols related
with environmental problems, it also adopted environmental managing instruments in its
constitution and other related proclamations at home/domestic level. The 1995
constitution of Ethiopia gave emphasis for citizen’s environmental rights in Article 44
and for environmental objectives in Article 92 (Constitution of 1995). Therefore, to
realize this Proclamation No. 9/95 established the Ethiopian environmental protection
Authority (EPA) in 1995 with mandates and responsibilities.
Following the establishment of EPA, the Ethiopian environmental policy was developed
and enacted in 1997 and gave somehow little attention for planning and development of
green areas in urban settlements. Again, the Amhara Nationa Regiona State/ANRS
established the land use, administration, and environmental protection authority in 2005
and on the same year established the beurou for works and urban development with its
full mandate and responsibility at the regional level.
2.6. PROBLEMS OF GREEN AREAS DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA
2.6.1. Environmental problems in Ethiopia. The constitution of Ethiopia (1995) provided the principle of “environmental rights” and
declared in article 44, sub–article 1 that “all persons have the right to a clean and healthy
environment”. In line with this constitutional principle, the Federal government legally
established the environmental protection authority to advise the government, create
awareness at all levels, and coordinate and regulate environmental activities in Ethiopia.
Even if the above-indicated initiatives promoted and guaranteed the well-being of the
environment, Ethiopia has significant backlogs of environmental challenges to tackle and
many new problems to combat. Environmental problems that have been witnessed over
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the years in Ethiopia could be related to both rural and urban settings. Urban Ethiopia,
because of the increased influx of migrant population from rural areas in search of
livelihood, is mainly affected by sanitation and waste management problems.
As the national and international environmental problems intensified, the world
population started to take measures towards sustainable environment since the Stockholm
conference of 1972 and following this the Rio-summit of 1992, ushered a new era of
global fusion between development and environment in the concept of sustainable
development.
2.6.1.1. Unplanned Urbanization Process and Related Problems The immediate Zones of urban centers are the ones which would face problems from the
expansion of cities. It is usually thought that the problem of urban fringes will involve the
growth of urban land uses, the problem of urban amenities, and the problem of
administration (Ramchandaran in Tegegne, 1999).
It is quite true that with increasing expansion of urban centers, fringe lands will be
converted to urban land use such land uses tend to be haphazard and unpleasant. Most
slums are located in such urban fringes. There are also, no adequate infrastructures and
amenities in these areas (Tegegne, 1999, P: 97)
The major or core problems of urban environmental problems of Ethiopia emanates from
the history of urbanization processes. The Ethiopian urban growth like in the other
developing nations had not resulted from agricultural and industrial development but
rather mainly from administrative and commercial functions: and the rural “Push” with
out the associated economic development. Rapid population growth due to the natural
increase and influx of rural population has important implications on the overall
situations; it brings faller to provide the necessary urban amenities. As a result, this
situation has created enormous urban crises of which perhaps housing shortage is quite
visible (Tegegne, 1999, P: 155).
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Table 2.2 Population and housing situation of Addis Ababa
Year Population Housing Unit Persons/housing unit
1967 683,530 150,338 4.5
1976 1,097,280 213,386 5.1
1978 1,167,315 221,395 5.3
1984 1,423,111 259,555 5.5
1994 2,112,737 374,742 5.7
Source: Tegegne Glegziabheu, 1999, P: 155.
From the table above, we can conclude that with increasing population there was no
accelerated housing unit construction which may result squatters and slums this in turn
resulted the lose of environmental and recreational sites for residential purposes and
intensifies the carrying capacity of individual rooms and in turn bring indoor
environmental hazards.
2.6.1.2. Poverty and Urbanization For the provision of infrastructure and services, either there must be a correlation
between population numbers or capacity of infrastructure provision or the number of
population must be control its alarming rate/expulsion. However, cities like Ethiopian
cities, which are characterizing by the city of poverty, several infrastructures and
amenities provision is seeing as a luxury than as function for basic needs. Therefore,
cities in Ethiopia are characterizing by:
Rapid population growth or Population explosion
Un planned land uses
Low awareness about urban life or essence of urbanization is very weak
Deteriorated environmental infrastructure
Inhabiting by poor people.
Most urban development is not guided by urban land use plans. The unidirectional of the
urban expansion, following roads and investment areas, is also a problem of plan
implementation for the intended purposes. In Ethiopia, only 25 percent of the cities have
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development plan (Solomon, 2007, P: 10). This situation aggravates the environmental
problems, lack of infrastructure and lack of service expansion. In Addis Ababa master
plan for example, 22,000 ha. is reserved for urban forests, from this only 6,028 ha. is
covered with eucalypts trees.
Green areas are proposed not in all land use plans (classifications), but they are planned
or proposed only in residential, indusial and around riverbanks of the city (Solomon,
2007, p: 10). This situation implies that even in planning institutions and planners, the
values of green areas are not considering as a basic need or lung of the city. The
accessibility and connectivity of the green areas are not in the essence of urbanization of
most Ethiopian cities and towns.
To generalize, lack of proper urban development policy, environmental protection policy,
urban environmental education in higher educations, priorities given for getting residence
than quality of residence before 10 years are the main and critical urban problems in
Ethiopia. Therefore, old cites as Addis Ababa has a backlog of environmental problems,
while the newly emerged ones has a challenge of ignorance and lack of awareness for
green areas.
2.6.1.3. Financial Problems Green areas need high investment for developing and managing them. Even if, budget
constraint is common in all sectors but urban environmental activities have primary
locked by this issue in Ethiopia. As Derese (2008) in his paper entitled “A Tragedy of
the Urban Commons” explained, there had no adequate budget and the requested skilled
professionals for planning and enforcing the authority for the development and
beautification of parks in Addis Ababa. Because of that, it is now out sourcing the parks
management for private entrepreneurs. For examples, the monthly water and electricity
bill of the Africa Park (found on the way from Grand Palace to Meskel Square) is now
between 35,000- 40,000 birr. The annual expense of maintaining the park has, therefore,
become more than the annual budget of the agency itself (Derese, 2008, p: 10). The cost
of redevelopment of the Africa Park was spent more than 40,000,000 birr by Midroc
Ethiopia international PLC. in 2004. In times of fiscal constraints, as Ann Forsyth (2003:
p: 11) budgets for green area maintenance are often one of the first things to be cut.
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Therefore, budget for development and maintenance of green areas is a key factor in spite
of their multi functional benefits for city environment in particular and its contribution to
divert the current problems related to global warming.
2.6.2. National Initiatives towards Sustainable Environment Different cross–sectoral and sectoral polices were prepared following the fall of Derg
(1991). These policies worth considering and relate the environment with other major
development issues. The Economic Policy, Social policy, Population policy, Health
policy, Education and training policy, Women policy, Energy policy and other related
development initiatives policies tried to connect their target with the worth of the
environment. But movement towards sustainable development not only requires national
commitment but also favorable economic and socio–cultural commitment for
implementation towards the setting goals in the policy.
The Agricultural Led Industrialization and Rural Centered Development (ADLI), giving
more emphasis for improving the living standards of the rural majority (84%) of the total
population of Ethiopia. This policy is the core for other policies. Therefore, the
environment and urban development policies emanate from this general direction of
reducing poverty and bring development in the rural area finally the urban population
will satisfy from these rural based developments as a center of industries and markets as
well as sources of labor for these industries. Even if, the direction is vital, it was not gave
attention for the development of green areas in the urban settlements for their direct and
indirect intrinsic values (Tegegne, 1999, p: 77).
The urban development policy and, strategy since 2005 had an effective start for guiding
cities with development plan for newly emerged cities like Bahir Dar,Hawassa, Adama;
and redevelopment projects of the central parts of old cities like Addis Ababa, Gondar,
Diredawa and Harar are the promising activities for the creation and expansion as well as
well development of green areas in these cities, Example, Diaspora Square in
Megenagna, the Nations Nationalities Square of Gutera in Addis Ababa are results of
redevelopment of the city centre.
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26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design Following the selection and approval of the topic, relevant and appropriate literatures
were collected, assessed, and reviewed critically. After the revision of the literature,
necessary and relevant data were collected using different techniques of data collection.
For this Thesis, questionnaire for 120 residents who are living near and around the green
areas, interviews with 20 officials, and focused group discussion with 8 former municipal
officials and residents who are living more than 45 years in the city of Fenote-Selam were
used. The data were tabulated, analyzed and presented using tables and pie charts. Based
on the results obtained in the discussion general summary and conclusions were forward.
Finally, useful recommendations were given for the city administration towards reducing
the existing problems.
3.2. Data Types and Sources Here, both the primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected
through questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions as discussed in part 3.1
above. Data from the residents who lived near and around the proposed green areas were
collected through structured questionnaires while the information from the municipal
officials using interview and from the former municipal officials collected through focus
group discussions.
The secondary data were collected from different documents like books, journals,
previous researches, reports, websites and plans. The types of collected data were both
qualitative and quantitative. More of the information was qualitative because of the nature
of the information needed for analysis.
The data were collected from different sources using questionnaire, interview and focus
group discussions. In the questionnaire, 120 respondents from households were
interviewed 20 current officials and 8 former officials were interviewed. Below is a table
shows the type of respondents and information obtained.
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Table 3.1 Types and numbers of respondents in the data collection
No Types of respondents Data collection tools Total
% Quest Interview Focu group
discussion 1 Households 120 - - 120 81 2 Municipal officials - 20 - 20 14 3 Former officials and
residents - - 8 8 5
4 Total 120 20 8 148 100 percentage 81 14 5 100
Source:- Field Survey, April, 2009
From the table above 86 % of the respondents were households, while 14 % were
officials. On the other hand, 86 % of the information was collected through questionnaire
and 14 % through interview
3.3. Sampling Technique To get relevant and correct information, respondents should be selected using appropriate
technique for their fair representation and for generalization after the study was
completed. For this reason, the research used a purposive sampling technique of
households who are living near and around the proposed green areas, and for those whose
home is presented within the proposed green areas in kebele 01 and 02 because of the
existing development planning problem which were prepared and implemented since
1996. The target population of the study was that households which are situated around
the 12 green areas designed by the plan in kebele 01 and 02. From each green area 10
households were taken as a sample for the study. Therefore, from the 12 green areas 120
households were taken. The total households surrounding the green areas were the
sampling frame of the study. The development plan of the city design 12 green areas each
covers 4800 m2,i.e. 80m by 60m of dimensions.
3.4 Data Collection Method The research collect data from residents using enumerators recruited by the researcher
through questionnaires while from municipal officials were interviewed by the researcher
himself. The focus group discussions were done by the writer with two facilitators who
had experiences in the administration and presentation of public meetings in the city
administration
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3.5 Data Analysis The Data were presented and analyzed against the main variables which were presented
in the specific objectives and research questions. The analysis used simple statistical tools
like tables, percentages, and frequencies. The analysis applied both qualitative and
quantitative methods based on the data type obtained from the questionnaires. The data
analysis and presentation used excel computer programme and simple calculations for
tabulation and charts.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter analyses and presents the data from the field survey. The analysis and
presentation is based on the research objectives and questions with a general socio-
economic characteristic of respondents.
4.2. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS The Socio-economic characteristics of respondents had a direct relationship with the
development and management of green areas in a given city. Because of this, it is
necessary to discuss these variables which include age, sex, income level, and education
and migration level of residents.
4.2.1. Age Group Different age groups had different implications for green area development and
management of the city. Well developed and managed green areas contribute more to the
psychological, social and cultural developments of children. This is also useful for
practical teaching and learning processes of students and for development of interactive
life among age mates. For adults, green areas create conducive atmosphere for socio-
cultural development and social cohesion and for celebration of different ceremonies. For
the aged, it provides a place for leisure, rest and information exchange among each other
from different sources like magazines, journals and news papers.
Table 4.1. Age Structure of Respondents
No Age group No of respondents percentage Remark
1 <30 years 25 17
2 30-45 60 41
3 46-60 55 37
4 >60 8 5
Total 148 100
Source; Field Survey, April 2009
From the table, one can understand that green area development is vital for all age groups
or residents, i.e. for children and youths who account for 17% of the respondents. It helps
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in mental and social development and practical education about the environment and
nature. For adults who account for 78 % of respondents it creates fertile ground for
different socio-cultural cohesion and ceremony, and for aged people who account for 5 %
it is used as restful place and for leisure activities and also information exchange.
4.2.2. Sex Distribution Sex distribution of respondents had a different interpretation in relation with green areas
in a given area. Women had access to use the green areas for intended values if it is well
developed, because mothers are the first person from the family to care for their children
and observe what it need from the green areas. On the contrary, they have access to use
for illegal activities because it is near the open spaces for dumping solid wastes. If the
level of awareness of women is increased in the use of green areas for intended values, it
will help improve the management. Therefore, the sex distribution of respondents affect
the intention of using green areas especially for those women who are not educated and
had low awareness of green areas, or had an intention of using green areas for dumping
solid waste and grazing. Below is the sex distribution of the respondents.
, 0%
84, 57%
64, 43% Sex Male Femal
Fig 1. Pie chart Show sex distribution of respondents
4.2.3. Income Level of Respondents Income of individuals and city as an entity affect directly the development and quality of
green areas. As income of individuals’ increases, then the tendency of using green areas
for dumping solid waste and other illegal activities decreases due to their ability to raise
funds to develope and maintain the park and willingness of people to use them. But as
shown in the table below the income level of the respondents is not more than 2,000 birr
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per month. This implies that currently the park will not be patronized if user fees are
changed for usage.
Table4.2. Income level of respondents per month
No Income Interval in birr No. of respondents percentage Remark
1 <1,000 43 29
2 1,000 – 2,000 67 45
3 > 2 , 000 38 26
Total 148 100
Source:- Field Survey, April 2009
From the table, more than 74 percent of the respondents earn less than 2000.00 birr per
month which is not sufficient to fulfill their basic needs.
4.2.4. Level of Education of Respondents Here education level and the attitude or awareness of green areas development and
management had a direct relation. If the level of education is high then the awareness
about the values or benefits of green areas will be high, which in turn lead to increased
contribution for development and management of green areas. For an illiterate society,
green area means nothing except simple open spaces for solid waste storage or for ‘edir’
and cemetery purposes, while for literate and modern society green areas is a means for
leisure and recreation. Therefore, education is one instrument necessary for the creation
and development of green areas in cities.
Table 4.3 Level of education of respondents
No of Respond
Level of education Total Read & write 12th C 12 +2 12+4 and
above Respondents 12 64 56 16 148
percentage 8 43 38 11 100
Source:- Field Survey April 2009
From the table above, more than 91 percent of the respondents had no bachelor degree
which had direct impact on awareness and understanding of the values of green areas.
From the table above, 8 percent of the respondents can read and write, 43 percent had
completed 12th grade, 38 percent hold diploma and 11 percent holds bachelor degree and
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above. This shows that the town has quite a literate community, whose awareness level on
green areas has to be raised.
4.3. GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
4.3.1. APPROACHES USED FOR GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Any development is not a result of one party effort but is a result of integrated effort of
actors or citizens. The integrated effort of government, non-governmental and community
based organizations can help ensure achievements of a goal set to address a particular
problem. The same is true for green areas development, management and maintenance in
the city. In Fenote-Selam city, though negligible, there are some trials here and there
carried by different actors both government institutions, individuals and community
organizations for the protection of the environment. The actions of different stakeholders
for protecting green areas in the city are discussed in the following sub-headings.
4.3.1.1. Green Areas Developed by Government Institutions Although, the master plan has not grouped as green areas, institutions had developed
green spaces in their compound. For example Fenote-Selam Hospital, Damot Higher
Education Preparatory School, Jabi-Agriculture and Rural Development Office and
Community Skills Training Centre/CSTC have developed and protected their green
compound. On the other hand, Demote High School, Backel Primary Full Cycle School,
Fenote-Selam Primary Full Cycle School and office of the city administration had not
taken this initiative of green area development, although they had access to water, labor
and sufficient and fertile land in their compound. Below is size of plots used by the above
mentioned institutions for green area development.
Table 4.4 Total areas used for green areas by the institutions in hectares
No Gov’t institutions Total area
Area covered by green areas Percentage
1 Jabi agricultural & rural dev. office
3.2 0.4 13
2 Deamote Preparatory school 4.1 0.72 18 3 Fenote selam hospital 3.6 0.79 22 4 Community skills training center 2.9 2.4 83 Total 13.8 4.31 31
Source: Computed from the Master Plan and Field Survey, April, 2009
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4.3.1.1.1. Green Space of Jabi Agriculture and Rural Development Office Jabi agriculture and rural development office is not administered by Fenot_Selam city
administration, but its head quarter is situated in the city. It had developed a mini-forest in
its compound using endigenous tree seedlings and has recruited one contract guard for
keeping and maintaining the trees. The total area of the office compound covers 3.2
hectares and from this, the green space 0.4 hectors is used for tree plantation. The head of
the land use and environmental protection team explained that, the development will
continue by preparing seedlings in its nursery site for the office and for other stakeholders
who are contributing to environmental protection and rehabilitation.
4.3.1.1.2. Damot Higher Education Preparatory School Green Space Out of 8 Schools in the city, the preparatory school had developed and managed very well
greenery in the school compound. The director of the school, Ato Yiheyis Ferede, during
the focus group discussion said that, the school had an experience in keeping and
managing the forest since the last 25 years, when it was started, until 1996 when it was
taken over by the department of agriculture. After 1996, when the new curriculum was
designed and agriculture was canceled from the school curriculum, biology and
geography departments took the initiative for the management and maintenance of the
green spaces until 2002. But when the curriculum was revised again due to the change in
policy and the status of the School was upgraded into preparatory level, the initiative was
taken over by the environmental protection and rehabilitation club. Since then the club
manages and maintains the green areas and uses it for practical education, environmental
protection and ecological values, as well as, generate income from selling edible fruits
from that forest.
The green area and the forest with different species cover 0.72 hectares of total 4.1 of the
school compound, which is 8 percent of the school compound
4.3.1.1.3. Green Areas of Fenote–Selam Hospital Fenote-Selam hospital had developed a forest of indigenous tree species all over the
compound. This green compound is different from the above two institutions in its area of
coverage. Here, the trees were planted over the whole compound in rows and under the
trees different flowers and grasses were planted and managed for recreation of patients.
According to the manger of the hospital, there are two contract employee gardeners who
are responsible for planting, weeding, watering and ensuring the overall management and
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care of the plants. This space he said is mainly used for, psychological treatment for those
who took a medical treatment for long time in the hospital. The hospital covers 3.6
hectares of land, and the developed and fenced green parts of the compound covers about
0.79 hectares, which is 19 percent of the total area of the hospital.
4.3.1.1.4. Green Areas of the Community Skill Training Center/CSTC The community skills training center, which is situated at the right bank of Lah River,
provides better opportunity for irrigation. The center has developed very dense forest of
local species in its compound, using the river water for irrigation. Inside the plantation,
there are different structures which were constructed and are used by trainers during their
practical training sessions; but now the center is used by micro and small scale enterprises
for skill development, recreation and production center. This plantation has promoted
ecological and environmental values in addition to the above purposes. It protects the area
from run-off, high wind and dust raised from the surrounding bare grounds. There are
different species of small animals and plants on the river side where there is no frequent
human visit because of the dense nature of the plantation near the river. The area creates
opportunities for income earning from the sale of edible fruit and coffee for the center. At
the time of field observation, there were many fruits which were ripe and ready for sale.
The total area of the centre covers about 2.9 hectares while 2.4 are covered with
plantations; the remaining 0.5 hectares are different structures like roads and footpaths
with training halls and offices. There are also workshops for metal, wood, and sculptures.
4.3.1.2 Green Areas Developed by Private Individuals Under this group; there are two types of individuals engaged in development and
management practices of green areas in Fenote-Selam. These are;
Those who had got permission for development in the river banks of Lah and
Arara rivers, and
Those who had planted trees in their living compound for different purposes
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4.3.1.2.1 Developed by Permission from the Municipality The topography of the city is sloppy in nature, with a high gradient which increases run
off into the two rivers. To reduce the effect of the run off and contribute to environmental
protection, many individuals had an interest of developing their own private green areas
along the banks of Lah and Arara rivers. But, even if their proposal was for
environmental protection and management, practically they planted eucalyptus trees for
marketing, which had high commercial value in the area and adverse effects for the
surrounding environment. Ato Melkamu, head of administration office, said that, due to
lack of monitoring and controlling of the project proposals, the individuals continue
planting eucalyptus and aggravate the environmental degradation process to get money at
the expense of the environment. He added that, more than 5 individuals took the
permission, but neither of them developed according to their project objectives.
4.3.1.2.2. Development With in the Compound of Individuals Under this topic we talked about each and every individual planted a tree in their
compound. Individuals in the city had a practice of planting and developing tree species
in their compound due to:
Availability of seedlings from agriculture office,
High temperature of the area, and
For making money from the edible fruits collected from the trees by selling them.
The 120 respondents interviewed, replied that they had planted trees in their compound
for the purposes explained above. This practice has promoted a well protected and
preserved green areas for environmental balance, ecological benefits and also ensured
income generation from the sold fruits. Although, the trees were planted for economic
and shade purpose, they indirectly gave the benefits gained from well developed and
managed green areas.
4.3.1.3 Green Areas Developed by Birsheleko Military Training School Birsheleko military training school is one of the largest military training institutions of
Ethiopia which is located south west of Fenote Selam, at a distance of almost 30kms. This
institution had a strong socio-economic relation with the city administration of Fenate
Selam. Because of this strong cohesion and millennium ceremony in 2007, the institution
got land for planting and developing its own park for the commemoration of the
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Ethiopian millennium. Although, the park is at an infant stage, the management and care
taking for it is very good. It is located at the top hill of the city in the north which was
susceptible to high run-off and landslide. In addition to its park value, it has contributed
to natural resource management and conservation as it serves as a terrace on the hillside.
It has great potential for recreation and research activities, because it is near to the
Teachers College of Fenote Selam and also adjacent to Fenote Selam Technical and
Vocational School in the west of the park. The General Manager of the city indicated that
the total area of the park is 1.9 hectares. The Manager added that, there is one guard and
gardener for the management of the park hired by the institution on a contract basis.
According to the Deputy Mayor, the military school will transfer the park for the city
administration after the park is well developed and ready to provide services to the
general public.
4.3.1.4 Green Areas Developed by the Municipal aouthority Although the development and management of green areas is the responsibility of the
municipal aouthority, none of the green areas proposed on the master plan were
developed, except the main square of the city circled for the statue of Emperor Haile
Sellassie II. The square covers an area of 1256m2 with a radius of 20m from the centre to
the edge of the main asphalt road.
In addition to the main square, the municipality had maintained and managed a road side
green area, which was transferred from one individual whose name is Ato Anteneh
Mehari 10 years ago who was member of the former municipal council. These road side
trees stretch from the main square to the northern edge of Fenote Selam Primary Full
Cycle School which is 980m in length. During the discussion with Ato Anteneh, he said
that if each and every individual took the initiative in development, management and
maintenance of green areas, it would be possible to keep the city as competitive as
possible, like the near by cities of Bahir Dar and Debre Markos. He added in the
discussion that environmental education and awareness raising workshops must be
delivered to all citizens of the city.
4.3.2. HINDERANCES TO GREEN AREA DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT Different development approaches used by the city administration discussed above in part
4.3.1.of this chapter. But the above green areas resulted and developed by the good will
of institutions which developed them in their compound; that is there is no plan and
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budget at the city level for the sector’s development of green areas because of different
problems. Therefore, the following are some of the problems discussed;
Table4.5. Perceptions of respondents on constraints and their rank
in seriousness
Rank Constraints NO respondents
% Remark
1 Lack of awareness 143 97
2 Low level of community participation 132 89
3 Lack of finance/budget 128 83
4 Lack of professionals 123 83
5 Effect of former urban policy 69 47
6 Problems of the existing plan 42 28
7 Lack of coordination between community and municipality.
29 20
8 Lack of controlling and monitoring the private developers
23 16
Source: Field Survey, April 2009
Therefore, according to the responses from the table; lack of awareness, low level of the
community participation with municipality in green areas development and management,
lack of finance, effects of the former policy in urban development and the problems
related with the existing development plan are the major ones. These problems are
discussed briefly in the next sub titles.
4.3.2.1 Lack of Awareness Green areas have different values, both direct and indirect values. Among the values of
green areas:
For recreation and leisure of both users;
For economic benefits through job opportunities;
For environmental benefits: temperature regulation, wind direction and speed
diversions etc;
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For ecological values: if green areas are presented well they used as a habitat for
biotic & abiotic organisms and create an eco- system;
For socio-cultural cohesion: green areas had a power of attraction as a center of
meeting for different age, culture and sex groups and helps to integrate and
discuss about their localities, politics, religion, economy etc;
For practical education of students about nature, environment, flora and fauna and
about their interaction and relationships.
In spite of the listed and other related values, the community, civil servants, the officials
and even professionals are not aware of these values or simply ignored them. Because of
this low awareness, the community has the habit of using green areas (spaces) for illegal
purposes like for dumping of solid wastes, grazing, crop production, storing and selling
construction materials. As some respondents said during the interview, the awareness
problem is not only for the people but is also an issue among officials. The municipal
authority plants seedlings at the beginning of each summer, but none of the seedlings had
developed well because they are not taken care of and maintained regularly. The city
administration should provide environmental education and discuss clearly the values of
green spaces to the general public. The respondents also pointed out that, they want to use
the green areas for:
Edir purposes ;
Dumping solid wastes;
Storing and selling construction materials;
Grazing and crop production rather than the unknown and invisible benefits of
green areas.
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Table 4.6. Respondents’ preference for using green areas
No Choices of respondents to use green areas
Number of responds % Remark
1 For edir & burial ceremony 123 83
2 Dumping solid wastes 145 98
3 Storing & selling for construction materials
80 54
4 Grazing 68 46 5 Crop production 25 17
Source: Field Survey, April, 2009
From the responses given in table 4.6 above, one can infer that the awareness of the
people about the real and intrinsic benefits is very poor. The non-use of green areas for
social gathering or other good purposes lead to weak cultural cohesion and loss of the
eco-system and aggravate environmental degradations. This loss of socio-cultural
cohesion brings about total loss of the culture of the society due to lack of transitivity
from generation to generation and also create new unwanted (bad) habits in the society
like chewing chat and addiction to other alcoholic drinks.
4.3.2.2 Effects of the Former Policy The city of Fenote Selam was found in 1946, during the imperial period of Haile
Sellassie, without any development plan to serve as a center of grain and animal market
for Debre Markose city and Addis Ababa. In addition, it served as the administrative
center for the then Kolla Dega Damote Awaraja. During this time, the city expanded
rapidly without any urban development plan. Until 1988 the city had no development
plan. This resulted in most of today’s villages not having green areas and other social
facilities for the wellbeing of the people. The Manager of the city noted that, the central
part of the city is characterized by locked and stunted houses without any open spaces,
which covered a total area of almost 4.95 km2.
The 1996 revised plan tried to solve the problem by assigning green areas in these
suffocated villages, but the area assigned for green areas had already been occupied by
houses built before the preparation of the plan. This revised plan, as the explanation of
General Manager, bring a new problem of social and economic disorder due to relocation
from their villages and this destroys their existing social bond among the people.
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The revised plan of the city had assigned sufficient and accessible green areas on the
physical plan before the land was redistributed for those who need or are waiting for land
for construction of their home. Now, the availability and accessibility for open spaces for
each household is secured regardless of the development and management of them which
are neglected.
4.3.2.3. Lack of Qualified officials and Professionals City that is livable, neat, suitable and attractive for residents, guests and tourists, increases
its competitiveness. This attractiveness and competitiveness results from qualified and
committed officials, as well as professionals who work day and night for achieving the
goals of making the city more competitive and attractive.
The nature of green areas is multifunctional which requires multidisciplinary
professionals for well development and management. Without qualified and committed
professionals, better awareness, and sufficient budget or modern and best plan cannot be
achieved. Therefore, professionals are irreplaceable for green areas development.
4.3.2.3.1 Professionals: The municipality of Fenote Selam human resource structure had 21 positions for
Sanitation, Beautification, and Parks Development/SBPD team. Among the 21 positions 5
are occupied while 16 are vacant. The occupied 5 positions are not occupied by
professionals rather they are supportive staffs and contract term employee. This occupied
24 % positions, do not even have the necessary qualification, to undertake the
responsibility of developing green areas for more than 48,000 populations of the city.
From table 4.7 below, out of the 21 positions for sanitation, beautification and parks
development, only 5 positions are occupied. These 5 workers are not qualified enough for
green areas development.
This is not the only problem in terms of professionals but also the structure itself is faulty,
because the proposed professions were social sciences (mainly management and
economics) bachelor holders, while green area development requires engineering and
other urban planning and plant science professions. Therefore, from the given information
and structure of the human resource there is an acute professional shortage for the green
area sector.
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Table 4.7 Human Resource capacity for SBPD team of the city
No Proposed positions Qual. Amount
Occupied
Vacant
Remark
1 Manager 12+4 1 - 1
2 Team leader BA+ 1 - 1
3 Assistant team leader 12+2 1 - 1
4 Community need assessment and planning expert
12+4 1 1 -
5 SBPD orientation and monitoring expert
12+2 1 1 -
6 Training material production expert
12+4 1 1 -
7 Supply and maintenance junior expert
12+2 1 1 -
8 Monitoring and supporting the reuse of solid wastes
12th. 1 - 1
9 Guards 4th. C 8 1 7
10 Drainage works 4th C 5 - 5
Total 21 5 16
Source: Mayor’s Office of the city administration.
The other problems of the structure or positions are focused more on solid waste
department than greening and protecting the area. Even the employee in the department,
who work on the horse driven carts to pick solid wastes, used green areas for storing the
collected solid wastes until they take off and dump in the sites. Thus, the employee of the
municipal authority themselves are not aware about the values and benefits of green areas
as was observed during the field observation.
4.3.2.3.2 Officials/ Head of offices As of any city administration, Fenote Selam city administration had its own officials or
political leaders of the city, who have responsibilities and mandates of guiding the
population into better life and help them out of poverty. From the officials 15 had a
background of education while 4 are graduated with BA in business streams, only 3 of the
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officials had had Urban Management Masters degree. From these mixtures of
qualifications none of them had a background of urban planning or engineering. This
hinders the achievement of the goals of a city, needed to make more attractive and
competitive.
16 officials out of 20, who were participating in the interview, said that they knew about
the open spaces intended for green areas but none of them had know-how about the
values of green areas and also they didn’t know about the budget and professional
shortage for green areas development and care. The reason for these problems, as pointed
out by the Deputy Mayor, are high attrition rate of officials and lack of well trained
professionals who could play a great role in awareness creation for the people and the
civil servants.
Table 4.8 Qualifications and subject area of city officials
No Qualification Subject area No of response by officials % Remark
1 BA/BSc Education 10 45 2 BA Social Science 4 18 3
management 1 accounting
3 MA Urban management 3 14 4 12+2 Education 5 23
Total 22 100
Source: Capacity Building office of the city, April, 2009
The table above depicted that more than 68 percent of the officials came from education
sector while the remaining are social science streams. Then the sector which requires
urban planning and engineering do not have qualified personnel with knowledge and
skills in the subject matter. These and other constraints increase the ignorance of officials
and the public about the benefits of green areas in the city of Fenote Selam. The
qualification and area of study of most officials had no direct relation with urbanization
and urban development planning and implementing skills, which is the basic element for
making cities more competitive and livable through utilizing its natural resources.
4.3.2.4 Problems Related with the Development Plan During plan preparation, the professionals or the plan makers should have a clear and
precise know-how and understanding about the people’s culture and settlement pattern of
the people who are living in the city for which the plan is prepared. Their failures to visit
the sites to be planned has resulted in the preparations of plans in which certain areas
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have been prepared for green areas on the plan but in actual fact are already built up
areas.
These problems are observed on the existing Fenote Selam city development plan, which
proposed a single plot of land for residential and green areas in Kebele 02, specifically in
local name of ‘Jigga Sefer’ and also residential and Kebele administration in Kebele 03.
This was confirmed by the urban planning and land administration team leader of the
municipal authority and was also observed from the development plan. Again, in Kebele
02 locally called ‘Bakel Sefer’, a green area on the plan is on the ground a well developed
residential settlement, while in Kebele 01 the proposed green area is covered with
Moslem Cemetery on the ground.
Table 4.9 Areas where planning problems were existed
No Kebele Area proposed as green areas Number of hhs under the proposed green area Remark
1 01 4580m2
2 02 3500m2 13
3 02 2800m2 17
4 03 2300m2 4hhs & kebele administration
Total 13,180m2
Source: Computed from the master plan and field observation, April, 2009
4.3.2.5 Financial Problems The financial problem for green area development and management is critical for both
developed and developing countries for developing, maintaining and administering green
areas. The problem is not only for running costs but also expenses for salary for high
qualified multidisciplinary professionals which require heavy investment. In Fenote
Selam, the problems have two faces, according to Deputy Mayor of the city:
Lack of budget for physically developed green areas, and
Lack of attention and negligence when budget is prepared and allocated for
development plans.
The officials explained during the interview, that they didn’t know about how much is
allocated for green area development. The Manager added that, there was no trend of
allocating budget for green area development in the city administration. Even if the
budget constraint is visible at all, less attention and lack of awareness about the benefits
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or values of green areas have affected budget allocation for green areas. The actual budget
constraint and lack of awareness and attention has resulted in the problem of under
development of the green areas in the city.
Table 4.10: Causes of financial constraints as responded by officials
No Causes of financial constraints No of respondents (officials) % Remark
1 Real Lack of budget 5 25 2 Less attention is given 9 45 3 Non inclusion green areas in budget
allocations 6 30
Total 20 100
Source: Field Survey, April 2009
From the table above, over 75 percent of budget constraints emanate from ignorance and
negligence of officials about green areas development. This also led to low public
participation because the administration can’t take the initiative to inform and educate the
public about the importance of green areas. Officials have to gain understanding about
what is a livable and competitive city. To develop their awareness, the city authorities
have to learn from the experiences of other cities like Bahir Dar and Debre Markos which
had better experiences in the green area management.
From the table 4.11 and fig.2 below on page 45, one can see that, even if there is a gap
between revenue and expenditure, the rate of increase for both revenue and expenditure is
positive i.e., increasing in an increasing rate. But, when we see the trend of budget
allocation for SBPD, there is no rate of increase, than decreased reversely from 33 % to
26 % from year to year. The actual expenditure for SBPD in 2005 is, only 1 % of the total
expenditure of the year, while in 2008 it reduced to 0.075 % of the total expenditure of
the year. This means that there is a great budget reduction for the sector of green areas,
even at the time of budget surplus. Therefore, lack of finance is not the problem of green
areas development and management in Fenote Selam city, but lack of attention for the
field.
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Table4.11. Budget allocation for SBPD Team of the city/2005-2008
Year Total Revenue Total Expenditure Allocated for SBPD team Planned Actual % Planned actual % Planned actual %
2005 1787624 1314657 74 4826205 2910286 60 10560 3479 33
2006 1699470 1425798 84 6878595 4585183 67 20405 5485 27
2007 1812721 1701289 94 11163847 10374344 93 32205 8304 26
2008 2123918 2233348 105 16009394 13573910 85 38755 10288 27
total 7423733 6675092 90 38878041 31443723 81 101925 27556 27
Source: Office of finance and economic, planning team, April, 2009
Fig. 2 Budget distribution for SBPD team of the city
4.3.2.6 Lack of Participatory Planning for Development of Green Spaces Participatory planning is a reflection of democratic administration which should accept
and respect the interest of the people ruled. For this, there must be consultation,
participation, evaluation and monitoring of any development plan by all stakeholders, and
had taken the priority according to the need and interest of the stakeholders. Priorities
must set to solve the existing problem and brought prosperity. As the level of
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participation of the people increases, the level of contribution for development and sense
of ownership increases. In the city of Fenote Selam, there are many community
organizations like Edir, Equb, Youth Association, Teachers Association and many others
which had opportunity for participation in consultations, monitoring and evaluation of
development activities.
In the interview with Ato Birhanu Muluneh a member of the chamber of commerce of the
city, if one institution took the initiative for green area development, no one will oppose
participating in planting and keeping plantations in each villages. He added that,
especially the schools and government institutions have opportunities to take this
responsibility due to their access to different professionals and experiences of their staffs.
Therefore, there will be one responsible institution taking the initiatives and
responsibilities for development and management of public green spaces.
4.3.3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLEABOUT THE VALUES OF GREEN AREAS
Some of the values of green areas can be understood easily like playing grounds for
children, shade for protecting sun light, provision of edible fruits for selling and eating.
But green areas have indirect values or benefits which are not understood easily. Some of
these indirect values are:
Ecological values which serve as habitat for biotic and abiotic organisms,
Environmental values which regulate microclimate through the process of
photosynthesis, keep the temperature of the city cold, reduce run off, deflect wind
speed and direction,
Economic values through job creation inside the green areas in the recreation
centre and administration works, and
Socio-cultural values: green areas serve as meeting points for all types of people
and develop strong relationship among different peoples with different cultures,
religion, language, etc
Therefore, there are different factors to understand these intrinsic values of green areas.
Among the factors affecting the awareness of the people about green areas include: -
No attention is given by both officials & professionals and the people at all.
Low environmental awareness of the people and officials;
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Illiteracy of residents in their level of education;
Poverty and immigration from rural areas to the city with the mind and thinking
of peasantry;
Ignorance about livable and competitive cities,
Effect of former policy are among the factors for low level of awareness about
green areas
4.3.3.1 Low Attention Given to Green Areas When we saw the planning and priority setting of Fenote Selam, nothing was said about
green areas in planning or in budget preparation. On the contrary, environmental
degradation, increasing effect of run off by rain and wind erosion, deforestation, high
temperature, lack of playing grounds, and increase in chat chewing and alcohol addicting
habits had eroded the working and learning time and power of youths.
When these and other related problems began, the city administration didn’t take any
action towards green areas development and maintenance. During the interview city
administration officials replied that, even if they didn’t know about the real values of
green areas, they talked about the state and condition of green areas like shading to
protect sunlight and recreation services. From this opinion one can conclude that the city
officials didn’t give attention and set priority for green spaces development in the city.
The manager of the city, Ato Liyew Anmut explained that, since 2005 the city recruited a
gardener in a contract term employee, who keep and, take care of and maintain the
plantations in the Main Square and road side. The municipal authority give more attention
to solid waste collection services in the same department compared to green areas.
4.3.3.2 Less Environmental Awareness of the People and Officials Although, there are a number of environmental protection clubs in every school of the
city, their activities are confounded to the collection and disposal of solid wastes in their
compound. None of the club representative responded that they had educated the
community in and out side the school. All schools had their own mini-media services for
learning- teaching activities, but as the representative of the clubs explanations, they had
not transmitted any article concerning green area, although they had talked about the
word “global worming and expansion of desertification”. The head of the environmental
protection and rehabilitation club of Edigetber Primary Full Cycle School, Ato Adugna
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said that, the main objective of the club is to create awareness to students on how to keep
and maintain their local surrounding clean and protect them from transmitted diseases.
Again, he added that he had no know-how about the benefits of green areas rather than
the openness of the places for recreation and to reduce suffocation as well as grazing for
cattle of the surrounding residents. He is one of the individuals who had permission to
plant and develop his own private indigenous forest and recreation site. He had planted
eucalyptus trees and sold more than 80,000 Eth. Birr as part of the expenses of his project
objectives to develop green spaces and provide recreational services.
4.3.3.3. Immigration and type of Economic Activities Engaged by the People The population of Fenote Selam are engaged mostly in small scale own business activities
including farmers inside the city who plough in the surrounding rural areas. The main
cause of population increment over the last 20 years as explained by the General
Manager, was from immigrants from the surrounding rural areas, from Birsheleko
military school and from Ethio Agri-ceft Pvt. Agriculture investment which were located
south of the city at a distance of 30 and 22 kms respectively. These people had an interest
of building home on open spaces reserved for green areas because of long waiting to get
developed land for construction. When they were asked, in the interview, about the
benefits of green areas in their surrounding, they replied that it is beneficiary for them to
build home and dump solid wastes and used for excretions at the expense of its intrinsic
benefits.
The types of economic activities of the residents have an adverse effect with the
development and management of green areas. There are many individuals who are
engaged in animal raring for milk and meat production and sometimes for crop
production or for plowing. Therefore, these individuals have great interest to use the
green areas for grazing and producing crops. Many women headed households are also
engaged mainly on preparing and selling local beer whose by-product locally called
‘atella’ is used as food for cows and sheep raring by the above discussed individuals.
Therefore, their life is based with the cause and effect relationship with those who had
raised cattle and sheep. This implies simply the need to use green areas for grazing and
dumping solid wastes than developing and managing it.
From the table 4.2 on page 31, 74 % of the respondents, had got below 2000.00 birr per
month which can’t help and support to satisfy their basic needs.
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CHAPTER -FIVE
5.0. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. CONCLUSIONS The green areas development and management, as well as the maintenance require
multidisciplinary professionals and high budget allocation. The green areas had a nature
of inclusiveness in their development and utilization activities and values. To examine
these and other related issues of green areas in the city of Fenote Selam data were
collected through different tools and finally extensive analysis was made. The results
obtained from the analysis are generalized and summarized as fellows:
The city administration had open spaces intended for green areas in the development
plan of the city. These green areas should be developed either by the municipal
authority itself, or by transferring to the community based organizations. The green
areas developed by the government institutions were developed by the positive will
of the head of the institutions that are willing to organize and initiate the staff
members and also allocate budget for contract workers for caring about the plants
and trees.
The individuals who had permission for developing their own private green areas
along the river banks of Lah and Arara as shown in the objectives of environmental
protection and rehabilitation had planted commercial eucalyptus trees instead of
trees for recreational purposes.
Green areas developed by individuals in their compound had multipurpose, though
they were at first developed for protection from sunlight or shade and to sell the
fruits.
The awareness of the population towards developing and using green areas for the
intended values are very poor. They prefer using the spaces intended for green areas
for illegal activities like grazing, crop production, dumping for solid wastes etc than
getting intensive values of green areas.
Due to lack of participatory planning, during the preparation of the development
plan of the city in 1996, there are contradictions on the implementation of the plan.
The plan shows settlements, villages and kebele administration as green areas. This
lead to high costs of compensation and social and economic paradoxes created due
to relocation in to new areas specially in kebele 02 called “jigga sefer”
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Underdevelopments of green areas are a result of the absence of the required
professionals with experience and sufficient budget. The municipal authority human
resource structure has no urban planner and professional personnel for related fields
for developing the sector. This implies no attention is given for the sector’s
development, but environmental degradation and raise of temperature from year to
year is the main characteristics of the city.
There are various factors which contribute to the low level of awareness of the
people about the benefits gained from the well developed green areas. Low attention
given to the sector by the population and officials on the city, the type of economic
activities engaged in by most residents like cattle raring and local beer production on
the residents’ side and the level of education and discipline studied by the officials
affect their awareness towards green areas. They believed that green areas are
simply open spaces used for mainly dumping of solid waste and for edir and other
celebration of cultural festivals.
Schools are rich in different types of academic professionals from their teachers,
students, and other administrative staffs. For these, they had formed different clubs
concerning different areas of interest. Among the clubs formed is the environmental
protection and rehabilitation club, which were organized in all schools of the city
administration. But none of the clubs had developed their own green spaces, and
have a nursery site for recreational area, except Damote Preparatory School. Schools
also have a mini-media clubs and gave services for transmitting news, music,
announcements and other cross cutting issues. But they never release news, facts or
information about the values and benefits of green areas and environmental
protection. These and other constraints had contributed its part to the low level of
environmental awareness of the population
5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS Following the data collections for achieving the objectives set in chapter one, the
data analyzed and discussed, the following recommendations for green areas
management in Fenote Selam has been provided below.
There should be integration among residents and other stakeholders in the city; the
community based organizations like Edir, Equip, Teachers Associations,
Environmental Protection Club, Anti-Malaria Association, Branch Office of
Chamber of Commerce and other Associations are potential stakeholders in the
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development and management of the sector under study. These bodies should not
only participate in planting and caring of seedlings, but also be given the
opportunity to deliver and transmit environmental education and awareness to the
population in the city. Therefore, the city administration should work intimately
with community based organizations and strongly encourage other government
institutions to develop green areas in their compound
The city administration should strongly monitor and evaluate the development
activities done by individuals who had got land for developing their private green
areas along the banks of the two rivers. Unless they comply with environmental
friendly procedures and practices, the environmental protection objectives would not
be achieved, consequently, the process of environmental degradation may increase
and the water volume of the rivers will decreased, due to the adverse effects of
eucalyptus tree on the river water.
The municipality should develop one model green area in the city and celebrate
different ceremonies to increase the people’s awareness about the benefits of green
areas. Again the administration should implement the rules and regulations of green
areas to keep the green areas clean and should develop by-laws with the
participation of the whole population to penalize those who use green areas for
illegal activities.
As Fenote Selam city is one of the hottest cities in the region with an average annual
temperature of 220C, the city administration should plan and allocate sufficient
budget for tree plantation to avert climate effects on the city.
Unless and other wise the population is participating in the planning process,
priorities set only by the officials like top down planning approach could not
alleviate the cities socio-economic and environmental problems. Therefore, public
participation must be taken at each step of development plans and green areas
development and management.
The city administration must hire qualified professionals who have good experience
in green area development and in general urban planning, such as urban engineers
and also surveyors. Hiring professionals is not sufficient, but the city administration
should train its own young and committed workers in training institutions like
ECSC, Addis Ababa University, Bahir Dar University and many other universities.
With out professionals there will no success and achievement of planned objectives.
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Officials should be aware of on the concepts of livable, competitive and sustainable
development of cities and pattern of urbanization locally and globally using different
source of information in additional to workshops and short term trainings.
The city administration should encourage and support environmental protection
clubs to educate members of the club and the community. Members of the clubs
should transfer the know-how in to their parents and others. The clubs should
develop their own model of green areas inside the school like Damot Preparatory
School. The mini-media club and service should transmit the values and benefits of
green areas and total environmental protection. In the news to increase people’s
knowledge and awareness in green areas.
References
Alan Barber, 2005: Management of multifunctional urban green apace in
England, the university of Manchester, England
Ann Forsyth, 2003: People and Urban green areas: Perception and Use,
University of Minnesota, USA.
Association of Ethiopian Geographers,(1999): Migration and Urbanization in
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Baycan, 2002: Development and Management of green areas in European cites; a
comparative analysis: paper presented at the 38th international planning congress,
Sep: 21-26, 2002, Athence, Greece.
Belachew Kalekirstose, 2001: Detail panning as a link to plan making and
implementation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
BoFED of Amhara Region, 2009; Annual statistical bulletin of the region for
2008.
Derese Getachew, 2008: The “Tragedy of the Urban Commons”. A case study of
2 public places in Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Development plan of Fenote Selam city, 1996.
ECSE, 2008: Urban Environmental Planning and Management course Hand book.
Adopted from Rashmi Mayur, 1997: environmental problems of developing
countries, annals, AAPSS, 444, July 1979.
Johnson Martin Eric, 1974: The evolution of the morphology of Addis Ababa,
Los Angeles, university of California Ph.D. Thesis.
Kumplachew Tesgaye; 2007: critical assessment on the current operation of
planned public open spaces in Addis Ababa, MA thesis, AAU, Ethiopia.
Ministry of Federal Affairs, 2005: Urban Development Policy of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 2006: The Plan of Action for
Sustainable Development and Eradication of Poverty (PASDEP, 2006).
Negarit Gazetta, First Year, No 9, proclamation No 9/1995.
Solomon, (2007); Effects of Unplanned Urbanization: A paper presented to the
awareness creation for the house of parliament, April, 2007, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
Stephen Carr, 1992: Public Space: Environment and behavior series, Cambridge
university press, new York, USA,
Strategic Plan of Fenote Selam City from 2005-2009
Strategic plan of the Office of Municipal Services of Fenote Selam 2005-2009
Tegegne G.E, (1999), Towards an Urbanization policy in Ethiopia: A paper
presented at the proceedings of the second annual conference of The Association
of Ethiopian Geographers, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
The 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
URGE project, 2005: Urban green environment: improving the quality of life in
urban regions through urban greening initiatives, research number 000016,
Birmingham, England.
Zeleke Gonfa, 2008 Examining potentials for protecting and greening urban open
spaces in Robe Town, MA thesis, urban management ECSC, Addis Ababa
Ethiopia.
Web sites
URGE: development of green spaces: www. urge. Project. Org
DTLR (2002): Green spaces, better places: www. odpm.gov.UK
Urban parks forum (2001): Public Parks Assessment: www. greenspace. Org.Uk.
CABE space: www. cabespace. org.UK
Annex 1:
Questionnaires for the households. This questionnaire is for the purpose of academic interest to get information about the development & management of green areas in Fenote-Selam city. Therefore, nothing is behind it, so I appreciate your collaboration for filling the questionnaire giving your limited time for my study at the Ethiopian Civil Service College in the Masters of Art [MA] in urban management.
No need of writing name 1. Age: less than 30 years Between 30 – 45 years
Between 45 – 60 years Greater than 60 years
2. Sex: Male Female 3. Occupation: Entrepreneur Group Employee Other Specify
4. Income: Less than 1000.00 birr 1,000 - 2,000 birr >2000 birr 5. Education: Illiterate 12th complete Diploma 12+4 and above
6. Kebele of Residence: ___________________________________________ 7. Are there any Green areas around your dwelling? YES No 8. If your answer in Q #7 is yes, what is the purpose/ existing of the green area?________
9. By whom the green area was developed and managed now?_____________________ 10. How frequently is the green area maintained?________________________________
11. Is there a Millennium park in your Kebele? YES NO 12. If your response for Q #11 is YES, Who Develop and manage?_________________ 13. Is there a community park developed and managed by the community itself? YES NO 14. If your respond is YES for Q #13, express the function and state of being at this time? 15. What do you think about the values of green area in the urban environment?
And list the functions_________________________________________________ 16. What is expected from you for the protecting and made sustainable the value of green
area in your locality? _________________________________________________ 17. Who do you think is the main responsible body for the development and
management? _______________________________________________________ 18. How do you evaluate the municipality for developing and managing green
areas?______________________________________________________________ 19. Is the municipality allocate sufficient budget and recruit essential professionals?
20. Tick the one which you feel better
21. Do you have trees in your compound? Yes No
22. If you say Yes in Q no 21, what type of tree species and where do you get the seedlings? ___________
23. had you ever participating in planting and gardening campaign in the city? Yes No 24. If you say yes, Q No 23 where did your planted it?____________________________
No Item/ case Responses Always Sometimes Not at all
1 Do you attend meetings concerning green area development & management
2 I contributes money and labor for the development and management
3 I report for Police when Green areas are used for other purposes illegally
4 I define the officials when they are changed the GA areas in to other development purposes
5 I have discussed with my neighbors how to keep, develop and manage the green areas
6 I have been participating in planting and gardening of in the green area
7 I have been asked the municipality green areas for community school building site
8 I have been used the site for developing the dumping waste
9 I would like used the green areas for grazing than recreation
10 I would like see the Green areas for storing & selling building materials like sand, stone and etc…
11 The community reported for the municipality when I used the green areas for grazing & Dumping wastes illegally.
Annex 2 Questionnaires for officials This questionnaire is for the purpose of academic interest to get information about the development & management of green areas in Fenote-Selam city. Therefore, nothing is behind it, so I appreciate your collaboration for filling the questionnaire giving your limited time for my study at the Ethiopian Civil Service College in the Masters of Art [MA] in urban management. No need of writing name 1. What are the values of Green areas in the City? ______________________________ 2. Who is responsible for development, management, maintenance and protection of green areas in the city? 3. What is the main roll of city administration in green areas development and Managements? ________________________________________________________ 4. Who many experts are there in the city administration concerning green areas?
NO Job Title needed Existing Remark
Qualification # Qualification #
5. How often the green areas are maintained?____________________________________ 6. How much budget is allocated for the last 5 years for green areas development and management?
Year Capital Recurrent Remark
Planed Actual Planned Actual
20005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total
7. Who are the main stakeholders participating and will participate in the future No Major stakeholders Major role played and achieved Challenges faced Remark
1 2 3 4 5
8. What mechanisms or approaches follow for the development and management of green areas in the city?________________________________________________________ 9. What are the main challenges facing the city administration in developing and managing green areas?___________________________________________________ 10. What do you suggest the solutions for Q No 9?_______________________________ 11. What do you believe for making F/Selam city competitive with B/Dar and D/Markos in livability and tourist destinations?_____________________________________ 12. Who many public parks e.g. millennium park are there in the city? 13. What are the main functions of these public parks? ___________________________ 14. Who is responsible for protecting the forests along the river banks of Lah and Arara and the forest of Bakel settlement area from deforestation? 15. Is there a nursery site in the city? Yes No 16. If your response is yes in Q No 15, what type of seedlings is planted in the site? Year Types of seedling distributed Remark
Eucalyptus Mango Abocado Papaya Wanza Tid Other specify
2000 2001 2002 . . . . 2008
17. Do you believe that is there sufficient green areas for Youths and other users in the
cit? Yes No 18. If your response is No in Q No 17, then what will be done to develop sufficient green
areas?______________________________________________________________ 19. What is the contribution of green areas protecting youths from alcohol and chat
addiction?__________________________________________________________
Annex 3
Focus group discussion checklist
1. How many green areas are there in the kebele and what is the existing situation? 2. What values are gained from green areas? Direct Values for:
Children Youths and students Old people Women
Indirect values in terms of: Socio –Cultural Cohesion Economic values Ecological values Environmental Values Aesthetic values
3. What is the contribution and responsibility of the community, according to their local organizations, for green area development?
4. Key problems encountered in the area. 5. What will do to curve these problems in Q No 4? 6. How many green areas are used for other development activities and the loose and
gain from this development activities?
Annex 4
Field observation Check list
No State of the green areas Response Date of observation Remark Yes No
1 Derelict sit
2 Fenced and planned with trees
3 Well developed and serviced
4 Developed and managed by private
5 Developed and managed by the public
6 Developed and managed by the
municipality
7 Developed and managed by churches
8 Changed to other purposes
9 Used for dump site for solid waste
10 Used for grazing
11 Used for crop production
12 Others
2. Environmental conditions of the site: erosion- gully, sheet erosion etc
3. Existing state and function at present.
Annex 5
QUESTIONNAIRES’ RESPONSES
No Questions and Responses No of Respon. %
1 Age of respondents
.<30 years 25 17
.30-45 years 60 41
.45-60 years 55 37
.>60 years 8 5
2 Sex of Respondents
.Male 84 57
.Female 64 43
3 Income level of respondents
.<1,000 birr 43 29
.1,000-2,000 birr 67 45
.>2,000 birr 38 26
4 Education of respondents
.Read and write 12 8
.12th complete 64 43
.12+2 56 38
.12+4 and above 14 11
5 Types of respondents
.Households 120 81
.Municipal officials 20 14
.Former municipal officials and residents lived more than 45
years
8 5
6
Areas Covered by green areas developed by Institutions/ hectares. .
Jabi agricu. And Rural Development Office. 0.4
.Damote Preparatory School 0.72
.Fenote-Selam Hospital 0.79
.Community Skills Training Center 2.4
7
.Lack of awareness 143 97
.low level of community participation 132 89
.Lack of finance 128 83
Constraints for green areas development
.Lack of professionals 123 83
.Effect of the former policy 69 47
.Existing development plan 42 28
.Lack of controlling and monitoring on private developers 23 16
.Lack of coordination between community and municipality 29 20
8 Respondents interest of using green areas
. For Edir and burial ceremony 123 83
.Dumping solid wastes 145 98
No Questions and Responses No of Respon. %
.Storing and selling for construction materials 80 54
.Grazing 68 46
.Crop production 25 17
9 Officials response for financial constraints
.Real luck of budget 5 25
.Less attention is given 9 45
.Non inclusion of green areas in budget allocation 6 30