日本動物心理学会第79回大会発表要旨 - J-Stage

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日本動物心理学会第79回大会発表要旨

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第79回大会発表要旨

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Abstracts of Oral Presentation 1A　

O1A-01

Hippocampal neuronal activities reflect judgement based on temporal duration

Akihiro Shimbo（RIKEN）

　Using spatial and temporal information is essential for the survival. In particular, temporal

information in seconds to minutes range affects various behaviors, such as foraging, decision

making and associative learning. Recently, hippocampal pyramidal neurons can represent the

elapsed time (MacDonald et al., 2011) and these neurons are termed “time cells”. However, the

relationship between activities of time cells and behavior are largely unknown. To uncover

this problem, we recorded neuronal activates in hippocampal CA1 during temporal

discrimination task. In this task, rats were required to discriminate short or long interval (5 s

or 10 s) and sometimes experienced intermediate duration (7.07 s) in test trial. We

hypothesized that the rats’ choices in the test trials would reflect their judgement about short

or long intervals depending on their estimation of time. If rat judges the test trial are long

interval trials, temporal representation decoded from spiking activity were later than the

representation from the trials which rat judges short interval. Depending on the rats’ choice,

test trials were classified in select-short trial and select-long trial. We compare the decoded

time in select-short trial or select-long trial. Estimated time in select-long trials was

significantly later than that in select-short trials. This result indicated that the activity of time

cell reflected animals’ decisions during the test trials.

O1A-02

Role of ER beta neurons in the medial amygdala for the formation of social preference

Satoshi Takenawa（Tsukuba University）

　Social preference is known to be important for choosing the most effective target for sexual

and aggressive behaviours in male mice. Our previous studies using the shRNA-mediated gene

knockdown method revealed that the existence of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in the medial

amygdala (MeA) in adult mice is necessary for the formation of social preference towards a

sexually receptive female mouse (Nakata et al., eNeuro, 2016). However, it is unknown whether

neuronal activation of ERβ expressing cells in the MeA at the time of testing is necessary for

the formation of social preference. To answer this question, we established a new mouse line,

ERβ-icre, with icre knocked-in after the ERβ coding region to specifically target ERβ

expressing cells. By using this mouse line, we found that pharmacogenetical (DREADD)

inhibition of neuronal activity of ERβ positive neurons in the MeA during social preference

tests disrupted the formation of social preference towards a sexually receptive female mouse.

Furthermore, analysis of downstream pathways with the use of viral anterograde tracer

revealed that ERβ positive neurons in the MeA have distinct connections to the bed nucleus

of the stria terminalis (BNST). These results suggest not only ERβgene expression, but also

enhancement of neuronal activity of ERβ positive neurons in the MeA may be necessary for

the formation of social preference.

O1A-03

Horses take into account whether a human has previously observed a food-hiding event to decide

whom to solicit to access this food〇Miléna Trösch１, Monamie Ringhofer２, Shinya Yamamoto２, Julie Lemarchand１,

Céline Parias１, Flore Lormant１, Léa Lansade１

（１INRA, ２Kyoto University）

　Inferring what others have witnessed can be highly beneficial in social contexts, but

evidence remains scarce in nonhuman animals. We investigated this ability in domestic horses

(Equus caballus). In a first phase, horses saw food being hidden in a closed bucket (impossible

動物心理学研究　第69巻第３号

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for them to open) in the presence of two experimenters who behaved identically but differed

in their attention to the baiting process: the “witness” experimenter faced the bucket, while

the “non-witness” faced away and had no visual access to the baiting. In a second phase,

horses could behave freely in the presence of both experimenters (now both facing the horse),

and their interest towards each (gaze duration and number of touches with their muzzle) was

measured. Horses gazed at and touched the witness significantly more than the non-witness (n

＝ 15, gaze: p ＝ 0.004; touch: p ＝ 0.003). These results suggest that horses took into account

the attentional state of the experimenters towards the baiting event in phase 1 in order to

adapt their later behavior in phase 2. Hence, our study provides new insight into attentional

state attribution in horses and might hint to the existence of precursors of a Theory of Mind

in this species.

O1A-04

Mental tracking from voices in cats〇Saho Takagi１, Hitomi Chijiiwa２, Minori Arahori３, Kazuo Fujita２, Hika Kuroshima２

（１Azabu University, ２Kyoto University, ３Anicom Specialty Medical Institute Inc.）

　This study examined whether cats mentally track their owner or familiar cats from their

voices to see if they strongly react to an “impossible teleportation” through 3 experiments. We

used two speakers; first one (speaker 1) was put outside of the experimental room, close to

the door. Second one (speaker 2) was put on the other side inside of the experimental room.

Three experiments were conducted and two types of sounds (A/B) were played in each

experiment. Sound A (owner or familiar cat’s voice) was played 5 times from speaker 1 (habituation

phase) followed by sound A or B once from speaker 1 or 2 (test phase). There were 4

conditions; SamepositionSamesound, SamepositionDiffsound, DiffpositionSamesound, and

DiffpositionDiffsound. Owner’s voice or stranger’s voice were used in Experiment 1, cats’ voices

were used in Experiment 2, and physical sounds were used in Experiment 3 (control

experiment). We predicted that if cats mentally track their owner and/or cats, they would

react more strongly in DiffpositionSamesound condition, which indicates the “impossible

teleportation”. Results supported this prediction in Experiment 1 whereas the tendency was

not seen in Experiment 2 and Experiment 3. These results may suggest that cats mentally

track their owner.

O1A-05

Do dogs evaluate humans based on skillfulness?〇Hitomi Chijiwa, Eri Horisaki, Yusuke Hori, Kazuo Fujita, Hika Kuroshima

（Kyoto University）

　Social evaluation is considered to be a first step in humans’ cooperative society. It makes

sense to prefer helpful individuals and avoid harmful ones when choosing a potential partner.

Dogs can adjust their behavior toward human partners based on various features of the latter,

such as whether they are social or antisocial; however, it remains unclear whether dogs can

discriminate humans based on skillfulness. Here we tested whether dogs recognize a person’s

skill. We showed dogs (lightly restrained by their owner) two people’s actions: one was good

at opening a lid to take an object out from a transparent container (skilled person), while the

other failed at this (unskilled person). After these actions were demonstrated twice, with

different containers, each actor tried to open another container which had food inside (Food

condition), or nothing (Empty condition), for 10 sec. After the dogs were released, we recorded

which person they first approached (within 20 sec). We found that female dogs but not males

significantly approached the skilled more than unskilled person in the Food condition. This

result suggests that at least female dogs can take skillfulness ― in addition to moral

character ― into account when evaluating humans.


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O1A-06

Video-real world matching in chimpanzees

〇Shenwen Xu, Masaki Tomonaga（Kyoto University）

　In many studies with nonhuman animals, video images were frequently used to present

stimuli to them. However, whether animals recognize a video, which reflects reality, as an

image of real world event remains still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the

extent of the ability to recognize actions/objects through the video in chimpanzees (Pan

troglodytes). In particular, we examined if the aid of live video images of foraging-related

events would have the same effect as live events to direct the chimpanzee’s behavior to

successfully obtain food. We conducted a two-choice task after demonstration of food baiting.

Chimpanzees can get the reward if they choose the side which was baited. Three out of five

chimpanzees successfully obtained the food, even though they could not observe the food-

hiding directly but only from the live-video. They were equally accurate in “real world-real

world matching” and “video-real world matching”. Moreover, they used information including

relative position, color and shape of the objects from the videos. Our results suggest that

videos could be used as a valid referential tool for chimpanzees to guide their decisions in the

real world.

O1A-07

The role of facial shape and color in chimpanzee’s attention to infant〇Yuri Kawaguchi１, Koyo Nakamura２, Fumihiro Kano１, Masaki Tomonaga１

（１Kyoto University, ２Waseda University）

　Infant faces have several features which distinguish them from adult ones. For example,

infants have several morphological features such as relatively large eyes, and small nose and

mouth. Besides, infants of some species such as chimpanzees, have unique skin coloration.

Previous studies have found that chimpanzees have visual preference for infants, and their

coloration plays an important role in guiding their attention. However, it remains unclear

whether they also pay attention to the shape of infant faces. This study aimed to reveal the

relative importance of facial color and shape on infant preference in chimpanzees. We first

created the average faces of adult and infant chimpanzees. Then we morphed between them

and created facial stimuli with adult, infant or neutral color and shape respectively, which

results in following the stimulus pairs: congruent pair, incongruent pair, shape-controlled pairs,

color-controlled pair. We presented the pairs of those morphed stimuli to 14 chimpanzees and

measured their gazes. The results revealed that coloration, but not shape affected the looking

behaviors. Thus, we found no evidence that chimpanzees, unlike human, have visual

preference for shape features of infant faces. The results suggest that the facial cues

characterizing infant appearance varies across species.


O2A-01

Physiological responses for affective communicational calls in rats〇Yumi Saito, Kazuo Okanoya（The University of Tokyo）

　The ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of rats can transmit affective states to listeners. For

example, rats typically produce shorter calls in a higher frequency range in social situations (50

kHz USVs), whereas they emit longer calls with lower frequency in distress situations (22 kHz

USVs). To know what acoustical features contribute to auditory responses will help to better

characterize auditory perception of vocalized sounds in rats. In turn, this could lead to better

estimation of models for processing vocalizations in sensory systems in general. Here, we

examined the impact of various acoustical features on triggering emotional physiological

responses. We did this by systematically swapping three features (frequency range, time


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duration, and residual frequency-modulation pattern) between two emotional calls (simulated

USVs). Then, we presented original USVs and simulated USVs, and examined their heart rate

variability and neural activation in amygdala as emotional responses. The results revealed

that frequency range provided the most information for emotional perception. This supports

that they considerably rely on frequency cues for acoustic perception.

O2A-02

A predisposed biological motion preference makes resilient social attachment through filial

imprinting

〇Toshiya Matsushima, Daisuke Nishi, Momoko Miura（Hokkaido University）

　To study how predisposed preference shapes the social attachment through imprinting,

newly-hatched chicks were exposed to simultaneously presented two animations, one for a

walking chick (biological motion, BM) and another a comparable linear motion (non-BM), both

composed of light points of different colours (red or yellow). After training for 2 hours, the

chicks consistently showed a preference to the BM animation if it was coloured in red. In a

follow-up experiment using real videos, chicks showed a strong bias toward a “red head in

realistic motion” of a changing speed, indicating a predisposition to specific combination of

motion and colour. Furthermore, if chicks had been induced for a significant BM preference

on post-hatch day-1, they formed an unconditional preference to the BM animation after the

day-2 imprinting, even when associated with the un-preferred colour (yellow). These results

support a scenario of sequential processes of filial imprinting; (1) the first-seen moving object

induces a BM preference, (2) which subsequently makes chicks form a resilient social

attachment to those object that bears biological features such as mother hen or Konrad

Lorenz.

O2A-03

Novel object exploration in mourning geckos〇Daichi Yokohata, Takashi Hotta, Osamu Sakai, Akira Mori, Hika Kuroshima

（Kyoto University）

　The ability to detect the changes in one’s habitat is indispensable for almost all species.

There is abundant evidence that primates and other mammals as well as birds have this

ability. A recent study found that zebrafish also showed increased exploratory behavior when

presented with novel objects. However, there is a lack of studies on reptiles. Here, we

examined how mourning geckos (Lepidodactylus lugubris) respond to novel objects. First, we

presented an object A and subjects could freely explore for 20 minutes (Phase 1). After a

10-minute interval, we presented the same object A for “group A,” or a different object B for “group

B,” and let them explore for 20 minutes (Phase 2). We also conducted the same experiment in

which the order was counterbalanced across subjects after one week (Phases 3 and 4). Our

results show that although their exploration behavior did not increase for novel objects, the

latency to start exploring familiar objects was longer than that when novel objects were

presented on first day (in Phase 2). This result suggests that mourning geckos can detect the

changes in their environment and that their response to novel objects may differ from that

seen in studies of other species.

O2A-04

Use of multiple landmarks by pigeons (Columba livia) in a goal-searching task in an open field〇Katsuo Sekiguchi１, Aya Kokubu１,２, Tomokazu Ushitani１

（１Chiba University, ２Kyoto University）

　An open field-based goal-searching task was conducted to investigate whether pigeons would

learn to use multiple spatial cues that redundantly indicated the position of the goal. During

training, pigeons were trained to find a food hidden in one of 25 cups, arranged in a 5 x 5


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matrix. Two of the cups that were adjacent to the goal were replaced by orange and green

asymmetrical-shaped landmarks as each pointed to the goal. The absolute location and

direction of the landmarks varied across trials, whereas their configuration was constant.

Thus, both configural information (spatial relationship of landmarks and goal) and vector

information (direction and distance from landmark to goal) could be used to locate the goal.

In subsequent test, the direction of the landmarks was changed to conflict with each other or

with the configural information. Results showed that pigeons mainly used configural

information from the landmarks, but there was no clear evidence of the vector information

use. Possible factors that caused the difference in the performance between pigeons in the

current study and humans in our previous study (Sekiguchi et al, 2018) will be discussed.

O2A-05

Pigeons’ perception of illusory contours revisited〇Tomokazu Ushitani, Shiori Mochizuki（Chiba University）

　Our previous studies reported that pigeons perceived illusory contours that did not

physically exist. More specifically, we trained pigeons to search for an illusory triangle, or

square, among illusory squares, or triangles. Both figures were formed on 15 types of textures

consisting of a distribution of many small figures. After the pigeons successfully learned to

search for the target, we newly introduced novel textures as inducers and found that the

discrimination was successfully transferred to these novel inducers. However, there still

remained a possibility that the pigeons might have depended on the fragmented real contours

(e.g., 60-degree lines of the triangles, or right angles of the squares), accounting for the high

accuracy and successful transfer of the discrimination. In the current study, therefore, we

newly introduced five more new textures that were drawn with 1-pixel-width lines such that

no real contours did not contribute to form illusory contours (but humans could still perceive

illusory contours). Whereas the discrimination accuracy for the new textures deteriorated, it

was significantly higher than the chance level. These results suggest that whereas the pigeons

depended on the real contours for the discrimination to some extent, they did perceive illusory

contours.

O2A-06

Transitive inference in cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus

〇Takashi Hotta１, Kentaro Ueno２, Hika Kuroshima１, Masanori Kohda２

（１Kyoto University, ２Osaka City University）

　The social intelligence hypothesis proposes that social factors such as living in large group

are drivers of enhanced cognitive abilities. For example, social corvids living in large groups

can infer their position in the dominance hierarchy based on both direct and indirect (third-party)

interactions. Transitive inference (TI) abilities have been tested in primates, mammals, birds

and paper wasps. Cleaner fish (Labroides dimidiatus) interact with various client fish and

conspecifics, and they also make decisions based on previous direct and indirect interactions.

Recent studies also reveal that they have sophisticated social cognition. Therefore, we

predicted that cleaner fish are capable of TI. First, four fish were trained with 4 pairs of

visual stimuli in a 5-term series, A-B+, B-C+, C-D+ and D-E+ (plus and minus denotes reward

and non-reward, respectively). After training, the novel pair BD (BD test) was presented.

Consistent with TI, during the BD test, the fish chose D more frequently than B. Our results

suggest that cleaner fish can represent the linear relationship (i.e. A＜B＜C＜D＜E) based on

previous training. Although the mechanism underlying TI in cleaner fish is still unclear, this

work contributes to understanding cognitive abilities in social animals.


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O3A-01

Chimpanzees detect strangeness in bodies: an eye-tracking study〇Jie Gao, Masaki Tomonaga（Kyoto University）

　Humans have the knowledge about the arrangement and appearance of body parts, which is

important for us to compose the human figure, discriminate humans from other species, and

to discriminate individuals within humans. However, it is not clear whether other animals also

have the knowledge. In this study, we tested whether chimpanzees can detect strangeness in

bodies. We showed pictures of chimpanzee bodies to seven individuals using an eye tracker.

There were four types of manipulations for the arms. The first were normal bodies (the area

of interest, AOI, was the arm). In the second type, we misplaced one arm to another position (the

AOI was the misplaced arm). In the third type, we replaced an arm with a leg (the AOI was

the leg replacing the arm). In the fourth type, we replaced an arm with a human arm (the

AOI was the human arm). We compared the fixation duration in the AOIs across the four

types of manipulations. We found that the chimpanzees showed the longest to shortest

fixation durations to the fourth, third, second, and first type of manipulations successively.

They also showed marginally longer fixation duration to the fourth type than the first type

when the manipulated body part was legs. They paid more attention to the body parts with

strange positions or looks in the body stimuli. It suggests that chimpanzees have the

knowledge of the arrangement and appearance of body parts, as humans do.

O3A-02

The “gap effect” in chimpanzees as examined by eye-movement and manual response tasks〇Mikuho Yokoyama, Fumihiro Kano, Masaki Tomonaga（Kyoto University）

　Attention is one of the core cognitive processes in human and nonhuman animals. To shift

visual attention from a certain visual target to a new target, attention must be disengaged.

Previous studies have found that, in humans, when there is a temporal gap between the

disappearance of central target and the onset of new peripheral target, latency in the

responses to the target became shorter, compared to when there is no temporal gap between

those two targets. This is known as the “gap effect”. In nonhuman apes, previous studies

using an eye-movement task showed that apes show only weak or no gap effect, while the

other study with a manual response (push-button) task showed clearer effects. Interestingly,

humans showed clear gap effect in both tasks. In this study, we replicated the results from

manual (touch-panel) tasks. Also, in the eye-movement (eye-tracking) task, we modified the

attractiveness of central target to enhance chimpanzees’ engagement to the target. We found

that chimpanzees show reliable gap effect in this task. We thus confirmed that chimpanzees

also have the gap effect, and the procedural differences in tasks might contribute to the

differences in its magnitude.

O3A-03

Rhythmic engagement induced by sound in chimpanzees

Yuko Hattori（Kyoto University）

　Music and dance are universal across human culture and have an ancient history. One

characteristic of music is its strong influence on movement. For example, an auditory beat

induces rhythmic movement with positive emotions in humans from early developmental

stages. In this study, I investigated if sound induced spontaneous rhythmic movement in

chimpanzees. Three experiments showed that: 1) sound induced rhythmic swaying and other

rhythmic movements, with larger responses from male chimpanzees than female chimpanzees;

2) beat tempo affected movement periodicity in chimpanzees in a bipedal posture; and 3)

chimpanzees preferred to stay close to the sound source while hearing the auditory stimuli.


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The finding that male chimpanzees showed a significantly larger response to sound than

females was consistent with previous literature about “rain dances” in the wild, in which male

chimpanzees engage in rhythmic displays when hearing the sound of rain starting. These

results suggest that some biological foundation for dancing existed in the common ancestor of

humans and chimpanzees approximately 6 million years ago. I also discuss sound features

that affect rhythmic movement in chimpanzees.

O3A-04

Dyad inversion effect in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) and humans (Homo sapiens)

〇Toyomi Matsuno１, Hika Kuroshima２（１Hosei University, ２Kyoto University）

　Perceiving social interactions is an important issue for social animals. Studies in humans

have revealed aspects of our visual sensitivity to social dyadic events. For example, humans

visually process the bodies of two individuals who are facing each other more efficiently and

configurally than if they are facing away from each other. This study investigated whether

capuchin monkeys also show such an advantage in perceiving social dyads. Capuchin monkeys

and humans performed visual detection tasks in which participants were required to visually

discriminate the facing orientation of two upright or inverted body forms. The targets in the

detection task consisted of two bodies that were facing each other or facing away from each

other. Distractor stimuli were created by mirroring one of the bodies, resulting in two bodies

orienting in the same direction. Monkeys and humans showed similar patterns of results.

They detected upright bodies that were facing each other more efficiently than the other types

of target stimuli. These results suggest that a basic visual attunement to social interactions is

shared between human and nonhuman primate species.

O3A-05

Hyperactivity in the valproic acid-induced marmoset model of autism〇Madoka Nakamura１, Akiko Nakagami２, Keiko Nakagaki３, Noritaka Ichinohe３,

Nobuyuki Kawai１

（１Nagoya University, ２Japan Women’s University,

　３National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry）

　Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show social communication deficits and

repetitive behaviors. Since maternal administration of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy is

associated with a significantly increased risk for ASD in offspring, we sought to establish a

non-human primate model of ASD induced by prenatal exposure to VPA. We have previously

demonstrated that the VPA-induced autistic common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) fail to

show social cognitive skills such as inequity aversion and discrimination between third-party’s

reciprocal and non-reciprocal interactions. To investigate whether prevalent behavioral

symptoms can also be detected in the marmoset model of ASD, we measured home cage

activity of adult marmosets using an unobtrusive collar-worn actigraphy device. The VPA

marmosets, like many of the other animal models of ASD, exhibited significantly higher home

cage activity in the 12h light period than the VPA-unexposed group. Based on the current and

previous findings, we conclude that the VPA marmosets have autistic-like phenotypes

including abnormal social cognition and hyperactive behavior, suggesting that our primate

model of autism is useful to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying autistic

symptoms and will be applied to preclinical research to establish treatment protocols for

patients with ASD.


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O3A-06

Neural representation of physical surface properties of faces in the temporal lobe of macaque

monkeys

〇Kazuko Hayashi１, Narihisa Matsumoto１, Keiji Matsuda１, Kenichiro Miura２,

Shigeru Yamane１, Shin Matsuo３, Keiji Yanai３, Mark A. G. Eldridge４, Richard C. Saunders４,

Barry J. Richmond４, Yuji Nagai５, Naohisa Miyakawa５, Takafumi Minamimoto５,

Masato Okada６, Kenji Kawano１, Yasuko Sugase-Miyamoto１

（１AIST, ２NCNP, ３University of Electro-Comm., ４NIMH, ５NIRS, ６The University of Tokyo）

　In primate, face perception is assumed to rely on neural mechanisms in the temporal lobe

where visual characteristics of faces are processed. The temporal cortex is also known to play

a key role in processing the material properties of objects, including gloss and texture. We

have previously shown temporal processing of facial information in temporal cortex neurons.

In this study, we investigated the neuronal responses to difference between physical surface

properties of faces in two macaque monkeys. The original stimulus set consisted of monkey

faces, human faces and geometric shapes. Three more sets were synthesized by image-based

material editing methods: high-gloss, low-gloss and style-transferred images. We recorded 51

face-responsive neurons using single electrodes in one monkey, and 97 face-responsive neurons

simultaneously using multi-electrode arrays in the other monkey while they performed a

fixation task. Many neurons modulated their activities by the changes in facial textures.

Mutual information analysis revealed that the timing of the information peak was different

depending on effects of the material editing. The results suggest that the temporal cortex

neurons may code the physical properties of faces such as skin tone, hair glow and twinkle in

eyes, associated with useful information in predicting one’s age, health conditions and

emotional states for our social interaction.

O3A-07

What is a key element to focus on the face for cichlid fish?〇Kento Kawasaka, Masanori Kohda（Osaka City University）

　In a wide range of species, faces contain much important information for communication.

Previous researches using the eye-tracking system have revealed that human and some

primates gaze face primally than the other body parts. These species can utilize the gaze

direction to know the interest of another individual. Therefore they prefer the eyes among the

facial elements. Recently, it is revealed that a species of cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher,

focus on the face primally. However, it has not been clarified what kind of facial elements are

key for such gaze preference. Therefore, we took pictures of N. pulcher’s face and combined

or removed these elements (e.g. eye, contour, and patterns) to create face-like stimuli. Then we

presented these stimuli to N. pulcher and observed which body parts they gazed. Comparing

the duration and number of gazing for the head (face) area, we assessed the influence of the

presence of each element on their preference for faces. Based on these results, here we discuss

what is the key to focus on the face primally.

O3A-08

Offered-option and chosen-option signals in the striatum during value-based decision making.

〇Kazuyuki Samejima１, Satoshi Nonomura２

（１Tamagwa University, ２Tokyo Med & Dent University）

　The decision-making process can be conceptualized as a two-step process: “option choice,”

which does not include physical actions, followed by “movement choice,” in which action is

executed to obtain the option. Accumulating evidence in the field of decision neuroscience

suggests that the cortico-basal ganglia circuits play a crucial role in value-based decision

making. However, the underlying mechanisms of the option and movement choices remain

poorly understood. In this study, to uncover the neuronal basis of option choice in the


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striatum, we designed a behavioral task in which the processes of option and movement

choice were temporally separated, and recorded the single-unit activity of phasically active

neurons (PANs). For the activity of each individual neuron during the option choice period, we

identified offered option- and chosen option-type neurons, corresponding to pre- and

postdecision signals, respectively. These signals were represented in the choice task but not in

the non-choice control task. We also found the movement-type neurons during the movement

period after the option choice. Most offered option- or chosen option-type neurons were not

overlapped with movement-type neurons. The presence of option choice-related signals

independent of movement signal in the striatum indicated that the striatum was part of the

site where option choice was made within a cortico-basal ganglia circuit. This work is

supported by KAKEHNI 19H04988.

Abstracts of Poster Presentation 1　

P1-01

Third-Party social evaluations in dogs ― Do dogs prefer someone who pacifies an aggressive

person?

〇Arashi Obara１, Hitomi Chijiwa１, Ayaka Takimoto２, Yusuke Hori１, Hika Kuroshima１,

Kazuo Fujita１

（１Kyoto University, ２Hokkaido University）

　Humans evaluate others by observing third party social interactions. This ability is

considered to be one of the foundations of human cooperative society. Recent studies have

reported that non-human animals, including dogs, also avoid people who violate social rules.

However, whether dogs would prefer a person who behaves prosocially, as observed in human

infants, is unknown. This study investigated whether dogs prefer a person who pacifies

another, offensive person. The dog observed two situations; (1) when actor A behaved angrily

toward actor B, actor C appeased A’s anger, while actor D was reading a book, and (2) actor

C appeased actor D, who was reading a book while ignoring actor A’s verbal tirade toward

actor B. After the action, C and D appeared in front of the dog with food. We recorded which

actor the dogs took food from, how long they spent time with them, and how long they paid

attention toward them. The results revealed no significant difference between the two test

situations for any behavioral measures. This suggests that dogs have no preference for a “kind”

person who intervenes to pacify an aggressive person.

P1-02

Mother Dog Mediates Adaptation of Young Offspring to Human Society〇Mayu Nishimoto１, Takatomi Kubo１, Miho Nagasawa２, Takefumi Kikusui２,

Yuki Maruno３, Kazushi Ikeda１

（１Nara Institute of Science and Technology, ２Azabu University,

　３Kyoto Women’s University）

　Dogs acquire social cognitive abilities to interact with human beings in their developmental

processes. However, it is still unclear whether a mother dog mediates adaptation of her young

offspring to human. The purpose of this study is to verify the mediation effect of a mother

dog. The participants were an owner of dogs, an unfamiliar person to the dogs, and a group

of six hunting dogs: a mother, an adult dog, and four young offsprings of the mother. The

human subjects were instructed to walk along a specified course. During the walk, the location

of each individual was recorded by a GPS system. We conducted multiple trials of the walk

and changed the members for each trial. The distances between all possible individuals were

calculated in the analysis. We compared the distances between the owner and the young dogs

between the condition with the mother and that with the other adult dog (control condition).

As a result, we found that the distance between the owner and young dogs under mother


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condition was smaller than that of the control condition. This result may suggest that the

mother dog mediates adaptation of young offsprings to human society.

P1-03

The respiration synchronization between human and dog〇Tomoki Hashimoto, Kensaku Nomoto, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui

（Azabu University）

　Synchronization of respiration has been observed in affiliative dyadic relationships in

human. We examined whether synchronization of respiration was also found in dogs and their

owners. Initially we developed a new non-invasive method for measurement. The respiration

intervals in dogs was able to be monitored by using the MI sensor and magnet that each

mounted on the other side of the rib cage unless there was no large body movement. We

measured the respiration rate of a human and a dog simultaneously by using this method,

and examined whether they synchronized when the human and dog spent time side by side.

We made a model using the averages of respiration intervals within a few minutes episodes

with different situations in which human changed respiration rates. There was a significant

effect of human respiration rate on dog respiration rate. (estimate ＝ 0.40395, p ＝ 0.0159) This

showed that the respiration synchronization was brought by exchange of bidirectional

interaction between dogs and humans. It was suggested that this synchronization is due to

the match of mental states, such as calmness which is observed in human mother and child

at falling into sleep.

P1-04

Human-dog synchronization of behavior and the autonomic nervous system〇Mikuru Murayama１, Maki Katayama１, Takatomi Kubo２, Kazushi Ikeda２,

Miho Nagasawa１, Takefumi Kikusui１

（１Azabu University, ２Nara Institute of Science and Technology）

　The purpose of this study was to examine the synchronization between humans and dogs

by using heart rate variability and acceleration. The experiments consisted of four conditions:

resting, separation from owner, motioning and 5 minutes searching tasks. In the motion task,

the owners knew where the reward was placed, while in the search task, they did not. Search

task is assumed to be more likely to arouse emotion in both dogs and their owners than the

motion task; therefore, we hypothesized this would result in synchronization between the

owners and the dogs rather than motion task condition where emotion is less likely to be

reflected. Time domain analysis was used for heart rate variability analysis. Correlation

analysis between owners and dogs showed a positive correlation in meanRRI, acceleration, and

ΔmeanRRI (motor component was removed from autonomic nervous response) that were the

indicators of emotion under search task conditions. It suggests that autonomic and behavioral

synchronization occurred between humans and dogs especially under search task, which

matches our hypothesis that emotion is aroused in both humans and dogs.

P1-05

An exploratory study about gait synchronization between horses and humans by measuring

acceleration

〇Eriko Ueda１, Miho Nagasawa２, Takatomi Kubo３, Satoshi Murashige３, Kazushi Ikeda３,

Ayaka Takimoto１

（１Hokkaido University, ２Azabu University, ３Nara Institute of Science and Technology）

　Behavioral synchronization increases a feeling of affiliation for the interaction partner. Such

relationship between behavioral synchronization and affiliation is shown not only between the

same species but also between the different species. Previous studies suggested that affiliation

between the dog and her/his owner enhances the degree of synchronization during walking.


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Similarly to the dog, the horse is one of animals which have close and cooperative

relationships with humans for a long period. However, it is still not clear whether behavioral

synchronization occurs in the horse-human interactions. Therefore, we investigated whether the

gait synchronization occurs between the horse and the human participants while they were

walking together and whether the gait synchronization is facilitated by human gait adjustment

to the partner horse by measuring acceleration. In the free condition, a human participant

walked with a partner horse freely on a straight course. On the other hand, in the control

condition, she/he walked with the partner horse on the same course in the fixed tempo of

her/his walking alone so that she/he could not harmonize with the partner horse. We report

our results on the day of this conference.

P1-06

Do domestic horses (Equus caballus) show a visual preference for the same-age conspecifics?〇Miki Kamatani, Ayaka Takimoto（Hokkaido University）

　Animals have close and enduring affiliative relationships with conspecifics. Such

relationships are called as social bonds. Recently, it has been reported that individuals who

have strong or/and good social bonds are adaptive in the aspect of reproduction and survival (e.g.,

Cameron, Setsaas & Linklater, 2009; Silk et al., 2010). The similarity principle (de Waal &

Luttrell, 1986) proposed that social bonds are built more easily between similar dyads in

relatedness, age, hierarchy and reproductive status because it is easier for more similar group

members to have common interests and establish affiliative relationships. The principle also

suggests the possibility that individuals choose a similar member as a partner of the

affiliative interaction and start to form social bonds. In fact, horses build social bonds more

with similar age’s group members (Takimoto, Wilds, Ueno & Kawai, in prep). However, it is

unclear whether they have a preference for a similar age’s member before interacting with

others. In our study, we investigated whether domestic horses show a visual preference for the

same-age conspecifics by using photos of stranger conspecifics in an experimental setting. We

report these results on the day of this conference.

P1-07

The interaction between social relationships and prosocial behavior among group-living rats〇Shiomi Hakataya, Noriko Katsu, Kazuo Okanoya（The University of Tokyo）

　Rats are known for their high sociality and demonstrate various prosocial behaviors. In

groups of such gregarious animals, individuals may form long-term selective amicability called

social bonds. Thus, to understand the dynamics of prosocial interactions in animal groups, it

is important to consider the interaction between social relationship and prosocial behavior. In

line with this, we investigated whether occurrence of prosocial behavior is affected by strength

of social relationships among group members, and whether exchange of prosocial behaviors

can alter social interaction patterns. We analyzed social relationships among group members

before and after the helping behavior experiment in which the helper rat liberates the soaking

cagemate by opening the door. In the experiment, 13 out of 28 rats acquired helping. Young

females tended to be door-openers. Also, rats learned to open the door when the soaking

cagemates were able to draw the helpers’ attention. Moreover, occurrence of prosocial behavior

was not affected by strength of social relationship, nor did exchange of prosocial behavior

enhance social interactions between subjects. As above, rats helped others when asked and

exchange of helping didn’t lead to the emergence of social bonds among group-living rats.

Supported by JSPS #4903, 17H06380.


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P1-08

Do rats choose the cagemate over the food?〇Yang Yu, Mayuna Ichikawa, Taichi Kusayama（Teikyo University）

　The consideration about the mental state of animal would be important for the empathy

researches. In this study, we tested the rat’s tendency which they choose either between foods

and the contact with other individuals at the same time. They were trained to choose the

arm, which a pellet was put, at first. And then whether they choose the arm, which other

individuals was in, were tested. Finally, we presented both food and other individuals. As a

result, any statistical difference for the choice between foods and other individuals were not

recognized. In addition, it was considerably different in choices of an individual and sessions.

Our rats did not show any consistent responses. It would be thought that we should consider

it as a variable about not only the control of the stimulus but also the mental state of the

individual to intend for.

P1-09

The role of the prefrontal cortex in social cognitive function in mice

〇Joi Yashima, Tomoko Uekita, Toshiro Sakamoto（Kyoto Tachibana University）

　We examined the contributions of the anterior and posterior prefrontal cortex (APFC and

PPFC) to social cognitive function in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups

at 8 weeks of age: APFC or sham lesion, PPFC or sham lesion. We conducted a social

preference test and a social recognition test. A test mouse was presented with a novel mouse

and a cage-mate mouse, located in Plexiglas cylinders placed at the center of a white box. We

measured social investigation (SI) as the duration during which the test mouse sniffed toward

each stimulus mouse in a 5-min period (3 trials). We found that the SI duration for the cage-

mate mouse in PPFC lesioned mice was significantly longer than that in control mice in the

social preference test (the same stimulus mice were used in the 3 trials), and that SI duration

for the novel mouse in PPFC lesioned mice was longer than that in control mice in the social

recognition test (the novel mouse was changed in each trial). We observed no effect of APFC

lesions in these social tests. These results suggest that the PPFC but not the APFC might be

involved in suppression of social investigation behavior toward conspecifics.

P1-10

Rats help conspecifics even when they receive aversive stimuli to do it〇Atsuhito Yamagishi, Arisa Uchida, Nobuya Sato（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　We examined whether rats help conspecifics even when they receive aversive stimuli. An

experimental box consisted of a pool area and a ground area. Helper rats were placed in the

ground area, and their cagemates were locked in the pool area. When the helper rats open a

circular door, the cagemates can escape from the pool area. The helper rats learned to open

the door to help the cagemates. After that, two tests were conducted (cagemate and empty

conditions). In the cagemate condition, the helper rats were tested for 5 days whether they

open the door to help the cagemates. The empty condition was the same as the cagemate

condition except that the pool area was empty. In both conditions, the temperature of a part

of the ground area in front of the door increased daily by 5 degree from 35 ℃. The time until

the helper rats open the door gradually increased as an increment of the floor temperature in

both conditions. The door-opening latencies in the cagemate condition were shorter than those

in the empty condition. These results suggest that rats help conspecifics even when they

receive aversive stimuli to do it.


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P1-11

A Preliminary Study on Animal Models of Attachments to Human Fathers by Utilizing of White

Leghorns’ Imprinting Behavior

〇Emiko Kawabata１, Masahiro Suzuki２（１Ibaraki University, ２Tokiwa University）

　We explored the possibility that white leghorns’ imprinting behavior could be utilized as

animal models for the studies on the attachments to human fathers. The experiment was

designed to examine whether white leghorns could be imprinted on second stimuli while they

remained imprinted on first stimuli. In the experiment, the first stimuli were considered as

mothers in human families, and the second stimuli were considered as fathers. There were

two parts in the experiment. In the first part, the training sessions for imprinting white

leghorns on the first stimuli were conducted. After the white leghorns were imprinted on the

first stimuli, the second part was begun. The training sessions for imprinting the white

leghorns on the first stimuli and the training sessions for imprinting them on the second

stimuli were conducted alternately. We found that we could imprint the white leghorns on

both the first stimuli and the second stimuli, and that the imprinting on the second stimuli

did not reduce the imprinting on the first stimuli. These findings suggest that we can utilize

white leghorns’ imprinting behavior as animal models for the studies on the attachments to

human fathers.

P1-12

The effects of helped/non-helped experience on helping behavior in rats.〇Kota Kitano, Atsuhito Yamagishi, Nobuya Sato（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　Several studies suggest that rats show reciprocity. Reciprocity in helping behavior has not

been studied. To examine how an experience of being helped by others affects subsequent

helping behavior. We used a paradigm of helping task that rats helped a conspecific soaked

in water by opening a door. Thereby the soaked rat can escape from water. Before testing,

the rats experienced being helped and not helped by others. The rats were divided into two

groups. In one group, rats help a conspecific that helped before the test (Helped group). In the

other group, rats help a conspecific that didn’t help previously (Non-Helped group). We

measured the latency of opening the door for previously helped rats or non-helped rats. We

also carried out the partner preference test (PPT) with the helped and non-helped partners. As

a result, there was no difference in the latency of door-opening between the groups. However,

the PPT showed preference for rats that had previously helped compared with those that no

had not helped. This result suggests that helping behavior is not affected by the experience of

being helped/non-helped by others, but preferences for others who helped previously emerged.

P1-13

Empathic sound communication between humans and rodents〇Takafumi Shigeyama１, Yuta Tamai１, Yuki Ito１, Takafumi Furuyama２, Shizuko Hiryu１,

Kohta I. Kobayasi１

（１Doshisha University, ２Kanazawa Medical University）

　Currently, “animal-assisted activities”, or called “animal therapy”, is attracting attention for

helping people especially elderly. Breeding large mammals, such as dogs and cats, requires

measurable cost, therefore it is desirable to use small animals instead. However, since humans

and small animals (i.e., rodents) do not share similar social signals, it is difficult to

communicate empathically. The purpose of this experiment is to establish a communication

method between human and small animals through auditory stimulus/modality. Mongolian

gerbils were used because they have high auditory sensitivity in the human audible range,

and were evaluated whether they were able to distinguish sounds by operant conditioning.

The movement of the gerbils in a behavioral arena (90 cm × 40 cm) was detected in real

time after a tone burst sequence (4 kHz and 8 kHz), and when they entered a specific area,


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they were automatically rewarded by the feeder. It was confirmed that when the sound was

presented, they voluntarily headed to the specific area. We are currently trained animals to

distinguish gerbil’s various communication sounds, which have different valence and arousal

level, and stimulus generalization (from gerbil’s sound to humans) will be tested by measuring

behavioral responses to emotional human utterances. Furthermore, we acoustically manipulate

human’s communication sound and promote stimulus generalization to help them understand

human vocalization empathically.

P1-14

Acoustic individuality of the sequential call in large-billed crows

〇Yuiko Suzuki, Ei-Ichi Izawa（Keio University）

　In animal communication, acoustic signal is advantageous under visually invalid long-

distance communication among social gatherings and territorial neighbors. In the past studies

of birds, those long-distance communications have been found to be based on the individual

recognition. It was reported that crow’s audio-vocally communicated for a long distance such

as in aggregating at food resources. Here we investigated the acoustic individuality of

sequential ka calls of large-billed crows. This type of calls consists of 3 to 15 elements with

0.2 － 0.5 s short intervals in a sequence and is assumed to play a role as a long-distance

communication such as social aggregation. We measured twenty-five acoustic parameters of

each element of a total of 63 sequences from 4 crows and tested the individual difference in

acoustic structures by using a discriminant function analysis (DFA) following to a principal

component analysis. DFA revealed the more than 80 % accuracy to discriminate the 4

individuals based on the acoustic structures. This result indicates the acoustic individuality of

the sequential ka call, suggesting the role of individual recognition based on this long-distance

communication in large-billed crows.

P1-15

The recognition of pictures in the Jungle Crow: what kind of factors they adopt?〇Amy Obara１, Masato Aoyama１, Shoei Sugita１,２

（１Utsunomiya University, ２Toto University）

　There have been many researches that investigating the ability of pictures’ recognition in

the Jungle crows (Corvus macrorhynchos), but it is little known what kind of factors in the

picture they adopt for the recognition. In this research, we trained crows to select the pictures

of specific species of birds, and examined the effects of the pictures’ modification on their

selection. Four adult Jungle crows were used. Two of them were trained to select a picture of

sparrow from other species of birds in the two choice test, and other two crows were trained

to select a picture of pigeon. After they got to select the ‘correct bird’ by the binomial test,

they were tasked to select the modified pictures. Seven types of picture modification were

tried: normal but unfamiliar pictures, gray scale, line drawing, deformed illustration, hue

converted pictures, color-pattern exchanged pictures, and extracted five colors. Our results

showed that crows adopt mainly the color pattern of the pictures for the recognition, but

other factors also may be used. In addition, they might recognize the modified illustration as

the trained birds.

P1-16

Neural mechanisms for social enhancement of vocal learning in a songbird〇Shin Yanagihara１, Maki Ikebuchi２, Chihiro Mori１, Ryosuke O. Tachibana１,

Kazuo Okanoya１,２

（１The University of Tokyo, ２RIKEN）

　As in human speech acquisition, social interactions are crucial for vocal learning in

songbirds. Juvenile zebra finches listen to a song from a live tutor and imitate its song.


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However, passive exposures to a tutor song presented from a speaker in the absence of a live

tutor result in a poor imitation. Here, we hypothesized that a live tutor song enhances the

activity of brain reward circuitry in juvenile leading to successful memory formation. To test

this, we set out to record neural activities from midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) and

substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in freely-behaving birds. We found that VTA/SNc

neurons exhibited auditory responses to a tutor song, and that responses were modulated by

social context. These neurons showed greater tutor song responses when a juvenile was in the

presence of a tutor compared to alone. Moreover, enhanced auditory responses were also

found when a juvenile heard a song from a live tutor, thus suggesting that VTA/SNc play a

role in social enhancement of vocal learning. Supported by JSPS KAKENHI 17H06380 (#4903),

17H01015, 17K07066.

P1-17

Training protocols for touchscreen-based visual discrimination in mice

〇Manami Ishikawa, Kazuhiro Goto（Sagami Women’s University）

　Automated touchscreen-based tasks are increasingly being used to explore a broad range of

issues in learning and behavior in mice. However, training is time-consuming even before the

the actual ask begins. In this report, I describe how to train mice efficiently to perform visual

discrimination. C57BL/6N mice were first given magazine training. Nosepoke responses were

then authoshaped and maintained on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Self-start response

was then introduced in order to measure respose time to complete each trial. The stimulus

position was also varied across trials. I finally examined the discrimination performance of

size of circles. Mice were tested with four target stimuli with variable sizes from a single S-.

Choosing larger circles was reinforced. All mice successfully went through all training stages,

confirming that this training protocol is promising for shaping appropriate discriminative

behaviors in mice.

P1-18

Study of cross-modal correspondence between pitch and luminance in rats〇Yumiko Uehara, Riho Tanioka, Shogo Sakata（Hiroshima University）

　Humans have preferences for certain cross-modality combinations. For example, they

associate higher-pitched sounds with brighter colors (e.g. white) and they associate lower-

pitched sound with darker colors (e.g. black). It seems that other animals also have such

preferences. It is because in nature, the sunlight comes from above the sky and many flying

animals are small and sing in a high pitch; therefore, bright light associates with above, small

and high pitch. However, few studies have examined correspondence between pitch and

brightness in non-human animals. In this study, six Long-Evans rats were required to classify

black and white screens, and high and low LED lights, while hearing irrelevant background

sounds that were either high-pitched (4000 Hz) or low-pitched (2000 Hz). Three of them

classified black and white first, and luminance later. In addition, the other classified in

reverse order. In terms of response time, cross-modal correspondence effects between pitch

and luminance of color (black and white) were observed only in the group which classified

black and white first, but not in the other group. These results suggest that rats have cross-

modal correspondence between pitch and luminance of color.

P1-19

Tool manipulation by rats according to food position without tool-use training

Akane Nagano（Doshisha University）

　I investigated whether rats could move a tool laterally in relation to food position without

tool-use experience. Eight rats were trained to move a rake-shaped tool laterally within fixed

ranges. During the training, only the rake was presented in the experimental apparatus


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without presenting food rewards. If the rats manipulated the rake laterally within the range,

then the experimenter retrieved the tool and offered food by hand through a small hole in the

door of an experimental box. After the training, the rats were trained to pull a thread

fastened to food or a thread without any food. The rats never obtained food directly by using

the tool, and the tool was never in contact with the food. In the test, the rake was placed at

the center of the apparatus, and the food was placed on either the left or right side of the

rake. Hence, the rats had to move the tool laterally before pulling it according to the food’s

position. Of the eight rats, one was able to move the rake laterally according to the food’s

position.

P1-20

An attempt to clarify spatial abilities of rats in a three-dimensional maze

〇Tomohiro Hayashi, Mana Ikegawa, Nobuya Sato（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　In most studies, especially those with rodents, spatial cognitive abilities have been

considering only in a horizontal environment. In this study, we examined spatial abilities of

rats in an environment that allows vertical movement in addition to horizontal movement. The

task was conducted using a 3-dimensional maze formed by 5 × 6 × 4 paths arranged in a

grid. We placed lights at each vertex of the maze as a beacon. Extra-maze cues were not

available because the maze was covered with black plastic boards. In the learning phase, the

rats were required to go to the goal from a starting point which located at the vertex diagonal

to the goal. They obtained reward when reached the goal. The latency to arrive at the goal

point decreased across trials. This suggests that they could learn the spatial relation between

the goal and the start point in the 3-dimensional maze. After the learning, we moved the

beacon to investigate whether the rats learned to go to the beacon. There was no difference in

the frequency of the rats’ choice between the learned goal location and the beacon location.

This suggests that the rats used not only beacon but also idiothetic cues to solve this task.

P1-21

Neural correlates of interval timing in head-fixed mice

〇Saya Yatagai１, Kota Yamada１, Kohei Yamamoto１, Katsuyasu Sakurai２, Koji Toda１

（１Keio University, ２Tsukuba University）

　Interval timing in the seconds to minutes range is essential to survival in many species, yet

the underlying mechanisms remain unknown (Buhusi and Meck, 2005). Here we examined the

neural mechanisms of interval timing by observing c-fos expressions, an index of cell activities

responding to varying stimulations, in the brain of temporal-conditioned mice. Using a head-

fixed setup, we trained water-deprived mice on two types of temporal conditioning tasks. In

the fixed-time (FT) schedule task, we delivered 10 % sucrose solution every 10 seconds with a

blunt-tipped needle placed within licking distance of the mice. Timing of the reward delivery

is predictable in this FT schedule task. In random-time (RT) schedule task, we delivered the

sucrose solution randomly between 5-15 seconds. Timing of the reward delivery is less

predictable in this RT schedule task. Early in the training, mice showed robust consumption

licking but no anticipatory licking. After the training, mice showed schedule-dependent

anticipatory licking. First, we compared c-fos expression in the stained brain of the non-

conditioned mice and the conditioned mice. Second, we compared c-fos expression in the

stained brain of the mice trained on the FT task and the mice trained on the RT task. This

immunohistochemical approach will be an important step to understand the neural mechanism

related to interval timing.


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P1-22

Test of the win-stay lose-shift principle in five-armed bandit problems with mice

〇Yu Takarada１, Kuniaki Satori１, Yuji Morimoto２, Masashi Arake２, Hiroyuki Ohta２,

Tatsuji Takahashi１

（１Tokyo Denki University, ２NDMC）

　It is argued that animals often follow the win-stay lose-shift (WSLS) principle when making

decisions, where they keep choosing the same option as far as they keep acquiring rewards,

while they switch the option when they do not. However, the principle is usually verified when

there are substantially only two options. When there are only two options, the shift in the

option just means choosing the other one, and the actual choices reflect the reward

probabilities of the two options, hence it does not really involve exploration. In this study, we

tested the WSLS principle in the five-armed bandit problems with mice. The probability of

staying in the same action after getting a reward was higher than ten steps later, whether the

reward probabilities of the actions are uniform or skewed. On the other hand, the entropy of

action selections of two steps did not show differences. We conclude that in the five-armed

task with mice, the action selection does not depend on the immediately preceding reward,

but in the longer term it moderately follows the WSLS principle.

P1-23

Discrimination of the shapes of looped runways in rats〇Ayaka Sato, Nobuya Sato（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　Some previous studies have been showing that some kind of animals can use geometric

cues to solve spatial tasks. The purpose of this study is to investigate what information is

useful to recognize the structures of environment for rat. In experiment 1, rats were trained to

discriminate between two different shapes of looped runways. In one of the runways, all

corners were rounded shape (R-runway), the other had squared corners (S-runway). All

runways had food boxes on the both inner and outer walls. The rats ran either R- or

S-runways and chose one of the two boxes to get food rewards. After rats reached a learning

criterion, in the test phase, they ran two different runways from that in the learning phase;

one runway had round-shaped inner walls and square-shaped outer walls (R-s runway), and

the shape of the inner walls of the other runway was square and that of the outer walls was

round (S-r runway). The rats could discriminate the shape of runways and tended to use the

shape of the inner wall as a discriminative cue in the test phase. In experiment 2, all tasks

were conducted under dark with the same procedure as the experiment 1. As a result, the

same tendency as the experiment 1 was observed. Theses result suggest that rats can

discriminate the structure of environment only with somatic sense like tactile, and visual cue

is not absolute necessity for discrimination.

P1-24

Assessment of the SNARC effect following the extensive discrimination training of relative

numerosity in mice

Kazuhiro Goto（Sagami Women’s University）

　The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) refers to a spatial organization

of numerical information. When making numerical judgments, people typically respond faster

to small numbers presented on the left and to large numbers presented on the right. In the

present study, we examined the SNARC effect in mice. We first trained them to discriminate

eight dots from four dots in a simultaneous discrimination in a touchscreen chamber. Mice

successfully learned the discrimination and it was transferred to novel quantities, suggesting

that mice discriminate relative numerosity. We then examined the SNARC effect by presenting

equal numbers of dots (2, 4, 8, or 16) side by side. If mice show the SNARC effect, leftward

response bias should systematically decrease as the number of dots increase. Data will be


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presented at the meeting.

P1-25

Identity matching-to-sample performance in rats with visual stimuli on a touch panel display〇Makiko Kamijo, Kazuo Okanoya（The University of Tokyo）

　Identity and oddity are the most elemental concepts in animals. These concepts are widely

studied by matching- and nonmatching-to-sample procedures but abstract concept of identity

or oddity has been assumed to be unique to limited species. In this research, we investigated

an ability of the identity matching-to-sample task in rats with visual stimuli. Four Long-Evans

rats were trained to select the same pictorial pattern with the sample stimulus in a matching-

to-sample procedure. The apparatus was an operant chamber attached with a LCD display

and a touch panel. Rats were required to make an observation response to a sample stimulus,

and then two comparison stimuli were presented on both sides of the sample. Responses to

the identical stimulus with the sample were reinforced with three pellets. All rats accomplished

the learning criterion of 90 % correct responses in successive two sessions and two rats

showed significant transfer of its learning to novel stimuli. These results suggest rats can

perform the identity matching-to-sample task with visual stimuli and learn abstract identity

concept. Supported by JSPS #4903, 17H06380.

P1-26

Counting of sequentially encountered objects in rats〇Yuka Kurachi, Tohru Taniuchi（Kanazawa University）

　Taniuchi et al. (2016) reported that rats learned to respond to the third object in a row of

identical six objects presented simultaneously. However, it is known that humans can identify

the number of stimuli less than four without counting. This pre-counting process is called

subitizing. Although subitizing in nonhuman animals has not reported, we cannot exclude the

possibility that rats in Taniuchi et al. (2016) identified the target third object though subitizing

but not counting. Subitizing cannot be applied to identify the number of stimuli presented

sequentially, especially with irregular temporal intervals. Therefore, this research aimed to

examine whether rats could learn to respond to the third object when they encountered the

objects sequentially. First, as in Taniuchi et al. (2016), rats were trained to respond to the

third object in a row of identical six objects presented simultaneously. Then, partitions with

openings were inserted between the objects, and thus rats could encounter the objects only

sequentially. One rat reliably learned this sequential counting task. This result suggests that

rats can mentally enumerate stimuli they encounter sequentially.

P1-27

Anticipatory contrast in instrumental behavior of rats.〇Katsuyoshi Kawasaki, Mamiya Taga（Hoshi University）

　Anticipatory negative contrast (ANC) is the phenomenon that animals suppress approach to

the first reward when it is followed daily by a second preferred reward. The ANC has been

interpreted as resulting from anticipation of the impending preferred reward and its

comparison with the currently available first reward. However, the almost studies that show

ANC were conducted on consummatory behavior of rats. We conducted an experiment with

the objective of ascertaining whether ANC occurs in instrumental behaviors of rats. In present

experiment all the rats were given 3 min FR3 schedule of nose-poking on 1st component of

daily session for 10 days. The reward was one 20 mg pellet. While control group was given

same 3 min FR3 schedule and one 20 mg pellet in 2nd component, experimental groups were

given 3 min FR1 schedule and 3 (1-3 group), or 5 (1-5 group) of 20 mg pellets in 2 nd. Mean

numbers of nose-poking in 1st component of last 5 sessions were suppressed significantly in

1-3 and 1-5 groups compared with control. But there was no statistical difference between


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both groups. Although the presence of ANC was also confirmed in instrumental behavior, it

seems that the difference in reward value is not highly sensitive.

P1-28

Do cocatiels map numbers spatially?〇Kensuke Shiotani, Yuya Hataji, Hika Kuroshima, Kazuo Fujita（Kyoto University）

　According to the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, humans

respond to small numbers faster and more accurately on the left side than the right, and big

numbers faster and more accurately on the right side than the left. Recent studies reveal that

the SNARC effect is seen in some non-human animals, suggesting that the spatial mapping of

number is not rooted in human culture and language but shared with other animals. Here, we

explored the SNARC effect in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) using a matching-to-sample

procedure. Five cockatiels were presented with 1, 5, 9, or 13 dots as the sample on a touch

monitor. After pecking it, the same and different numbers of dots appeared as alternatives,

one on either side. The birds got rewarded with food by pecking the alternative that had the

same number of dots. We measured accuracy rates and the response times. If the SNARC

effect exists in cockatiels as in humans and other animals, then they should respond more

accurately and more quickly to smaller numbers appearing on the left side than the right

side, and vice versa. We will report the results at the conference.

P1-29

Effects of contextual cues in the anticipatory contrast and preference conditioning in rats〇Mikita Nishikawa, Tohru Taniuchi（Kanazawa University）

　We hypothesized that preference conditioning to the saccharin solution also occurred in this

setting since it was always paired with sucrose solution and that enhanced preference to the

saccharin solution might interfere with the anticipatory contrast. If this is the case, a clearer

anticipatory contrast may be shown by overshadowing the saccharin solution as CS by

presenting another salient cue for sucrose solution. Conditioning and Overshadowing groups

were given saccharin solution first and then sucrose solution. In the Overshadowing group,

rats were moved to experimental cages from their home cages before receiving saccharin and

sucrose solutions, thus the change in context could be a good signal for the sucrose solution.

In the Conditioning group, the two solutions were presented in the home cage, thus the

saccharin solution was the only available signal for the sucrose solution. Two control groups

given only the saccharin solution were set for the corresponding experimental groups.

Although an anticipatory contrast in the Overshadowing group and a preference conditioning

in the Conditioning group were predicted, only a preference conditioning was observed.

P1-30

Exploring the associative mechanisms underlying instrumental ABA renewal in rats.〇Yutaka Kosaki, Shun Fujimaki（Waseda University）

　Animals do not ‘unlearn’, or erase, the memory of learned behaviour after extinction

training, as evidenced by various recovery phenomena including renewal, reinstatement,

resurgence, and spontaneous recovery. In a typical ABA renewal paradigm, a given behaviour

is trained in one context (A), extinguished in another context (B), and tested in the original

context A where the recovery of extinguished behaviour can be observed. While the current

theoretical view posits that the contexts just offer information about contingency, more

mechanistic, and potentially simpler explanation can be offered by appealing to the notion of

associative ‘protection from extinction’. When applied to the contextual renewal, the account

predicts that Context B, initially being neutral, acquires negative associative strength during

extinction such that the strength of instrumental response decreases only to a certain point

where the total associative strength of context and response reaches zero and no further


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learning occurs due to the absence of prediction error; the response is protected from

extinction. In two experiments, we added contextual conditioning in Context B before or

during Phase 2 extinction training to maintain associative strength of Context B. Preliminary

results suggested that, inconsistent with the associative account, the rats still showed a robust

ABA renewal effect regardless of whether the additional context conditioning took place in

Context B or another context, C.

P1-31

Associative blocking effect on running-based taste aversion learning in rats〇Iho Hasegawa, Sadahiko Nakajima（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　Maes et al. (2016) have argued that associative blocking is not as robust as it is widely

thought. Hence, we have to reexamine whether any reported successful demonstration of

blocking effect is idiosyncratic to the parameters employed. The present report is one of our

many attempts to replicate the study of Pierce and Heth (2010), who have successfully

demonstrated blocking effect on taste aversion learning in rats with flavored solutions as the

conditioned stimuli and wheel running as the unconditioned stimulus. In our experiment, each

of 16 thirsty rats was given a 3-min access to a bottle containing salty water followed by a

3-min access to a bottled containing sweet water. After the salty-sweet sequence, they were

allowed to run in activity wheels for 30 min. Prior to this compound conditioning treatment (2

days), half of rats received 2-day simple conditioning treatment: 3-min tap water, followed by

3-min sweet water, and then 30-min wheel running. These rats preferred the salty water to

tap water in the two-choice test, compared with the remaining rats for which the sweet water

had been replaced with sour water in the simple conditioning days. This result conforms to

the prediction that the previously established sweet-running association would block the salty-

running association.

P1-32

The dessert effect in the fat-elicited conditioned flavor preference in rats〇Keisuke Shinohara, Saki Nomura, Yasunobu Yasoshima（Osaka University）

　Here we investigated whether the timing of consuming in a meal influences the fat-elicited

conditioned flavor preference (CFP). Food restricted rats (female, Wistar, n ＝ 9) were

presented with two distinct flavors as conditioned stimuli (CSs) in succession (each for 8

minutes) per session before giving of a daily amount of chow (daily-chow). They were exposed

alternately between session with CSs (Early(+), Late(+)) mixed with 5.3 % corn oil as an

unconditioned stimulus (US) and session with different CSs (Early(-), Late(-)) without US (each

8 sessions). After completion of the conditioning, two-bottle choice tests (each for 30 minutes)

were conducted after overnight food deprivation (hungry test) and 90 minutes after daily-chow

access (fed test). As a result all of nine rats preferred Early(+) and Late(+) flavors over the

corresponding CS- flavors in both tests. In the choice tests between the CS+ flavors, eight of

nine rats showed a preference for Late(+) over Early(+) in the fed but not hungry test. The

hunger-state-dependent effect in the fat-elicited CFP may be an animal model for helping

explain why “dessert” foods remain attractive for us even when encountered during satiety.


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P1-33

Effects of d -limonene inhalation on latent inhibition with conditioned taste aversion in DDY and

EL mouse.

〇Go Mugishima１, Kahomi Nagata１, Toshikazu Shinba２, Hiroaki Kubo３, Aiko Moridera４,

Yurie Nakamoto５, Masumi Inoue４, Mitsunobu Yoshii５

（１Fukuoka Prefectural University, ２Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hosp, ３Kyushu University,

　４University of Occupational Environmental Health,

　５Tokyo Metropolitan Inst of Medical Science）

　Latent inhibition (LI), the diminution of associative learning as a function of prior

conditioned stimulus (CS) exposure, is believed to reflect normal attentional processes.

Previous reports have demonstrated the attenuation of LI in acute schizophrenics or

schizotypal persons. Coroboma mouse also attenuates LI as well as patients of Attention-

deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of

associative learning with robustness, caused by the pairing a novel taste (US) with

intraperitoneal injection of a malaise-inducing agent such as LiCl (CS). Several neural regions

involving nausea or vomition such as area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)

also implicate in CTA. We previously reported the possibility of deficit to acquire of LI in EL

mouse with preliminary investigation (Mugishima et al, 2015; 2018). In this report, we

investigated the effects of d-limonene inhalation on LI of CTA in EL and DDY (control)

mouse. The results of our investigation indicated that d-limonene diminished LI of CTA in

both strains, suggesting CTA was inhibited by inhalation of d-limonene. This agent may

eliminate the nausea by affecting on A2a receptors in AP and NTS in mouse.

P1-34

Caffeine facilitates fear extinction in rats〇Kodai Kaseda, Takaaki Ozawa, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada（Tsukuba University）

　Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug, which could affect learning

and memory acting through central adenosine receptors. It has been suggested that caffeine

administration impairs the acquisition of auditory fear conditioning and the expression of

conditioned fear responses. However, the effects of caffeine on the extinction of conditioned

fear responses have yet to be elucidated. To address this issue, in the present study, we

investigated whether caffeine administration affects the extinction of conditioned fear in an

auditory fear conditioning paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received foot shocks (unconditioned

stimulus, 0.5 mA, 2 s) paired with auditory cues (conditioned stimulus, CS, 65 dB, 10 kHz). On

the next day, the rats were intraperitoneally administrated saline or caffeine (10 mg/kg), and

then subjected to an extinction trial, in which CSs were repetitively presented without the foot

shocks. Twenty-four hours after the extinction trial, the rats were re-exposed the presentations

of CS (extinction test) and we measured freezing rates during the presentations of CS. In the

extinction trial, acute caffeine administration decreased freezing rates during the presentations

of CS. Furthermore, caffeine-treated animals elicited lower freezing responses even in the

extinction test ompared with the saline control. These results strongly suggest that caffeine

facilitates the extinction of conditioned fear.

P1-35

Effects of pre-exposure to methamphetamine on instrumental conditioning in mice.

〇Miki Nakayama, Yutaka Kosaki（Waseda University）

　Various drugs of abuse, including cocaine and amphetamine, promote behavioural and

neural processes mediating the stimulus-response (S-R) habit, which presumably underly the

rapid shift from recreational, goal-directed drug use to compulsive drug seeking and taking in

humans. Previous studies that employed the drug pre-exposure paradigm relied on the

reinforcer devaluation procedure to identify the dominant behavioural process controlling the


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food-reinforced instrumental behaviour after drug exposure. Another important, defining

feature of S-R habit is its insensitivity to variation in the response-outcome (R-O) contingency.

In order to assess the latter aspect of instrumental behaviour in methamphetamine (METH)-

preexposed mice, we first administered METH (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline to different groups of

mice for 7 days, left them for a 7-days withdrawal period, then trained them to leverpress for

sucrose solution until the response rates stabilised at RR12 schedule. Then, following the

reinforcer devaluation test and re-training period, we gradually degraded the R-O contingency

across days by adding non-contingent reinforcers at increasing rates. The preliminary results

indicated that METH preexposure increased, rather than decreased, the sensitivity to R-O

contingency as measured by the initial reduction of leverpresses in response to the

introduction of free reinforcer at the lower rate.

P1-36

Chronic nicotine administration increases preference for variability in mice.

〇Tasuku Fuseya, Hikaru Kakimoto, Shun Fujimaki, Yutaka Kosaki（Waseda University）

　Mice were trained to leverpress for sucrose solution on a two-lever concurrent chain

schedule, in which the two terminal-link alternatives were associated with equal long-term

probability of reinforcement (1 in 15) but with different variability. The reinforcer was

scheduled by an FR15 schedule on one lever, whereas the other lever produced the

reinforcement on a VR15 schedule. The choice, as measured by response allocation during the

initial link, stabilised across sessions, after which different doses of nicotine (0.3, 0.5, or 1.0

mg/kg, i.p.) were administered to mice before each of the subsequent seven sessions. The

mice were trained for further seven sessions without nicotine to examine the withdrawal effect.

As a result, the higher dose of nicotine shifted animals’ choice towards the lever associated

with VR15, both during the drug administration phase and the withdrawal phase. The result

indicates that nicotine increased the animals’ preference for variability, and steeper delay

discounting function for nicotine-treated mice may account for the result.

P1-37

Methamphetamine-induced taste aversion/avoidance in mice.

〇Risako Miki, Yutaka Kosaki（Waseda University）

　Various classes of drugs of abuse with known hedonic effects, including morphine, cocaine,

and amphetamine, paradoxically induces conditioned avoidance of food spatio-temporally

associated with the drug injection. Closer look at the animals’ ingestive behaviour by means

of either taste reactivity or lick cluster analysis suggested the drugs of abuse produce taste

avoidance but not taste aversion (Parker, 2003). In the present study we examined whether

instrumental leverpress responding maintained by food reinforcer is affected if the reinforcer

was paired, off-baseline, with methamphetamine (METH) or lithium chloride (LiCl) as a control

condition. Preliminary results revealed that METH-induced reduction of food consumption,

which was comparable to the LiCl-induced food devaluation in its rate and terminal

consumption level, did not affect animals’ instrumental responding for food in the post-

devaluation extinction test. The result supports the view that the goal-directed action

comprises the expectation about the detailed sensory information of an outcome including its

hedonic value, which was not affected by METH-induced formation of food avoidance. The

lick cluster analysis during the taste aversion period will also be presented on the conference.

P1-38

Japanese fire-bellied newts acquire food aversion conditioning to various CS foods

Tohru Taniuchi（Kanazawa University）

　Paradis and Cabanac (2004) reported reliable acquisition of food aversion conditioning in

reptiles such as lizards and iguanas but not in amphibians such as newts and toads. In


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contrast, Taniuchi (2018, JSAP) showed significant food aversion conditioning in Japanese fire-

bellied newts. However, there were several differences in experimental methods between these

studies. Especially, CS food was ground beef or mealworm in Paradis and Cabanac (2004) but

kamaboko, a Japanese processed food, in Taniuchi (2018). Although these CS foods were

described as novel to animals, compared to ground beef or mealworm, kamaboko possibly had

an unnatural and novel flavor. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of CS foods

in food aversion conditioning in Japanese fire-bellied newts. Newts were presented with pieces

of raw beef, mealworms, or kamaboko and then injected LiCl or saline. In the test conducted

two weeks after the conditioning, newts ate a less amount of either of the three CS foods

paired with LiCl compared to the corresponding saline control groups. These findings suggest

that food aversion conditioning can be found across various CS foods in Japanese fire-bellied

newts.

P1-39

Can rats reallocate memory resources from to-be-forgotten items to to-be-remembered items?

〇Chiaki Tanaka, Tohru Taniuchi（Kanazawa University）

　Rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze. Either of two different floor materials was

presented in each arm as remember (R)- or forget (F)-cues that informed whether the arm

would be tested later or not. Either of two qualitatively different foods A and B was presented

in the food cup. Food A signaled a large reward and food B signaled a non-reward in the

subsequent test. One A-R arm, two A-F arms, three B-R arms, and two B-F arms were

presented in the learning phase. In the test phase, the four F-cued arms were excluded from

testing. After acquisition training, probe trials were inserted to the normal trials occasionally.

In the probe trial, one of A-F arms was presented instead of an A-R arm in the test. If rats

remembered to-be-remembered arms selectively, test performance would become poorer in the

probe trials than in the normal trials. We also compared the normal trials with occasional

high-memory-load trials in which R-cues were presented in all eight arms. If rats could

reallocate memory resource from F-arms to R-arms in the normal trials, better test

performance was predicted in the normal trials than in the high-memory-load trials.

P1-40

Existence of Minimum Rewards in Rats Gambling Task〇Ruoheng Qu, Shogo Sakata（Hiroshima University）

　Gambling-like behavior such as social online games has caused problems similar to

pathology gambling. However, recent studies rarely go beyond comparative studies between

gambling/gambling-like activities and gambler/gamer. The existence of certain rewards in the “lose

trial”, a remarkable difference between gambling and gambling-like activities were focused. For

this study, we used rats gambling task with/without certain rewards separately to investigate

the existence effects and the experience order effects of certain rewards. 4 male Long-Evans

Rats were demanded to make a choice between fixed-reward and variable-reward in 2-lever

Skinner boxes. For gambling sessions (GB), variable-reward choice resulted in a stimulus that

predicted 0 or 4 food pellets; for gamble-like sessions (semiGB), the choice of variable-reward

resulted in a different stimulus that predicted 1 or 3 food pellets. Choice of the fixed-reward

was same to the mean reward of variable choice. Results revealed that subjects had lower

response rates of variable-choice in naive semiGB sessions. Also, subjects with semiGB

experience showed lower response rates of variable-choice during GB sessions.


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P1-41

How do mice balance the trade-off between exploration and exploitation?〇Kuniaki Satori１, Yu Takarada１, Yuji Morimoto２, Masashi Arake２, Hiroyuki Ohta２,

Tatsuji Takahashi１

（１Tokyo Denki University, ２NDMC）

　How should an animal choose between exploiting a resource or exploring to find new

options? This problem is known as the exploration-exploitation trade-off. Reinforcement

learning models play an important role in understanding the behavioral and neural

mechanisms of choice behavior in animals and humans, especially as for the balancing of

exploration and exploitation. Previous studies have shown that in the two- or three-armed

bandit problems, rats follow the Q-learning algorithm (with forgetting) operated under the

softmax action selection policy (Ito and Doya 2009; Cinotti 2019). However, when there are only

few options, exploitation and exploration cannot be separated well. In this study, we

investigated how mice behave in the five-armed bandit problems in terms of the value

function and policy. We examined the forgetting and aversive factors in the action values. As

for policies, we compared greedy, epsilon-greedy, softmax, and softmax ＋ uncertainty bonus.

As a result, it is shown that the forgetful Q-learning algorithm together with the softmax

action selection policy equipped with uncertainty bonus explains the behavior of mice best.

Mice deal with the trade-off problem by combining the strategy of forgetting options, rather

than aversive response to the unrewarded options, with uncertainty bonus.

P1-42

Understanding the properties of learning by extracting behavioral elements with machine learning

in mice.

〇Kota Yamada, Koji Toda（Keio University）

　Learning play a key role in survival in many species. There are two different perspectives

on understanding the properties of learning. One canonical theory assumes that learning

develop gradually and asymptotically. Such kind of perspective is widely accepted in many

disciplines including psychology, neuroscience, and machine learning. Another theory insists

that learning occur abruptly at some point of the training. Here we hypothesized that we are

able to solve the conflict between two learning theories using machine learning techniques. We

conducted a simple classical conditioning experiment. We presented water after a brief

presentation of a light to water-deprived mice, and recorded licking behaviors and videos

during experimental sessions. By utilizing the techniques of video processing, we extracted the

behavioral elementss, such as distance from the stimulus, direction of subjects, and all the

behaviors that the subjects engaged. Through analyzing the relationship between the features

of learning curve and properties of the behavior during the classical conditioning, we verified

the two different learning theories. Techniques used in this study shed new light on studying

animal learning and behavior.

Abstracts of Poster Presentation 2　

P2-01

Factors affecting dog behaviors during animal-assisted activities〇Miwa Murata１, Chihiro Shimano２, Naoya Yoshida１, Naoko Koda１, Yoshitaka Deguchi２

（１Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, ２Iwate University）

　In recent years, many effects of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) on humans have been

reported. On the other hand, studies on animal behaviors during AAI are lacking. In order to

find more comfortable method of AAI for both humans and animals, this study investigated

individual information such as age and rearing environment, and personality traits such as

sociability in dogs participating in visiting type of animal-assisted activity (AAA) in facilities


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for senior people, and examined how they affect the behaviors of dogs in AAA. The individual

characteristics such as age, years of AAA experience, rearing environment, and personality

traits score in behavioural tests such as sociability and playfulness influenced the behaviors

of dogs during AAA. The dogs with high scores for sociability and playfulness could be

expected to behave friendly to humans in AAA. It was also suggested that the amount of

interactions with humans in daily life may affect behaviors in AAA where there are many

strangers. Further study is needed with more animals and longer observation time.

P2-02

Attachment behavior and emotional contagion between humans and dogs〇Maaya Saito１, Maki Katayama１, Takatomi Kubo２, Kazushi Ikeda２, Miho Nagasawa１,

Takefumi Kikusui１

（１Azabu University, ２Nara Institute of Science and Technology）

　Emotional contagion is the induction of the the same emotional state to itself by perceiving

the emotional state of other individuals. Recent studies reported that emotional contagion

exists among various species and occurs easily among affiliative pairs. Dogs respond

sensitivity to human emotional expressions; thus there is a possibility that the change of the

owner’s emotional state can transmits to their dogs. Furthermore, dogs can form a social bond

between the owners through attachment behavior, similar to human mother and infants. In

this study, we examined efficacy of emotional contagion between the dogs and owners heart

rate variability (HRV) and observed the behavior related to attachment. As the results, the

correlation coefficient of HRV between dog and owner showed a positive significance in

[meanNN] and [SDNN] in ep4, in which a strong positive emotional state that expresses

when the owner reunites with their dog was observed. A significant effect was observed by

dog-ownership period. It was also found that the distance between the owner and the dog was

shorter in the episodes including the reunion scene. This suggests that a positive emotional

state can be contagious between dogs and humans.

P2-03

Differences in Puppy’s attachment behaviors between Japanese and European breeds〇Sakiko Tomori, Sayaka Kuze-Arata, Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui


　Recent genetic studies have revealed that dogs diverged from the common ancestor with

wolves. One of their differences is the duration of socialization period. The socialization period

of dogs begins slower and lasts longer than of wolves, which delays onset of fear response. A

similar phenomenon was observed in the silver fox domestication experiment. In addition, the

stress response of the domesticated fox pups was lower than of the non-domesticated. These

suggest that changes of developmental process are involved in canine domestication. Japanese

breeds are relatively genetically close to wolves than European breeds. The study of Japanese

breeds in developmental period can bring a clue for understanding the wolf to dog genetical

transition. In the present study, we compared stress responses and interaction with human in

the developmental period between Akita and Retrievers by assessing the puppy’s attachment

behaviors to a specific person. As the results, Akita greeted the caregiver more intensely than

the stranger. Retriever explored more in the presence of the caregiver. Meanwhile, Retriever

tended to play more with the stranger than their caregiver. These suggest that developmental

process and style of attachment to human were different in Japanese breeds.


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P2-04

The effect of movement synchronization during horseback riding on human-horse (Equus

caballus) relationship〇Kato Hiroki１, Mikako Mitsuda２, Yui Sasaki２, Maki Katayama２, Kosuke Sawa１

（１Senshu University, ２Azabu University）

　Although movement synchronization has been shown to lead to affiliation between humans

(Hove et al., 2009), the effect of human-horse synchronization on affiliation remains unclear. In

the present study, we recorded acceleration data while horseback riding and presented facial

expressions of riders to horses. Further, we investigated the relation between acceleration data

while horseback riding and result of recognition of human facial expression in horses. As a

result, horses showed left gaze bias to facial expressions of humans with unstable movement

while horseback riding; such gaze bias is considered associated with the perception of negative

stimuli in horses (Roches at al., 2008). Additionally, horses showed left gaze bias to facial

expressions of humans with low degree of synchrony with horse. Therefore, the person with

high degree of synchrony with horse and with high degree of movement stability seem to be

positive for horse. These results suggest the degree of synchrony with horse and the level of

skill of horseback riding is associated with human facial cognition of horses.

P2-05

Effects of familiarity on synchronization of the autonomic nervous system and movement between

human and horse during horseback riding.〇Mikako Mitsuda１, Fukue Takamatsu１, Maki Katayama１, Midori Ohkita２,３,

Miho Nagasawa１, Kosuke Sawa２, Takefumi Kikusui１

（１Azabu University, ２Senshu University, ３JSPS）

　Equestrian is thought to be achieved through nonverbal communication between horses and

human. We hypothesized that mutual understanding and memorizing the others’characteristics

would facilitate the performance with a sense of unity, which would appear in synchronicity

of movement and autonomic responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of familiarity

on the synchronization of movement and the autonomic nervous system between horses and

humans during horseback riding. Acceleration and RR intervals were simultaneously measured

during walk and trot using Faros360. The correlation-coefficients (CC) of heart rate variability

indices (MeanRRI, SDNN and RMSSD) and the coherence of accelerations between horses and

human were calculated and compared among four conditions; familiarity (familiar/unfamiliar)

and proficiency (expert/beginner). As the results, the expert had a stronger CC of movements

in trot, and the familiarity was involved in the CC of SDNN, as an index of autonomic power,

in walk after trot, implying both familiarity and proficiency affect the CC between human and

horse.

P2-06

Determining the social order and its effects on multiple behaviors of jungle crows (Corvus

macrorhynchos) using different ranking/rating methods

〇Masaki Suyama１,２, Illia Aota１, Kousuke Miyazaki１, E-ichi Izawa１

（１Keio University, ２Meijigakuin University）

　Determining the social order of social animals is crucial in figuring out the dynamic aspects

of cohesion, eusociality, cooperation, information diffusion, and many others. By using the

dyadic social dominance relationships, one can estimate the order or the ranking of an entire

group. Several methods have been proposed to calculate the dynamic relationships: ones being

the most common are David’s score and Elo rating. We implemented the David score, Elo

rating, and their modified versions to estimate the social order of jungle crows (Corvus

macrorhynchos). By comparing different methods, we tried to see which method best explained

future (1) allopreening, (2) amount of food consumed, (3) and level of reliance on social


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learning. The dyadic data were obtained from 5 different flocks that lived or is living in

Tsukuba and Hiyoshi, Japan respectively. We used the dyadic bouts (whereby two crows fight

with each other with their bill, wings, or feet) as a measure for social order of dyads. Winner

of the bouts were defined by the loser showing a submissive behavior. Using this data, we

calculated the David’s score and Elo rating and used the rating to estimate the predictability

of allopreening, amount of food consumed, and level of social learning. Results will be

presented at this conference.

P2-07

Spatial positioning patterns in triadic interactions in crows.

〇Akiko Seguchi, Ei-Ichi Izawa（Keio University）

　In group living species, social interactions often involve not only two but also three or more

individuals. In such a multi-player interaction, flexible decision-making is required for

individuals to adjust their behavior and spatial position with considering simultaneously those

of the two opponents. However, what behavioural adjustment is involved in multiple-player

interactions remains unclear. We examined how the inter-individual distance is adjusted in

triadic interactions of large-billed crows (Corvus macrorynchos) under an experimental setting.

Trios from 5 males, whose dominance ranks were pre-determined, were given 5 x 20-min trials

of direct interactions. Distances between each of two individuals during the interactions were

measured. We found that in triadic interactions, two of them stayed in close proximity but off

to the other one. Such asymmetrical spatial positioning occurred in two patterns. First, in that

trio those included the highly aggressive top rank male, the distance between the other two

males was shorten but kept a distance to the aggressive male. Second, in that trios those

included the less aggressive top rank male, the distance between top and low rank male was

shortened. These results suggest that subordinates might make decision to find the positions

by comparing aggression levels between the two opponents.

P2-08

Longitudinal change of social interactions and basal stress across the development of group

structure in captive crows

〇Illia Aota１, Masato Kurokawa１, Takefumi Kikusui２, Kazutaka Mogi１, Ei-Ichi Izawa１

（１Keio University, ２Azabu University）

　Group living benefits individuals from increasing foraging efficiency and reducing predation

risk but also costs for agonistic conflicts between individuals over limited resources. In

various group-living animals, it has been known that social relationship, such as dominance

and affinition, is formed between individuals as a conflict resolution and to yield specific

structure at the group level. However, it remains unclear how social interactions change across

the development of group structure over time and whether its development reduces or elevates

energy cost in terms of individual stress level. To reveal the behavioural and endocrinological

mechanisms of the development of group structure, in this study, we compared the frequencies

of agonistic and affiliative interactions and fecal corticosterone level across 6 months after a

new group formation of captive juvenile crows. We found that (1) agonistic interactions peaked

during 3-4 months and after the group formation and decreased subsequently, (2) affiliative

interactions increased after 4-5th month and were maintained thereafter, and (3) corticosterone

level monotonically increased after the group formation. These results suggest that the

development of group structures in crows may involve gradual replacement of social

interactions from aggression to affiliation and that this process may entail stress elevation

rather than reduction.


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P2-09

Social foraging in jungle crows, Corvus macrorhynchos

〇Kosuke Miyazaki, Ayumi Motai, Masaki Suyama, Ei-Ichi Izawa（Keio University）

　When an animal group performs social foraging among limited food resources, the

distribution of the food which is acquired by each member of the group will be unequal

because of the conflicts between individuals. As the factors that cause such differences in

individuals’ foraging behaviors in a social foraging context, individuals’ sex and dominance

have been reported. Jungle crows, Corvus macrorhynchos, are known to live in groups, perform

social foraging, and establish a linear dominance hierarchy. We conducted a social foraging

experiment in a captive flock of jungle crows. In the experiment, we used four artificial

feeding boxes as food patches. The boxes have two-color variations and their surface colors

are associated with the different patch richnesses. Crows are unable to see the amount of

food the boxes contain. Once after several trials of social foraging, we reversed the

correspondence between the box colors and the patch richnesses. Then, we investigated the

crows’ adaptation process when sudden changes of patch richnesses occur, and how the

individual factors such as sex and dominance affect the process in individual and group level.

P2-10

Sexual difference of subordinate response in the formation of dominance relationship in captive

juveniles of the large-billed crow (Corvus macrorynchos)

〇Nana Takahashi, Ei-Ichi Izawa（Keio University）

　Dominance relationship serves as a conflict resolution for group-living animals to avoid the

escalation of fights over limited resources. Dominance is defined as an asymmetry of resource

holding abilities between two individuals, which is characterized by submissive signal from

one individual to the other. A previous study found that the stable dyadic dominance

relationship was formed in males but not between males and females. The sexual difference

in the strictness of dominance relationship predicts the sexual difference in the behavioral and

physiological mechanisms of the formation of dominance relationship. So far, no study has

reported testing the sexual difference of the dominance formation in crows. In this study, we

examined the behavior of subordinates and dominants in the repeated dyadic encounters of

crows (Corvus macrorynchos) and compared the same-sex and opposite-sex dyads. We found

that the latency of subordinate males to exhibit submission against dominant males

significantly decreased through the 3 successive encounters but did not against dominant

females. Contrary, no such decrease in the submission latency of subordinate females was

found towards either dominant males or females. These results suggest that the sexually

different physiological mechanisms may be involved in the control of submissive behavior of

crows. In the presentation, we will report the results from the comparison of heart rates

during dyadic encounters between males and female.

P2-11

Attitudes of chimpanzees toward groupmates with physical disabilities: Progress report

Yoko Sakuraba（Kyoto City Zoo, Kyoto University）

　Two female chimpanzees, with an amputated left forearm and right hind limb, respectively,

were reintroduced to their social groups in zoos in Japan. Because humans show varying

reactions (care, help, discrimination, indifference, etc.) toward people with disabilities, this

study aimed to investigate the behaviors of chimpanzees in these groups toward their disabled

groupmates (three individuals in Nagoya and five individuals in Kumamoto including

disabilities respectively) and compared them with those of chimpanzees in a group without

any disabled groupmates (four individuals in Kyoto zoo). Scan sampling was performed using

an observation application at 5-min intervals over 2 days per zoo while the chimpanzees were

in their outdoor or indoor enclosures; the entire dataset (total of 38.3 h) was analyzed using


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Fisher’s exact test to compare the positive and negative social behaviors toward each

groupmate. There was no significant difference in the social behaviors exhibited among able-

bodied and disabled individuals in the Nagoya and Kumamoto groups, whereas a significant

difference was observed in the Kyoto group, which may indicate that chimpanzees have an

indifferent attitude toward disabilities. This ongoing research will be extended in the future

using eye-tracking technology to consider the attitude of chimpanzees toward disabilities from

a cognitive perspective.

P2-12

Neural activity of premotor area during eye contact between humans and monkeys

〇Taishi Kobayashi, Mari Kumashiro, Kazuyuki Samejima（Tamagawa University）

　Eye contact is the one of the important social signals for communication between not only

conspecifics but also allospecifics, e.g. human and dog (Nagasawa et al 2015). It has been

reported that training to make eye contact with Japanese monkeys (macaca fuscata) by human

trainer emerges imitation, joint attention, and pointing behavior (Kumashiro, 2002, 2008). On

the other hand, the mirror neurons in ventral premotor area support the hypothesis that

simulated other’s motor action were processed by self-motor generating modules in the brain,

when animal observe other’s actions (Rizoratti et al 1996). The Mu-suppression of EEG from

sensory-motor area were also observed when performing one’s own actions or observing the

actions of others (Gastaut, 1952). Thus, we hypothesize that the eye contact might trigger the

mirror neuron systems to facilitate the imitation, perspective taking for joint attention, and

pointing behavior. In this study, we recorded electrocotrticogram (ECoG, 32 channels) from the

premotor cortex, and investigated whether Mu-suppression occurs during eye contact training

between human and monkey. Total 12 training sessions (6 days, 2 sessios/day, ＊＊ min./session)

were recorded. Video analysis (30 frams/sec) to detect the event of eye contact, session-start

and session-end time. Total ＊＊ eye-contact events were investigated. We would like to discuss

the function and neural mechanism of eye contact in communications.

P2-13

Effects of oxytocin on chimpanzee and bonobo gaze〇James Brooks, Fumihiro Kano, Shinya Yamamoto（Kyoto University）

　The role of oxytocin has gained significant attention for its role in regulating social

behaviour. An evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide originally described primarily for its role in

affiliative and prosocial behaviours, recent studies in humans demonstrate that it also plays

an important part in outgroup aggression. Despite numerous studies in humans, monkeys, and

dogs, there are very few studies on the effects of oxytocin in non-human great ape species.

Here, we non-invasively administered intranasal oxytocin to 6 chimpanzees and 5 bonobos

using a nebulized mist. Following administration of either oxytocin or saline placebo,

chimpanzees and bonobos were shown images of conspecific faces (including all categories of

ingroup, outgroup, infant, adult, male, female) while their gaze was recorded with an eye

tracker. Bonobos have previously been shown to look more at eyes than mouth, often

associated with prosociality, while chimpanzees show the opposite pattern. To our surprise,

oxytocin seemed to have opposite effects in bonobos and chimpanzees, accentuating existing

species differences with greater eye compared to mouth looking in bonobos in oxytocin

condition compared to placebo, and greater mouth compared to eye looking in chimpanzees in

oxytocin condition compared to placebo. Possible interpretations, implications, and future

directions are discussed.


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P2-14

Association studies between oxytocin, cortisol and social interactions in cats’ groups〇Hikari Koyasu, Moeka Yoneda, Syunpei Naba, Natsumi Sakawa, Ikuto Sasao,

Hironobu Takahashi, Miho Nagasawa, Takefumi Kikusui


　Cats are originally solitary animals, but recently they live in groups. It is interesting that

they are forming fission-fusion social groups. By analyzing behavioral and endocrine

mechanism in which cats form groups, it could elucidate how animals’ groups are formed,

maintained, and collapsed. To clarify this, we assessed social interactions observed in cat’s

groups. In a term, the interactions of five cats for two weeks were recorded, and urinary

oxytocin and cortisol levels were measured. Finally the relationship between the behavioral

interactions and these hormone levels were investigated. As the results, a negative correlation

was found between food sharing and cortisol level. Individuals who show feeding together had

lower levels of cortisol indicating that they had social tolerance for others. There was also a

negative correlation between social contact and oxytocin level. Decrease of oxytocin may play

a role in forming loose connections with others in cats’ group, in contrast to group-hunting

animals forming tight connections by increase of oxytocin. Collectively, cats can form a social

group but the hormonal functions were different from other social animals.

P2-15

Role of estrogen receptor β expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus in the on-off

regulation of behavioral receptivity in cycling female mice.

〇Tomoaki Murakawa, Kazuhiro Sano, Satoshi Takenawa, Sonoko Ogawa

（Tsukuba University）

　17β-estradiol (E2) regulates expression of sexual behavior in cycling female mice by acting

through estrogen receptors (ERs) in a number of brain areas. Previously, we found site-specific

knockdown of ERα in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus abolished lordosis in estrus

females, whereas ERβ knockdown in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) prolonged a sexually

receptive period without affecting lordosis on the day of behavioral estrus. These findings

suggest that gene expression of ERβ in the DRN may be involved in the decline of sexual

receptivity induced by E2 action through ERα. In the present study, with the use of newly

developed ERβ-icre mice, we tested effects of pharmacogenetical manipulation of neuronal

activity of ERβ positive cells in the DRN on the levels of lordosis. During control condition,

lordosis behavior was declined on the day after behavioral estrus compared to the day of

behavioral estrus. In contrast, no decline of lordosis behavior on the day after behavioral

estrus was observed when we suppressed neuronal activity of ERβ positive cells in the DRN.

These results suggest neuronal activation of ERβ expressing neurons in the DRN may be

involved for the on-off regulation of behavioral receptivity in cycling female mice.

P2-16

Intranasal oxytocin enhances conditioned social aversion after co-experience of aversive event in

mice.

〇Nanami Murayama, Yutaka Kosaki（Waseda University）

　Oxytocin has been implicated in a wide range of social behaviour, both affective and

nonaffective, in various mammalian species including humans. In order to examine the

hypothesis that the oxytocin increases stimulus salience of other individuals, we intranasally

administered oxytocin to a group of mice which underwent Pavlovian fear conditioning in the

presence of an unfamiliar conspecific. The trials were arranged such that both 10-kHz tone

and a particular conspecific (social CS+) were correlated with the electric shock US and

therefore could be established as effective CSs. We measured the aversion of the conspecific

CS before and after fear conditioning using a three-chamber test, in which CS+ mouse and


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CS- mouse were each placed in the compartment at two ends. The preliminary result

suggested that the mice administered with oxytocin during the fear conditioning phase

decreased their time staying with the social CS+, indicating the acquisition of conditioned

aversion to the CS+ mice. The control group, which received saline instead of oxytocin,

demonstrated a weaker level of social aversion. Together with our previous report last year on

the annual meeting (Shinoda, Yazu, & Kosaki, 2018), the current result indicates that the

oxytocin enhances the stimulus salience of conspecific animals.

P2-17

Socially enriched housing modifies pro-social behaviors in male rats〇Michimasa Toyoshima, Sayuki Morimoto, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada

（University of Tsukuba）

　We previously reported that living with many cage-mates during the developmental period

increased rats’ memory span of social recognition, suggesting that socially enriched housing

improves the development of sociability (Toyoshima et al., 2018). In this study, we investigated

whether group size during the developmental period affected a pro-social behavior, which was

seemed to be an aspect of sociability, using the door-opening behavior paradigm (Ben-Ami

Bartal et al., 2011; 2014). We assigned male Long-Evans rats into one of three groups: single

housing (SH), group housing with two cagemates (GH3), and group housing with nine

cagemates (GH10), at weaning (21 days old). At an 8-9 week old, the rats were placed in an

arena with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer and allowed to explore freely for 30 min per

day. The percentage of rats that were able to open the restrainer and free the conspecific was

measured for 12 consecutive days. Unexpectedly, rats in the SH and GH3 groups learned to

open the restrainer, but those in the GH10 group did not. These results suggest that social

stress due to housing in a large group may cause an inability to exert the pro-social behavior.

P2-18

Effects of neonatal maternal separation on risk-taking behaviors in male and female rats〇Katsumasa Takahashi, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada（Tsukuba University）

　Early life stress, such as neonatal maternal separation, is thought to be one of the factors

which could affect risk-taking behaviors. In this study, thus, we examined the effects of

neonatal maternal separation on risk-taking behaviors using Long-Evans male and female rats.

Pups in Maternal separation (MS) group were separated from the mother for 3 hours a day

during postnatal day (PND) 2-15. Pups in Control group were transfer to another cage with

the mother instead of MS. A rat gambling task (rGT) using a radial arm maze started at 8

weeks old. Rats were trained to choose one of three choice arms (a low-risk/ low reward (L-L),

a high-risk/ high reward (H-H), and an empty arm) in 16 trials a day for 14 days. In the H-H

arm, six reward pellets were provided in 2 out of 16 trials, and a quinine-coated pellet was

provided as a negative outcome in the remaining trials. Conversely, in the L-L arm, a reward

pellet was provided in 14 out of 16 trials with a quinine-coated pellet in the remaining 2 trials.

Consequently, the rates of H-H arm choices in Control group tended to be significantly higher

in females than in males, whereas MS diminished the sex difference.

P2-19

Prior stress experience modulates social preference for stressed conspecifics in male rats.〇Koshiro Mitsui, Michimasa Toyoshima, Yukio Ichitani, Kazuo Yamada

（Tsukuba University）

　Social preference for a conspecific in distress depends on situational and internal factors

such as age, sex, and familiarity. In this study, we investigated whether prior stress experience

would affect the social preference using a social affective preference (SAP) test. We assigned

male Long-Evans adult rats into one of two groups: shocked and non-shocked groups. Rats in


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the shocked group were subjected to foot shocks (1.0 mA, 5 s × 2) 24 hours before the SAP

test. In the SAP test, the rats were allowed to explore two adult conspecific stimuli freely for

5 min. One of the stimuli was subjected to the foot shocks immediately before the SAP test,

and the other was naïve. While rats in the non-shocked group explored the naïve conspecific

more than the stressed one, rats in the shocked group preferred the stressed conspecific. In

addition, adrenalectomy (ADX) inhibited the preference for the stressed conspecific in the

shocked group. These results suggest that prior stress experience promotes social preference

for a stressed conspecific, and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stress responses may be

involved in detection and/or contagion of other’s affective state.

P2-20

Relationship between the duration of the anesthetic-induced unconsciousness state and subsequent

anxiety-like behaviors in rats exposed to a single prolonged stress paradigm〇Ryoya Otake, Takashi Okada（Sophia University）

　Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a widely used rodent model of post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD). In the SPS paradigms, animals are exposed to a series of multiple stressors

such as 2-h restraint, 20-min forced swimming, and anesthesia. As diethyl ether, which has

been conventionally used in SPS paradigms, is highly volatile and flammable, it should be

replaced with safer anesthetic agents. The purpose of the present study was to examine

whether a mixture of three anesthetic agents (medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol) can

be used effectively in an SPS paradigm. Our preliminary experiment in order to determine

sufficient doses of the agents suggested a correlation between the duration of unconsciousness

caused by the agents and the subsequent anxiety-like behavior measured in an open field,

although such correlations were not found in a light/dark box or elevated plus maze.

P2-21

Fair distribution of cooperative rewards in rats and pigeons

Taichi Kusayama（Teikyo University）

　The important thing in cooperative behavior is to understand that the profits gained depend

on each other’s existence. Rats and pigeons were compared with the respect to whether the

rewards obtained through cooperation could be distributed fairly. Two levers were attached to

the feeder. When two individuals pushed the lever at the same time, the cover of the feeder

was opened and they could get the food. At the results, rats were able to push the lever. But

the food distribution was not fair. It did not seem to be a fair share of the rewards obtained

from the cooperation. About the pigeons, they could push the lever individually, but there was

no response which two individuals pushed the lever at the same time. Pigeons did not show

any cooperative behavior on the task of pressing the lever at the same time. Careful

consideration should be given to whether the results of the task is based on animal species.

P2-22

Helping behaviors mediated by glucocorticoid activity in rats raised in an isolated environment

〇Mari Saito, Takashi Okada（Sophia University）

　Cooperative behavior among rodents under experimental conditions has been widely

reported. However, it remains unclear whether being raised in an isolated environment affects

the expression of helping behaviors by rats, and whether this relationship is mediated by HPA

axis activity and sociality. To clarify this, we measured the latency and probability of opening

the door of a restrainer by a freely moving rat as helping behavior for a trapped rat, and

examined the relationships among raised environment, sociality, HPA axis activity, and helping

behavior. Rats raised in an isolated environment exhibited a shorter latency of door opening

than those raised in a group environment, and rats administered the corticosteroid synthesis

inhibitor metyrapone demonstrated slower expression of helping behavior than saline-


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administered control rats. Rats raised in isolation exhibited lower sociality in a resident-

intruder test, suggesting that higher levels of glucocorticoids facilitate the expression of

helping behavior even in the case of isolated rats with lower sociality.

P2-23

Do rats keep on obtaining the redundant information?

〇Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Nobuya Sato（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　Even if we understand that a certain action is not necessary to accomplish purpose, we

tend to do the action. Such behavior can be thought as motivated by one kind of curiosity.

We examined whether rats show behavior that was formed to acquire rewards even if it was

no longer needed for reward acquisition. First, the rats were trained to choose one of three

spouts to obtain a drop of water as a reward. The correct spout was cued by visual stimuli

presented above the spouts. Next, all visual stimuli above the three spouts were presented.

The rats could turn off incorrect visual cues by pushing a lever, that is, the rats could obtain

information about reward cues. After some sessions of this condition, the position of the

correct spout was fixed. In this condition the rats could predict the position of the correct

spout without the information obtained by the lever press. If the lever press would be

maintained even when the information was no longer necessary for reward acquisition, the

lever press can be regarded as motivated by one kind of curiosity.

P2-24

Blunting of feeding inhibitory action through gut hormone in mice showing binge-like sugar

consumption

〇Yasunobu Yasoshima, Erina Yamaguchi（Osaka University）

　Our previous studies suggest that daily limited access to a palatable sucrose develops binge-

like intake of the sugar in mice with scheduled food deprivation. Food intake is downregulated

by multiple feeding inhibitory factors such as blood glucose level, gut hormones and gastric

distension. Blunting of the feeding inhibitory actions may contribute to the binge-like behavior.

To examine which action is altered in mice with bingeing, we first examined whether an

intraperitoneal injection of glucose disrupted the binge-like behavior. The glucose injection

failed to reduce the binge-like sugar intake. In contrary, systemic administration of gut

hormones such as cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) or peptide YY (PYY)

significantly reduces the binge-like sucrose consumption. These results suggest that the binge-

like behavior is sensitive to anorectic action of exogenous gut hormones but not of blood

glucose elevation. Finally, we examined whether endogenous gut hormone secretion was intact.

PYY in plasma was evaluated by conventional ELISA. Plasma PYY concentration in mice

with binge-like behavior was significantly lower than those in control animals without

bingeing, suggesting that PYY secretion in response to nutrient gut stimulation is partially

impaired in mice with bingeing. We are now examined whether secretion of other hormones is

altered.

P2-25

Pigeons fail to show prospective memory in a computerized task〇Sumie Iwasaki１, Satoshi Umeda２, Hika Kuroshima３, Reiki Kishimoto４, Kazuo Fujita３

（１Kanazawa University, ２Keio University, ３Kyoto University, ４Aichi University）

　Prospective memory is a form of memory to remember to do something in the future. The

intention of the future act is not always rehearsed until the act is completed; the memory

representation is temporarily released from working memory and is then retrieved at a later,

appropriate time. Some mammals have shown prospective memory, but it is still unknown in

avian species. Here, we examined whether pigeons have prospective memory. In an

experimental session (96 trials), pigeons always had to respond to a line classification task (ongoing


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task), but at end of the session (last 16 trials) they had to respond to a star-icon (prospective

task). As the prospective task approached, performance on the ongoing task would be

impaired. However, the pigeons’ performances were unaffected by the approaching prospective

task. In this task, we found no evidence of prospective memory in pigeons.

P2-26

Pigeons’ discrimination between scenic pictures with and without water

〇Rei Kurimoto, Kaho Muramatsu, Arii Watanabe, Tomokazu Ushitani（Chiba University）

　It is essential for animals to find water using some cues in the natural environment. Since

water itself is transparent and thus provides no direct discrimination cues, animals need to

use some relational visual cues, such as reflections and refractions, to locate it. To elucidate

what kind of cues pigeons use to find water, we first investigated whether pigeons could

discriminate between scenic pictures with and without water. On each trial, pigeons were first

exposed to either pictures containing body of water (e.g., river, lake, fountain) or pictures not

containing body of water (e.g., road, park, city view) and then they were rewarded for correctly

choosing one of the two subsequently-appearing choice stimuli that corresponded to water/no-

water. Whenever the performance of the pigeons met the criteria for one stimulus set, another

stimulus set was newly added to the training stimuli. As the training progressed, the pigeons’

discrimination accuracy in the first sessions for novel stimulus sets exceeded the chance level.

This is in accordance with the assumption that pigeons are able to discriminate based on the

presence or absence of water. Possible cues that pigeons use for such discrimination will be

discussed.

P2-27

The Effect of Session Length on Choice between Different Lengths of Post-Reinforcer Delays

〇Yumi Hata, Daisuke Saeki（Osaka City University）

　Previous studies on choice between different length of post-reinforcer delays in nonhuman

animal have suggested that pigeons may be less sensitive to post-reinforcer delay than rats

are (rats: Yamaguchi, Saeki, Ito (2015); pigeons: Hata & Saeki (2018)). However, Yamaguchi et

al. (2015) defined the session length by the time duration, but Hata & Saeki (2018) defined it

by the number of trials. The difference in sensitivities to post-reinforcer delay between rats

and pigeons may not be due to species differences, but to the difference in the definition of

the experimental session. The present study examined the effect of the session length on the

sensitivity to post-reinforcer delay. Method: Three male pigeons were used as subjects. They

were maintained at about 80 % of their free-feeding body weights. Pigeons’ choices between

different post-reinforcer delays were measured by a concurrent-chains schedule. The session

lengths were manipulated across three conditions (1438 s, 2633 s and 5023 s). Results and

Discussion: When the session length was 2633 s, the choice proportion for the delayed

alternative was the lowest. The results indicate that the session length affects the sensitivity

to post-reinforcer delay.

P2-28

Does a sea star (Astropecten scoparius) prefer finer sand? A test with coral reef sand〇Ruriko Hori, Sadahiko Nakajima, Iho Hasegawa（Kwansei Gakuin University）

　Astropecten scoparius is a sea star widely distributed along the coast of Japan from

Hokkaido to Kyushu. In the previous report (Yamamoto & Nakajima, 2018: the 78th JSAP

Annual Meeting), we explored “mental life” of this species by observing its approach/escape

behavior in a rectangular arena. In one of the two experiments, we revealed its preference for

the fine-sand (less than 0.5 mm in diameter) side to the coarse-sand (4-7 mm in diameter)

side. A criticism of this finding is that it might reflect a positive phototaxis of the starfish,

because the fine sand was lighter than the coarse-sand in that experiment. In order to control


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this factor, we now employed the sand grains made of the same material (Platinum Reef

Sand, Jun Company, Ltd., Fukuoka). Five sizes of grains were tested with a paired comparison

method.

P2-29

Swimming pattern of Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) in laboratory and semi-natural settings〇Kazutaka Shinozuka１, Shun Watanabe２, Seishi Hagihara３, Hiromichi Mitamura４,

Kotaro Ichikawa４, Nobuaki Arai４, Katsumi Tsukamoto３, Shigeru Watanabe５

（１RIKEN, ２Kinki University, ３The University of Tokyo, ４Kyoto University,

　５Keio University）

　Eels are known to migrate for thousands of kilometers for spawning. However, mechanisms

for such large-scale migration are not clear. The present study investigated swimming pattern

of Japanese eels in laboratory and semi-natural settings before and after bilateral eye

enucleation or olfactory placode removal, to examine the role of sensory inputs on swimming.

In the laboratory, eels could freely swim in a white circular tank (100 cm in diameter and 10

cm of water depth) for 10 minutes. A video camera was set above the tank and recorded eels’

swimming. Videos were processed with the DeepLabCut toolbox, which tracked several body

parts of eels to analyze their swimming pattern. The semi-natural experiment was conducted

at the International Eel Science Laboratory (Kokusai Unagi Labo) in Misato-cho, Miyazaki,

Japan. Ten eels in an artificial pond (50 m long and 20 m wide) received peritoneal

implantation of an ultrasonic transmitter (Vemco). Their position and acceleration were

continuously recorded for a month. In these settings, changes in swimming pattern and/or

habitat use due to a lack of a specific sensory input will be discussed.

P2-30

The mechanisms of nest cleaning behavior in goby

Kohji Takahashi（Keio University）

　Animals often clean the living environment. Some fish also clean the nest as a purpose of

courtship and parental care. Meanwhile, it is unclear for nest cleaning of fish except for

breeding. The present study investigated that nest cleaning behavior of dusky frillgoby, which

live in rocky tide pool, during non-breeding season. First, it was investigated by using male

and female whether the fish remove small fishing sinkers in a nest. As the result, all

individuals removed the sinkers from the nest, irrespective of sex. Next, it was investigated

how fish remove sinkers in nest with the use of video images. Fish demonstrated the removal

of sinker by using snout, tail fin, mouth and pectral fin. Experiments manipulating

environmental condition were conducted to find the trigger that fish begin cleaning of nest.

The experiments indicated that fish represented the nest cleaning at any condition; e.g.,

changing of environment of around the nest and subjects in the nest. Dusky frillgoby showed

the nest cleaning behavior to remove actively subjects existing in the nest, regardless of the

breeding.

P2-31

Measurement of personality of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) using the “CHOPS”

〇Hyangsun Chin１, Maho Yamamoto２, Sadahiko Nakajima２, Kazuki Shioyu３

（１Kyoto University, ２Kwansei Gakuin University, ３Kyoto aquarium）

　One of the most widely known frameworks for measuring personality of humans is the five-

factor model. However, this model is not directly applicable to nonhuman animals. In order to

assess the personality of captive dolphins, we used the Canine-Human Ordinary Personality

Scale (CHOPS) consisted of 14 personality adjectives. The CHOPS is a questionnaire developed

to measure the personality factors of both dogs and humans: the number of the factors is five

(Extroversion, Aggression, Cowardliness, Agreeableness, and Perseverance). Assuming that this


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questionnaire is also applicable to other domestic or captive mammals, we asked 16 dolphin

trainers to judge bottlenose dolphins housed at the Kyoto Aquarium with the CHOPS. The

CHOPS successfully captured individual differences in dolphin personality, and the scores

were relatively stable over time.

P2-32

Effects of personality of goats (Capra hircus) on their behaviors in problem solving situations〇Naoya Yoshida, Naoko Koda（Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology）

　We compared the goats’ behaviors in the problem solving situations according to the social

rank, sociability, and exploration. We set an unsolvable task, and the behaviors of the goats

were recorded. In the presence of a human and unsolvable task, the low-ranked goats spent a

longer time interacting with the human, and it took longer before they addressed the task

than when in the presence of either a human or the unsolvable task. The presence of a

human was considered to affect passive behaviors of the low-ranked goats toward the task. In

the presence of both a human and the unsolvable task, the highly sociable goats actively

interacted with the human, whereas the unsociable goats did not. It was suggested that the

sociable goats might have chosen cognitive strategies to rely on human. There were no

differences in the goats’ behaviors regarding the level of exploration. Domestication may have

reduced their exploratory behaviors for feeding. This study demonstrated that various

individual personalities can influence the intentional behaviors of animals. Future studies

should examine the social cognitive ability of animals by focusing on the diversity in

behavioral strategies.

P2-33

Visceral “cortex” in pigeons〇Kazutaka Morita, Ei-Ichi Izawawa（Keio University）

　Recent studies in primates have shown that visceral cortex, receiving afferent autonomic

inputs relayed by vagus nerve (nX), plays a crucial role not only in sensory processing of

visceral organs but also decision making and learning. In birds, earlier tract-tracing studies

suggested a part of the Nidopallium (Nido) as visceral area. However, no studies have yet

examined the visceral function of that part in the Nido. The present study aimed to specify

the visceral areas in the Nido of pigeons by measuring neural, autonomic, and behavioral

responses to a pharmacological stimulation of visceral organs in pigeons. Intraperitoneal (i.p.)

injection of lithium chloride (LiCl) solution is used to stimulate visceral organs, which known

to activate neurons in the visceral cortex, changing autonomic activity and behaviors in

mammals. We found that LiCl stimulation caused neural activations, which were measured by

c-fos protein expression, in a specific part of Nido and the decrease of heart rate. In the

presentation, we will report these neural and automonic results together with behavioral

response. We will also report the effect of vagotomy on these neural, automonic, and

behavioral responses to the visceral stimulation by LiCl injection.

P2-34

Independent neural representation of confidence and memory retrieval in Rats medial prefrontal

cortex

〇Shoko Yuki, Junya Hirokawa, Yoshio Sakurai（Doshisha University）

　In relation to the behavioral adaptation, confidence is the degree of certainty about one’s

cognitive process. Confidence evaluation and targeted cognitive process itself are thought to be

carried out at the same time. Also, these neural correlates are found in overlapping brain

regions. For example, both of neural correlates for memory confidence and memory retrieval

are found in medial prefrontal cortex. We investigated how rat’s medial prefrontal cortex

properly represents confidence and memory retrieval using delayed matching to sample task.


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Recorded neural activities were assigned to units according to the waveform and firing

patterns, and we focused on the averaged firing rates just before the responses in correct

trials. To find the units involved in confidence, we searched units which firing rate and

reaction time in matching phase were significantly correlated. Similarly, to find that involved

in memory retrieval, we explored units which change firing rate significantly in matching

phase compared to sample phase. At the population level, incidences of above units were

significantly greater than expected by chance. Moreover, the populations were independent

each other. These findings suggest that medial prefrontal cortex independently represent

confidence and memory retrieval during delayed matching to sample task.

P2-35

Sound-induced enhancement of visual detection in head-fixed Mongolian gerbil〇Yuki Ito, Tomoki Osuka, Kohta I. Kobayasi（Doshisha University）

　We are able to quickly and accurately recognize the outside environment by integrating

auditory and visual information. However, the detailed neural mechanism of audio-visual

integration is largely unclear. We focused on Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) that has

visual system adapted to diurnal environment and has relatively high sensitive hearing to low-

frequency sound as in a human, and developed an experimental system for head-fixed operant

conditioning. First, gerbils were trained to lick a water spout when detected a brief flash

(duration: 10 ms, intensity: 103 lx). False alarm (FA) rate fell below 30 % within 3 weeks.

Then, stimulus of various intensities (2 ～ 73 lx) were presented as test stimulus to measure

the threshold of light detection. Visual stimulus accompanied by auditory stimulus (duration:

10 ms, frequency: 4 kHz, amplitude: 70 dB SPL) was presented to investigate whether

concurrent auditory stimulus affect the reaction time and response accuracy. As a result, lick

response rate to audio-visual stimulus was higher than that of unimodal (i.e., visual alone)

stimulus. Our data showed that behavioral response was enhanced by audio-visual integration

as previously reported in human, and our head-fixed setup is useful to study visual and

auditory perception in gerbil including the measuring of the neural response related the audio-

visual integration.

P2-36

Effect of acoustical characteristics of pup USV on maternal behavior in Mongolian gerbil〇Haruka Suzuki, Yuta Tamai, Yuki Ito, Ayane Clara Oura, Risa Tanaka, Shizuko Hiryu,

Kota I. Kobayashi

（Doshisha University）

　Infant rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) when they are isolated from their

parents, and USVs induce maternal behavior from them. The purpose of this study is to

quantify developmental change of USVs and their effect on maternal behavior in Mongolian

gerbil (Meriones unguicultus). We first isolated pup gerbils from their mothers and recorded

the USVs from postnatal day 1 to 25 (PD1-25), and analyzed the acoustical characteristics of

USVs (number of calls, frequency, duration etc.) in developmental stage. As a result, the

frequency of USVs tended to decrease and duration increased through the development.

Interestingly, in comparison with mice pup, gerbils vocalized spectro-temporally more

stereotypic calls, and sinusoidal frequency-modulation developed up to PD12, and then

degenerate to PD25 to become adult like vocalization, which has simple frequency moderation.

Next, we presented the recorded pup USVs (PD1, PD12, and PD16) to females either with or

without birth experience (i.e., virgin female). Female who had raised babies stayed significantly

longer only with PD1 USVs, while virgin females did not show the stimulus selectivity. This

results suggest that acoustical characteristics found in early pup USVs, namely short duration

and non-modulated high frequency, are important to induce maternal behavior.


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P2-37

Differences of aggressive behavior of ICR mouse strain between breeders and peripheral immune

cell profile〇Aki Takahashi, Nodoka Mimura, Sonoko Ogawa（University Tsukuba）

　Aggressive behavior is adaptive behavior for animals to protect and obtain territory, mate,

and offspring, and thus this behavior is conserved in many animal species. At the same time,

there are large individual difference in aggression within a species, and some animals show

high level of aggression whereas some animals show no aggression at all. In addition to

genetic and environmental factors, increasing evidence suggests that the immune system is

involved in this individual differences of aggression. In this study, we examined aggressive

behavior of males of ICR strains obtained from two different breeders (Charles River

Laboratories Japan and CLEA Japan). Their aggressive behavior was examined in resident-

intruder test for 5 minutes, and it was repeated for 3 days. We found significant differences

of aggressive behaviors between ICR males obtained from two breeders. We then characterized

their peripheral blood profile, especially focusing on immune cells, to examine possible link

between peripheral immune system and aggression. We collected blood samples from these

mice 1 week before the resident-intruder test, and 20 minutes after the last aggressive

encounter. Their blood cell phenotypes (number of leukocytes, platelets, red blood cells,

hemoglobin as well as differential white blood count) and the level of cytokine (interleukin 1

beta) will be discussed.

P2-38

Impaired sexual behavior in female mice deficient for vasopressin receptor genes, v1a and v1b.〇Kie Shimizu１,２,３, Kazuaki Nakamura２,４, Yasuhiko Kondo３

（１Tsukuba University, ２Saitama University, ３Teikyo University, ４NCCHD）

　Arginine vasopressin (AVP), the posterior hypophysial hormone, is also known as

neuropeptide that modulates a variety of behaviors such as anxiety-like behavior and pair

bonding, via its receptors, v1a and v1b, expressed in the brain. Recently, we demonstrated

that v1a and v1b double-KO (dKO) enhanced sexual activities in male mice. In this study, we

examined whether dKO influences sexual behavior in female mice. Wild-type (WT) and dKO

females were ovariectomized, and primed with estrogen and progesterone prior to each

behavioral test. Sexual behavior was weekly tested in a large cage enriched with several

objects, and sexually active stimulus males were tethered, so restricting the accessible range of

males to a half of the apparatus. In the tests, dKO showed significantly decreased numbers of

approaches to males and received mounts, compared to those of WT. We also carried out 2

types of preference tests, airborne male vs. female odors, and male vs. female soiled beddings,

showing that dKO had WT-like preference for male airborne odors, but for neither of soiled

beddings. These suggest that AVP facilitates female sexual activities via the vomeronasal

system in the mouse brain.

P2-39

Causality between the primary somatosensory cortex and itch perception〇Hirotake Misu１,２, Yasuhiro Oisi２, Masanori Murayama２

（１Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, ２RIKEN）

　Itch is a somatosensory perception that evokes a desire to scratch. Human brain imaging

studies have demonstrated that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is activated when

subjects are administered pruritogen. This data suggests a correlation between S1 and itch

perception. However, whether S1 activity is essential for the generation of itch perception

remains unknown. Here, we investigated the causality between S1 and itch perception by

suppressing S1 activity induced by pruritogen in mice. We conducted a behavioral experiment

to quantify itch in mice by counting the number of scratching. An intradermal injection of


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pruritogen (5-HT) in the neck of a mouse evokes scratching of the neck. To suppress neural

activity in the region of S1 corresponding with the neck (S1 neck), we first observed the brain

region activated by an electrical stimulus to the neck using Ca2+ imaging and identified S1

neck. Second, we injected adeno-associated virus encoding hM4Di in S1 neck. hM4Di is an

artificially designed G protein-coupled receptor that suppresses neural activity when bound to

clozapine N-oxide (CNO). Finally, we performed intraperitoneal injection of CNO one hour

before 5-HT injection in the mice. This manipulation resulted in a significant reduction in

5-HT-induced scratching in comparison with controls that were injected with saline. These

data demonstrate that itch perception may be attenuated by suppressing S1 activity,

suggesting that S1 plays an essential role in itch.

P2-40

Preliminary consideration of effect of rearing conditions on body ownership illusion in mice

Makoto Wada（Research Institute of NRCD）

　In the previous study, we found that mice would have body ownership of their tail by using

rubber hand illusion like paradigm (rubber tail illusion). In addition, we preliminarily reported

a possibility that simultaneous presentation of their body movements on a display enhanced

reactions to the tail on the display without simultaneous stroking of tail and the tail image

on the display. In this study, we examined effects of rearing conditions on such responses like

rubber tail illusion. In a solitary rearing, we observed a response similar to the rubber tail

illusion. On the other hand, in a group rearing, we did not find the difference in the response

between test and control conditions. The preliminary result suggests observation of others

might affect the responses.

P2-41

History of maze learning: the Clark laboratory

Miki Takasuna（Tokyo International University）

　I have highlighted the following research carried out at Clark University’s psychological

laboratory from 1898-1899. Dr. Linus W. Kline (birth and death unknown) and graduate

student Willard S. Small (1870-1943) experimented with rats (Kline, 1899; Small, 1899, 1900,

1901). In 1899, Kline used not only rats but several animal species to compare intelligence. His

device was a simple wire mesh box containing sawdust, in which rats could dig and find

food. While Kline never mentioned the rat species used, Small did in 1901, describing the rats

as mus decumanus. [Note that, at this time, rats were unfamiliar subjects in the US.] Small

applied what would be considered the first maze used for learning experiments in both wild

and white lab rats. It was a revised Hampton Court maze, originally a real hedge labyrinth

built in the UK in the 17th century. It should be mentioned that Small and Kline referenced

Thorndike, Morgan, and Wundt most often to illustrate the rats’ ability of “association"

instead of the term "learning.”

日本動物心理学会第79回大会発表要旨 - J-Stage

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