Post on 07-May-2023
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Abstracts of Oral Presentation 1A
O1A-01
Hippocampal neuronal activities reflect judgement based on temporal duration
Akihiro Shimbo(RIKEN)
Using spatial and temporal information is essential for the survival. In particular, temporal
information in seconds to minutes range affects various behaviors, such as foraging, decision
making and associative learning. Recently, hippocampal pyramidal neurons can represent the
elapsed time (MacDonald et al., 2011) and these neurons are termed “time cells”. However, the
relationship between activities of time cells and behavior are largely unknown. To uncover
this problem, we recorded neuronal activates in hippocampal CA1 during temporal
discrimination task. In this task, rats were required to discriminate short or long interval (5 s
or 10 s) and sometimes experienced intermediate duration (7.07 s) in test trial. We
hypothesized that the rats’ choices in the test trials would reflect their judgement about short
or long intervals depending on their estimation of time. If rat judges the test trial are long
interval trials, temporal representation decoded from spiking activity were later than the
representation from the trials which rat judges short interval. Depending on the rats’ choice,
test trials were classified in select-short trial and select-long trial. We compare the decoded
time in select-short trial or select-long trial. Estimated time in select-long trials was
significantly later than that in select-short trials. This result indicated that the activity of time
cell reflected animals’ decisions during the test trials.
O1A-02
Role of ER beta neurons in the medial amygdala for the formation of social preference
Satoshi Takenawa(Tsukuba University)
Social preference is known to be important for choosing the most effective target for sexual
and aggressive behaviours in male mice. Our previous studies using the shRNA-mediated gene
knockdown method revealed that the existence of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in the medial
amygdala (MeA) in adult mice is necessary for the formation of social preference towards a
sexually receptive female mouse (Nakata et al., eNeuro, 2016). However, it is unknown whether
neuronal activation of ERβ expressing cells in the MeA at the time of testing is necessary for
the formation of social preference. To answer this question, we established a new mouse line,
ERβ-icre, with icre knocked-in after the ERβ coding region to specifically target ERβ
expressing cells. By using this mouse line, we found that pharmacogenetical (DREADD)
inhibition of neuronal activity of ERβ positive neurons in the MeA during social preference
tests disrupted the formation of social preference towards a sexually receptive female mouse.
Furthermore, analysis of downstream pathways with the use of viral anterograde tracer
revealed that ERβ positive neurons in the MeA have distinct connections to the bed nucleus
of the stria terminalis (BNST). These results suggest not only ERβgene expression, but also
enhancement of neuronal activity of ERβ positive neurons in the MeA may be necessary for
the formation of social preference.
O1A-03
Horses take into account whether a human has previously observed a food-hiding event to decide
whom to solicit to access this food〇Miléna Trösch1, Monamie Ringhofer2, Shinya Yamamoto2, Julie Lemarchand1,
Céline Parias1, Flore Lormant1, Léa Lansade1
(1INRA, 2Kyoto University)
Inferring what others have witnessed can be highly beneficial in social contexts, but
evidence remains scarce in nonhuman animals. We investigated this ability in domestic horses
(Equus caballus). In a first phase, horses saw food being hidden in a closed bucket (impossible
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for them to open) in the presence of two experimenters who behaved identically but differed
in their attention to the baiting process: the “witness” experimenter faced the bucket, while
the “non-witness” faced away and had no visual access to the baiting. In a second phase,
horses could behave freely in the presence of both experimenters (now both facing the horse),
and their interest towards each (gaze duration and number of touches with their muzzle) was
measured. Horses gazed at and touched the witness significantly more than the non-witness (n
= 15, gaze: p = 0.004; touch: p = 0.003). These results suggest that horses took into account
the attentional state of the experimenters towards the baiting event in phase 1 in order to
adapt their later behavior in phase 2. Hence, our study provides new insight into attentional
state attribution in horses and might hint to the existence of precursors of a Theory of Mind
in this species.
O1A-04
Mental tracking from voices in cats〇Saho Takagi1, Hitomi Chijiiwa2, Minori Arahori3, Kazuo Fujita2, Hika Kuroshima2
(1Azabu University, 2Kyoto University, 3Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc.)
This study examined whether cats mentally track their owner or familiar cats from their
voices to see if they strongly react to an “impossible teleportation” through 3 experiments. We
used two speakers; first one (speaker 1) was put outside of the experimental room, close to
the door. Second one (speaker 2) was put on the other side inside of the experimental room.
Three experiments were conducted and two types of sounds (A/B) were played in each
experiment. Sound A (owner or familiar cat’s voice) was played 5 times from speaker 1 (habituation
phase) followed by sound A or B once from speaker 1 or 2 (test phase). There were 4
conditions; SamepositionSamesound, SamepositionDiffsound, DiffpositionSamesound, and
DiffpositionDiffsound. Owner’s voice or stranger’s voice were used in Experiment 1, cats’ voices
were used in Experiment 2, and physical sounds were used in Experiment 3 (control
experiment). We predicted that if cats mentally track their owner and/or cats, they would
react more strongly in DiffpositionSamesound condition, which indicates the “impossible
teleportation”. Results supported this prediction in Experiment 1 whereas the tendency was
not seen in Experiment 2 and Experiment 3. These results may suggest that cats mentally
track their owner.
O1A-05
Do dogs evaluate humans based on skillfulness?〇Hitomi Chijiwa, Eri Horisaki, Yusuke Hori, Kazuo Fujita, Hika Kuroshima
(Kyoto University)
Social evaluation is considered to be a first step in humans’ cooperative society. It makes
sense to prefer helpful individuals and avoid harmful ones when choosing a potential partner.
Dogs can adjust their behavior toward human partners based on various features of the latter,
such as whether they are social or antisocial; however, it remains unclear whether dogs can
discriminate humans based on skillfulness. Here we tested whether dogs recognize a person’s
skill. We showed dogs (lightly restrained by their owner) two people’s actions: one was good
at opening a lid to take an object out from a transparent container (skilled person), while the
other failed at this (unskilled person). After these actions were demonstrated twice, with
different containers, each actor tried to open another container which had food inside (Food
condition), or nothing (Empty condition), for 10 sec. After the dogs were released, we recorded
which person they first approached (within 20 sec). We found that female dogs but not males
significantly approached the skilled more than unskilled person in the Food condition. This
result suggests that at least female dogs can take skillfulness ― in addition to moral
character ― into account when evaluating humans.
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O1A-06
Video-real world matching in chimpanzees
〇Shenwen Xu, Masaki Tomonaga(Kyoto University)
In many studies with nonhuman animals, video images were frequently used to present
stimuli to them. However, whether animals recognize a video, which reflects reality, as an
image of real world event remains still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the
extent of the ability to recognize actions/objects through the video in chimpanzees (Pan
troglodytes). In particular, we examined if the aid of live video images of foraging-related
events would have the same effect as live events to direct the chimpanzee’s behavior to
successfully obtain food. We conducted a two-choice task after demonstration of food baiting.
Chimpanzees can get the reward if they choose the side which was baited. Three out of five
chimpanzees successfully obtained the food, even though they could not observe the food-
hiding directly but only from the live-video. They were equally accurate in “real world-real
world matching” and “video-real world matching”. Moreover, they used information including
relative position, color and shape of the objects from the videos. Our results suggest that
videos could be used as a valid referential tool for chimpanzees to guide their decisions in the
real world.
O1A-07
The role of facial shape and color in chimpanzee’s attention to infant〇Yuri Kawaguchi1, Koyo Nakamura2, Fumihiro Kano1, Masaki Tomonaga1
(1Kyoto University, 2Waseda University)
Infant faces have several features which distinguish them from adult ones. For example,
infants have several morphological features such as relatively large eyes, and small nose and
mouth. Besides, infants of some species such as chimpanzees, have unique skin coloration.
Previous studies have found that chimpanzees have visual preference for infants, and their
coloration plays an important role in guiding their attention. However, it remains unclear
whether they also pay attention to the shape of infant faces. This study aimed to reveal the
relative importance of facial color and shape on infant preference in chimpanzees. We first
created the average faces of adult and infant chimpanzees. Then we morphed between them
and created facial stimuli with adult, infant or neutral color and shape respectively, which
results in following the stimulus pairs: congruent pair, incongruent pair, shape-controlled pairs,
color-controlled pair. We presented the pairs of those morphed stimuli to 14 chimpanzees and
measured their gazes. The results revealed that coloration, but not shape affected the looking
behaviors. Thus, we found no evidence that chimpanzees, unlike human, have visual
preference for shape features of infant faces. The results suggest that the facial cues
characterizing infant appearance varies across species.
Abstracts of Oral Presentation 2A
O2A-01
Physiological responses for affective communicational calls in rats〇Yumi Saito, Kazuo Okanoya(The University of Tokyo)
The ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of rats can transmit affective states to listeners. For
example, rats typically produce shorter calls in a higher frequency range in social situations (50
kHz USVs), whereas they emit longer calls with lower frequency in distress situations (22 kHz
USVs). To know what acoustical features contribute to auditory responses will help to better
characterize auditory perception of vocalized sounds in rats. In turn, this could lead to better
estimation of models for processing vocalizations in sensory systems in general. Here, we
examined the impact of various acoustical features on triggering emotional physiological
responses. We did this by systematically swapping three features (frequency range, time
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duration, and residual frequency-modulation pattern) between two emotional calls (simulated
USVs). Then, we presented original USVs and simulated USVs, and examined their heart rate
variability and neural activation in amygdala as emotional responses. The results revealed
that frequency range provided the most information for emotional perception. This supports
that they considerably rely on frequency cues for acoustic perception.
O2A-02
A predisposed biological motion preference makes resilient social attachment through filial
imprinting
〇Toshiya Matsushima, Daisuke Nishi, Momoko Miura(Hokkaido University)
To study how predisposed preference shapes the social attachment through imprinting,
newly-hatched chicks were exposed to simultaneously presented two animations, one for a
walking chick (biological motion, BM) and another a comparable linear motion (non-BM), both
composed of light points of different colours (red or yellow). After training for 2 hours, the
chicks consistently showed a preference to the BM animation if it was coloured in red. In a
follow-up experiment using real videos, chicks showed a strong bias toward a “red head in
realistic motion” of a changing speed, indicating a predisposition to specific combination of
motion and colour. Furthermore, if chicks had been induced for a significant BM preference
on post-hatch day-1, they formed an unconditional preference to the BM animation after the
day-2 imprinting, even when associated with the un-preferred colour (yellow). These results
support a scenario of sequential processes of filial imprinting; (1) the first-seen moving object
induces a BM preference, (2) which subsequently makes chicks form a resilient social
attachment to those object that bears biological features such as mother hen or Konrad
Lorenz.
O2A-03
Novel object exploration in mourning geckos〇Daichi Yokohata, Takashi Hotta, Osamu Sakai, Akira Mori, Hika Kuroshima
(Kyoto University)
The ability to detect the changes in one’s habitat is indispensable for almost all species.
There is abundant evidence that primates and other mammals as well as birds have this
ability. A recent study found that zebrafish also showed increased exploratory behavior when
presented with novel objects. However, there is a lack of studies on reptiles. Here, we
examined how mourning geckos (Lepidodactylus lugubris) respond to novel objects. First, we
presented an object A and subjects could freely explore for 20 minutes (Phase 1). After a
10-minute interval, we presented the same object A for “group A,” or a different object B for “group
B,” and let them explore for 20 minutes (Phase 2). We also conducted the same experiment in
which the order was counterbalanced across subjects after one week (Phases 3 and 4). Our
results show that although their exploration behavior did not increase for novel objects, the
latency to start exploring familiar objects was longer than that when novel objects were
presented on first day (in Phase 2). This result suggests that mourning geckos can detect the
changes in their environment and that their response to novel objects may differ from that
seen in studies of other species.
O2A-04
Use of multiple landmarks by pigeons (Columba livia) in a goal-searching task in an open field〇Katsuo Sekiguchi1, Aya Kokubu1,2, Tomokazu Ushitani1
(1Chiba University, 2Kyoto University)
An open field-based goal-searching task was conducted to investigate whether pigeons would
learn to use multiple spatial cues that redundantly indicated the position of the goal. During
training, pigeons were trained to find a food hidden in one of 25 cups, arranged in a 5 x 5
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matrix. Two of the cups that were adjacent to the goal were replaced by orange and green
asymmetrical-shaped landmarks as each pointed to the goal. The absolute location and
direction of the landmarks varied across trials, whereas their configuration was constant.
Thus, both configural information (spatial relationship of landmarks and goal) and vector
information (direction and distance from landmark to goal) could be used to locate the goal.
In subsequent test, the direction of the landmarks was changed to conflict with each other or
with the configural information. Results showed that pigeons mainly used configural
information from the landmarks, but there was no clear evidence of the vector information
use. Possible factors that caused the difference in the performance between pigeons in the
current study and humans in our previous study (Sekiguchi et al, 2018) will be discussed.
O2A-05
Pigeons’ perception of illusory contours revisited〇Tomokazu Ushitani, Shiori Mochizuki(Chiba University)
Our previous studies reported that pigeons perceived illusory contours that did not
physically exist. More specifically, we trained pigeons to search for an illusory triangle, or
square, among illusory squares, or triangles. Both figures were formed on 15 types of textures
consisting of a distribution of many small figures. After the pigeons successfully learned to
search for the target, we newly introduced novel textures as inducers and found that the
discrimination was successfully transferred to these novel inducers. However, there still
remained a possibility that the pigeons might have depended on the fragmented real contours
(e.g., 60-degree lines of the triangles, or right angles of the squares), accounting for the high
accuracy and successful transfer of the discrimination. In the current study, therefore, we
newly introduced five more new textures that were drawn with 1-pixel-width lines such that
no real contours did not contribute to form illusory contours (but humans could still perceive
illusory contours). Whereas the discrimination accuracy for the new textures deteriorated, it
was significantly higher than the chance level. These results suggest that whereas the pigeons
depended on the real contours for the discrimination to some extent, they did perceive illusory
contours.
O2A-06
Transitive inference in cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus
〇Takashi Hotta1, Kentaro Ueno2, Hika Kuroshima1, Masanori Kohda2
(1Kyoto University, 2Osaka City University)
The social intelligence hypothesis proposes that social factors such as living in large group
are drivers of enhanced cognitive abilities. For example, social corvids living in large groups
can infer their position in the dominance hierarchy based on both direct and indirect (third-party)
interactions. Transitive inference (TI) abilities have been tested in primates, mammals, birds
and paper wasps. Cleaner fish (Labroides dimidiatus) interact with various client fish and
conspecifics, and they also make decisions based on previous direct and indirect interactions.
Recent studies also reveal that they have sophisticated social cognition. Therefore, we
predicted that cleaner fish are capable of TI. First, four fish were trained with 4 pairs of
visual stimuli in a 5-term series, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+ and D-E+ (plus and minus denotes reward
and non-reward, respectively). After training, the novel pair BD (BD test) was presented.
Consistent with TI, during the BD test, the fish chose D more frequently than B. Our results
suggest that cleaner fish can represent the linear relationship (i.e. A<B<C<D<E) based on
previous training. Although the mechanism underlying TI in cleaner fish is still unclear, this
work contributes to understanding cognitive abilities in social animals.
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Abstracts of Oral Presentation 3A
O3A-01
Chimpanzees detect strangeness in bodies: an eye-tracking study〇Jie Gao, Masaki Tomonaga(Kyoto University)
Humans have the knowledge about the arrangement and appearance of body parts, which is
important for us to compose the human figure, discriminate humans from other species, and
to discriminate individuals within humans. However, it is not clear whether other animals also
have the knowledge. In this study, we tested whether chimpanzees can detect strangeness in
bodies. We showed pictures of chimpanzee bodies to seven individuals using an eye tracker.
There were four types of manipulations for the arms. The first were normal bodies (the area
of interest, AOI, was the arm). In the second type, we misplaced one arm to another position (the
AOI was the misplaced arm). In the third type, we replaced an arm with a leg (the AOI was
the leg replacing the arm). In the fourth type, we replaced an arm with a human arm (the
AOI was the human arm). We compared the fixation duration in the AOIs across the four
types of manipulations. We found that the chimpanzees showed the longest to shortest
fixation durations to the fourth, third, second, and first type of manipulations successively.
They also showed marginally longer fixation duration to the fourth type than the first type
when the manipulated body part was legs. They paid more attention to the body parts with
strange positions or looks in the body stimuli. It suggests that chimpanzees have the
knowledge of the arrangement and appearance of body parts, as humans do.
O3A-02
The “gap effect” in chimpanzees as examined by eye-movement and manual response tasks〇Mikuho Yokoyama, Fumihiro Kano, Masaki Tomonaga(Kyoto University)
Attention is one of the core cognitive processes in human and nonhuman animals. To shift
visual attention from a certain visual target to a new target, attention must be disengaged.
Previous studies have found that, in humans, when there is a temporal gap between the
disappearance of central target and the onset of new peripheral target, latency in the
responses to the target became shorter, compared to when there is no temporal gap between
those two targets. This is known as the “gap effect”. In nonhuman apes, previous studies
using an eye-movement task showed that apes show only weak or no gap effect, while the
other study with a manual response (push-button) task showed clearer effects. Interestingly,
humans showed clear gap effect in both tasks. In this study, we replicated the results from
manual (touch-panel) tasks. Also, in the eye-movement (eye-tracking) task, we modified the
attractiveness of central target to enhance chimpanzees’ engagement to the target. We found
that chimpanzees show reliable gap effect in this task. We thus confirmed that chimpanzees
also have the gap effect, and the procedural differences in tasks might contribute to the
differences in its magnitude.
O3A-03
Rhythmic engagement induced by sound in chimpanzees
Yuko Hattori(Kyoto University)
Music and dance are universal across human culture and have an ancient history. One
characteristic of music is its strong influence on movement. For example, an auditory beat
induces rhythmic movement with positive emotions in humans from early developmental
stages. In this study, I investigated if sound induced spontaneous rhythmic movement in
chimpanzees. Three experiments showed that: 1) sound induced rhythmic swaying and other
rhythmic movements, with larger responses from male chimpanzees than female chimpanzees;
2) beat tempo affected movement periodicity in chimpanzees in a bipedal posture; and 3)
chimpanzees preferred to stay close to the sound source while hearing the auditory stimuli.
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The finding that male chimpanzees showed a significantly larger response to sound than
females was consistent with previous literature about “rain dances” in the wild, in which male
chimpanzees engage in rhythmic displays when hearing the sound of rain starting. These
results suggest that some biological foundation for dancing existed in the common ancestor of
humans and chimpanzees approximately 6 million years ago. I also discuss sound features
that affect rhythmic movement in chimpanzees.
O3A-04
Dyad inversion effect in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) and humans (Homo sapiens)
〇Toyomi Matsuno1, Hika Kuroshima2(1Hosei University, 2Kyoto University)
Perceiving social interactions is an important issue for social animals. Studies in humans
have revealed aspects of our visual sensitivity to social dyadic events. For example, humans
visually process the bodies of two individuals who are facing each other more efficiently and
configurally than if they are facing away from each other. This study investigated whether
capuchin monkeys also show such an advantage in perceiving social dyads. Capuchin monkeys
and humans performed visual detection tasks in which participants were required to visually
discriminate the facing orientation of two upright or inverted body forms. The targets in the
detection task consisted of two bodies that were facing each other or facing away from each
other. Distractor stimuli were created by mirroring one of the bodies, resulting in two bodies
orienting in the same direction. Monkeys and humans showed similar patterns of results.
They detected upright bodies that were facing each other more efficiently than the other types
of target stimuli. These results suggest that a basic visual attunement to social interactions is
shared between human and nonhuman primate species.
O3A-05
Hyperactivity in the valproic acid-induced marmoset model of autism〇Madoka Nakamura1, Akiko Nakagami2, Keiko Nakagaki3, Noritaka Ichinohe3,
Nobuyuki Kawai1
(1Nagoya University, 2Japan Women’s University,
3National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry)
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show social communication deficits and
repetitive behaviors. Since maternal administration of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy is
associated with a significantly increased risk for ASD in offspring, we sought to establish a
non-human primate model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to VPA. We have previously
demonstrated that the VPA-induced autistic common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) fail to
show social cognitive skills such as inequity aversion and discrimination between third-party’s
reciprocal and non-reciprocal interactions. To investigate whether prevalent behavioral
symptoms can also be detected in the marmoset model of ASD, we measured home cage
activity of adult marmosets using an unobtrusive collar-worn actigraphy device. The VPA
marmosets, like many of the other animal models of ASD, exhibited significantly higher home
cage activity in the 12h light period than the VPA-unexposed group. Based on the current and
previous findings, we conclude that the VPA marmosets have autistic-like phenotypes
including abnormal social cognition and hyperactive behavior, suggesting that our primate
model of autism is useful to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying autistic
symptoms and will be applied to preclinical research to establish treatment protocols for
patients with ASD.
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O3A-06
Neural representation of physical surface properties of faces in the temporal lobe of macaque
monkeys
〇Kazuko Hayashi1, Narihisa Matsumoto1, Keiji Matsuda1, Kenichiro Miura2,
Shigeru Yamane1, Shin Matsuo3, Keiji Yanai3, Mark A. G. Eldridge4, Richard C. Saunders4,
Barry J. Richmond4, Yuji Nagai5, Naohisa Miyakawa5, Takafumi Minamimoto5,
Masato Okada6, Kenji Kawano1, Yasuko Sugase-Miyamoto1
(1AIST, 2NCNP, 3University of Electro-Comm., 4NIMH, 5NIRS, 6The University of Tokyo)
In primate, face perception is assumed to rely on neural mechanisms in the temporal lobe
where visual characteristics of faces are processed. The temporal cortex is also known to play
a key role in processing the material properties of objects, including gloss and texture. We
have previously shown temporal processing of facial information in temporal cortex neurons.
In this study, we investigated the neuronal responses to difference between physical surface
properties of faces in two macaque monkeys. The original stimulus set consisted of monkey
faces, human faces and geometric shapes. Three more sets were synthesized by image-based
material editing methods: high-gloss, low-gloss and style-transferred images. We recorded 51
face-responsive neurons using single electrodes in one monkey, and 97 face-responsive neurons
simultaneously using multi-electrode arrays in the other monkey while they performed a
fixation task. Many neurons modulated their activities by the changes in facial textures.
Mutual information analysis revealed that the timing of the information peak was different
depending on effects of the material editing. The results suggest that the temporal cortex
neurons may code the physical properties of faces such as skin tone, hair glow and twinkle in
eyes, associated with useful information in predicting one’s age, health conditions and
emotional states for our social interaction.
O3A-07
What is a key element to focus on the face for cichlid fish?〇Kento Kawasaka, Masanori Kohda(Osaka City University)
In a wide range of species, faces contain much important information for communication.
Previous researches using the eye-tracking system have revealed that human and some
primates gaze face primally than the other body parts. These species can utilize the gaze
direction to know the interest of another individual. Therefore they prefer the eyes among the
facial elements. Recently, it is revealed that a species of cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher,
focus on the face primally. However, it has not been clarified what kind of facial elements are
key for such gaze preference. Therefore, we took pictures of N. pulcher’s face and combined
or removed these elements (e.g. eye, contour, and patterns) to create face-like stimuli. Then we
presented these stimuli to N. pulcher and observed which body parts they gazed. Comparing
the duration and number of gazing for the head (face) area, we assessed the influence of the
presence of each element on their preference for faces. Based on these results, here we discuss
what is the key to focus on the face primally.
O3A-08
Offered-option and chosen-option signals in the striatum during value-based decision making.
〇Kazuyuki Samejima1, Satoshi Nonomura2
(1Tamagwa University, 2Tokyo Med & Dent University)
The decision-making process can be conceptualized as a two-step process: “option choice,”
which does not include physical actions, followed by “movement choice,” in which action is
executed to obtain the option. Accumulating evidence in the field of decision neuroscience
suggests that the cortico-basal ganglia circuits play a crucial role in value-based decision
making. However, the underlying mechanisms of the option and movement choices remain
poorly understood. In this study, to uncover the neuronal basis of option choice in the
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striatum, we designed a behavioral task in which the processes of option and movement
choice were temporally separated, and recorded the single-unit activity of phasically active
neurons (PANs). For the activity of each individual neuron during the option choice period, we
identified offered option- and chosen option-type neurons, corresponding to pre- and
postdecision signals, respectively. These signals were represented in the choice task but not in
the non-choice control task. We also found the movement-type neurons during the movement
period after the option choice. Most offered option- or chosen option-type neurons were not
overlapped with movement-type neurons. The presence of option choice-related signals
independent of movement signal in the striatum indicated that the striatum was part of the
site where option choice was made within a cortico-basal ganglia circuit. This work is
supported by KAKEHNI 19H04988.
Abstracts of Poster Presentation 1
P1-01
Third-Party social evaluations in dogs ― Do dogs prefer someone who pacifies an aggressive
person?
〇Arashi Obara1, Hitomi Chijiwa1, Ayaka Takimoto2, Yusuke Hori1, Hika Kuroshima1,
Kazuo Fujita1
(1Kyoto University, 2Hokkaido University)
Humans evaluate others by observing third party social interactions. This ability is
considered to be one of the foundations of human cooperative society. Recent studies have
reported that non-human animals, including dogs, also avoid people who violate social rules.
However, whether dogs would prefer a person who behaves prosocially, as observed in human
infants, is unknown. This study investigated whether dogs prefer a person who pacifies
another, offensive person. The dog observed two situations; (1) when actor A behaved angrily
toward actor B, actor C appeased A’s anger, while actor D was reading a book, and (2) actor
C appeased actor D, who was reading a book while ignoring actor A’s verbal tirade toward
actor B. After the action, C and D appeared in front of the dog with food. We recorded which
actor the dogs took food from, how long they spent time with them, and how long they paid
attention toward them. The results revealed no significant difference between the two test
situations for any behavioral measures. This suggests that dogs have no preference for a “kind”
person who intervenes to pacify an aggressive person.
P1-02
Mother Dog Mediates Adaptation of Young Offspring to Human Society〇Mayu Nishimoto1, Takatomi Kubo1, Miho Nagasawa2, Takefumi Kikusui2,
Yuki Maruno3, Kazushi Ikeda1
(1Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 2Azabu University,
3Kyoto Women’s University)
Dogs acquire social cognitive abilities to interact with human beings in their developmental
processes. However, it is still unclear whether a mother dog mediates adaptation of her young
offspring to human. The purpose of this study is to verify the mediation effect of a mother
dog. The participants were an owner of dogs, an unfamiliar person to the dogs, and a group
of six hunting dogs: a mother, an adult dog, and four young offsprings of the mother. The
human subjects were instructed to walk along a specified course. During the walk, the location
of each individual was recorded by a GPS system. We conducted multiple trials of the walk
and changed the members for each trial. The distances between all possible individuals were
calculated in the analysis. We compared the distances between the owner and the young dogs
between the condition with the mother and that with the other adult dog (control condition).
As a result, we found that the distance between the owner and young dogs under mother
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condition was smaller than that of the control condition. This result may suggest that the
mother dog mediates adaptation of young offsprings to human society.
P1-03
The respiration synchronization between human and dog〇Tomoki Hashimoto, Kensaku Nomoto, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui
(Azabu University)
Synchronization of respiration has been observed in affiliative dyadic relationships in
human. We examined whether synchronization of respiration was also found in dogs and their
owners. Initially we developed a new non-invasive method for measurement. The respiration
intervals in dogs was able to be monitored by using the MI sensor and magnet that each
mounted on the other side of the rib cage unless there was no large body movement. We
measured the respiration rate of a human and a dog simultaneously by using this method,
and examined whether they synchronized when the human and dog spent time side by side.
We made a model using the averages of respiration intervals within a few minutes episodes
with different situations in which human changed respiration rates. There was a significant
effect of human respiration rate on dog respiration rate. (estimate = 0.40395, p = 0.0159) This
showed that the respiration synchronization was brought by exchange of bidirectional
interaction between dogs and humans. It was suggested that this synchronization is due to
the match of mental states, such as calmness which is observed in human mother and child
at falling into sleep.
P1-04
Human-dog synchronization of behavior and the autonomic nervous system〇Mikuru Murayama1, Maki Katayama1, Takatomi Kubo2, Kazushi Ikeda2,
Miho Nagasawa1, Takefumi Kikusui1
(1Azabu University, 2Nara Institute of Science and Technology)
The purpose of this study was to examine the synchronization between humans and dogs
by using heart rate variability and acceleration. The experiments consisted of four conditions:
resting, separation from owner, motioning and 5 minutes searching tasks. In the motion task,
the owners knew where the reward was placed, while in the search task, they did not. Search
task is assumed to be more likely to arouse emotion in both dogs and their owners than the
motion task; therefore, we hypothesized this would result in synchronization between the
owners and the dogs rather than motion task condition where emotion is less likely to be
reflected. Time domain analysis was used for heart rate variability analysis. Correlation
analysis between owners and dogs showed a positive correlation in meanRRI, acceleration, and
ΔmeanRRI (motor component was removed from autonomic nervous response) that were the
indicators of emotion under search task conditions. It suggests that autonomic and behavioral
synchronization occurred between humans and dogs especially under search task, which
matches our hypothesis that emotion is aroused in both humans and dogs.
P1-05
An exploratory study about gait synchronization between horses and humans by measuring
acceleration
〇Eriko Ueda1, Miho Nagasawa2, Takatomi Kubo3, Satoshi Murashige3, Kazushi Ikeda3,
Ayaka Takimoto1
(1Hokkaido University, 2Azabu University, 3Nara Institute of Science and Technology)
Behavioral synchronization increases a feeling of affiliation for the interaction partner. Such
relationship between behavioral synchronization and affiliation is shown not only between the
same species but also between the different species. Previous studies suggested that affiliation
between the dog and her/his owner enhances the degree of synchronization during walking.
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Similarly to the dog, the horse is one of animals which have close and cooperative
relationships with humans for a long period. However, it is still not clear whether behavioral
synchronization occurs in the horse-human interactions. Therefore, we investigated whether the
gait synchronization occurs between the horse and the human participants while they were
walking together and whether the gait synchronization is facilitated by human gait adjustment
to the partner horse by measuring acceleration. In the free condition, a human participant
walked with a partner horse freely on a straight course. On the other hand, in the control
condition, she/he walked with the partner horse on the same course in the fixed tempo of
her/his walking alone so that she/he could not harmonize with the partner horse. We report
our results on the day of this conference.
P1-06
Do domestic horses (Equus caballus) show a visual preference for the same-age conspecifics?〇Miki Kamatani, Ayaka Takimoto(Hokkaido University)
Animals have close and enduring affiliative relationships with conspecifics. Such
relationships are called as social bonds. Recently, it has been reported that individuals who
have strong or/and good social bonds are adaptive in the aspect of reproduction and survival (e.g.,
Cameron, Setsaas & Linklater, 2009; Silk et al., 2010). The similarity principle (de Waal &
Luttrell, 1986) proposed that social bonds are built more easily between similar dyads in
relatedness, age, hierarchy and reproductive status because it is easier for more similar group
members to have common interests and establish affiliative relationships. The principle also
suggests the possibility that individuals choose a similar member as a partner of the
affiliative interaction and start to form social bonds. In fact, horses build social bonds more
with similar age’s group members (Takimoto, Wilds, Ueno & Kawai, in prep). However, it is
unclear whether they have a preference for a similar age’s member before interacting with
others. In our study, we investigated whether domestic horses show a visual preference for the
same-age conspecifics by using photos of stranger conspecifics in an experimental setting. We
report these results on the day of this conference.
P1-07
The interaction between social relationships and prosocial behavior among group-living rats〇Shiomi Hakataya, Noriko Katsu, Kazuo Okanoya(The University of Tokyo)
Rats are known for their high sociality and demonstrate various prosocial behaviors. In
groups of such gregarious animals, individuals may form long-term selective amicability called
social bonds. Thus, to understand the dynamics of prosocial interactions in animal groups, it
is important to consider the interaction between social relationship and prosocial behavior. In
line with this, we investigated whether occurrence of prosocial behavior is affected by strength
of social relationships among group members, and whether exchange of prosocial behaviors
can alter social interaction patterns. We analyzed social relationships among group members
before and after the helping behavior experiment in which the helper rat liberates the soaking
cagemate by opening the door. In the experiment, 13 out of 28 rats acquired helping. Young
females tended to be door-openers. Also, rats learned to open the door when the soaking
cagemates were able to draw the helpers’ attention. Moreover, occurrence of prosocial behavior
was not affected by strength of social relationship, nor did exchange of prosocial behavior
enhance social interactions between subjects. As above, rats helped others when asked and
exchange of helping didn’t lead to the emergence of social bonds among group-living rats.
Supported by JSPS #4903, 17H06380.
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P1-08
Do rats choose the cagemate over the food?〇Yang Yu, Mayuna Ichikawa, Taichi Kusayama(Teikyo University)
The consideration about the mental state of animal would be important for the empathy
researches. In this study, we tested the rat’s tendency which they choose either between foods
and the contact with other individuals at the same time. They were trained to choose the
arm, which a pellet was put, at first. And then whether they choose the arm, which other
individuals was in, were tested. Finally, we presented both food and other individuals. As a
result, any statistical difference for the choice between foods and other individuals were not
recognized. In addition, it was considerably different in choices of an individual and sessions.
Our rats did not show any consistent responses. It would be thought that we should consider
it as a variable about not only the control of the stimulus but also the mental state of the
individual to intend for.
P1-09
The role of the prefrontal cortex in social cognitive function in mice
〇Joi Yashima, Tomoko Uekita, Toshiro Sakamoto(Kyoto Tachibana University)
We examined the contributions of the anterior and posterior prefrontal cortex (APFC and
PPFC) to social cognitive function in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups
at 8 weeks of age: APFC or sham lesion, PPFC or sham lesion. We conducted a social
preference test and a social recognition test. A test mouse was presented with a novel mouse
and a cage-mate mouse, located in Plexiglas cylinders placed at the center of a white box. We
measured social investigation (SI) as the duration during which the test mouse sniffed toward
each stimulus mouse in a 5-min period (3 trials). We found that the SI duration for the cage-
mate mouse in PPFC lesioned mice was significantly longer than that in control mice in the
social preference test (the same stimulus mice were used in the 3 trials), and that SI duration
for the novel mouse in PPFC lesioned mice was longer than that in control mice in the social
recognition test (the novel mouse was changed in each trial). We observed no effect of APFC
lesions in these social tests. These results suggest that the PPFC but not the APFC might be
involved in suppression of social investigation behavior toward conspecifics.
P1-10
Rats help conspecifics even when they receive aversive stimuli to do it〇Atsuhito Yamagishi, Arisa Uchida, Nobuya Sato(Kwansei Gakuin University)
We examined whether rats help conspecifics even when they receive aversive stimuli. An
experimental box consisted of a pool area and a ground area. Helper rats were placed in the
ground area, and their cagemates were locked in the pool area. When the helper rats open a
circular door, the cagemates can escape from the pool area. The helper rats learned to open
the door to help the cagemates. After that, two tests were conducted (cagemate and empty
conditions). In the cagemate condition, the helper rats were tested for 5 days whether they
open the door to help the cagemates. The empty condition was the same as the cagemate
condition except that the pool area was empty. In both conditions, the temperature of a part
of the ground area in front of the door increased daily by 5 degree from 35 ℃. The time until
the helper rats open the door gradually increased as an increment of the floor temperature in
both conditions. The door-opening latencies in the cagemate condition were shorter than those
in the empty condition. These results suggest that rats help conspecifics even when they
receive aversive stimuli to do it.
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P1-11
A Preliminary Study on Animal Models of Attachments to Human Fathers by Utilizing of White
Leghorns’ Imprinting Behavior
〇Emiko Kawabata1, Masahiro Suzuki2(1Ibaraki University, 2Tokiwa University)
We explored the possibility that white leghorns’ imprinting behavior could be utilized as
animal models for the studies on the attachments to human fathers. The experiment was
designed to examine whether white leghorns could be imprinted on second stimuli while they
remained imprinted on first stimuli. In the experiment, the first stimuli were considered as
mothers in human families, and the second stimuli were considered as fathers. There were
two parts in the experiment. In the first part, the training sessions for imprinting white
leghorns on the first stimuli were conducted. After the white leghorns were imprinted on the
first stimuli, the second part was begun. The training sessions for imprinting the white
leghorns on the first stimuli and the training sessions for imprinting them on the second
stimuli were conducted alternately. We found that we could imprint the white leghorns on
both the first stimuli and the second stimuli, and that the imprinting on the second stimuli
did not reduce the imprinting on the first stimuli. These findings suggest that we can utilize
white leghorns’ imprinting behavior as animal models for the studies on the attachments to
human fathers.
P1-12
The effects of helped/non-helped experience on helping behavior in rats.〇Kota Kitano, Atsuhito Yamagishi, Nobuya Sato(Kwansei Gakuin University)
Several studies suggest that rats show reciprocity. Reciprocity in helping behavior has not
been studied. To examine how an experience of being helped by others affects subsequent
helping behavior. We used a paradigm of helping task that rats helped a conspecific soaked
in water by opening a door. Thereby the soaked rat can escape from water. Before testing,
the rats experienced being helped and not helped by others. The rats were divided into two
groups. In one group, rats help a conspecific that helped before the test (Helped group). In the
other group, rats help a conspecific that didn’t help previously (Non-Helped group). We
measured the latency of opening the door for previously helped rats or non-helped rats. We
also carried out the partner preference test (PPT) with the helped and non-helped partners. As
a result, there was no difference in the latency of door-opening between the groups. However,
the PPT showed preference for rats that had previously helped compared with those that no
had not helped. This result suggests that helping behavior is not affected by the experience of
being helped/non-helped by others, but preferences for others who helped previously emerged.
P1-13
Empathic sound communication between humans and rodents〇Takafumi Shigeyama1, Yuta Tamai1, Yuki Ito1, Takafumi Furuyama2, Shizuko Hiryu1,
Kohta I. Kobayasi1
(1Doshisha University, 2Kanazawa Medical University)
Currently, “animal-assisted activities”, or called “animal therapy”, is attracting attention for
helping people especially elderly. Breeding large mammals, such as dogs and cats, requires
measurable cost, therefore it is desirable to use small animals instead. However, since humans
and small animals (i.e., rodents) do not share similar social signals, it is difficult to
communicate empathically. The purpose of this experiment is to establish a communication
method between human and small animals through auditory stimulus/modality. Mongolian
gerbils were used because they have high auditory sensitivity in the human audible range,
and were evaluated whether they were able to distinguish sounds by operant conditioning.
The movement of the gerbils in a behavioral arena (90 cm × 40 cm) was detected in real
time after a tone burst sequence (4 kHz and 8 kHz), and when they entered a specific area,
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they were automatically rewarded by the feeder. It was confirmed that when the sound was
presented, they voluntarily headed to the specific area. We are currently trained animals to
distinguish gerbil’s various communication sounds, which have different valence and arousal
level, and stimulus generalization (from gerbil’s sound to humans) will be tested by measuring
behavioral responses to emotional human utterances. Furthermore, we acoustically manipulate
human’s communication sound and promote stimulus generalization to help them understand
human vocalization empathically.
P1-14
Acoustic individuality of the sequential call in large-billed crows
〇Yuiko Suzuki, Ei-Ichi Izawa(Keio University)
In animal communication, acoustic signal is advantageous under visually invalid long-
distance communication among social gatherings and territorial neighbors. In the past studies
of birds, those long-distance communications have been found to be based on the individual
recognition. It was reported that crow’s audio-vocally communicated for a long distance such
as in aggregating at food resources. Here we investigated the acoustic individuality of
sequential ka calls of large-billed crows. This type of calls consists of 3 to 15 elements with
0.2 - 0.5 s short intervals in a sequence and is assumed to play a role as a long-distance
communication such as social aggregation. We measured twenty-five acoustic parameters of
each element of a total of 63 sequences from 4 crows and tested the individual difference in
acoustic structures by using a discriminant function analysis (DFA) following to a principal
component analysis. DFA revealed the more than 80 % accuracy to discriminate the 4
individuals based on the acoustic structures. This result indicates the acoustic individuality of
the sequential ka call, suggesting the role of individual recognition based on this long-distance
communication in large-billed crows.
P1-15
The recognition of pictures in the Jungle Crow: what kind of factors they adopt?〇Amy Obara1, Masato Aoyama1, Shoei Sugita1,2
(1Utsunomiya University, 2Toto University)
There have been many researches that investigating the ability of pictures’ recognition in
the Jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos), but it is little known what kind of factors in the
picture they adopt for the recognition. In this research, we trained crows to select the pictures
of specific species of birds, and examined the effects of the pictures’ modification on their
selection. Four adult Jungle crows were used. Two of them were trained to select a picture of
sparrow from other species of birds in the two choice test, and other two crows were trained
to select a picture of pigeon. After they got to select the ‘correct bird’ by the binomial test,
they were tasked to select the modified pictures. Seven types of picture modification were
tried: normal but unfamiliar pictures, gray scale, line drawing, deformed illustration, hue
converted pictures, color-pattern exchanged pictures, and extracted five colors. Our results
showed that crows adopt mainly the color pattern of the pictures for the recognition, but
other factors also may be used. In addition, they might recognize the modified illustration as
the trained birds.
P1-16
Neural mechanisms for social enhancement of vocal learning in a songbird〇Shin Yanagihara1, Maki Ikebuchi2, Chihiro Mori1, Ryosuke O. Tachibana1,
Kazuo Okanoya1,2
(1The University of Tokyo, 2RIKEN)
As in human speech acquisition, social interactions are crucial for vocal learning in
songbirds. Juvenile zebra finches listen to a song from a live tutor and imitate its song.
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However, passive exposures to a tutor song presented from a speaker in the absence of a live
tutor result in a poor imitation. Here, we hypothesized that a live tutor song enhances the
activity of brain reward circuitry in juvenile leading to successful memory formation. To test
this, we set out to record neural activities from midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) and
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in freely-behaving birds. We found that VTA/SNc
neurons exhibited auditory responses to a tutor song, and that responses were modulated by
social context. These neurons showed greater tutor song responses when a juvenile was in the
presence of a tutor compared to alone. Moreover, enhanced auditory responses were also
found when a juvenile heard a song from a live tutor, thus suggesting that VTA/SNc play a
role in social enhancement of vocal learning. Supported by JSPS KAKENHI 17H06380 (#4903),
17H01015, 17K07066.
P1-17
Training protocols for touchscreen-based visual discrimination in mice
〇Manami Ishikawa, Kazuhiro Goto(Sagami Women’s University)
Automated touchscreen-based tasks are increasingly being used to explore a broad range of
issues in learning and behavior in mice. However, training is time-consuming even before the
the actual ask begins. In this report, I describe how to train mice efficiently to perform visual
discrimination. C57BL/6N mice were first given magazine training. Nosepoke responses were
then authoshaped and maintained on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Self-start response
was then introduced in order to measure respose time to complete each trial. The stimulus
position was also varied across trials. I finally examined the discrimination performance of
size of circles. Mice were tested with four target stimuli with variable sizes from a single S-.
Choosing larger circles was reinforced. All mice successfully went through all training stages,
confirming that this training protocol is promising for shaping appropriate discriminative
behaviors in mice.
P1-18
Study of cross-modal correspondence between pitch and luminance in rats〇Yumiko Uehara, Riho Tanioka, Shogo Sakata(Hiroshima University)
Humans have preferences for certain cross-modality combinations. For example, they
associate higher-pitched sounds with brighter colors (e.g. white) and they associate lower-
pitched sound with darker colors (e.g. black). It seems that other animals also have such
preferences. It is because in nature, the sunlight comes from above the sky and many flying
animals are small and sing in a high pitch; therefore, bright light associates with above, small
and high pitch. However, few studies have examined correspondence between pitch and
brightness in non-human animals. In this study, six Long-Evans rats were required to classify
black and white screens, and high and low LED lights, while hearing irrelevant background
sounds that were either high-pitched (4000 Hz) or low-pitched (2000 Hz). Three of them
classified black and white first, and luminance later. In addition, the other classified in
reverse order. In terms of response time, cross-modal correspondence effects between pitch
and luminance of color (black and white) were observed only in the group which classified
black and white first, but not in the other group. These results suggest that rats have cross-
modal correspondence between pitch and luminance of color.
P1-19
Tool manipulation by rats according to food position without tool-use training
Akane Nagano(Doshisha University)
I investigated whether rats could move a tool laterally in relation to food position without
tool-use experience. Eight rats were trained to move a rake-shaped tool laterally within fixed
ranges. During the training, only the rake was presented in the experimental apparatus
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without presenting food rewards. If the rats manipulated the rake laterally within the range,
then the experimenter retrieved the tool and offered food by hand through a small hole in the
door of an experimental box. After the training, the rats were trained to pull a thread
fastened to food or a thread without any food. The rats never obtained food directly by using
the tool, and the tool was never in contact with the food. In the test, the rake was placed at
the center of the apparatus, and the food was placed on either the left or right side of the
rake. Hence, the rats had to move the tool laterally before pulling it according to the food’s
position. Of the eight rats, one was able to move the rake laterally according to the food’s
position.
P1-20
An attempt to clarify spatial abilities of rats in a three-dimensional maze
〇Tomohiro Hayashi, Mana Ikegawa, Nobuya Sato(Kwansei Gakuin University)
In most studies, especially those with rodents, spatial cognitive abilities have been
considering only in a horizontal environment. In this study, we examined spatial abilities of
rats in an environment that allows vertical movement in addition to horizontal movement. The
task was conducted using a 3-dimensional maze formed by 5 × 6 × 4 paths arranged in a
grid. We placed lights at each vertex of the maze as a beacon. Extra-maze cues were not
available because the maze was covered with black plastic boards. In the learning phase, the
rats were required to go to the goal from a starting point which located at the vertex diagonal
to the goal. They obtained reward when reached the goal. The latency to arrive at the goal
point decreased across trials. This suggests that they could learn the spatial relation between
the goal and the start point in the 3-dimensional maze. After the learning, we moved the
beacon to investigate whether the rats learned to go to the beacon. There was no difference in
the frequency of the rats’ choice between the learned goal location and the beacon location.
This suggests that the rats used not only beacon but also idiothetic cues to solve this task.
P1-21
Neural correlates of interval timing in head-fixed mice
〇Saya Yatagai1, Kota Yamada1, Kohei Yamamoto1, Katsuyasu Sakurai2, Koji Toda1
(1Keio University, 2Tsukuba University)
Interval timing in the seconds to minutes range is essential to survival in many species, yet
the underlying mechanisms remain unknown (Buhusi and Meck, 2005). Here we examined the
neural mechanisms of interval timing by observing c-fos expressions, an index of cell activities
responding to varying stimulations, in the brain of temporal-conditioned mice. Using a head-
fixed setup, we trained water-deprived mice on two types of temporal conditioning tasks. In
the fixed-time (FT) schedule task, we delivered 10 % sucrose solution every 10 seconds with a
blunt-tipped needle placed within licking distance of the mice. Timing of the reward delivery
is predictable in this FT schedule task. In random-time (RT) schedule task, we delivered the
sucrose solution randomly between 5-15 seconds. Timing of the reward delivery is less
predictable in this RT schedule task. Early in the training, mice showed robust consumption
licking but no anticipatory licking. After the training, mice showed schedule-dependent
anticipatory licking. First, we compared c-fos expression in the stained brain of the non-
conditioned mice and the conditioned mice. Second, we compared c-fos expression in the
stained brain of the mice trained on the FT task and the mice trained on the RT task. This
immunohistochemical approach will be an important step to understand the neural mechanism
related to interval timing.
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P1-22
Test of the win-stay lose-shift principle in five-armed bandit problems with mice
〇Yu Takarada1, Kuniaki Satori1, Yuji Morimoto2, Masashi Arake2, Hiroyuki Ohta2,
Tatsuji Takahashi1
(1Tokyo Denki University, 2NDMC)
It is argued that animals often follow the win-stay lose-shift (WSLS) principle when making
decisions, where they keep choosing the same option as far as they keep acquiring rewards,
while they switch the option when they do not. However, the principle is usually verified when
there are substantially only two options. When there are only two options, the shift in the
option just means choosing the other one, and the actual choices reflect the reward
probabilities of the two options, hence it does not really involve exploration. In this study, we
tested the WSLS principle in the five-armed bandit problems with mice. The probability of
staying in the same action after getting a reward was higher than ten steps later, whether the
reward probabilities of the actions are uniform or skewed. On the other hand, the entropy of
action selections of two steps did not show differences. We conclude that in the five-armed
task with mice, the action selection does not depend on the immediately preceding reward,
but in the longer term it moderately follows the WSLS principle.
P1-23
Discrimination of the shapes of looped runways in rats〇Ayaka Sato, Nobuya Sato(Kwansei Gakuin University)
Some previous studies have been showing that some kind of animals can use geometric
cues to solve spatial tasks. The purpose of this study is to investigate what information is
useful to recognize the structures of environment for rat. In experiment 1, rats were trained to
discriminate between two different shapes of looped runways. In one of the runways, all
corners were rounded shape (R-runway), the other had squared corners (S-runway). All
runways had food boxes on the both inner and outer walls. The rats ran either R- or
S-runways and chose one of the two boxes to get food rewards. After rats reached a learning
criterion, in the test phase, they ran two different runways from that in the learning phase;
one runway had round-shaped inner walls and square-shaped outer walls (R-s runway), and
the shape of the inner walls of the other runway was square and that of the outer walls was
round (S-r runway). The rats could discriminate the shape of runways and tended to use the
shape of the inner wall as a discriminative cue in the test phase. In experiment 2, all tasks
were conducted under dark with the same procedure as the experiment 1. As a result, the
same tendency as the experiment 1 was observed. Theses result suggest that rats can
discriminate the structure of environment only with somatic sense like tactile, and visual cue
is not absolute necessity for discrimination.
P1-24
Assessment of the SNARC effect following the extensive discrimination training of relative
numerosity in mice
Kazuhiro Goto(Sagami Women’s University)
The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) refers to a spatial organization
of numerical information. When making numerical judgments, people typically respond faster
to small numbers presented on the left and to large numbers presented on the right. In the
present study, we examined the SNARC effect in mice. We first trained them to discriminate
eight dots from four dots in a simultaneous discrimination in a touchscreen chamber. Mice
successfully learned the discrimination and it was transferred to novel quantities, suggesting
that mice discriminate relative numerosity. We then examined the SNARC effect by presenting
equal numbers of dots (2, 4, 8, or 16) side by side. If mice show the SNARC effect, leftward
response bias should systematically decrease as the number of dots increase. Data will be
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presented at the meeting.
P1-25
Identity matching-to-sample performance in rats with visual stimuli on a touch panel display〇Makiko Kamijo, Kazuo Okanoya(The University of Tokyo)
Identity and oddity are the most elemental concepts in animals. These concepts are widely
studied by matching- and nonmatching-to-sample procedures but abstract concept of identity
or oddity has been assumed to be unique to limited species. In this research, we investigated
an ability of the identity matching-to-sample task in rats with visual stimuli. Four Long-Evans
rats were trained to select the same pictorial pattern with the sample stimulus in a matching-
to-sample procedure. The apparatus was an operant chamber attached with a LCD display
and a touch panel. Rats were required to make an observation response to a sample stimulus,
and then two comparison stimuli were presented on both sides of the sample. Responses to
the identical stimulus with the sample were reinforced with three pellets. All rats accomplished
the learning criterion of 90 % correct responses in successive two sessions and two rats
showed significant transfer of its learning to novel stimuli. These results suggest rats can
perform the identity matching-to-sample task with visual stimuli and learn abstract identity
concept. Supported by JSPS #4903, 17H06380.
P1-26
Counting of sequentially encountered objects in rats〇Yuka Kurachi, Tohru Taniuchi(Kanazawa University)
Taniuchi et al. (2016) reported that rats learned to respond to the third object in a row of
identical six objects presented simultaneously. However, it is known that humans can identify
the number of stimuli less than four without counting. This pre-counting process is called
subitizing. Although subitizing in nonhuman animals has not reported, we cannot exclude the
possibility that rats in Taniuchi et al. (2016) identified the target third object though subitizing
but not counting. Subitizing cannot be applied to identify the number of stimuli presented
sequentially, especially with irregular temporal intervals. Therefore, this research aimed to
examine whether rats could learn to respond to the third object when they encountered the
objects sequentially. First, as in Taniuchi et al. (2016), rats were trained to respond to the
third object in a row of identical six objects presented simultaneously. Then, partitions with
openings were inserted between the objects, and thus rats could encounter the objects only
sequentially. One rat reliably learned this sequential counting task. This result suggests that
rats can mentally enumerate stimuli they encounter sequentially.
P1-27
Anticipatory contrast in instrumental behavior of rats.〇Katsuyoshi Kawasaki, Mamiya Taga(Hoshi University)
Anticipatory negative contrast (ANC) is the phenomenon that animals suppress approach to
the first reward when it is followed daily by a second preferred reward. The ANC has been
interpreted as resulting from anticipation of the impending preferred reward and its
comparison with the currently available first reward. However, the almost studies that show
ANC were conducted on consummatory behavior of rats. We conducted an experiment with
the objective of ascertaining whether ANC occurs in instrumental behaviors of rats. In present
experiment all the rats were given 3 min FR3 schedule of nose-poking on 1st component of
daily session for 10 days. The reward was one 20 mg pellet. While control group was given
same 3 min FR3 schedule and one 20 mg pellet in 2nd component, experimental groups were
given 3 min FR1 schedule and 3 (1-3 group), or 5 (1-5 group) of 20 mg pellets in 2 nd. Mean
numbers of nose-poking in 1st component of last 5 sessions were suppressed significantly in
1-3 and 1-5 groups compared with control. But there was no statistical difference between
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both groups. Although the presence of ANC was also confirmed in instrumental behavior, it
seems that the difference in reward value is not highly sensitive.
P1-28
Do cocatiels map numbers spatially?〇Kensuke Shiotani, Yuya Hataji, Hika Kuroshima, Kazuo Fujita(Kyoto University)
According to the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, humans
respond to small numbers faster and more accurately on the left side than the right, and big
numbers faster and more accurately on the right side than the left. Recent studies reveal that
the SNARC effect is seen in some non-human animals, suggesting that the spatial mapping of
number is not rooted in human culture and language but shared with other animals. Here, we
explored the SNARC effect in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) using a matching-to-sample
procedure. Five cockatiels were presented with 1, 5, 9, or 13 dots as the sample on a touch
monitor. After pecking it, the same and different numbers of dots appeared as alternatives,
one on either side. The birds got rewarded with food by pecking the alternative that had the
same number of dots. We measured accuracy rates and the response times. If the SNARC
effect exists in cockatiels as in humans and other animals, then they should respond more
accurately and more quickly to smaller numbers appearing on the left side than the right
side, and vice versa. We will report the results at the conference.
P1-29
Effects of contextual cues in the anticipatory contrast and preference conditioning in rats〇Mikita Nishikawa, Tohru Taniuchi(Kanazawa University)
We hypothesized that preference conditioning to the saccharin solution also occurred in this
setting since it was always paired with sucrose solution and that enhanced preference to the
saccharin solution might interfere with the anticipatory contrast. If this is the case, a clearer
anticipatory contrast may be shown by overshadowing the saccharin solution as CS by
presenting another salient cue for sucrose solution. Conditioning and Overshadowing groups
were given saccharin solution first and then sucrose solution. In the Overshadowing group,
rats were moved to experimental cages from their home cages before receiving saccharin and
sucrose solutions, thus the change in context could be a good signal for the sucrose solution.
In the Conditioning group, the two solutions were presented in the home cage, thus the
saccharin solution was the only available signal for the sucrose solution. Two control groups
given only the saccharin solution were set for the corresponding experimental groups.
Although an anticipatory contrast in the Overshadowing group and a preference conditioning
in the Conditioning group were predicted, only a preference conditioning was observed.
P1-30
Exploring the associative mechanisms underlying instrumental ABA renewal in rats.〇Yutaka Kosaki, Shun Fujimaki(Waseda University)
Animals do not ‘unlearn’, or erase, the memory of learned behaviour after extinction
training, as evidenced by various recovery phenomena including renewal, reinstatement,
resurgence, and spontaneous recovery. In a typical ABA renewal paradigm, a given behaviour
is trained in one context (A), extinguished in another context (B), and tested in the original
context A where the recovery of extinguished behaviour can be observed. While the current
theoretical view posits that the contexts just offer information about contingency, more
mechanistic, and potentially simpler explanation can be offered by appealing to the notion of
associative ‘protection from extinction’. When applied to the contextual renewal, the account
predicts that Context B, initially being neutral, acquires negative associative strength during
extinction such that the strength of instrumental response decreases only to a certain point
where the total associative strength of context and response reaches zero and no further
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learning occurs due to the absence of prediction error; the response is protected from
extinction. In two experiments, we added contextual conditioning in Context B before or
during Phase 2 extinction training to maintain associative strength of Context B. Preliminary
results suggested that, inconsistent with the associative account, the rats still showed a robust
ABA renewal effect regardless of whether the additional context conditioning took place in
Context B or another context, C.
P1-31
Associative blocking effect on running-based taste aversion learning in rats〇Iho Hasegawa, Sadahiko Nakajima(Kwansei Gakuin University)
Maes et al. (2016) have argued that associative blocking is not as robust as it is widely
thought. Hence, we have to reexamine whether any reported successful demonstration of
blocking effect is idiosyncratic to the parameters employed. The present report is one of our
many attempts to replicate the study of Pierce and Heth (2010), who have successfully
demonstrated blocking effect on taste aversion learning in rats with flavored solutions as the
conditioned stimuli and wheel running as the unconditioned stimulus. In our experiment, each
of 16 thirsty rats was given a 3-min access to a bottle containing salty water followed by a
3-min access to a bottled containing sweet water. After the salty-sweet sequence, they were
allowed to run in activity wheels for 30 min. Prior to this compound conditioning treatment (2
days), half of rats received 2-day simple conditioning treatment: 3-min tap water, followed by
3-min sweet water, and then 30-min wheel running. These rats preferred the salty water to
tap water in the two-choice test, compared with the remaining rats for which the sweet water
had been replaced with sour water in the simple conditioning days. This result conforms to
the prediction that the previously established sweet-running association would block the salty-
running association.
P1-32
The dessert effect in the fat-elicited conditioned flavor preference in rats〇Keisuke Shinohara, Saki Nomura, Yasunobu Yasoshima(Osaka University)
Here we investigated whether the timing of consuming in a meal influences the fat-elicited
conditioned flavor preference (CFP). Food restricted rats (female, Wistar, n = 9) were
presented with two distinct flavors as conditioned stimuli (CSs) in succession (each for 8
minutes) per session before giving of a daily amount of chow (daily-chow). They were exposed
alternately between session with CSs (Early(+), Late(+)) mixed with 5.3 % corn oil as an
unconditioned stimulus (US) and session with different CSs (Early(-), Late(-)) without US (each
8 sessions). After completion of the conditioning, two-bottle choice tests (each for 30 minutes)
were conducted after overnight food deprivation (hungry test) and 90 minutes after daily-chow
access (fed test). As a result all of nine rats preferred Early(+) and Late(+) flavors over the
corresponding CS- flavors in both tests. In the choice tests between the CS+ flavors, eight of
nine rats showed a preference for Late(+) over Early(+) in the fed but not hungry test. The
hunger-state-dependent effect in the fat-elicited CFP may be an animal model for helping
explain why “dessert” foods remain attractive for us even when encountered during satiety.
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P1-33
Effects of d -limonene inhalation on latent inhibition with conditioned taste aversion in DDY and
EL mouse.
〇Go Mugishima1, Kahomi Nagata1, Toshikazu Shinba2, Hiroaki Kubo3, Aiko Moridera4,
Yurie Nakamoto5, Masumi Inoue4, Mitsunobu Yoshii5
(1Fukuoka Prefectural University, 2Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hosp, 3Kyushu University,
4University of Occupational Environmental Health,
5Tokyo Metropolitan Inst of Medical Science)
Latent inhibition (LI), the diminution of associative learning as a function of prior
conditioned stimulus (CS) exposure, is believed to reflect normal attentional processes.
Previous reports have demonstrated the attenuation of LI in acute schizophrenics or
schizotypal persons. Coroboma mouse also attenuates LI as well as patients of Attention-
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of
associative learning with robustness, caused by the pairing a novel taste (US) with
intraperitoneal injection of a malaise-inducing agent such as LiCl (CS). Several neural regions
involving nausea or vomition such as area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)
also implicate in CTA. We previously reported the possibility of deficit to acquire of LI in EL
mouse with preliminary investigation (Mugishima et al, 2015; 2018). In this report, we
investigated the effects of d-limonene inhalation on LI of CTA in EL and DDY (control)
mouse. The results of our investigation indicated that d-limonene diminished LI of CTA in
both strains, suggesting CTA was inhibited by inhalation of d-limonene. This agent may
eliminate the nausea by affecting on A2a receptors in AP and NTS in mouse.
P1-34
Caffeine facilitates fear extinction in rats〇Kodai Kaseda, Takaaki Ozawa, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada(Tsukuba University)
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug, which could affect learning
and memory acting through central adenosine receptors. It has been suggested that caffeine
administration impairs the acquisition of auditory fear conditioning and the expression of
conditioned fear responses. However, the effects of caffeine on the extinction of conditioned
fear responses have yet to be elucidated. To address this issue, in the present study, we
investigated whether caffeine administration affects the extinction of conditioned fear in an
auditory fear conditioning paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received foot shocks (unconditioned
stimulus, 0.5 mA, 2 s) paired with auditory cues (conditioned stimulus, CS, 65 dB, 10 kHz). On
the next day, the rats were intraperitoneally administrated saline or caffeine (10 mg/kg), and
then subjected to an extinction trial, in which CSs were repetitively presented without the foot
shocks. Twenty-four hours after the extinction trial, the rats were re-exposed the presentations
of CS (extinction test) and we measured freezing rates during the presentations of CS. In the
extinction trial, acute caffeine administration decreased freezing rates during the presentations
of CS. Furthermore, caffeine-treated animals elicited lower freezing responses even in the
extinction test ompared with the saline control. These results strongly suggest that caffeine
facilitates the extinction of conditioned fear.
P1-35
Effects of pre-exposure to methamphetamine on instrumental conditioning in mice.
〇Miki Nakayama, Yutaka Kosaki(Waseda University)
Various drugs of abuse, including cocaine and amphetamine, promote behavioural and
neural processes mediating the stimulus-response (S-R) habit, which presumably underly the
rapid shift from recreational, goal-directed drug use to compulsive drug seeking and taking in
humans. Previous studies that employed the drug pre-exposure paradigm relied on the
reinforcer devaluation procedure to identify the dominant behavioural process controlling the
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food-reinforced instrumental behaviour after drug exposure. Another important, defining
feature of S-R habit is its insensitivity to variation in the response-outcome (R-O) contingency.
In order to assess the latter aspect of instrumental behaviour in methamphetamine (METH)-
preexposed mice, we first administered METH (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline to different groups of
mice for 7 days, left them for a 7-days withdrawal period, then trained them to leverpress for
sucrose solution until the response rates stabilised at RR12 schedule. Then, following the
reinforcer devaluation test and re-training period, we gradually degraded the R-O contingency
across days by adding non-contingent reinforcers at increasing rates. The preliminary results
indicated that METH preexposure increased, rather than decreased, the sensitivity to R-O
contingency as measured by the initial reduction of leverpresses in response to the
introduction of free reinforcer at the lower rate.
P1-36
Chronic nicotine administration increases preference for variability in mice.
〇Tasuku Fuseya, Hikaru Kakimoto, Shun Fujimaki, Yutaka Kosaki(Waseda University)
Mice were trained to leverpress for sucrose solution on a two-lever concurrent chain
schedule, in which the two terminal-link alternatives were associated with equal long-term
probability of reinforcement (1 in 15) but with different variability. The reinforcer was
scheduled by an FR15 schedule on one lever, whereas the other lever produced the
reinforcement on a VR15 schedule. The choice, as measured by response allocation during the
initial link, stabilised across sessions, after which different doses of nicotine (0.3, 0.5, or 1.0
mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to mice before each of the subsequent seven sessions. The
mice were trained for further seven sessions without nicotine to examine the withdrawal effect.
As a result, the higher dose of nicotine shifted animals’ choice towards the lever associated
with VR15, both during the drug administration phase and the withdrawal phase. The result
indicates that nicotine increased the animals’ preference for variability, and steeper delay
discounting function for nicotine-treated mice may account for the result.
P1-37
Methamphetamine-induced taste aversion/avoidance in mice.
〇Risako Miki, Yutaka Kosaki(Waseda University)
Various classes of drugs of abuse with known hedonic effects, including morphine, cocaine,
and amphetamine, paradoxically induces conditioned avoidance of food spatio-temporally
associated with the drug injection. Closer look at the animals’ ingestive behaviour by means
of either taste reactivity or lick cluster analysis suggested the drugs of abuse produce taste
avoidance but not taste aversion (Parker, 2003). In the present study we examined whether
instrumental leverpress responding maintained by food reinforcer is affected if the reinforcer
was paired, off-baseline, with methamphetamine (METH) or lithium chloride (LiCl) as a control
condition. Preliminary results revealed that METH-induced reduction of food consumption,
which was comparable to the LiCl-induced food devaluation in its rate and terminal
consumption level, did not affect animals’ instrumental responding for food in the post-
devaluation extinction test. The result supports the view that the goal-directed action
comprises the expectation about the detailed sensory information of an outcome including its
hedonic value, which was not affected by METH-induced formation of food avoidance. The
lick cluster analysis during the taste aversion period will also be presented on the conference.
P1-38
Japanese fire-bellied newts acquire food aversion conditioning to various CS foods
Tohru Taniuchi(Kanazawa University)
Paradis and Cabanac (2004) reported reliable acquisition of food aversion conditioning in
reptiles such as lizards and iguanas but not in amphibians such as newts and toads. In
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contrast, Taniuchi (2018, JSAP) showed significant food aversion conditioning in Japanese fire-
bellied newts. However, there were several differences in experimental methods between these
studies. Especially, CS food was ground beef or mealworm in Paradis and Cabanac (2004) but
kamaboko, a Japanese processed food, in Taniuchi (2018). Although these CS foods were
described as novel to animals, compared to ground beef or mealworm, kamaboko possibly had
an unnatural and novel flavor. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of CS foods
in food aversion conditioning in Japanese fire-bellied newts. Newts were presented with pieces
of raw beef, mealworms, or kamaboko and then injected LiCl or saline. In the test conducted
two weeks after the conditioning, newts ate a less amount of either of the three CS foods
paired with LiCl compared to the corresponding saline control groups. These findings suggest
that food aversion conditioning can be found across various CS foods in Japanese fire-bellied
newts.
P1-39
Can rats reallocate memory resources from to-be-forgotten items to to-be-remembered items?
〇Chiaki Tanaka, Tohru Taniuchi(Kanazawa University)
Rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze. Either of two different floor materials was
presented in each arm as remember (R)- or forget (F)-cues that informed whether the arm
would be tested later or not. Either of two qualitatively different foods A and B was presented
in the food cup. Food A signaled a large reward and food B signaled a non-reward in the
subsequent test. One A-R arm, two A-F arms, three B-R arms, and two B-F arms were
presented in the learning phase. In the test phase, the four F-cued arms were excluded from
testing. After acquisition training, probe trials were inserted to the normal trials occasionally.
In the probe trial, one of A-F arms was presented instead of an A-R arm in the test. If rats
remembered to-be-remembered arms selectively, test performance would become poorer in the
probe trials than in the normal trials. We also compared the normal trials with occasional
high-memory-load trials in which R-cues were presented in all eight arms. If rats could
reallocate memory resource from F-arms to R-arms in the normal trials, better test
performance was predicted in the normal trials than in the high-memory-load trials.
P1-40
Existence of Minimum Rewards in Rats Gambling Task〇Ruoheng Qu, Shogo Sakata(Hiroshima University)
Gambling-like behavior such as social online games has caused problems similar to
pathology gambling. However, recent studies rarely go beyond comparative studies between
gambling/gambling-like activities and gambler/gamer. The existence of certain rewards in the “lose
trial”, a remarkable difference between gambling and gambling-like activities were focused. For
this study, we used rats gambling task with/without certain rewards separately to investigate
the existence effects and the experience order effects of certain rewards. 4 male Long-Evans
Rats were demanded to make a choice between fixed-reward and variable-reward in 2-lever
Skinner boxes. For gambling sessions (GB), variable-reward choice resulted in a stimulus that
predicted 0 or 4 food pellets; for gamble-like sessions (semiGB), the choice of variable-reward
resulted in a different stimulus that predicted 1 or 3 food pellets. Choice of the fixed-reward
was same to the mean reward of variable choice. Results revealed that subjects had lower
response rates of variable-choice in naive semiGB sessions. Also, subjects with semiGB
experience showed lower response rates of variable-choice during GB sessions.
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P1-41
How do mice balance the trade-off between exploration and exploitation?〇Kuniaki Satori1, Yu Takarada1, Yuji Morimoto2, Masashi Arake2, Hiroyuki Ohta2,
Tatsuji Takahashi1
(1Tokyo Denki University, 2NDMC)
How should an animal choose between exploiting a resource or exploring to find new
options? This problem is known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off. Reinforcement
learning models play an important role in understanding the behavioral and neural
mechanisms of choice behavior in animals and humans, especially as for the balancing of
exploration and exploitation. Previous studies have shown that in the two- or three-armed
bandit problems, rats follow the Q-learning algorithm (with forgetting) operated under the
softmax action selection policy (Ito and Doya 2009; Cinotti 2019). However, when there are only
few options, exploitation and exploration cannot be separated well. In this study, we
investigated how mice behave in the five-armed bandit problems in terms of the value
function and policy. We examined the forgetting and aversive factors in the action values. As
for policies, we compared greedy, epsilon-greedy, softmax, and softmax + uncertainty bonus.
As a result, it is shown that the forgetful Q-learning algorithm together with the softmax
action selection policy equipped with uncertainty bonus explains the behavior of mice best.
Mice deal with the trade-off problem by combining the strategy of forgetting options, rather
than aversive response to the unrewarded options, with uncertainty bonus.
P1-42
Understanding the properties of learning by extracting behavioral elements with machine learning
in mice.
〇Kota Yamada, Koji Toda(Keio University)
Learning play a key role in survival in many species. There are two different perspectives
on understanding the properties of learning. One canonical theory assumes that learning
develop gradually and asymptotically. Such kind of perspective is widely accepted in many
disciplines including psychology, neuroscience, and machine learning. Another theory insists
that learning occur abruptly at some point of the training. Here we hypothesized that we are
able to solve the conflict between two learning theories using machine learning techniques. We
conducted a simple classical conditioning experiment. We presented water after a brief
presentation of a light to water-deprived mice, and recorded licking behaviors and videos
during experimental sessions. By utilizing the techniques of video processing, we extracted the
behavioral elementss, such as distance from the stimulus, direction of subjects, and all the
behaviors that the subjects engaged. Through analyzing the relationship between the features
of learning curve and properties of the behavior during the classical conditioning, we verified
the two different learning theories. Techniques used in this study shed new light on studying
animal learning and behavior.
Abstracts of Poster Presentation 2
P2-01
Factors affecting dog behaviors during animal-assisted activities〇Miwa Murata1, Chihiro Shimano2, Naoya Yoshida1, Naoko Koda1, Yoshitaka Deguchi2
(1Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2Iwate University)
In recent years, many effects of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) on humans have been
reported. On the other hand, studies on animal behaviors during AAI are lacking. In order to
find more comfortable method of AAI for both humans and animals, this study investigated
individual information such as age and rearing environment, and personality traits such as
sociability in dogs participating in visiting type of animal-assisted activity (AAA) in facilities
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for senior people, and examined how they affect the behaviors of dogs in AAA. The individual
characteristics such as age, years of AAA experience, rearing environment, and personality
traits score in behavioural tests such as sociability and playfulness influenced the behaviors
of dogs during AAA. The dogs with high scores for sociability and playfulness could be
expected to behave friendly to humans in AAA. It was also suggested that the amount of
interactions with humans in daily life may affect behaviors in AAA where there are many
strangers. Further study is needed with more animals and longer observation time.
P2-02
Attachment behavior and emotional contagion between humans and dogs〇Maaya Saito1, Maki Katayama1, Takatomi Kubo2, Kazushi Ikeda2, Miho Nagasawa1,
Takefumi Kikusui1
(1Azabu University, 2Nara Institute of Science and Technology)
Emotional contagion is the induction of the the same emotional state to itself by perceiving
the emotional state of other individuals. Recent studies reported that emotional contagion
exists among various species and occurs easily among affiliative pairs. Dogs respond
sensitivity to human emotional expressions; thus there is a possibility that the change of the
owner’s emotional state can transmits to their dogs. Furthermore, dogs can form a social bond
between the owners through attachment behavior, similar to human mother and infants. In
this study, we examined efficacy of emotional contagion between the dogs and owners heart
rate variability (HRV) and observed the behavior related to attachment. As the results, the
correlation coefficient of HRV between dog and owner showed a positive significance in
[meanNN] and [SDNN] in ep4, in which a strong positive emotional state that expresses
when the owner reunites with their dog was observed. A significant effect was observed by
dog-ownership period. It was also found that the distance between the owner and the dog was
shorter in the episodes including the reunion scene. This suggests that a positive emotional
state can be contagious between dogs and humans.
P2-03
Differences in Puppy’s attachment behaviors between Japanese and European breeds〇Sakiko Tomori, Sayaka Kuze-Arata, Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui
(Azabu University)
Recent genetic studies have revealed that dogs diverged from the common ancestor with
wolves. One of their differences is the duration of socialization period. The socialization period
of dogs begins slower and lasts longer than of wolves, which delays onset of fear response. A
similar phenomenon was observed in the silver fox domestication experiment. In addition, the
stress response of the domesticated fox pups was lower than of the non-domesticated. These
suggest that changes of developmental process are involved in canine domestication. Japanese
breeds are relatively genetically close to wolves than European breeds. The study of Japanese
breeds in developmental period can bring a clue for understanding the wolf to dog genetical
transition. In the present study, we compared stress responses and interaction with human in
the developmental period between Akita and Retrievers by assessing the puppy’s attachment
behaviors to a specific person. As the results, Akita greeted the caregiver more intensely than
the stranger. Retriever explored more in the presence of the caregiver. Meanwhile, Retriever
tended to play more with the stranger than their caregiver. These suggest that developmental
process and style of attachment to human were different in Japanese breeds.
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P2-04
The effect of movement synchronization during horseback riding on human-horse (Equus
caballus) relationship〇Kato Hiroki1, Mikako Mitsuda2, Yui Sasaki2, Maki Katayama2, Kosuke Sawa1
(1Senshu University, 2Azabu University)
Although movement synchronization has been shown to lead to affiliation between humans
(Hove et al., 2009), the effect of human-horse synchronization on affiliation remains unclear. In
the present study, we recorded acceleration data while horseback riding and presented facial
expressions of riders to horses. Further, we investigated the relation between acceleration data
while horseback riding and result of recognition of human facial expression in horses. As a
result, horses showed left gaze bias to facial expressions of humans with unstable movement
while horseback riding; such gaze bias is considered associated with the perception of negative
stimuli in horses (Roches at al., 2008). Additionally, horses showed left gaze bias to facial
expressions of humans with low degree of synchrony with horse. Therefore, the person with
high degree of synchrony with horse and with high degree of movement stability seem to be
positive for horse. These results suggest the degree of synchrony with horse and the level of
skill of horseback riding is associated with human facial cognition of horses.
P2-05
Effects of familiarity on synchronization of the autonomic nervous system and movement between
human and horse during horseback riding.〇Mikako Mitsuda1, Fukue Takamatsu1, Maki Katayama1, Midori Ohkita2,3,
Miho Nagasawa1, Kosuke Sawa2, Takefumi Kikusui1
(1Azabu University, 2Senshu University, 3JSPS)
Equestrian is thought to be achieved through nonverbal communication between horses and
human. We hypothesized that mutual understanding and memorizing the others’characteristics
would facilitate the performance with a sense of unity, which would appear in synchronicity
of movement and autonomic responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of familiarity
on the synchronization of movement and the autonomic nervous system between horses and
humans during horseback riding. Acceleration and RR intervals were simultaneously measured
during walk and trot using Faros360. The correlation-coefficients (CC) of heart rate variability
indices (MeanRRI, SDNN and RMSSD) and the coherence of accelerations between horses and
human were calculated and compared among four conditions; familiarity (familiar/unfamiliar)
and proficiency (expert/beginner). As the results, the expert had a stronger CC of movements
in trot, and the familiarity was involved in the CC of SDNN, as an index of autonomic power,
in walk after trot, implying both familiarity and proficiency affect the CC between human and
horse.
P2-06
Determining the social order and its effects on multiple behaviors of jungle crows (Corvus
macrorhynchos) using different ranking/rating methods
〇Masaki Suyama1,2, Illia Aota1, Kousuke Miyazaki1, E-ichi Izawa1
(1Keio University, 2Meijigakuin University)
Determining the social order of social animals is crucial in figuring out the dynamic aspects
of cohesion, eusociality, cooperation, information diffusion, and many others. By using the
dyadic social dominance relationships, one can estimate the order or the ranking of an entire
group. Several methods have been proposed to calculate the dynamic relationships: ones being
the most common are David’s score and Elo rating. We implemented the David score, Elo
rating, and their modified versions to estimate the social order of jungle crows (Corvus
macrorhynchos). By comparing different methods, we tried to see which method best explained
future (1) allopreening, (2) amount of food consumed, (3) and level of reliance on social
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learning. The dyadic data were obtained from 5 different flocks that lived or is living in
Tsukuba and Hiyoshi, Japan respectively. We used the dyadic bouts (whereby two crows fight
with each other with their bill, wings, or feet) as a measure for social order of dyads. Winner
of the bouts were defined by the loser showing a submissive behavior. Using this data, we
calculated the David’s score and Elo rating and used the rating to estimate the predictability
of allopreening, amount of food consumed, and level of social learning. Results will be
presented at this conference.
P2-07
Spatial positioning patterns in triadic interactions in crows.
〇Akiko Seguchi, Ei-Ichi Izawa(Keio University)
In group living species, social interactions often involve not only two but also three or more
individuals. In such a multi-player interaction, flexible decision-making is required for
individuals to adjust their behavior and spatial position with considering simultaneously those
of the two opponents. However, what behavioural adjustment is involved in multiple-player
interactions remains unclear. We examined how the inter-individual distance is adjusted in
triadic interactions of large-billed crows (Corvus macrorynchos) under an experimental setting.
Trios from 5 males, whose dominance ranks were pre-determined, were given 5 x 20-min trials
of direct interactions. Distances between each of two individuals during the interactions were
measured. We found that in triadic interactions, two of them stayed in close proximity but off
to the other one. Such asymmetrical spatial positioning occurred in two patterns. First, in that
trio those included the highly aggressive top rank male, the distance between the other two
males was shorten but kept a distance to the aggressive male. Second, in that trios those
included the less aggressive top rank male, the distance between top and low rank male was
shortened. These results suggest that subordinates might make decision to find the positions
by comparing aggression levels between the two opponents.
P2-08
Longitudinal change of social interactions and basal stress across the development of group
structure in captive crows
〇Illia Aota1, Masato Kurokawa1, Takefumi Kikusui2, Kazutaka Mogi1, Ei-Ichi Izawa1
(1Keio University, 2Azabu University)
Group living benefits individuals from increasing foraging efficiency and reducing predation
risk but also costs for agonistic conflicts between individuals over limited resources. In
various group-living animals, it has been known that social relationship, such as dominance
and affinition, is formed between individuals as a conflict resolution and to yield specific
structure at the group level. However, it remains unclear how social interactions change across
the development of group structure over time and whether its development reduces or elevates
energy cost in terms of individual stress level. To reveal the behavioural and endocrinological
mechanisms of the development of group structure, in this study, we compared the frequencies
of agonistic and affiliative interactions and fecal corticosterone level across 6 months after a
new group formation of captive juvenile crows. We found that (1) agonistic interactions peaked
during 3-4 months and after the group formation and decreased subsequently, (2) affiliative
interactions increased after 4-5th month and were maintained thereafter, and (3) corticosterone
level monotonically increased after the group formation. These results suggest that the
development of group structures in crows may involve gradual replacement of social
interactions from aggression to affiliation and that this process may entail stress elevation
rather than reduction.
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P2-09
Social foraging in jungle crows, Corvus macrorhynchos
〇Kosuke Miyazaki, Ayumi Motai, Masaki Suyama, Ei-Ichi Izawa(Keio University)
When an animal group performs social foraging among limited food resources, the
distribution of the food which is acquired by each member of the group will be unequal
because of the conflicts between individuals. As the factors that cause such differences in
individuals’ foraging behaviors in a social foraging context, individuals’ sex and dominance
have been reported. Jungle crows, Corvus macrorhynchos, are known to live in groups, perform
social foraging, and establish a linear dominance hierarchy. We conducted a social foraging
experiment in a captive flock of jungle crows. In the experiment, we used four artificial
feeding boxes as food patches. The boxes have two-color variations and their surface colors
are associated with the different patch richnesses. Crows are unable to see the amount of
food the boxes contain. Once after several trials of social foraging, we reversed the
correspondence between the box colors and the patch richnesses. Then, we investigated the
crows’ adaptation process when sudden changes of patch richnesses occur, and how the
individual factors such as sex and dominance affect the process in individual and group level.
P2-10
Sexual difference of subordinate response in the formation of dominance relationship in captive
juveniles of the large-billed crow (Corvus macrorynchos)
〇Nana Takahashi, Ei-Ichi Izawa(Keio University)
Dominance relationship serves as a conflict resolution for group-living animals to avoid the
escalation of fights over limited resources. Dominance is defined as an asymmetry of resource
holding abilities between two individuals, which is characterized by submissive signal from
one individual to the other. A previous study found that the stable dyadic dominance
relationship was formed in males but not between males and females. The sexual difference
in the strictness of dominance relationship predicts the sexual difference in the behavioral and
physiological mechanisms of the formation of dominance relationship. So far, no study has
reported testing the sexual difference of the dominance formation in crows. In this study, we
examined the behavior of subordinates and dominants in the repeated dyadic encounters of
crows (Corvus macrorynchos) and compared the same-sex and opposite-sex dyads. We found
that the latency of subordinate males to exhibit submission against dominant males
significantly decreased through the 3 successive encounters but did not against dominant
females. Contrary, no such decrease in the submission latency of subordinate females was
found towards either dominant males or females. These results suggest that the sexually
different physiological mechanisms may be involved in the control of submissive behavior of
crows. In the presentation, we will report the results from the comparison of heart rates
during dyadic encounters between males and female.
P2-11
Attitudes of chimpanzees toward groupmates with physical disabilities: Progress report
Yoko Sakuraba(Kyoto City Zoo, Kyoto University)
Two female chimpanzees, with an amputated left forearm and right hind limb, respectively,
were reintroduced to their social groups in zoos in Japan. Because humans show varying
reactions (care, help, discrimination, indifference, etc.) toward people with disabilities, this
study aimed to investigate the behaviors of chimpanzees in these groups toward their disabled
groupmates (three individuals in Nagoya and five individuals in Kumamoto including
disabilities respectively) and compared them with those of chimpanzees in a group without
any disabled groupmates (four individuals in Kyoto zoo). Scan sampling was performed using
an observation application at 5-min intervals over 2 days per zoo while the chimpanzees were
in their outdoor or indoor enclosures; the entire dataset (total of 38.3 h) was analyzed using
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Fisher’s exact test to compare the positive and negative social behaviors toward each
groupmate. There was no significant difference in the social behaviors exhibited among able-
bodied and disabled individuals in the Nagoya and Kumamoto groups, whereas a significant
difference was observed in the Kyoto group, which may indicate that chimpanzees have an
indifferent attitude toward disabilities. This ongoing research will be extended in the future
using eye-tracking technology to consider the attitude of chimpanzees toward disabilities from
a cognitive perspective.
P2-12
Neural activity of premotor area during eye contact between humans and monkeys
〇Taishi Kobayashi, Mari Kumashiro, Kazuyuki Samejima(Tamagawa University)
Eye contact is the one of the important social signals for communication between not only
conspecifics but also allospecifics, e.g. human and dog (Nagasawa et al 2015). It has been
reported that training to make eye contact with Japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) by human
trainer emerges imitation, joint attention, and pointing behavior (Kumashiro, 2002, 2008). On
the other hand, the mirror neurons in ventral premotor area support the hypothesis that
simulated other’s motor action were processed by self-motor generating modules in the brain,
when animal observe other’s actions (Rizoratti et al 1996). The Mu-suppression of EEG from
sensory-motor area were also observed when performing one’s own actions or observing the
actions of others (Gastaut, 1952). Thus, we hypothesize that the eye contact might trigger the
mirror neuron systems to facilitate the imitation, perspective taking for joint attention, and
pointing behavior. In this study, we recorded electrocotrticogram (ECoG, 32 channels) from the
premotor cortex, and investigated whether Mu-suppression occurs during eye contact training
between human and monkey. Total 12 training sessions (6 days, 2 sessios/day, ** min./session)
were recorded. Video analysis (30 frams/sec) to detect the event of eye contact, session-start
and session-end time. Total ** eye-contact events were investigated. We would like to discuss
the function and neural mechanism of eye contact in communications.
P2-13
Effects of oxytocin on chimpanzee and bonobo gaze〇James Brooks, Fumihiro Kano, Shinya Yamamoto(Kyoto University)
The role of oxytocin has gained significant attention for its role in regulating social
behaviour. An evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide originally described primarily for its role in
affiliative and prosocial behaviours, recent studies in humans demonstrate that it also plays
an important part in outgroup aggression. Despite numerous studies in humans, monkeys, and
dogs, there are very few studies on the effects of oxytocin in non-human great ape species.
Here, we non-invasively administered intranasal oxytocin to 6 chimpanzees and 5 bonobos
using a nebulized mist. Following administration of either oxytocin or saline placebo,
chimpanzees and bonobos were shown images of conspecific faces (including all categories of
ingroup, outgroup, infant, adult, male, female) while their gaze was recorded with an eye
tracker. Bonobos have previously been shown to look more at eyes than mouth, often
associated with prosociality, while chimpanzees show the opposite pattern. To our surprise,
oxytocin seemed to have opposite effects in bonobos and chimpanzees, accentuating existing
species differences with greater eye compared to mouth looking in bonobos in oxytocin
condition compared to placebo, and greater mouth compared to eye looking in chimpanzees in
oxytocin condition compared to placebo. Possible interpretations, implications, and future
directions are discussed.
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P2-14
Association studies between oxytocin, cortisol and social interactions in cats’ groups〇Hikari Koyasu, Moeka Yoneda, Syunpei Naba, Natsumi Sakawa, Ikuto Sasao,
Hironobu Takahashi, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui
(Azabu University)
Cats are originally solitary animals, but recently they live in groups. It is interesting that
they are forming fission-fusion social groups. By analyzing behavioral and endocrine
mechanism in which cats form groups, it could elucidate how animals’ groups are formed,
maintained, and collapsed. To clarify this, we assessed social interactions observed in cat’s
groups. In a term, the interactions of five cats for two weeks were recorded, and urinary
oxytocin and cortisol levels were measured. Finally the relationship between the behavioral
interactions and these hormone levels were investigated. As the results, a negative correlation
was found between food sharing and cortisol level. Individuals who show feeding together had
lower levels of cortisol indicating that they had social tolerance for others. There was also a
negative correlation between social contact and oxytocin level. Decrease of oxytocin may play
a role in forming loose connections with others in cats’ group, in contrast to group-hunting
animals forming tight connections by increase of oxytocin. Collectively, cats can form a social
group but the hormonal functions were different from other social animals.
P2-15
Role of estrogen receptor β expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus in the on-off
regulation of behavioral receptivity in cycling female mice.
〇Tomoaki Murakawa, Kazuhiro Sano, Satoshi Takenawa, Sonoko Ogawa
(Tsukuba University)
17β-estradiol (E2) regulates expression of sexual behavior in cycling female mice by acting
through estrogen receptors (ERs) in a number of brain areas. Previously, we found site-specific
knockdown of ERα in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus abolished lordosis in estrus
females, whereas ERβ knockdown in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) prolonged a sexually
receptive period without affecting lordosis on the day of behavioral estrus. These findings
suggest that gene expression of ERβ in the DRN may be involved in the decline of sexual
receptivity induced by E2 action through ERα. In the present study, with the use of newly
developed ERβ-icre mice, we tested effects of pharmacogenetical manipulation of neuronal
activity of ERβ positive cells in the DRN on the levels of lordosis. During control condition,
lordosis behavior was declined on the day after behavioral estrus compared to the day of
behavioral estrus. In contrast, no decline of lordosis behavior on the day after behavioral
estrus was observed when we suppressed neuronal activity of ERβ positive cells in the DRN.
These results suggest neuronal activation of ERβ expressing neurons in the DRN may be
involved for the on-off regulation of behavioral receptivity in cycling female mice.
P2-16
Intranasal oxytocin enhances conditioned social aversion after co-experience of aversive event in
mice.
〇Nanami Murayama, Yutaka Kosaki(Waseda University)
Oxytocin has been implicated in a wide range of social behaviour, both affective and
nonaffective, in various mammalian species including humans. In order to examine the
hypothesis that the oxytocin increases stimulus salience of other individuals, we intranasally
administered oxytocin to a group of mice which underwent Pavlovian fear conditioning in the
presence of an unfamiliar conspecific. The trials were arranged such that both 10-kHz tone
and a particular conspecific (social CS+) were correlated with the electric shock US and
therefore could be established as effective CSs. We measured the aversion of the conspecific
CS before and after fear conditioning using a three-chamber test, in which CS+ mouse and
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CS- mouse were each placed in the compartment at two ends. The preliminary result
suggested that the mice administered with oxytocin during the fear conditioning phase
decreased their time staying with the social CS+, indicating the acquisition of conditioned
aversion to the CS+ mice. The control group, which received saline instead of oxytocin,
demonstrated a weaker level of social aversion. Together with our previous report last year on
the annual meeting (Shinoda, Yazu, & Kosaki, 2018), the current result indicates that the
oxytocin enhances the stimulus salience of conspecific animals.
P2-17
Socially enriched housing modifies pro-social behaviors in male rats〇Michimasa Toyoshima, Sayuki Morimoto, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada
(University of Tsukuba)
We previously reported that living with many cage-mates during the developmental period
increased rats’ memory span of social recognition, suggesting that socially enriched housing
improves the development of sociability (Toyoshima et al., 2018). In this study, we investigated
whether group size during the developmental period affected a pro-social behavior, which was
seemed to be an aspect of sociability, using the door-opening behavior paradigm (Ben-Ami
Bartal et al., 2011; 2014). We assigned male Long-Evans rats into one of three groups: single
housing (SH), group housing with two cagemates (GH3), and group housing with nine
cagemates (GH10), at weaning (21 days old). At an 8-9 week old, the rats were placed in an
arena with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer and allowed to explore freely for 30 min per
day. The percentage of rats that were able to open the restrainer and free the conspecific was
measured for 12 consecutive days. Unexpectedly, rats in the SH and GH3 groups learned to
open the restrainer, but those in the GH10 group did not. These results suggest that social
stress due to housing in a large group may cause an inability to exert the pro-social behavior.
P2-18
Effects of neonatal maternal separation on risk-taking behaviors in male and female rats〇Katsumasa Takahashi, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada(Tsukuba University)
Early life stress, such as neonatal maternal separation, is thought to be one of the factors
which could affect risk-taking behaviors. In this study, thus, we examined the effects of
neonatal maternal separation on risk-taking behaviors using Long-Evans male and female rats.
Pups in Maternal separation (MS) group were separated from the mother for 3 hours a day
during postnatal day (PND) 2-15. Pups in Control group were transfer to another cage with
the mother instead of MS. A rat gambling task (rGT) using a radial arm maze started at 8
weeks old. Rats were trained to choose one of three choice arms (a low-risk/ low reward (L-L),
a high-risk/ high reward (H-H), and an empty arm) in 16 trials a day for 14 days. In the H-H
arm, six reward pellets were provided in 2 out of 16 trials, and a quinine-coated pellet was
provided as a negative outcome in the remaining trials. Conversely, in the L-L arm, a reward
pellet was provided in 14 out of 16 trials with a quinine-coated pellet in the remaining 2 trials.
Consequently, the rates of H-H arm choices in Control group tended to be significantly higher
in females than in males, whereas MS diminished the sex difference.
P2-19
Prior stress experience modulates social preference for stressed conspecifics in male rats.〇Koshiro Mitsui, Michimasa Toyoshima, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada
(Tsukuba University)
Social preference for a conspecific in distress depends on situational and internal factors
such as age, sex, and familiarity. In this study, we investigated whether prior stress experience
would affect the social preference using a social affective preference (SAP) test. We assigned
male Long-Evans adult rats into one of two groups: shocked and non-shocked groups. Rats in
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the shocked group were subjected to foot shocks (1.0 mA, 5 s × 2) 24 hours before the SAP
test. In the SAP test, the rats were allowed to explore two adult conspecific stimuli freely for
5 min. One of the stimuli was subjected to the foot shocks immediately before the SAP test,
and the other was naïve. While rats in the non-shocked group explored the naïve conspecific
more than the stressed one, rats in the shocked group preferred the stressed conspecific. In
addition, adrenalectomy (ADX) inhibited the preference for the stressed conspecific in the
shocked group. These results suggest that prior stress experience promotes social preference
for a stressed conspecific, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stress responses may be
involved in detection and/or contagion of other’s affective state.
P2-20
Relationship between the duration of the anesthetic-induced unconsciousness state and subsequent
anxiety-like behaviors in rats exposed to a single prolonged stress paradigm〇Ryoya Otake, Takashi Okada(Sophia University)
Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a widely used rodent model of post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). In the SPS paradigms, animals are exposed to a series of multiple stressors
such as 2-h restraint, 20-min forced swimming, and anesthesia. As diethyl ether, which has
been conventionally used in SPS paradigms, is highly volatile and flammable, it should be
replaced with safer anesthetic agents. The purpose of the present study was to examine
whether a mixture of three anesthetic agents (medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol) can
be used effectively in an SPS paradigm. Our preliminary experiment in order to determine
sufficient doses of the agents suggested a correlation between the duration of unconsciousness
caused by the agents and the subsequent anxiety-like behavior measured in an open field,
although such correlations were not found in a light/dark box or elevated plus maze.
P2-21
Fair distribution of cooperative rewards in rats and pigeons
Taichi Kusayama(Teikyo University)
The important thing in cooperative behavior is to understand that the profits gained depend
on each other’s existence. Rats and pigeons were compared with the respect to whether the
rewards obtained through cooperation could be distributed fairly. Two levers were attached to
the feeder. When two individuals pushed the lever at the same time, the cover of the feeder
was opened and they could get the food. At the results, rats were able to push the lever. But
the food distribution was not fair. It did not seem to be a fair share of the rewards obtained
from the cooperation. About the pigeons, they could push the lever individually, but there was
no response which two individuals pushed the lever at the same time. Pigeons did not show
any cooperative behavior on the task of pressing the lever at the same time. Careful
consideration should be given to whether the results of the task is based on animal species.
P2-22
Helping behaviors mediated by glucocorticoid activity in rats raised in an isolated environment
〇Mari Saito, Takashi Okada(Sophia University)
Cooperative behavior among rodents under experimental conditions has been widely
reported. However, it remains unclear whether being raised in an isolated environment affects
the expression of helping behaviors by rats, and whether this relationship is mediated by HPA
axis activity and sociality. To clarify this, we measured the latency and probability of opening
the door of a restrainer by a freely moving rat as helping behavior for a trapped rat, and
examined the relationships among raised environment, sociality, HPA axis activity, and helping
behavior. Rats raised in an isolated environment exhibited a shorter latency of door opening
than those raised in a group environment, and rats administered the corticosteroid synthesis
inhibitor metyrapone demonstrated slower expression of helping behavior than saline-
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administered control rats. Rats raised in isolation exhibited lower sociality in a resident-
intruder test, suggesting that higher levels of glucocorticoids facilitate the expression of
helping behavior even in the case of isolated rats with lower sociality.
P2-23
Do rats keep on obtaining the redundant information?
〇Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Nobuya Sato(Kwansei Gakuin University)
Even if we understand that a certain action is not necessary to accomplish purpose, we
tend to do the action. Such behavior can be thought as motivated by one kind of curiosity.
We examined whether rats show behavior that was formed to acquire rewards even if it was
no longer needed for reward acquisition. First, the rats were trained to choose one of three
spouts to obtain a drop of water as a reward. The correct spout was cued by visual stimuli
presented above the spouts. Next, all visual stimuli above the three spouts were presented.
The rats could turn off incorrect visual cues by pushing a lever, that is, the rats could obtain
information about reward cues. After some sessions of this condition, the position of the
correct spout was fixed. In this condition the rats could predict the position of the correct
spout without the information obtained by the lever press. If the lever press would be
maintained even when the information was no longer necessary for reward acquisition, the
lever press can be regarded as motivated by one kind of curiosity.
P2-24
Blunting of feeding inhibitory action through gut hormone in mice showing binge-like sugar
consumption
〇Yasunobu Yasoshima, Erina Yamaguchi(Osaka University)
Our previous studies suggest that daily limited access to a palatable sucrose develops binge-
like intake of the sugar in mice with scheduled food deprivation. Food intake is downregulated
by multiple feeding inhibitory factors such as blood glucose level, gut hormones and gastric
distension. Blunting of the feeding inhibitory actions may contribute to the binge-like behavior.
To examine which action is altered in mice with bingeing, we first examined whether an
intraperitoneal injection of glucose disrupted the binge-like behavior. The glucose injection
failed to reduce the binge-like sugar intake. In contrary, systemic administration of gut
hormones such as cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or peptide YY (PYY)
significantly reduces the binge-like sucrose consumption. These results suggest that the binge-
like behavior is sensitive to anorectic action of exogenous gut hormones but not of blood
glucose elevation. Finally, we examined whether endogenous gut hormone secretion was intact.
PYY in plasma was evaluated by conventional ELISA. Plasma PYY concentration in mice
with binge-like behavior was significantly lower than those in control animals without
bingeing, suggesting that PYY secretion in response to nutrient gut stimulation is partially
impaired in mice with bingeing. We are now examined whether secretion of other hormones is
altered.
P2-25
Pigeons fail to show prospective memory in a computerized task〇Sumie Iwasaki1, Satoshi Umeda2, Hika Kuroshima3, Reiki Kishimoto4, Kazuo Fujita3
(1Kanazawa University, 2Keio University, 3Kyoto University, 4Aichi University)
Prospective memory is a form of memory to remember to do something in the future. The
intention of the future act is not always rehearsed until the act is completed; the memory
representation is temporarily released from working memory and is then retrieved at a later,
appropriate time. Some mammals have shown prospective memory, but it is still unknown in
avian species. Here, we examined whether pigeons have prospective memory. In an
experimental session (96 trials), pigeons always had to respond to a line classification task (ongoing
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task), but at end of the session (last 16 trials) they had to respond to a star-icon (prospective
task). As the prospective task approached, performance on the ongoing task would be
impaired. However, the pigeons’ performances were unaffected by the approaching prospective
task. In this task, we found no evidence of prospective memory in pigeons.
P2-26
Pigeons’ discrimination between scenic pictures with and without water
〇Rei Kurimoto, Kaho Muramatsu, Arii Watanabe, Tomokazu Ushitani(Chiba University)
It is essential for animals to find water using some cues in the natural environment. Since
water itself is transparent and thus provides no direct discrimination cues, animals need to
use some relational visual cues, such as reflections and refractions, to locate it. To elucidate
what kind of cues pigeons use to find water, we first investigated whether pigeons could
discriminate between scenic pictures with and without water. On each trial, pigeons were first
exposed to either pictures containing body of water (e.g., river, lake, fountain) or pictures not
containing body of water (e.g., road, park, city view) and then they were rewarded for correctly
choosing one of the two subsequently-appearing choice stimuli that corresponded to water/no-
water. Whenever the performance of the pigeons met the criteria for one stimulus set, another
stimulus set was newly added to the training stimuli. As the training progressed, the pigeons’
discrimination accuracy in the first sessions for novel stimulus sets exceeded the chance level.
This is in accordance with the assumption that pigeons are able to discriminate based on the
presence or absence of water. Possible cues that pigeons use for such discrimination will be
discussed.
P2-27
The Effect of Session Length on Choice between Different Lengths of Post-Reinforcer Delays
〇Yumi Hata, Daisuke Saeki(Osaka City University)
Previous studies on choice between different length of post-reinforcer delays in nonhuman
animal have suggested that pigeons may be less sensitive to post-reinforcer delay than rats
are (rats: Yamaguchi, Saeki, Ito (2015); pigeons: Hata & Saeki (2018)). However, Yamaguchi et
al. (2015) defined the session length by the time duration, but Hata & Saeki (2018) defined it
by the number of trials. The difference in sensitivities to post-reinforcer delay between rats
and pigeons may not be due to species differences, but to the difference in the definition of
the experimental session. The present study examined the effect of the session length on the
sensitivity to post-reinforcer delay. Method: Three male pigeons were used as subjects. They
were maintained at about 80 % of their free-feeding body weights. Pigeons’ choices between
different post-reinforcer delays were measured by a concurrent-chains schedule. The session
lengths were manipulated across three conditions (1438 s, 2633 s and 5023 s). Results and
Discussion: When the session length was 2633 s, the choice proportion for the delayed
alternative was the lowest. The results indicate that the session length affects the sensitivity
to post-reinforcer delay.
P2-28
Does a sea star (Astropecten scoparius) prefer finer sand? A test with coral reef sand〇Ruriko Hori, Sadahiko Nakajima, Iho Hasegawa(Kwansei Gakuin University)
Astropecten scoparius is a sea star widely distributed along the coast of Japan from
Hokkaido to Kyushu. In the previous report (Yamamoto & Nakajima, 2018: the 78th JSAP
Annual Meeting), we explored “mental life” of this species by observing its approach/escape
behavior in a rectangular arena. In one of the two experiments, we revealed its preference for
the fine-sand (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) side to the coarse-sand (4-7 mm in diameter)
side. A criticism of this finding is that it might reflect a positive phototaxis of the starfish,
because the fine sand was lighter than the coarse-sand in that experiment. In order to control
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this factor, we now employed the sand grains made of the same material (Platinum Reef
Sand, Jun Company, Ltd., Fukuoka). Five sizes of grains were tested with a paired comparison
method.
P2-29
Swimming pattern of Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) in laboratory and semi-natural settings〇Kazutaka Shinozuka1, Shun Watanabe2, Seishi Hagihara3, Hiromichi Mitamura4,
Kotaro Ichikawa4, Nobuaki Arai4, Katsumi Tsukamoto3, Shigeru Watanabe5
(1RIKEN, 2Kinki University, 3The University of Tokyo, 4Kyoto University,
5Keio University)
Eels are known to migrate for thousands of kilometers for spawning. However, mechanisms
for such large-scale migration are not clear. The present study investigated swimming pattern
of Japanese eels in laboratory and semi-natural settings before and after bilateral eye
enucleation or olfactory placode removal, to examine the role of sensory inputs on swimming.
In the laboratory, eels could freely swim in a white circular tank (100 cm in diameter and 10
cm of water depth) for 10 minutes. A video camera was set above the tank and recorded eels’
swimming. Videos were processed with the DeepLabCut toolbox, which tracked several body
parts of eels to analyze their swimming pattern. The semi-natural experiment was conducted
at the International Eel Science Laboratory (Kokusai Unagi Labo) in Misato-cho, Miyazaki,
Japan. Ten eels in an artificial pond (50 m long and 20 m wide) received peritoneal
implantation of an ultrasonic transmitter (Vemco). Their position and acceleration were
continuously recorded for a month. In these settings, changes in swimming pattern and/or
habitat use due to a lack of a specific sensory input will be discussed.
P2-30
The mechanisms of nest cleaning behavior in goby
Kohji Takahashi(Keio University)
Animals often clean the living environment. Some fish also clean the nest as a purpose of
courtship and parental care. Meanwhile, it is unclear for nest cleaning of fish except for
breeding. The present study investigated that nest cleaning behavior of dusky frillgoby, which
live in rocky tide pool, during non-breeding season. First, it was investigated by using male
and female whether the fish remove small fishing sinkers in a nest. As the result, all
individuals removed the sinkers from the nest, irrespective of sex. Next, it was investigated
how fish remove sinkers in nest with the use of video images. Fish demonstrated the removal
of sinker by using snout, tail fin, mouth and pectral fin. Experiments manipulating
environmental condition were conducted to find the trigger that fish begin cleaning of nest.
The experiments indicated that fish represented the nest cleaning at any condition; e.g.,
changing of environment of around the nest and subjects in the nest. Dusky frillgoby showed
the nest cleaning behavior to remove actively subjects existing in the nest, regardless of the
breeding.
P2-31
Measurement of personality of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using the “CHOPS”
〇Hyangsun Chin1, Maho Yamamoto2, Sadahiko Nakajima2, Kazuki Shioyu3
(1Kyoto University, 2Kwansei Gakuin University, 3Kyoto aquarium)
One of the most widely known frameworks for measuring personality of humans is the five-
factor model. However, this model is not directly applicable to nonhuman animals. In order to
assess the personality of captive dolphins, we used the Canine-Human Ordinary Personality
Scale (CHOPS) consisted of 14 personality adjectives. The CHOPS is a questionnaire developed
to measure the personality factors of both dogs and humans: the number of the factors is five
(Extroversion, Aggression, Cowardliness, Agreeableness, and Perseverance). Assuming that this
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questionnaire is also applicable to other domestic or captive mammals, we asked 16 dolphin
trainers to judge bottlenose dolphins housed at the Kyoto Aquarium with the CHOPS. The
CHOPS successfully captured individual differences in dolphin personality, and the scores
were relatively stable over time.
P2-32
Effects of personality of goats (Capra hircus) on their behaviors in problem solving situations〇Naoya Yoshida, Naoko Koda(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)
We compared the goats’ behaviors in the problem solving situations according to the social
rank, sociability, and exploration. We set an unsolvable task, and the behaviors of the goats
were recorded. In the presence of a human and unsolvable task, the low-ranked goats spent a
longer time interacting with the human, and it took longer before they addressed the task
than when in the presence of either a human or the unsolvable task. The presence of a
human was considered to affect passive behaviors of the low-ranked goats toward the task. In
the presence of both a human and the unsolvable task, the highly sociable goats actively
interacted with the human, whereas the unsociable goats did not. It was suggested that the
sociable goats might have chosen cognitive strategies to rely on human. There were no
differences in the goats’ behaviors regarding the level of exploration. Domestication may have
reduced their exploratory behaviors for feeding. This study demonstrated that various
individual personalities can influence the intentional behaviors of animals. Future studies
should examine the social cognitive ability of animals by focusing on the diversity in
behavioral strategies.
P2-33
Visceral “cortex” in pigeons〇Kazutaka Morita, Ei-Ichi Izawawa(Keio University)
Recent studies in primates have shown that visceral cortex, receiving afferent autonomic
inputs relayed by vagus nerve (nX), plays a crucial role not only in sensory processing of
visceral organs but also decision making and learning. In birds, earlier tract-tracing studies
suggested a part of the Nidopallium (Nido) as visceral area. However, no studies have yet
examined the visceral function of that part in the Nido. The present study aimed to specify
the visceral areas in the Nido of pigeons by measuring neural, autonomic, and behavioral
responses to a pharmacological stimulation of visceral organs in pigeons. Intraperitoneal (i.p.)
injection of lithium chloride (LiCl) solution is used to stimulate visceral organs, which known
to activate neurons in the visceral cortex, changing autonomic activity and behaviors in
mammals. We found that LiCl stimulation caused neural activations, which were measured by
c-fos protein expression, in a specific part of Nido and the decrease of heart rate. In the
presentation, we will report these neural and automonic results together with behavioral
response. We will also report the effect of vagotomy on these neural, automonic, and
behavioral responses to the visceral stimulation by LiCl injection.
P2-34
Independent neural representation of confidence and memory retrieval in Rats medial prefrontal
cortex
〇Shoko Yuki, Junya Hirokawa, Yoshio Sakurai(Doshisha University)
In relation to the behavioral adaptation, confidence is the degree of certainty about one’s
cognitive process. Confidence evaluation and targeted cognitive process itself are thought to be
carried out at the same time. Also, these neural correlates are found in overlapping brain
regions. For example, both of neural correlates for memory confidence and memory retrieval
are found in medial prefrontal cortex. We investigated how rat’s medial prefrontal cortex
properly represents confidence and memory retrieval using delayed matching to sample task.
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Recorded neural activities were assigned to units according to the waveform and firing
patterns, and we focused on the averaged firing rates just before the responses in correct
trials. To find the units involved in confidence, we searched units which firing rate and
reaction time in matching phase were significantly correlated. Similarly, to find that involved
in memory retrieval, we explored units which change firing rate significantly in matching
phase compared to sample phase. At the population level, incidences of above units were
significantly greater than expected by chance. Moreover, the populations were independent
each other. These findings suggest that medial prefrontal cortex independently represent
confidence and memory retrieval during delayed matching to sample task.
P2-35
Sound-induced enhancement of visual detection in head-fixed Mongolian gerbil〇Yuki Ito, Tomoki Osuka, Kohta I. Kobayasi(Doshisha University)
We are able to quickly and accurately recognize the outside environment by integrating
auditory and visual information. However, the detailed neural mechanism of audio-visual
integration is largely unclear. We focused on Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) that has
visual system adapted to diurnal environment and has relatively high sensitive hearing to low-
frequency sound as in a human, and developed an experimental system for head-fixed operant
conditioning. First, gerbils were trained to lick a water spout when detected a brief flash
(duration: 10 ms, intensity: 103 lx). False alarm (FA) rate fell below 30 % within 3 weeks.
Then, stimulus of various intensities (2 ~ 73 lx) were presented as test stimulus to measure
the threshold of light detection. Visual stimulus accompanied by auditory stimulus (duration:
10 ms, frequency: 4 kHz, amplitude: 70 dB SPL) was presented to investigate whether
concurrent auditory stimulus affect the reaction time and response accuracy. As a result, lick
response rate to audio-visual stimulus was higher than that of unimodal (i.e., visual alone)
stimulus. Our data showed that behavioral response was enhanced by audio-visual integration
as previously reported in human, and our head-fixed setup is useful to study visual and
auditory perception in gerbil including the measuring of the neural response related the audio-
visual integration.
P2-36
Effect of acoustical characteristics of pup USV on maternal behavior in Mongolian gerbil〇Haruka Suzuki, Yuta Tamai, Yuki Ito, Ayane Clara Oura, Risa Tanaka, Shizuko Hiryu,
Kota I. Kobayashi
(Doshisha University)
Infant rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) when they are isolated from their
parents, and USVs induce maternal behavior from them. The purpose of this study is to
quantify developmental change of USVs and their effect on maternal behavior in Mongolian
gerbil (Meriones unguicultus). We first isolated pup gerbils from their mothers and recorded
the USVs from postnatal day 1 to 25 (PD1-25), and analyzed the acoustical characteristics of
USVs (number of calls, frequency, duration etc.) in developmental stage. As a result, the
frequency of USVs tended to decrease and duration increased through the development.
Interestingly, in comparison with mice pup, gerbils vocalized spectro-temporally more
stereotypic calls, and sinusoidal frequency-modulation developed up to PD12, and then
degenerate to PD25 to become adult like vocalization, which has simple frequency moderation.
Next, we presented the recorded pup USVs (PD1, PD12, and PD16) to females either with or
without birth experience (i.e., virgin female). Female who had raised babies stayed significantly
longer only with PD1 USVs, while virgin females did not show the stimulus selectivity. This
results suggest that acoustical characteristics found in early pup USVs, namely short duration
and non-modulated high frequency, are important to induce maternal behavior.
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P2-37
Differences of aggressive behavior of ICR mouse strain between breeders and peripheral immune
cell profile〇Aki Takahashi, Nodoka Mimura, Sonoko Ogawa(University Tsukuba)
Aggressive behavior is adaptive behavior for animals to protect and obtain territory, mate,
and offspring, and thus this behavior is conserved in many animal species. At the same time,
there are large individual difference in aggression within a species, and some animals show
high level of aggression whereas some animals show no aggression at all. In addition to
genetic and environmental factors, increasing evidence suggests that the immune system is
involved in this individual differences of aggression. In this study, we examined aggressive
behavior of males of ICR strains obtained from two different breeders (Charles River
Laboratories Japan and CLEA Japan). Their aggressive behavior was examined in resident-
intruder test for 5 minutes, and it was repeated for 3 days. We found significant differences
of aggressive behaviors between ICR males obtained from two breeders. We then characterized
their peripheral blood profile, especially focusing on immune cells, to examine possible link
between peripheral immune system and aggression. We collected blood samples from these
mice 1 week before the resident-intruder test, and 20 minutes after the last aggressive
encounter. Their blood cell phenotypes (number of leukocytes, platelets, red blood cells,
hemoglobin as well as differential white blood count) and the level of cytokine (interleukin 1
beta) will be discussed.
P2-38
Impaired sexual behavior in female mice deficient for vasopressin receptor genes, v1a and v1b.〇Kie Shimizu1,2,3, Kazuaki Nakamura2,4, Yasuhiko Kondo3
(1Tsukuba University, 2Saitama University, 3Teikyo University, 4NCCHD)
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), the posterior hypophysial hormone, is also known as
neuropeptide that modulates a variety of behaviors such as anxiety-like behavior and pair
bonding, via its receptors, v1a and v1b, expressed in the brain. Recently, we demonstrated
that v1a and v1b double-KO (dKO) enhanced sexual activities in male mice. In this study, we
examined whether dKO influences sexual behavior in female mice. Wild-type (WT) and dKO
females were ovariectomized, and primed with estrogen and progesterone prior to each
behavioral test. Sexual behavior was weekly tested in a large cage enriched with several
objects, and sexually active stimulus males were tethered, so restricting the accessible range of
males to a half of the apparatus. In the tests, dKO showed significantly decreased numbers of
approaches to males and received mounts, compared to those of WT. We also carried out 2
types of preference tests, airborne male vs. female odors, and male vs. female soiled beddings,
showing that dKO had WT-like preference for male airborne odors, but for neither of soiled
beddings. These suggest that AVP facilitates female sexual activities via the vomeronasal
system in the mouse brain.
P2-39
Causality between the primary somatosensory cortex and itch perception〇Hirotake Misu1,2, Yasuhiro Oisi2, Masanori Murayama2
(1Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2RIKEN)
Itch is a somatosensory perception that evokes a desire to scratch. Human brain imaging
studies have demonstrated that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is activated when
subjects are administered pruritogen. This data suggests a correlation between S1 and itch
perception. However, whether S1 activity is essential for the generation of itch perception
remains unknown. Here, we investigated the causality between S1 and itch perception by
suppressing S1 activity induced by pruritogen in mice. We conducted a behavioral experiment
to quantify itch in mice by counting the number of scratching. An intradermal injection of
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pruritogen (5-HT) in the neck of a mouse evokes scratching of the neck. To suppress neural
activity in the region of S1 corresponding with the neck (S1 neck), we first observed the brain
region activated by an electrical stimulus to the neck using Ca2+ imaging and identified S1
neck. Second, we injected adeno-associated virus encoding hM4Di in S1 neck. hM4Di is an
artificially designed G protein-coupled receptor that suppresses neural activity when bound to
clozapine N-oxide (CNO). Finally, we performed intraperitoneal injection of CNO one hour
before 5-HT injection in the mice. This manipulation resulted in a significant reduction in
5-HT-induced scratching in comparison with controls that were injected with saline. These
data demonstrate that itch perception may be attenuated by suppressing S1 activity,
suggesting that S1 plays an essential role in itch.
P2-40
Preliminary consideration of effect of rearing conditions on body ownership illusion in mice
Makoto Wada(Research Institute of NRCD)
In the previous study, we found that mice would have body ownership of their tail by using
rubber hand illusion like paradigm (rubber tail illusion). In addition, we preliminarily reported
a possibility that simultaneous presentation of their body movements on a display enhanced
reactions to the tail on the display without simultaneous stroking of tail and the tail image
on the display. In this study, we examined effects of rearing conditions on such responses like
rubber tail illusion. In a solitary rearing, we observed a response similar to the rubber tail
illusion. On the other hand, in a group rearing, we did not find the difference in the response
between test and control conditions. The preliminary result suggests observation of others
might affect the responses.
P2-41
History of maze learning: the Clark laboratory
Miki Takasuna(Tokyo International University)
I have highlighted the following research carried out at Clark University’s psychological
laboratory from 1898-1899. Dr. Linus W. Kline (birth and death unknown) and graduate
student Willard S. Small (1870-1943) experimented with rats (Kline, 1899; Small, 1899, 1900,
1901). In 1899, Kline used not only rats but several animal species to compare intelligence. His
device was a simple wire mesh box containing sawdust, in which rats could dig and find
food. While Kline never mentioned the rat species used, Small did in 1901, describing the rats
as mus decumanus. [Note that, at this time, rats were unfamiliar subjects in the US.] Small
applied what would be considered the first maze used for learning experiments in both wild
and white lab rats. It was a revised Hampton Court maze, originally a real hedge labyrinth
built in the UK in the 17th century. It should be mentioned that Small and Kline referenced
Thorndike, Morgan, and Wundt most often to illustrate the rats’ ability of “association"
instead of the term "learning.”