Post on 27-Feb-2023
wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 1
ISSN 1512-0449kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso
samecniero-kvleviTi institutis
Jurnal amiranis XXV nomris damateba
paata buxraSvili
wminda giorgi didebis mxedari
Paata BukhrashviliSaint George the great Knight
Paata Buchraschwili Der Heilige Georg der große Ri er
2 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 3
wminda giorgi
didebis mxedari
paata buxraSvili
recenzentebi:
Tbilisi
2014
prof. qevin TuiTi (monrealis universiteti)
prof. nino WiWinaZe (ilias universiteti)
prof. gigi TevzaZe (ilias universiteti)
doqtori besik lorTqifaniZe (erovnuli muzeumi)
4 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 5
`Cven yvelani Cveni bavSvobidan movdivarT~ -o,
uTqvams didebul mwerls, antuan de sent-egziuperis.
rogorc wesi, amas maSin amboben, roca zrdasruli Tu
mowifuli adamiani Tavis qcevaSi, qmedebasa Tu zraxvaSi,
gamoavlens rasme bavSvobasa da siymawvileSi gancdil-
SeTvisebuls; jer kidev didi xnis win samudamod aRi-
beWdils mis grZnoba-gonebaSi.
meore an mesame klasSi viqnebodi, baTumSi (dedu-
leTSi, sadac rogorc wesi, vatarebdi ardadegebs),
babuis biblioTekaSi egnate gablianis cnobili naSromi
_ `Zveli da axali svaneTi“ rom aRmovaCine. am wigniT
Semovida Cems bavSur cnobierebaSi saqarTvelos es ula-
mazesi da mistiuri mxare Tavisi zRaprulobiT, ganume-
oreblobiTa da TavisTavadobiT. axlac ki, Sevuyvebi ra
enguris xeobas, upirvelesad gonebaSi im wignis ydaze
aRbeWdili peizaJSi amotivtivdeba xolme.
svaneTiT daintereseba, jer kidev XIX saukuneSi,
mogzaur-mkvlevarebis mier, aq daculi unikaluri is-
toriuli Zeglebis da xelovnebis nimuSebis aRweriTa
da fotografirebiT daiwyo.
amave saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, qarTul periodul
presaSi Cndeba pirveli werilebi da narkvevebi svane-
Tis Sesaxeb, romelic ekuTvnoda cnobili mecniersa da
sazogado moRvawes, svaneTis istoriis, folklorisa da
eTnografiis mkvlevars, besarion niJaraZes. igi gazeT
`iveria“-Si, `Tavisufali svanis“ fsevdonimiT, regu-
ralulad aqveynebda werilebs.
rac Seexeba svaneTis siZveleebis, misi istoriisa da
eTnografiis safuZvlian mecnierul kvlevas, saTave, XX
saukunis 10-iani wlebidan, eqvTime TayaiSvilma daudo,
romelmac 1910 wels imogzaura leCxum-svaneTSi [TayaiS-
vili e., 1991]. mogviano periodSi, araerTma cnobilma
qarTvelma Tu ucxoelma didebulma mecnier-mkvlevarma
uZRvna svaneTs sakuTari Sroma.
gasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebaSi, svaneTis siZ-
veleebis aRsanusxavad da Sesaswavlad, mniSvnelovani
vuZRvni sayvareli mSoblebisa da
Zvirfasi maswavleblebis naTel xsovnas
6 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 7
samuSao Seasrula saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis
svaneTis samecniero-kompleqsurma eqspediciam.1
miuxedavad imisa, rom svaneTSi daculi siZveleebis
Seswavlas, im periodisTvis, TiTqmis saukunenaxevriani
istoria gaaCnda da svaneTis Zeglebis mniSvnelobasa
da maT mdgomareobaze bevri ram adrec iyo cnobili, aq
davanebul-daunjebuli sxvadasxva saxis materialuri
da sulieri kulturis nivTebis Sesaxeb konkretuli
xelSesaxebi masala (kerZod sruli aRricxvis siebi,
Cabarebis aqtebi da a.S.), kvlav mosawesrigebeli iyo.
svaneTis kompleqsur eqspediciaSi. b-n mixeil
CarTolanTan erTad. sof. Robi. 1981
skaldis mTavarangelozi (lentexis raioni)
1981 w. mix. CarTolani, g. razmaZe, v. silogava, m. xizaniSvili
1 eqspediciis Tavdapirveli Semadgenloba ase gamoiyureboda: saqarT-
velos saxelmwifo muzeumis TanamSromlebi: mixeil CarTolani (espediciis
xel-i), lamara bedukiZe, mzia makalaTia, gogi CikoiZe, akaki gogiCaiSvili,
miSa SveliZe; mowveuli pirebi: rusudan yenia (xelovnebis instituti, eqs-
pediciis xel-is moadgile), valeri silogava (xelnawerTa instituti), SoTa
CarTolani (istoriis instituti); mxatvar arqiteqtorebi: giorgi metreveli,
guram razmaZe; SemdgomSi, eqspediis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes: vladi-
mer kikilaSvilma, manana sinauriZem, manana xizaniSvilma, nodar axalkacma,
xaTuna cincaZem, mamuka axalaSvilma, zviad cindelianma, sozar subelianma,
ninuka abduSeliSvilma, rusiko sulaZem, irma enuqiZem, daTo levaniSvilima
(mZRoli) da sxva. eqspediciaSi monawileobden mestiis muzeumis TanamSrom-
lebic: akaki kviciani, daviT niJaraZe, CaTo gujejiani, Sadur Sukvani, gela
xvistani da sxv.
swored am mizniT, 1972 wels, maSindeli saqar-
Tvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis mi-
TiTebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumTan Seiqmna
svaneTis samecniero-kompleqsuri eqspedicia.
aRniSnuli eqspediciis mizans Seadgenda _ 1. manamde
cnobili materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebis
aRricxvisa da dacvis mdgomareobis garkveva; 2. am
mxareSi analogiuri xasiaTis axali wyaro-masalebis
gamomzureba-Seswavla da maTi dacvis mowesrigeba.
eqspediciam, Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi (1972-
1996 w.w.) Caatara didZali samuSao ara marto zemo da
qvemo svaneTSi, aramed, das. saqarTvelos sxva mTian re-
gonebSic _ raWasa da leCxumSic. eqspediciis Sedegebis
amsaxveli samecniero publikaciebi gamoica or tomad _
svaneTi I da II (masalebi materialuri da sulieri kul-
turis SeswavlisaTvis), xolo didi nawili saeqspedicio
masalebisa _ dRiurebis, oqmebis da fotoanabeWdebis
saxiT inaxeba akad. s. janaSias sax. saxelmwifo muzeumis
eTnografiis ganyofilebaSi.
jer kidev, Tsu istoriis fakultetis students
da SemdgomSi eTnografiis keTedris aspirants, 1980-88
8 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 9
wlebSi, wilad mxvda bedniereba memuSava am eqspedicia-
Si; uSualod mimeRo monawileoba mis samecniero saqmi-
anobaSi _ Tavad Semegrovebina savele eTnografiuli
masala2, aRmewera da Semeswavla is mdidari wyaro-masa-
lebi, materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, ro-
melic davanebulia saqarTvelos am ulamazes mxareSi.
pirveli davaleba, romelic miviRe eqspediis xel-
mZRvanelis, batoni mixeil CarTolanisagan iyo _ gav-
mgzavrebuliyavi sof. adiSSi, sadac imxanad tardeboda
wminda giorgisadmi miZRvnili saTemo dResaswauli da
Semegrovebina savele-eTnografiuli masala. batonma
mixeilma, saamisod, guldasmiT damariga da Semid-
gina kiTxvari, romlis mixedviTac unda Cametarebina
savele muSaoba; Tanac masalis Casawerad misaxsovra
Tavisi xeliT Sekerili da ydaSi Casmuli sqeli rveuli,
romelsac dRemde didi siyvaruliT vinaxav.
sofeli adiSi, sadac aRniSnuli dReoba imarTeba,
mdebareobs md. adiSWalis marjvena napirze, zRvis
daria rogorc materialuri, aseve sulieri kulturis3
pirvelxarisxovani ZeglebiT; originaluri xasiaTis
kedlis mxatvrobiT Semkuli oTxi eklesia, sacxovre-
beli saxlebi, koSkebi, Weduri da ferweruli xatebi
ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis xanas gane-
kuTvnebian. soflis mosaxleoba 18 komls (1984 w.) Sead-
gens da ori gvaris _ avalianebis da qaldanebis ubnebad
aris gayofili.
qudosani wminda giorgis (jgraPg liCeniS lifayuO)
eklesia, romlis SemogarenSic tardeba dResaswauli,
soflidan 4 kilometris daSorebiT mdebareobs. ekle-
sia XI saukuneSia agebuli da Cvenamde mciredi da-
zianebebiTaa moRweuli. moxatulia odnav mogvianebiT.
SedarebiT ukeTaa SemorCenili interierSi samxreT
da CrdiloeT kedlebze Sesrulebuli scenebi wminda
giorgis cxovrebidan. kedlebze mravladaa grafituli
warwerebic.
liCaniSis wm. giorgis eklesia.
sof. adiSi
2 SemdgomSi, sof. adiSSi 1980/81/82 wlebSi mopovebuli savele eTnografiuli
masalebis safuZvelze movamzade kidec sadiplomo naSromi.
donidan 2100 metris simaRleze da Sedis istoriuli
Tavisufali svaneTis SemadgenlobaSi. sofeli mdi-
3 mag. am sofelSi iyo daculi, 897 wels Satberdis lavraSi gadawerili
oTxTavi, romelic amJamad hadiSis saxarebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
10 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 11
eklesiisTvis, mogviano periodSi, garedan samzadi
(ladbaSi) da koSki miuSenebiaT, romelTagan axla
nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili. amJamad, eklesiis midamo,
daaxloebiT 200 metris radiusze, mozrdili lo-
debiTaa dafaruli, rac adre aq dasaxlebis arsebo-
baze migvaniSnebs. am varauds ufro amyarebs legenda
soflis mitovebis Sesaxeb, romelic adiSis mkvidrma,
imJamad eklesiis mcvelma, germane qaldanma gviambo:
_ adre, jgraPg liCeniSidan daaxloebiT erTi kilome-
tris daSorebiT, zeviT, sofeli arsebula, romelic
TeTnuldidan daweul myinvars dautania. gadarCenila
mxolod soflis ganapira mcxovrebi kaci ojaxiT, ro-
melic eklesiasTan dasaxlebula da iq saxli (qor) da
koSki (muryvam) augia. aq ucxovria erTi periodi. Semdeg
aqidanac ayrila da saerTod, adiSidan dabla Casax-
lebula; sadac sofel wvirmisTvis miucia dasabami.
mTxrobelis mixedviT, eklesiasTan amJamad arsebuli
koSkis nangrevi da lodovani am kacis nasaxlaria.
`liCeniSi“ sofel adiSSi gamarTul saweso dRe-
obaTagan upirvelesia da amitom adgilobrivi svanebi
mas, xSirad, adiSobasac uwodeben. wminda giorgis saxe-
lobaze gamarTul am dResaswaulze xdeba, wlidan
wlamde sofelSi dabadebuli vaJebis dalocva, maTi
bednierebisa da janmrTelobisadmi locvis aRvlena da
qudosani wminda giorgis mflobelobaSi moymeTa xatSi
gayvana. dResaswaulze modian agreTve uZeo ojaxebic,
romlebic salocavs vaJianobas SesTxoven.
liCeniSi moZravi dResaswaulia da kvirikobis (28
ivlisi) Semdeg xuTSabaTs imarTeba. calkeul SemTx-
vevebSi xdeba dReobis gadavadeba erTi kviriTac (mag.
Tu sofelSi micvalebuli hyavT).
dResaswaulze ZiriTadad adiSelebi (rogorc ze-
moT aRvniSneT sofelSi mxolod ori gvari saxlobs _
avalianebi da qaldanebi) iyrian Tavs. modian agreTve
Temidan gaTxovili qalebic TavTaviaTi ojaxebiT.
dResaswaulis mTavari momentia Sesawiris mitana
wminda giorgis xatisadmi. Sesawirs Seadgens: 3-6 metris
simaRlis naZvis an fiWvis sari (Rvati) masze Sesabmeli
naWriT (durSaY); saklavi _ xbo, mozveri an cikani; 60-
mde lemziri (saritualo puri), 1 l. zedaSe da Taflis
sanTeli. amas garda molCeniSs (mlocvels) moaqvs 20-
30 cali xaWapuri, erTi samamakaco puri 10 litramde
raxi (saerTo nadimisTvis). Sesawiridan yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania Rvati da durSaY, romelTa warmoCinebiTac
gansakuTrebiT amayobs nlocveli vaJis mama (molCeniSi).
maTi motana aucilebelia mkvidri adiSelisTvis yovel
vaJze, xolo soflidan gaTxovili qalis (hasviSi) ojax-
isTvis pirvelsa da meore vaJze.
Rvati 3 - 6 metris simaRlis saria, romelsac vaJis
mamebi swiraven salocavs. dReobamde 3 - 4 dRiT adre
molCeniSi (mlocveli) midis tyeSi, sadac winaswar ukve
Segulebuli aqvs saWiro simaRlis naZvis an fiWvis xe
da Tlis Sesawir Rvats.
durSaY _ Rvatze Sesabmeli qsovilis naWeria,
romelsac salocavs vaJis madlieri dedebi swiraven.
saerTod svaneTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi da
zogadad mTels kavkasiaSi, sakmaod gavrcelebulia
saTemo xatebSi naWrebis (sakadrisebis, xatis perangis,
leCaqis...) mitana (tab. II 3). sakadrisebs uwodebs li-
CeniSze Sewirul naWrebs, Tavis naSromSi `svani qalis
samosi“ [bezaraSvili c., 1979].
liCeniSTan dakavSirebiT arsebobda rigi akrZal-
vebisa Temis yvela srulasakovani wevrisaTvis. mag.
dResaswaulamde erTi kviriT adare col-qmrul urTi-
erTobebs wyvetdnen Temis yovel ojaxSi; dResaswaulSi
ar monawileobdnen axaldaqorwinebulni sam Tvemde da
mgloviare (ormocamde) ojaxebi.
dResaswaulis gaZRolis mizniT sofeli 4 nawiladaa
gayofili, da isini morigeobiT asruleben am movale-
obas. im pirebs, romlebic dReobas uZRvebian ̀ memzirebs“
uwodeben. maT evalebaT molCeniSTa motanili Sesawiris
uSualod Sewirva xatisadmi da locva-vedrebis aRv-
lena mlocvelTa saxeliT. maT unda gaewiaT agreTve
12 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 13
dResaswauliswina samzadisic (teritoriis gawmenda,
SeSis momarageba, qvabebisa da WurWlis momzadeba ...).
mlocvelebi jer kidev mzis amowvervamde Tavs iyri-
an eklesiasTan. iqve galavanTan gadmomdinare wyaroze
ganibanebian, ris Semdegac, ganwmendilT ufleba eZle-
vaT samlocvelos teritoriaze Sesvlisa. liCeniSze
sakmaod bevri mlocveli iyris Tavs sruliad svaneTisa
da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. 1980 wels 36
ojaxi iyo amosuli dReobaze, 1981 wels 28, xolo 1982
wels qudosani wminda giorgis sadideblad 45 ojaxma
moiyara Tavi.
msxverplTSewirva mzis amosvlisTanave iwyeba da
iqve, eklesiis gverdiT sruldeba. molCeniSi Tavis
zvaraks miuyvans memzirs, romelsac am ritualis Ses-
ruleba evaleba. es ukanaskneli erT xelSi sanTliT
da meoreSi lemzir-zedaSiT, Seavedrebs wminda gior-
gis molCeniSis vaJs da ojaxs. Semdag, amave sanTliT
saklavs Sublze balans Seatrusavs da am adgilze
zedaSes miapkurebs. amis Semdeg mlocvels ufleba eZleva,
iqve eklesiis gverdiT, Tavadve Seswiros saklavi salo-
cavs. patrons zvarakis marjvena beWi da gul-RviZli
ubrundeba, danarCeni xorci ki iqve ixarSeba da purobis
dros saerTo sufraze nawildeba. calke iwveba zvarakis
gul-RviZli, romlic gansakuTrebul kerZad iTvleba
da misi SeWma yoveli mlocvelisTvis sasurvelia. ikv-
leba agreTve soflis mier nayidi xaric. xars dakvlis
win Seiyvanen ladbaSSi (samzadSi), sadac `molozani~
(rogorc wesi, moloznobas Temis Warmagi pirebi Tavo-
ben) zemoT aRwerili wesisamebr Seswiravs mas salocavs.
igi Tavis locvaSi qudosan wmida giorgis sofelSi
qudis damxuravTa (mamakacTa) gamravlebas SesTxovs.
msxverplTSewirvis Semdeg mlocveli Sedis ekle-
siaSi da iq myof memzirs gadascems zedaSes, lemzirebs,
sanTelsa da fuls. es ukanaskneli ki Sesawirs gadas-
cems molozans, romelic sakurTxevelTan asrulebs
msaxurebas. igi dalocavs molCeniSis vaJs da janmT-
elobas, bednierebas, gamarjvebas usurvebs mas; wminda
giorgis, mlocvelis gvarSi, mamakacTa gamravlebas
Semdegnairad SesTxovs: `dideba, dideba mogsvlodes
jgraPg! Sen Seewie am soflis momavals, win waswie so-
feli, Sen Seewie da cudi aacile jgraPg! Sen Seewie (mol-
CeniSis saxels da gvars asaxelebs) ojaxs; am biWma si-
beremde icocxlos, gaamravle mis saxlSi qudis damxuravi
da amis mavedrebeli bevrjer moiyvane aq~ [makalaTia
m., 1977 : 29].
dalocvis Semdeg igi ramdenime wveT zedaSes sa-
kurTxevelze daaqcevs, danarCens ki iqve mdgom Wur-
WelSi CaRvris sadac mlocvelTa mir motanili zedaSe
grovdeba. molCeniSs zedSis mxolod mcire nawili
ubrundeba, romelic man purobisTvis motanil danarCen
raxSi unda gaazavos.
Sewirvis rituali, daaxloebiT Sua dRisTvis srul-
deba, ris Semdegac molCeniSebi (vaJebis mamebi) Tavi-
anT motanil Rvatebs Seabamen naWrebs da aRmarTuli
RvatebiT dgebian eklesiis maxloblad SemaRlebul
adgilze. eklesiidan procesia gamoasvenebs xats da
molCeniSebisken gaemarTeba. msvlelobis dros srul-
deba wminda giorgis sadidebeli da kviria sam-samjer.
RvatebaRmarTuli molCeniSebis mwkrivTan procesiis
miaxloebis Semdeg, axla ukve sabolood, sjarod, SeZa-
xilebiT dalocaven im wels dabadebul vaJebs, axal
ymebs wminda giorgisas...
dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos mamakacis gansakuTre-
buli roli dReobis msvlelobaSi. Sesawiris mitanas,
saklavis dakvlas, Rvatebis aRmarTvas, fulis Sewir-
vas mxolod mamakacebi asruleban. qalebi moSorebiT
dganan da iqidan Sehyureben ritualis msvlelobas.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom mlocvelni (molCeniSebi) salo-
cavSi uqudod ar midian.
yovelive amis Semdeg imarTeba saerTo nadimi,
cekva-TamaSi da simRera, sadac mamakacebic da qalebic
Tanabrad monawileoben. adre mxiarulebis gamarTva
14 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 15
eklesiis ezoSi dauSvebeli iyo, amJamad ki es tradicia
daviwyebulia.
liCeniSis momdevno samSabaTs iwyeben Tibvas, ris
aRsaniSnavadac xari axla ukve uSualod sofelSi,
mTavar-angelozis (Taringzeli) eklesiis ezoSi ikvlis.
svanTa (iseve rogorc zogadad qarTvelTa) eTno-
grafiul yofaSi wminda giorgi da miqael mTavarange-
lozi mamakacTa mfarvelia. vinc ki yofila svaneTSi da
puri miuRia aqauri stumarTmoyvare maspinZlebisgan,
yvelam icis, rom aq, yvelaze saxeldaxelo da mcirexnian
trapezazec ki, oTxi ZirTadi sadRegrZelo _ sadide-
beli iTqmis aucileblad: didi RmerTisa (xoCa RerbeT),
mTavargelozisa (Tarignzel), wminda giorgisa (jgraPg)
da mariam RvTismSoblisa (la maria). mTavarangelozi,
zogadad ojaxis mfarveli da gamaZlierebelia, wminda
giorgi vaJebis, qudosanTa, gamCenel-gamaZlierebel-
gamamarjvebeli; mariam RvTismSobeli ki qalTa da
ojaxis Sida sivrcis mfarvelia.
zvid gamsaxurdia, Tavis naSromSi _ ̀ vefxistyaosnis
saxismetyveleba“ msjelobs ra wminda giorgis kultis
genezisis Taobaze, aRniSnavs _ ̀ wminda giorgis arqetipi
da inspiratori miqael mTavarangelozi, bibliis mixed-
viT, aris arqistrategosi RvTis zeciuri mxedrobisa,
miqaeli klavs da amarcxebs kosmiur drakons, xatebsa
da freskebze igi gamosaxulia gvelze Semdgari, maxvil-
iT xelSi... drakonis mokvlis motivi yvela epoqebis da
xalxebis miTologiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo
mziuri RvTaebebi da gmirebi ganasaxiereben simarTlis,
sakeTisa da siyvarulis madls; isini, sicocxlis damam-
kvidrebelni da sikvdilis damTrgunvelni arian, kacob-
riobis mxsnelni bneli Zalebisagan. maTi qristianuli
saxea wminda giorgi“ [gamsaxurdia z.,1991 : 163-165].
wminda giorgis da mTavarangeloz miqaelis Tanazi-
aroba, maTi mamakacuri, mebrZoli da Zlevamosili xasi-
aTi, maTi mfarveloba mamakacuri bunebisadmi, naTlad
Cans svaneTis eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebuli
sxva masalebiTac.
magaliTad, liCeniSis msgavsad, Sewirulobani
axaldabadebuli vaJebis saxelze miaqvT TanRilis
Taringzelis eklesiaSic. es salocavi, romelic sof.
laxuSTis (latalis Temi) maxloblad mTazea agebuli,
vaJebis dambadebelad da mfarvelad iTvleba. aq mosa-
locad modian da Sesawiri moaqvT uZeo ojaxebs zemo
svaneTis sxvadasxva soflebidanac.
vaJebis gaCenisTvis madls swiraven qvemo svaneTis
salocavebsac. mag. skaldis mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi
(lentexis r-ni), mravladaa madlier mSobelTa Sewiru-
li nivTebi; erT-erT Sewirul yanwze aris warwera: `4
gogoa beso oTaris Ze liparteliani sof. rcxmeluri
axla biWi SemeZina~.4 amave eklesiaSi mravladaa Sewir-
uli ferad-feradi naWrebic.
wminda giorgis, rogorc mebrZol, gammarjvebel da
mamakacTa mfarvel RvTaebas eTayvanebian saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxeebSic [Tuite K., Buxrasvili P., 1999 : 59-72].
mag. s. makalaTia Tavis wignSi ̀ mTiuleTi~, gadmogvcems:
_ ̀ sof. qavTaraanidan (fasanaurs zemoT-p.b.) 4-5 kilo-
metris manZilze, soflebis - JiJiansa da wifors Soris
moTavsebulia wiforis wminda giorgis xati, romlis sax-
elobaze agebuli eklesia da niSi xatis tyiT dafarul
erT gorakzea moTavsebuli. niSi savsea xatis uRlebiT,
zanzalakebiT da sxva SarnebiT.
eklesiis garSemo Camwkrivebulia grZeli Wlokebi,
romlebzec frialeben TeTr-wiTeli qsovilis naWrebi.
xats am droSebs ucolo vaJebi swiraven. am mizniT isini
tyeSi sWrian wiflis an naZvis maRal da swor joxebs,
rac SeiZleba grZels, romlebsac wverze ferad naWrebs
Seabamen. aRdgoma dilas, vaJebi am droSebiT wiforis
wminda giorgis eklesias samjer Semouvlian da Semdeg
am joxebs galavanSi Caasoben. droSas xels aravin ar
axlebs sanam Tavad ar waiqceva da ar daiSleba. xalxis
rwmeniT am droSis Semwirvels xati col-Svilis Rirsad
4 piradi saeqspedicio arqividan.
16 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 17
gaxdis. wiforis wminda giorgis gansakuTrebiT vaJiano-
bas SesTxoven. am mizniT mas vercxlis Tasebsa da dro-
Sas (bavriys) swiraven. Tu aman ar gasWra, maSin uZeoni
xuTwlian kurats mihgvrian, dekanozs daamwyalobebine-
ben da iqve dahklaven. amis Semdag Tu vaJi SeeZinebaT, mas
wiforis wminda giorgis ymad zrdian, TeTrebs acmeven
da ramdenime weliwadi xatobaze atareben. samsaxuris
gasvlis Semdeg vaJs am TeTrebs gaxdian da iqve xatSi
dastoveben“ [makalaTia s., 1930 : 23]. es dReoba Cvens
mierac iqna damowmebuli. marTalia es rituali amgvari
saxiT yofaSi ukve aRar sruldeba, magram miuxedavad
amisa im gvaris warmomadgenlebi, romlebic wiforis
wminda giorgis saymod iTvlebian (qavTaraZeebi, bibi-
laSvilebi, JiJiaSvilebi) axlac swiraven xats samad-
lobelo zvaraks vaJis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi.
axaldabadebuli vaJis saxelobaze saklavi mihyavT
lomisis wminda giorgis salocavSi da alevis oqros-
kariani samebis (qsnis xeoba) eklesiaSic.
vaJebis mfarvelad iTvleboda mTeli rigi salo-
cavebisa raWaSic. sofel zemo sxvavaSi (ambrolauris
r-ni) arsebul mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, romlis nan-
grevebic xatis tyiT dafarul gorakzea SemorCenili,
dedebs moaqvT Sesawiri (sanTeli, fuli) da TavianTi
vaJebis janmrTelobisa da bednierebisTvis loculoben.
sofel sorSi aRdgomidan meoTxe xuTSabaTs wminda gior-
gis eklesiaSi gamarTuli nacixurobac vaJianobisadmi
iyo miZRvnili, romelsac mravalZlisa da nikorwmindis
salocavebic `ubamden mxars, radgan maT angelozebs
erTmaneTTan mimosvla da urTierToba hqondaT~.
liCeniSis TiTqmis analogiuri dResaswaulia dadas-
turebli fSav-xevsureTSic, romelic xatSi gayvana-
mibarebis saxeliTaa cnobili. xevsureTSi, roca vaJi
daibadeboda, mSoblebi mas `miabarebdnen~ romelime
xats, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mas samgzis miagore-
bdnen xatiskars an droSasTan [bardaveliZe v., 1952: 29].
samecniero literaturaSi es Cveuleba gaanalizebulia,
rogorc RvTaebis mier Tavis saymos Svilad ayvanis mis-
teria, ris Semdegac bavSvi xatis mfarvelobaSi eqceva
(iqve).
xaxmatis wminda giorgis xati xevsureTSic xom
vaJebis dambadeblad iTvleboda [Tuite K., Buxrasvili P. 1999: 59-72]. rogorc gadmogvcems giorgi TevdoraZe _
`xaxmatis jvris~ daniSnuleba iyo uSviloTaTvis Svilis
gaCena; metadre mas evedreboda is visac Svili ar hyavda.
am daniSnulebisaTvis xaxmatis xatSi gansakuTrebuli
niSi dgas _ mwevris saflavi. aq orsul dedakacs5 an
uSvilos fexs daadgmevinebdnen, rom Svili SesZenoda,
metadre vaJi. aq salocavad modiodnen ara marto xev-
surebi, aramed fSavlebic, TuSebic da qistebic“ [Tev-
doraZe g., 1930 : 30].
maSasadame, yovelive zemoTaRniSnulis safuZvelze,
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sof. adiSSi gamarTuli
wminda giorgi saxelobaze gamarTuli dResaswauli
`liCeniSi~, warmoadgens sasoflo-saTemo sivrceSi ax-
ladmovlenil yrmaTa xatSi gayvana-ziarebis rituals.
mTlianobaSi ki, rogorc amas saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
calkeuli kuTxeebis sulieri Tu materialuri kultu-
mTxrobelTan ambrosi mindelTan.
raWa. sof. sori. 1986 w.
5 sagulisxmoa rom es salocavi iSviaTi gamonaklisia, sadac qals SeuZlia
misvla da saklavis miyvana _ p.b.
18 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 19
ris Zeglebis analizi mowmobs, svanuri monacemebi im
saerTokavkasiuri rwmenaTa jaWvis nawilia, romelic
amJamd gadmonaSTis saxiTRa Tu ipoveba [makalaTia m.,
1977 : 40].
wminda giorgi, rom svanebisTvis, iseve rogorc
zogadad qarTvelTaTvis, gansakuTrebuli wmindani
iyo, amas jer kidev didi ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda
Tavis `qarTveli eris istoriaSi“ _ `svanebis xalxur
TqmulebaSiac wmida giorgi imnairadvea dasuraTe-
buli, rogorc qarTul TqmulebaSi; misi mfarvelobis
winaaRmdeg TviT RmerTsac vera gauwyvia ra. wmida
giorgi (jgraPg), romelic miqel mTavarangelozisaviT
(mqemTarinzel) RmerTs gverdiT uzis, mudmiv adamianze
zrunavs da sul imis cdaSia, kacs rogorme sikeTe uyos.
erTxel RmerTma erTs kacs, romelmac sakmeli uk-
mia da sadilad batkani uZRvna, saCuqrad Zroxa uwya-
loba. roca giorgim da miqel mTavarangelozma RvTis
saCuqari miutanes, giorgim am kacs Caagona, coli sTxove
RmerTsao. isic ise moiqca, rogorc giorgim daariga:
maSin RmerTma giorgis uTxra: ̀ sul Sena zrunav, giorgi,
im kacze, Torem TiTon imas eg sad moagondebodao~? meti
raRa gaewyoboda, RmerTs uari ar uTqvams; giorgi da
miqel mTavarangelozi gaemgzavrnen, coli uSoves da
rac ki saWiro iyo misTvis yvelaferi uwyalobes.
mere roca wmida giorgim im kacis Txovna Seatyobina
RmerTs, ramdeni Svili meyolebao, RmerTma upasuxa:
`giorgi eg sul Seni saqmea, Torem im kacs sad moagonde-
bodao: exla rom imas Svili mivceT, qveyanaze adamianebi
gamravldebian da viwrooba iqnebao!~ mainc RmerTma
giorgis dauTmo:
`ori Svili mivceT, magram sicocxlis naxevargzas
rom moiWamen, mere daixocneno~, sTqva man. giorgim upa-
suxa: ̀ eh, Tu micemaa, sabolood mivceT, Torem tyuilad
risTvis vawvaloTo~? RmerTma aqac dauTmo.
Semdegac, roca erTxel RmerTma brZana: `iseT
setyvas davuSvebT dedamiwasa, rom Cveni dasaxlebuli
kacis yana miwasTan gavasworoT~-o, giorgi maSinve daeSo
dedamiwaze da kacs uTxra: `dResve mamiTadi Sehyare,
raca gaqvs sul momke, Torem iseTi setyva mova, rom erTi
dRisac ar SegrCebao~. kacma momka yana da puri daabi-
nava. RmerTma naxa mere, rom im kacs puri Sina hqonda,
sxvas ki erTi dRis sagzalic aRar SerCa.
maSin RmerTma giorgis uTxra: `eg xom sul Seni
saqmea, Torem imas sad moagondebodao~. mere gulSi Tqva
RmerTma: `maS Tu egrea, im dasaxlebul kacs gadav-
wvavTo~! daeSva giorgi isev dedamiwaze, daariga kaci
da ubedureba Tavidan aacdina. bolos RmerTma sTqva:
`es sul giorgis saqmea, Torem is xom amas ver moigoneb-
dao. metad mowadinebulia, rom es kaci daamkvidros da
radgan asea davuTmoTo!...~
am svanur TqmulebaSiac RmerTs, romelic iwodeba
RermeT, anu RerbeT, adamianisaTvis yvelaferi hSurs:
adamians rom giorgi ar eSvelebodes, arc erT sikeTes
ar uzams, igi imdenad gulqvaa, rom mSoblebs Svilebs
aZlevs da Wabukad rom moRerdebian swored maSin unda
rogorme dauxocos; misTvis adamianis Wirnaxulis
ganadgureba, saxlis gadawva, sulis amorTmeva Cveu-
lebriv saqmes Seadgens. magram giorgis winaaRmdeg
veras gaawyobs xolme. giorgi rasac unda imas aasru-
lebs da RmerTi iZulebulia dauTmos; Tu giorgi wi-
naaRmdegobas gauwevs, RmerTi verc erT Tavis sasjels
ver ganaxorcielebs xolme. giorgis mzrunvelobas da
adamianis mfarvelobas sazRvari ara aqvs: ganizraxavs
Tu ara RmerTi adamianis sawinaaRmdegos, giorgi maS-
inve daeSveba dedamiwaze da aswavlis kacs, gansacdeli
Tavidan rogor aicdinos. erTi sityviT, wmida giorgi
yovlad keTili da Zlieri RvTaebaa, umTavresi adgili
ukavia da TviT RmerTsac ki aRemateba“ [javaxiSvili
iv., 1979 : 87-88].
20 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 21
vsaubrobT ra qristianul samyaroSi wminda gior-
gis da zogadad wminda mxedrebis kultis Camoyalibeba
_ ganviTarebis Taobaze, usaTuod unda vaxsenoT erTi
metad saintereso arqeologiuliuri nivTi, romelic
farasSia (sudani) aRmoCenili. es gaxlavT Zveleg-
vipturi xanis raindi RvTaeba horis gamosaxuleba,
romelic klavs niangs. igi daculia luvrSi (parizi)
da mkvlevarTa mier daTariRebulia qristes Semdgom
270-350 wlebiT [Bénazeth D., 1997]. rogorc specialistebi
miiCneven, am gvianegvipturi kulturis artefaqtSi
gaJRerebulma Temam, Tavis droze, wminda giorgis da
zogadad wminda mxedrebis saxismetyvelebiTi modelis
Camoyalibebaze, garkveuli gavlena moexdina[ Bénazeth D., 1997].
aRniSnuli nivTi gaxlavT fragmenti nagebobis
sarkmlis moCarCoebisa, romlis dekorSic Sinaar-
sobrivad asaxulia egvipturi da berZnul-romauli
kulturuli tradiciebi. masze gamosaxulia mxedari,
romelic sxva aravinaa Tu ara RmerTi hori, romelic
SubiT gangmiravs niangs. miCneulia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
niangi, saxea RmerTi setisa [Bénazeth D., 1997].
egviptur miTologiaSi, Sevardnissaxovani RvTaeba
hori, osirisisa da isidas Svili, dasabamidan cisa da
mzis RmerTia, romelmac mamis sisxli aiRo. man mZime
brZolebis Semdeg mokla osirisis mkvleli, misive biZa
seTi (borotebisa da ganadgurebis RvTaeba) [gelovani
ak., 1983].
rac Seexeba seTis, igi qariSxlisa da udabnos xor-
Sakis RmerTia. Tavidan igi faraonTa Zalauflebas ga-
nasaxierebda, Tavis oreulTan, Zmiswul horTan erTad.
mas gamoxatavdnen adamianis taniT, romelsac udabnos
ucxo cxovelis, ZaRlis an turis msgavsi Tavi hqonda,
moxrili didi niskarti da wvetiani maRali yurebi, sam-
wvera kudi, an kidev viris, Roris, Sevardnis, Jirafis,
okapis, grifis saxe [gelovani ak., 1983].
rogorc cnobilia, egvipturi RvTaebebs arasdros
gamosaxavdnen amxedrebulT. es siuJeti ki, romelic
mesames saukunis dasasruliTa da meoTxe saukunis
pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba, TvalnaTliv gadmogvcems
borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebis berZnul-romauli da
qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi modelebis gavlenas
im periodis analogiuri Sinaarsis egviptur saxism-
etyvelebiT modelebze.
am siuJetSi Sevardnissaxovani RmerTi hori, romae-
li meomriseburad aris Cacmuli. igi mTeli profiliTaa
warmodgenili, aseve profilSi gamosaxul anfassaxian
cxenTan erTad. cxenis fexebTan gablandulia niangi,
romelsac SubiT dalaxvras upirebs mxedari [Bénazeth D., 1997].
borotebis damlaxvravi mxedris saxe, rogorc cno-
bilia, farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTels qristianul horis gamosaxuleba farasidan (sudani)
** *
22 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 23
samyaroSi: wminda giorgis amgvari saxiT warmosaxva
qristianul ikonografiaSi pirdapir ukavSirdeba
aRniSnul siuJets. aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi niuansic
_ egviptur gadmocemebis mixedviT, hori daewia ra se-
Tis, am ukanasknelma saxe icvala _ niangad iqca; Tumca
am saxiobam mas ver uSvela da horma mainc mokla igi
[Bénazeth D., 1997].
SesaZloa, mogviano xanebSi, amxedrebuli wminda
giorgis ferxTiT garTxmuli gveleSapis, satanis
Tu diokletianes (qarTul ikonografiaSi farTod
gavrcelebuli motiviT) warmodgenil mravalsaxeobas,
egviptur miTologiaSi borotebis da sibnelis RmerTis
_ seTis es Tvisebac, kerZod ki, saxioba-gardasaxvis un-
aric, anu mravalsaxovneba, edos safuZvlad [Teischmann F., 1986 ].
vsaubrobT ra meomari, mxedari RvTaebebis da Ses-
abamisad mogviano periodSi wminda mxedrebis kultis
warmoSoba _ ganviTarebaze, aucileblad gasaTval-
iswinebelia is winareqristianuli xanis arqeologiuri
masalebic, romlebic saqarTvelosa da zogadad kavka-
siaSi mravladaa aRmoCenili (axalgori, vani, yanCaeTi,
winwyaro...). adreuli antikuri xanidan aq, TandaTan,
ufro metad iCens Tavs originaluri ikonografiuli
Strixebi, romelic ucxoa berZnulisaTvis da aixs-
neba adgilobrivi, qarTuli garemoTi. am mxriv, gansa-
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cxenosnis gamoxatulebiani ge-
mmebi, romlebic mkveTrad gamoirCevian stilistikuri
TvisebebiT. am jgufs ganekuTvneba winwyaros da yanCaeTis
sabeWdavebi, romlebzec gamoxatuli SubmoRerebuli
mxedari gaazrebulia, rogorc wminda giorgis _ Zveli
qarTuli mTavris RvTaebis _ winasaxe: „ukve adrean-
tikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Zveli welTaRricxvis V
saukuneSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo umaRlesi RvTaebis
_ mTavris RvTaebis garkveuli ikonografia _ mebrZoli
mxedari. misi erT-erTi (albaT oficialuri) saxeli
antikur xanaSi armazi unda yofiliyo. am RvTaebis
gamosaxuleba gasdevs laitmotivad qarTul mcire
xelovnebis nimuSebs mTeli antikuri xanis manZilze da
qristianul xanaSi gadadis, sadac SemdgomSi wminda
giorgis saxels atarebs [barnaveli s., 1979 : 56]“.
mterze gamarjvebuli mxedris Tema aseve farTod
aris gavrcelebuli zogadad aRmosavlur kulturaSic.
mag. sasanianTa xanis bareliefebze mefe-RmerTi xSirad
gamosaxulia amxedrebuli, romlis cxenis floqvebTan
damarcxebuli mteria garTxmuli [Sarre Fr., 1920 : 157]. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom keTilsa da borote-
bas Soris dapirispirebis tradiciulad universal-
uri siuJeti, romelic msoflios sxvadaxva xalxebis
rwmena-warmodgenebsa da samyaroseul msoflaRqmaSi,
sxvadasxva qronologiur monakveTSi, farTod da mra-
valferovnadaa warmodgenili, am xalxebis religiur
Tu yoveldRiur saxismetyvelebaSi, adgilobrivad
Camoyalibebul Tu sxvaTagan nasesxeb formebSi gamois-
axeboda.
amis naTeli daasturebaa adreul SuasaukuneebSi,
mTels qristianul samyaroSi da Sesabamisad saqar-
TveloSi, Camoyalibebul-ganviTarebuli wminda mxed-
arTa kultic.
wminda giorgis ikonografiuli tipis mraval-
ferovnebis, siZvelisa da xalxur gadmocemaTa simrav-
lis safuZvelze mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qarTul
samyaros mniSvnelovani roli unda eTamaSa am wmindanis
kultis Camoyalibebasa da gavrcelebaSi.
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda giorgis kults
arcerT qveyanaSi ar miuRia iseTi masStabebi, rogorc
saqarTveloSi. amis Sesaxeb, jer kidev, vaxuSti batoniS-
vili werda _ iveriaSi `ara arian borcuni anu maRalni
gorani, romelsa zeda ara iyos Senni eklesiani wmindisa
giorgisani“-o [vaxuSti 1973 : 40].
pirvelmowame, Zlevamosili kabadokieli qristiani
wmindanis, giorgis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobebi SemorCenilia
V saukunidan (e.w. `venis palimfestSi~) laTinur, ber-
24 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 25
Znul, siriul, arabul, koptur, eTiopur apokriful
teqstebSi [Спирова П., 2009]. mogviano xanebSi es wmindani
metad popularuli xdeba mTels qristianul samayroSi,
romelic ikonografiulad warmodgenilia rogorc gve-
leSapis saxiT gamosaxuli boroti Zalebis damlaxvravi
mxedari. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, is boroti Zala,
romelsac amarcxebs wmindani, ikonografiaSi anTropo-
morful saxiTac gamoisaxeba.
saqarTveloSi, wminda giorgis kulti VII saukunis
dasawyisidan gavrcelda, radgan am periodidan gaCnda
misi uZvelesi gamosaxulebebi qarTul Zeglebze. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia martvilis taZris frizebi,
rolebzec figurebi da mcenareuli ornamenti erTian
kompoziciaSia CarTuli da garkveul ritmul danawevre-
bas eqvemdebareba. frizebze gamosaxulia bibliuri da
saxarebiseuli siuJetebi (mag., danieli lomTa xaroSi,
samsoni da lomi, qristes amaRleba 4 angelozis mier da
sxva). aqvea gamosaxuli gveleSapTa ganmgmiravi wminda
mxedrebi _ (savaraudod stratilati Tevdore da dem-
etre) da maT Soris wminda giorgi, romelic laxvravs
damarcxebul mters [Аладашвили Н., 1977 : 48]. isini, zoga-
dad, sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebas ganasaxierebs.6
aRniSnul frizze, wminda giorgis personificirebis
saSualebas, swored es siuJeti _ ̀ damarcxebuli mteri“
iZleva, (sur. 16 - martvili, giorgi) radganac mogviano
xanis qarTul ikonografiaSi (freskebsa Tu Wedur da
ferwerul xatebze) es mteri ukve, utyuarad imperator
diokletianes gamosaxavs, romlis brZanebiTac awames
wminda giorgi..
X-XI s.s-ebSi, qarTul ikonografiaSi farTod
mkvidrdeba da vrceldeba swored es motivi _ wminda
giorgi SubiT gangmiravs romis imperator diokle-
tianes. am periodis xatebze, saxelisulfebo saimpera-
toro gvirgviniT damSvenebuli da samefo SesamoseliSi
gamowyobili diokletiane, wminda mxedris ferxTiT
aris garTxmuli da SubiT ganigmireba. miCneulia,
rom xsenebuli motivi, mTels qristianul samyaroSi,
mxolod qarTuli ikonografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
siuJetia, romelic, gansakuTrebuli intesivobiT, erT
ganszRvrul qronologiur monakveTSi, kerZod ki X -XI
saukunebSi ikidebs fexs.
mogviano xanebSi, es siuJeti _ imperator diokle-
tianes mokvla wmindanis mier, TandaTan, adgils uTmobs
qristianul ikonografiaSi wminda giorgis gamosaxvis
sayovelTaod miRebul formas, rodesac borotebaze
gamarjvebuli wminda mxedari gveleSaps gangmiravs
[Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 370].
am siuJetis Taobaze, iTvaliswinebs ra damarcxe-
buli imperatoris gamosaxvis zedmiwevniT formas am
periodis bizantiis imperatoris gamosaxvis formasTan,
akad. giorgi CubinaSvili gamoTqvams frTxil varauds,
rom qarTul ikonografiaSi gavrcelebuli es Tema, anu
wminda giorgis mier gvirgvinosani bizantiis imperato-
ris mokvla, gamoZaxili unda iyos konkretuli poli-
tikuri viTarebisa, romelsac adgili hqonda me-10-11
ss-Si [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 370].
6 marTalia, aris cnobili erTi siuJetic analogiuri xasiaTisa _ sadac
amxedrebuli wminda giorgi gangmiravs anTropomorfuli saxiT gamosaxul
borotebs, xelfexdaborkil satanas, mgram igi qronologiurad mosdevs
martvilis frizis gamosaxulebebs da X saukuniT TariRdeba. es gaxlavT
wminda giorgis gamosaxuleba axtamaris jvris monastridan.
axtamaris wminda jvris monasteri somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi uni-
kaluri Zeglia, romelic agebulia xuroTmoZRvar manuelis mier 915-921
wlebSi. axtamari jvar-gumbaTovani tetrakonqia da gamorCeulia Tavisi
bareliefebiT. arqiteqtorma manuelma, romelic skulptoric iyo, mdidru-
lad morTo eklesiis gareTa kedlebi wmindanTa Tu religiur moRvaweTa
gamosaxulebebiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saero cxovrebis scenebi,
romlebic erTiani ornamentis saxiT miuyveba eklesiis oTxi-ve fasads
da asaxavs sameurno scenebs _ rTvels, nadirobas, purobas; venaxovan
ornamentSi Cawnulia adamianTa da cxovelTa mravalricxovani figurebi.
aqve, aRmosavleT fasadze Cadgmulia ktitoris, vaspurakanis mefis gagik
arwrunis skulptura. swored aq, taZris Crdilo-dasavleT kedelze, vx-
vdebiT wminda mxedrebis _ Tevdores, giorgis da sargisis gamosaxulebebs.
maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa wm. giorgis gamosaxuleba, romelic
SubiT gangmiravs xel-fex Seborkil satanas.
26 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 27
*
* *
X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi (976 w-s), raJams daviT III
kurapalatma ̀ aRiRo (ioane maruSisZisgan - p.b.) uflis-
cixe da miuboZa bagrats [matiane qarTlisa : 263]“,
warmatebiT dagvirgvinda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis-
Tvis warmoebuli xangrZlivi brZolis erTi ZiriTadi
etapi; ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTvelo, samxreT
saqarTvelo da Sida qarTli gaerTianda erTian same-
fod; xolo am qveynis mefed bagrat III gamocxadda. es
bagrati pirvelia, romelic ukve iwodeba `afxazTa da
qarTvelTa“ e.i. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mefed[matiane qarTlisa : 278].
yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom X saukunis
bolo mesamedSi gansakuTrebiT daiZaba urTierToba
bizantiis imperiasTan. bizantia yvela saSualebiT
cdilobda SeeCerebina saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da
zrda-gaZlierebis procesi, daesustebina is da xelSi
Caegdo misi mosazRvre miwebi.
bizantias aRar akmayofilebda iveriisgan (bizanti-
uri wyaroebiT) misi siuzerenobis formaluri aRiareba
da cdilobda realurad ganemtkicebina Tavisi mdgo-
mareoba (ix. Пселл М., dili S., 1998 Дашков С., 1997).
976 wlidan, ioane cimisxiosis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg, bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze adian romanoz II
Svilebi _ basili (SemdgomSi basili II bulgarTmmusvre-
li, Βασίλειος B’ Βουλγαροκτόνος - 985 -1025) da konstantine
(SemdgomSi konstantine VIII, Κωνσταντίνος Η΄ – 1025 – 1028). 985 wels, parakimomen basilis (Βασίλειος Λακαπήνος/
Λεκαπηνός _ pirveli ministri da imperiis faqtiuri
mmarTveli 945-985 w.w.-Si) gardacvalebis Semdeg, saim-
peratoro taxtze asul ZmaTagan ufrosi, basili II,
romelsac Tanamedroveni xSirad basili umcross da
basili porfirogenitoss uwodebdnen (raTa ganesxvave-
binaT misi winapris basil makedonielisgan), bizantiis
saimperatori taxtis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli xdeba.
basili II (ix. feradi tabula II,5 ) mmarTvelobis
pirvelsave etapzve moaxerxa mcire aziaSi mimdinare
samoqalaqo omebis CaxSoba. mudmivi omebis miuxedavad,
man Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc Zlierma mmarTvelma da
gaafarTova imperiis sazRvrebi. man mTlianad daimor-
Cila da imperias miuerTa bulgareTi. misi brZanebiT
bizantielebma 15 aTasi bulgareli tyve daabrmaves.
am sisastikis gamo imperators `bulgarTmmusvreli~
uwodes.
basili II-is mmarTvelobis periodSi metad agresi-
uli gaxda bizantiis imperiis qmedeba aRmosavliTis
mimarTulebiTac, maT Soris gaerTianebis gzaze Semd-
gari qarTvelTa da afxazTa samefos mimarT. yvelaze
mniSvnelovani teritoria, romelic qarTvelTa same-
fos bizantiam warstaca, iyo `zemoni queyanani saber-
ZneTisani~. Tumca, rogorc amas `qarTlis cxovreba“
gadmogvcems, am teritoriebze, iuridiulad, bagrat
III (daviT kurapalatis memkvidre da gaerTianebuli
saqarTvelos pirveli mefe) ukve aRar hqonda uflebebi.
wyaros Tanaxmad, daviT kurapalatma ara marto Tavad
misca piroba basili keisars, rom misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg es miwebi (romelic daviTs Tavad imperiidanve
hqonda miRebuli barda skliarosis amboxis CaxSobaSi
aqtiuri monawileobisa gamo) bizantias darCeboda,
aramed basilis Tavadve aaxla Tavisi aznaurebi, rom-
lebmac bizantiis imperators ficiT pirobac ki misces,
rom daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg sakuTar cixeebs
basils gadascemdnen. `gamovida basili berZenTa mefe,
da miscnes mas cixeni aznaurTa ama daviTisa, da daipyra
basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa“ [sumbat
daviTis Ze : 382].
dakavebul teritoriaze, basilim Seqmna iberiis
Temi _ sakatabano da iq mmarTvelad bizantieli moxele,
katabani daniSna [Розен, В. 1883 : 41]. (ix. CanarTi ruka)
aRniSnuli teritoriis dakavebiT, bizantiam,
saqarTvelos mzard saxelmwifos, samxreT-dasavleTi
zRude mourRvia. `iberiis~ sakatebanodan igi mizan-
28 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 29
mimarTulad axorcielebda eqspansias saqarTvelosa da
somxeTzec; radganac, rodesac ki saqarTvelo iwyebda
brZolas bizantiis winaaRmdeg dakarguli miwebis dasa-
bruneblad, mas somxuri samefo-samTavroebic maSinve
aubamdnen mxars (lastiverteci a.,).
qarTul istoriografiaSi ar aris azrTa erTianoba
im sakiTxze, Tu saxeldobr risi piroba misca daviT
kurapalatma imperator basils; ras gadascemda ander-
ZiT sikvdilis Semdeg bizantias _ mTel Tavis samefos
Tu barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi daxmarebis
sanacvlod miRebul miwebs. erTi ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saqarTvelo ver gaswevda iseT mZafr winaaRmdegobas
`erTmorwmune“ mtris winaaRmdeg, raime samarTlebrivi
safuZveli rom ar hqoneboda [lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 : 175].
aRniSnuli teritoriis dakargva mZime marcxi
iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis da gasagebia, rom
gaerTianeba-gaZlierebis gzaze mdgari qveyana yovel
xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi ecdeboda am marcxis gamoswore-
bas. 1014-1018 wlebSi basili keisari imperiis dasavleT
sazRvrebTan bulgarelebTan omSi iyo Cabmuli. isargeb-
la ra Seqmnili mdgomareobiT, bagrat III vaJma, giorgi I
(1014-1027 w.w.) ilaSqra am teritoriebze da daikva
bizantielTagan daWeril cixe-simagreebi.
iahia antioqelis cnobiT, saqarTvelo saguldagu-
lod emzadeboda bizantiasTan mosalodneli omisaTvis.
mas molaparakebebi dauwyia egviptis xalifa al-haqim-
Tananac. erToblivi gegmis Tanaxmad, mokavSireebs erT-
droulad unda SeetiaT bizantiisaTvis ori sxvadasxva
mxridan [javaxiSvili iv., 1983 : 125].
daasrula Tu ara basili keisarma bulgareTis
omi, saqarTvelosTvisac moicala. man qarTvelTagan
dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis dacla moiTxova, raze-
dac giorgis mtkice uari ganucxadebia. bizantielebs
saqarTvelo - egviptis faruli kavSiric SeutyviaT
da maTi gegmis CaSla ganuzraxavT _ basili II viTom
antioqiaSi saomrad gaemzada; sinamdvileSi ki saqarT-
velosken gamoemarTa. es momxdara giorgis mefobidan
meSvide wels (1021 wels). TviT keisari basili uZRoda
bizantielTa laSqars. saqarTvelo am omisaTvis ar iyo
saTanadod momzadebuli.
`matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, basianTan dabanake-
buli mowinaaRmdegeni ramdenime dRe zveravdnen erT-
maneTs. bizantielTa jaris mravalricxovnebam giorgi
aiZula ukan daexia; igi gabrunda da mtrisaTvis xelis
SeSlis mizniT dawva q. olTisi, Semdeg Cavida kolas.
bizantielebi ukan mihyvnen. sofel SirimnTan mowinaaR-
mdegeebi Seebnen erTmaneTs. qarTvelebma aq, pirispir
brZolaSi, gaimarjveba moipoves, magram gaufrTxileb-
lobiT ukan dabrundnen im dros, roca bizantielTa
damarcxebuli jari samcxis siRrmeSi Sevida; mterma
gzadagza kola-artaani da javaxeTi aaoxra. amasobaSi
giorgi mefes her-kaxni mieSvelnen (matiane qarTlisa),
magram amjerad basili keisari brZolas moerida, gacla
amjobina, ngreva-rbeviT gabrunda da qaldeaSi (trapi-
zonis maxloblad) daibanaka.
basilim sazavo molaparakeba daiwyo, magram giorgi
molaparakebas aWianurebda, radgan brZolis ganaxle-
ba hqonda ganzraxuli. am dros basilis aujanydnen
sardlebi _ qsife da foka. bizantieli istorikosis
mowmobiT (giorgi kedrene), am SeTqmulebaSi farulad
giorgi mefec monawileobda. imperatorma saqarTvelos
saqmeebs Tavi aneba da ajanyebis CaxSobas Seudga.
amasobaSi giorgi isev Seudga saomar samzadiss, magram
imperatorma sZlia ajanyebulebs da fokas mokveTili
Tavi giorgis gamougzavna, riTac mianiSna, rom icoda
misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amjerad, basili keisarma ufro
Zlier Semoutia saqarTvelos. basianTan brZolaSi
qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxdnen. mxareebs Soris
zavi 1022 wels daido. amjerad, giorgi iZulebuli iyo
daeTmo ara Tu sadao miwebi, aramed bizantielTagan
axlad dapyrobili cixeebi basianSi, kola-artaansa
da javaxeTSi. garda amisa, basilim giorgis mZevlad
mosTxova 3 wlis bagrati (momavali bagrat IV), romelic
daTqmuli pirobiT, 2 wlis Semdeg ukan unda gamoeSvaT
[lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 : 175].
30 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 31
1025 wels basili II gardaicvala. taxtze avida
misi Zma konstantine (1025 - 1028). konstantines taxtze
asvlisTanave somxuri olqis bizantiel mmarTvels,
nikifore komnenoss mouwyvia SeTqmuleba, romelSic
Cabmuli yofila giorgi mefec (lastiverteci a.). am
SeTqmulebis gamJRavnebis gamo konstantinem gaamkacra
saqarTvelos mimarT politika.
bizantielTa amaoxrebeli laSqrobebi ar Sewyveti-
la giorgi I gardacvalebis Semgomac. mcirewlovani
bagrat IV gamefebisTanave bizantiis imperatori kon-
stantine VIII daarRvia 1022 dadebuli zavi da saqar-
TveloSi jari gamogzavna. mterma gaZarcva da aaoxra
samxreT saqarTvelo. taos msxvil feodalTa nawili
vaCe kariWisZisa da episkopos ioane banelis meTaurobiT
mtris mxareze gadavida. naTelia, rom am dros qarTul
saxelisuflo da saeklesio wreebSi ar arsebobda er-
Tiani xedva saqarTvelos politikuri damoukideblobis
Taobaze da qarTuli elitis nawili saqarTvelos
momavals kvlavac bizantiur CrdilqveS moiazrebda.
miuxedavad qvegamxedvarTa garkveuli mxardaWerisa bi-
zantielebma ver SeZles kldekaris cixesimagris aReba.
SavSeT-klarjeTSi ki TavdacviT brZolebs saTaveSi
Caudgnen episkoposebi saba mtbevari da ezra anCeli da
mters am mxaris dapyrobis saSualeba ar misces.
amis Semdeg bizantielebma taqtika Secvales: maT
saqarTveloSi gamogzavnes demetre ufliswuli (gurgen
artanujelis Ze), romelic bagrat III dros bizantiaSi
gaiqca. demetres politikur asparezze gamoyvaniT bi-
zantia cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom is saqarTvelos
dasapyrobad ki ar modioda, aramed bagrat III mier
ukanonod daCagruli batoniSvilis uflebaTa dasaca-
vad ibrZoda. samwuxarod, mtris am cbier taqtikas,
rasac Tan erTvoda mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis mo-
syidva-moqrTamvac, warmateba mohyva. rogorc mematiane
aRniSnavs - `miiqcies erni, sofelni ugunur-ususurni
cnobiTa da gonebiTa... amiT mizeziTa moiqcies mravalni
kacni queyanisani wurilisa [sumbaT daviTis-Ze : 382]“.
magram am kritikul momentSi konstantine VIII garda-
icvala da bizantielebma jari saqarTvelodan gaiwvies.
omSi dasustebul saqarTvelos brZolis gagrZele-
ba ar SeeZlo; TviT bizantiamac aRmosavleTSi mtrebis
mowolis gamo saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gaum-
jobesebis saWiroeba dainaxa. aseT pirobebSi mariam de-
doflis iniciativiT 1029/1030 bizantiasTan zavi daido.
imperatorma romanoz III bagrat IV colad miaTxova
Tavisi Zmis basilis asuli elene da mianiWa kurapala-
tobis pativi. es politikuri kavSiri ori qveynis keTil-
mezobluri urTierTobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo,
rasac, sabolood, aRsruleba mainc ar ewera [guCua v.,
1977 : 128-129].
daaxloebiT amdagvari viTareba sufevda kavkasiaSi
X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze, roca ioane maruSusZis moTa-
veobiTa da didi mecadieneobiT kavkasiaSi safuZveli
Caeyara saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis Seqmnas _ es iyo
politikurad momwifebuli amocana, romelic Semzadda
Tanmxvedri kulturuli, politikuri da ekonomikuri
procesebiT.
niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos politikur gaer-
Tianebas win uswrebda saeklesio gaerTianeba. qar-
Tuli eklesiis kulturuli zegavleniT yalibdeboda
saerTo qarTuli TviTSegneba - qarTuli enis, qarTuli
mwignobrobis da ̀ qarTuli~ qristianobis safuZvelze.
im dros, Tumca kaxeTi, hereTi da qarTvelTa samefo
(tao-klarjeTi) jer kidev damoukidebel politikur
erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, eklesiurad mainc mcxeTis
taxts eqvemdebarebodnen.
sxva viTareba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ dasav-
leT saqarTvelos eklesia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
konstantinopolis sapatriarqos emorCileboda. am
damokidebulebisagan igi gaTavisuflda X saukunis
Sua xanebisaTvis afxazTa mefis giorgi II mefobis dros,
rodesac daarsda Wyondidis saepiskoposo da ganaxlda-
gamSvenda martvilis taZri. amve xanebidan igi ukve
sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiasTan iyo gaerTianebuli
[Анчабадзе З., 1959].
32 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 33
saqarTvelos gaerTianebas xeli Seuwyo uaRresad
mZime sagareo viTarebamac _ saqarTvelos calkeul
kuTxeebs ganuwyveteli brZola uxdebodaT bizanti-
elTa da arabTa winaaRmdeg. am ganmanTavisuflebeli
brZolis Tanmdevi nawili iyo brZola, mimarTuli Sida
politikuri erTianobisaken da xelisuflebis central-
izaciisaken. Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifo, da-
myarebuli suzerenul-vasalur politikur sistemaze,
qarTvel aznaurTa interesebsac Seesabameboda.
qveynis gaerTianebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels
warmoadgenda saerTo ekonomikuri aRmavloba, meurne-
obis sxvadasxva dargSi calkeuli raionebis dawinaure-
ba, rac aseve ganapirobebda erTianobisaken miswrafebas.
samxreT kavkasiaSi, im periodSi, politikur arenaze
erTiani monarqiuli samefos gamosvla, TavisTavad, niS-
navda am mxareSi axali politikuri moTamaSis gaCenas.
Tavis mxriv, es ki udrida im savaWro-komunikaciebze bi-
zantiis kontrolis Sesustebas da SesaZloa dakargvasc
ki, romelsac manamde igi, danawevrebul qarTuli
mxareebis mier mis suzerenobs aRiarebis safuZvelze,
srulad flobda.
arada, es gaxldaT im periodisaTvis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-satranzito arteriis, say-
ovelTaod cnobili abreSumis gzis kavkasiis monakveTi
romlis amoqmedebasa da masze kontols, Tavis droze,
VI-VII saukuneebSi, bizantiam didi energia Sealia.
abreSumi, romelic bizantiis imperiaSic didi
moTxovnilebiT sargeblobda, saxelmwifoSi, ZiriTa-
dad, misive moqiSpe iranis gavliT Semodioda aRmosav-
leTidan. bizaantia araerTxel Seecada aecilebina
iranis rogorc Suamavalis roli abreSumis did savaWro
gzaze. amisTvis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavda, magram
uSedegod.
jer kidev iustiniane I-ma 531 wels molaparakeba
gamarTa eTiopel vaWrebTan, raTa maT ekisraT Sua-
mavloba da Cinuri abreSumi indoeTis okeanis gavliT
SemoetanaT, magram amaod. iraneli vaWrebi indoeTis
navsadgurebSi iseTi gavleniT sargeblobdnen, rom
eTiopelebma ver moaxerxes maTTvis waerTmiaT monopo-
lia vaWrobaze. aRniSnulis Semdeg, 570 wels xosro I
iemens daeufla da bizantielebs wiTeli zRviTa da
indoeTis okeaniT aRosavleTisken gasasvleli Cauketa
[goilaZe v., 1997 : 28].
abreSumis did savaWro gzaze iranis Zalaufleba
bizantias did problemas uqmnida. bevri warumatebeli
mcdelobis Semdeg bizantiis erTaderTi gamosavali
axali savaWro gzis dadeba iyo. axali gziT, vaWrebi
Sua aziidan CrdiloeTiT, kaspiispireTze da CrdiloeT
kavkasiaze gavliT, kavkasiis zekarebiT jer albaneTSi,
qarTlSi an egrisSi unda moxvedriliyvnen, Semdeg ki
bizantiaSi. magram saqme is iyo, rom imxanad albaneTi
da qarTli iranis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen; amitom, daru-
bandisa da darialis zekarebsac iranelebi icavdnen.
iranelTa kontrol qveS moqceul gzaze qaravani kvlav
ver gaivlida. rCeboda CrdiloeTi kavkasiidan dasav-
Crd. kavkasiaze gadmomavali satranzito gza
34 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 35
leT saqarTveloSi gadamavali gzebi, magram aqac dab-
rkolebas qmnida irani.
axali savaWro gzis idea rom ganxorcielebuliyo,
bizantias Tbilisi unda aeRo, qarTlze da albaneTze
batonoba unda daemyarebina; amiT kavkasiis zekari mis
xelSi iqneboda da iranis Suamavali rolic gamoiricxe-
boda.
627 wels herakle keisarma Seteva wamoiwyo. Tavda-
pirvelad is dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiWra, daukavSir-
da Crdilo kavkasiel xazarebs da Tbilisze laSqroba
SesTavaza. xazarebi siamovnebiT daTanxmdnen imperato-
ris winadadebas. imave wels xazarebi da bizantielebi
Tbiliss moadgnen da garemoicves qalaqi magram, xan-
grZlivma alyam ar gaamarTla da bizantielebma da
xazarebma qalaqis aReba ver SesZles. herakles drois
dakargva aRar SeeZlo, miatova Tbilisi da samxreTiT
daiZra. 628 wels xazarebi kvlav moadgnen Tbiliss. am-
jerad maT aiRes qalaqi da saSinlad aaoxres igi.
es usastikesi laSqroba aRwerili aqvs movses ka-
lankatvacs. rogorc gadmogvcems somxurenovani is-
torikosi _ `xazarebma garemoicves nebieri, movaWre,
saxelovani didi qalaqi Tbilisi... xeli mihyves sagan-
Zurebs. mTeli simravle mZmed datvirTuli meomrebisa
midioda Tavis batonTan da mihqondaT nadavlis zvinebi
da xvavebi. imdenad mohyares, rom Tvals wyali eleoda
oqrosa da vercxlis naqargebis uTvalavi raodenobis
cqeraSi~ [meliqseT-begi l., 1941: 28].
imave wels daido zavi bizantiasa da irans Soris.
heraklem daibruna somxeTi, siria, mesopotamia da
egvipte. masve ergo qarTlic. bizantielebi wyalobiT
ajildoebdnen maT mxares gadasul qarTvelebs. vinc
flobda Tbiliss, is flobda kavkasias da Sesabamisad,
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis SemaerTebeli karibWis
gasRebic epyra xelT.
magram ai, VII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan msoflios
politikur arenaze Cndebian arabebi, romlebmac dai-
pyres irani, Sua azia da indoeTamde mividnen. iranis
saxelmwifos dacemam arabebs gza kavkasiisken gauxsana.
kavkasiaSi arabebis gamoCena TavisTavad aRuZravda
kidec maT madas kavkasiis gadmosasvleli gzebis gakon-
trolebisa da isini iwyeben kidec svlas darubandisken
da ikaveben mas.
654 wels maT daamarcxes bizantielebi da qarTls
moadgnen. qarTlis erismTavarma stefanoz II -m erTad-
erT swori gadawyvetileba miiRo. man arabTa sardal
habib ibn-maslamas dazaveba SesTavaza. irani aRar
arsebobda, dasustebul bizantias ki qarTlis dacva
aRar SeeZlo, amitom dazaveba erTaderTi swori gadaw-
yvetileba iyo. Tavis mxriv, arc arabebi iyvnen winaaR-
mdegni Tu qarTli mas nebiT daemorCileboda. arabebs
dapyrobili teritoriebze ganmtkiceba esaWiroeboda.
amrigad, arabTa saxalifom kontroli daamyara
kavkasiis or umTavres savaWro ekonomikur punqtze _
Tbilissa (sadac maT mogvianebiT Tbilisis saamiro Seq-
mnes) da darubandze; punqtebze, sadac moemarTeboda
centralur kavkasionis qedze gadmomavali, xazareTi-
Tan momavali `abreSumis gzis“ saqaravno arteriebi.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, arabTagan Seuvali
rCeboda kavkasiis mTianeTi da dasavleT da samxreT
saqarTvelo.7 swored centraluri kavkasionis gad-
mosasvlelebis meSveobiT unda evlo xazareTidan mo-
maval savaWro qaravnebs tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa
samefos gavliT bizantiis imperiisken. Sesabamisad,
amas unda gamoewvia kavkasiis centraluri qedis mTels
sigrZeze _ aRmosavleTidan (daRestani) dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT (svaneTi) msxvili dasaxlebuli pun-
qtebis gaCena; savaWro gzam am mxareebs damatebiT
ekonomikuri datvirTva SesZina _ manamde Tu kavkasiis
mTianeTis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mesaqonleobiT da
8 im peridSi arsebul viTarebas naTlad gvixatavs iovane sabanis Zis Txzu-
leba `wamebaY wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristesisa haboYsi~.
36 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 37
damxmare miwaTmoqmedebiT irCenda Tavs, axla isini
am savaWro-satranzito gzebis dacva-kontroliTac
iyvnen dakavebuli. savaWro gzam am mciremiwian mxareSi
xelosnobis ganviTarebac moitana da am periods unda
ukavSirdebodes mag. aRm. kavkasiis mTianeTSi (daRes-
tani) meliToneobiT, meTuneobiT da Sinamrewvelobis
sxva dargebiT ganTqmuli didi dasaxlebebis gaCenac
[Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93].
rogorc amaze sxvadasxva wyaroebi da gamokvlevebi
metyveleben, kaspiispira dablobi adgilobrivi mo-
saxleobis (da aseve mosuli mosaxleobis) mier mudmiv
samosaxlo-sameurneo regionad ar gamoiyeneboda da igi
ufro gzagamtaris funqcias iTavsebda, romelic mTaSi
gaSlili (da iq daculi) mosaxleebisgan kontroldeboda
[Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93]. kaspiispiruli usafrTxo saqa-
ravno gza, aq ZiriTadad moZraobda ara advilad gasav-
lel kaspiispira dablobSi, aramed kargad dasaxlebul
da gamagrebul mTagrexilebze, sadac cxovrobda kidec
mxaris ZiriTadi mosaxleoba da Sesabamisad, sadac iyo
vaWrobis, gacvla-gamocvlisa da aReb-micemobis xel-
sayreli pirobebi. am gzaze, erTimeorisgan erTi dRis
saval manZilze mdebareobdnen adre Suasaukuneebis qa-
laqebi _ Targu, urweqi, zeda CiriiurTi, andeauli, maha-
Cyalinskoe (dRevandeli) da a.S. yvela es arqeologiuri
Zeglebi mravalfeniania da aq gamovlenilia albanuri da
adreSuasaukuneebis xanis mZlavri arqeologiuri fenebi.
samwuxaro isaa mxolod, rom es Zeglebi, arqeologTa mier
ar aris Seswavlili guldagul da safuZvlianad [Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93]. amgvari suraTi ikveTeba centraluri
kavkasionis mTels zolze.
bizantielebi rom marTlac CrdiloeT kavkasiidan
amierkavkasiSi gadmomavali zekarebiT ukavSirdebodnen
aRmosvleTidan momaval vaWrebs, CrdiloeT kavkasiSi,
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masale-
biTac dasturdeba.
mag. abreSumis qsovilis naSTebi aRmoCenilia yabar-
dodan dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadmomavali sanWaros,
maruxisa da qluxoris zekarebis dasawyis midamoebSi.
rac imis maCvenebli unda iyos, rom am mxareebis mo-
saxleoba savaWro qaravnebs emsaxureboda _ vaWrebs
Rames aTevinebda, aZlevda sursaT-sanovages, ucvlida
cxenebs, emsaxureboda gamyolad Znlad saval gzebze.
yovelive amis safasad aqauri mcxovrebni saTanado
gasamrjelosac Rebulobdnen (maT Soris naturiT _
abreSumis qsovilebis saxiTac) [goliaZe v., 1997 : 39].
mravlismetyvelia isic, rom dResac, svaneTis
eklesiebSi mravlad vawydebiT Sua sukuneebis xanis
uZvirfasesi abreSumis qsovilebis naSTebs romelTa
nawili dRes daculia mestiis muzeumis sacavebSic (ix.
feradi tabula III2).
maSasadame, svaneTsa da zogadad dasavleT saqarT-
velos mTianeTze (iseve rogrc kavkasiis qedis sxva is-
toriul-geografiul mxareebze) gadioda aRmosvleTsa
da dasavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris damaka-
vSirebeli savaWro-ekonomikur gzebi. garkveulwilad
swored amasac unda ukavSirebodes X-XI-XII saukuneebSi
svaneTisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maSindeli
centraluri xelisuflebisa. amis erT-erT umTavres
dasturad unda CaiTvalos is umdidresi material-
uri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, romelic dRemde
Semogvinaxa saqarTvelos am umSvenieresma kuTxem.
*
* *
jgraPg liCeniSis dResaswaulis aRweris Semdeg,
TiTqmis ori kviris manZilze, svaneTis samecniero
kompleqsuri eqspediciis wevrebTan erTad (manana xi-
zaniSvili, valeri silogava, mamuka axalaSvili, mestiis
muzeumis ifaris zonis mcveli gela xvistani, mZRoli
daTo levaniSvili) monawileoba miviRe ifaris TemSi
Semavali soflebis (ieli, nakifari, wvirmi, zegani; (ro-
gorc ukve zemoT aRvniSne aRvniSne, sof. adiSisic am
TemSi Sedis) eklesiebSi daculi siZveleebis aRwera-
aRnusxvaSi.
38 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 39
am eklesiebSi, romlebic ZiriTadad X-XI – XII sau-
kuneebs ganekuTvneba da amave periodis freskebiTvea
Semkuli, mravladaa dauferavi da daferili liToniT
Sesrulebuli Weduri Tu ferweruli xatebi, sakurTx-
evlis win aRsamarTavi jvrebi da sxvadasxva tipis
saeklesio nivTebi; es Zeglebi gamoirCevian avTenturo-
bis maRali xarisxiT da uZvirfases informacias gvawv-
dian Sua saukuneebis qarTuli oqromqandakeblobis
da xatweris ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze, mxatvrul
stilze, ikonografiaze, damzadebis teqnikasa da teq-
nologiaze; TavisTavad, yovelive es fasdaudebeli
wyaroa ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
istoriis Sesaswavlad.
nakifaris wm. giorgis sax. eklesia X-saukuneSia
agebuli Sirimis qviT. eqvTime TayaiSvili ase agviwers
am eklesias _ `nakipari, ielis qvemod Zevs, maRlobzea
gaSenebuli da erT-erTi saukeTeso sofelia ifaris
Temisa. aq aris kancelaria da skola. Zveli eklesiac
am soflisa, romlis irgvliv gaSenebulia sofeli,
erTerTi saukeTesoTagania svaneTSi...
eklesia nakiparisa wminda giorgis saxelzea aSeneb-
uli Tlili qvisgan. es aris Cveulebrivi svanuri bazi-
likis rigis eklesia, romelsac sami mxriT miSenebuli
aqvs ekvterebi. ekvterebi gaerTianebuli arian da
axdenen STabeWdilebas galereisa, romelic eklesias
uvlis samxreTiT, dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT (amJamad
Crdilo ekvteri moxsnilia sruliad - p.b.)“ [TayaiSvili
e., 1991 : 104]. misi aRmosavleTi fasadi Semkulia moxatu-
lobiTa da cxovelTa reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT
(xaris, arCvis, irmis, lomis da daTvis gamosaxulebani).
gareTa Semkulobac eklesiis aSenebis Tanadroulia.
(sur 25-26 _ nakifaris ezo)
eklesiis interieri moxatulia mefis mxatvar Tev-
dores mier 1130 wels. freskuli mxatvroba Zalze
STambeWdavia da gamoirCeva saintereso mxatvruli
gadawyvetiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs kon-
qis kompozicia, sadac vedrebis gavrcobili versiaa
gamosaxuli da CrdiloeT kedelze moTavsebuli wm.
mxedrebis (wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores) sazeimo, her-
aldikuri xasiaTis kompozicia.
eklesiaSi aris 1130 wels Sesrulebuli, Tavisi
SinaarsiT metad saitereso erTi freskuli warwerac,
romelic Seiswavla da gamosca valeri silogavam; mogvy-
avs warwera srulad, miseuli wakiTxviT _
`1130 w.
ifari, nakifari; wm. giorgis eklesia (`jgraPg“)
asoTmTavruli; 2 striqoniani; Sesrulebuli TeTri
saRebaviT muqi mwvane feris fonze. warwera moTavsebu-
lia kankelis karnizze, dasavleTis mxares, mTels mis
sigrZeze. uWiravs farTobi: 330 X 17. Sesrulebulia
v. silogava, m.xizaniSvili, m. axalaSvili, d. levaniSvili (mZRoli),
g. xvistani (adiSis zonis eklesiebis mcveli). sof. adiSi 1981 w.
am unikalur nivTTa Soris, Tavisi didebulebiT,
uzado SesrulebiTa da informatulobiT, gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoirCeva nakifaris wminda giorgis xati,
romelic sakuTriv sof. nakifaris wminda giorgis ekle-
siisaTvis Seusrulebia asan oqromWedels adgilobrivi
didebulis maruSis dakveTiT (tab. II4).
TavisTavad, am didebul siwmindesTan uSualod
mravalgzis miaxlebam, garkveulwilad, didad ganapi-
roba kidec am naSromis Seqmnis ideac.
40 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 41
mogrZo asoebiT: 5-7. damwerloba kidurwertilovani;
gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili; qaragmis niSani: ki-
durwertilovani, ganivi xazi. warweris fonis saRebavi
adgil-adgil acvenilia da mis Sedegad gaSiSvlebulia
kankelis adrindeli moxatulobis fena. adrindeli mx-
atvroba Sesrulebuli yofila wiTeli saRebaviT TeTr
fonze da rogorc Cans, geometriuli da punsonirebuli
ornamentebisgan Sedgenoda. fonis acvenis Sedegad
warweris teqsti naklulia: ramdenime adgilas saRebavi
gadasulia mTlianad, xolo zogan asoebi dazianebulia.
TariRi: qoronikoni [tn] = 350+780=1130 w.
[+ sa]xeliTa R(mr)TisaiTa moix(a)ta da Seimko
saydari ese w(mi)disa g(iorg)isi sad(i)d(e)b[elad da
salocvelad sul]isa azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta
y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./
[w](mida)o g(iorg)i mTav(armow[ame]o, S(eiwyal)en da
aaSenen, a(me)n.
moixata da [Seimko saydari es]e q[r]on(i)k(o)nsa [tn],
x(e)l(i)Ta T(evdor)e mef(i)sa mx(a)tvr(i)sa(i)T/a.“
rogorc valeri silogava aRniSnavs, aq gansa-
kuTrebiT sainteresoa informacia imis Taobaze, rom
eklesia moixata da Seimko ara marto xevis aznaurTa
sadideblad, aramed xevis aznaurTa yovelTa erTobiT
sadideblad [silogava v., 1977 ; 58-59]. pirad saubrebSic,
b-ni valeri xSirad aRniSnavda, rom es forma - `azn(au)
rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ xazs
unda usvamdes nakifaris da zogadad ifaris Temis gansa-
kuTrebil, dawinaurebul, adgils im periodis svaneTis
saerisTaoSi.
mTlianad, svaneTis saerisTos, rom TvalsaCino adgi-
li ekava X-XII saukuneebis erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
cxovrebaSi, adasturebs sof. latalis macxovris taZ-
ris moxatulobac, sadac taZris interierSi, CrdiloeT
kedelze Sesrulebuli freska asaxavs mefe demetre I
mefed kurTxevis rituals. am freskaze, romelic miqael
maRlakelis yalams ekuTvnis, svanTa erisTavi samefo
maxvils artyams gvirgvinosan demetre I. (ix. feradi
tabula III 1)
maSasadame, rogorc am istoriuli wyarodan irkveva,
svaneTi am xanebSi amirspasalaris [surgulaZe iv., 1975
: 339] sagamgeblo mxares, sakargavs [mesxia S., 1982, : 324]
warmoadgenda. amirspasalarisa, romlis prerogativac
yofila axladkurTxeuli mironcxebuli mefisTvis xmlis
Semortyma.
swored amirspasalaris (am SemTxvevaSi svanTa
erisTavis, romelic vezirTa pirvel sameulSi Sedioda
aTabagsa da mandaturTuxucesTan erTad) sagamgebloSi
ifaris Temis aznaurebs, `yovelTa erTobiT“ eWiraT
nakifari; sadac isini `erTobiT“ ageben saydars da
axatvineben mas mefis mxatvar Tevdores.
aRniSnul periodSi, svaneTis (iseve rogorc zoga-
dad das. saqarTvelos mTianeTis), rogorc teritoriul
_ administraciuli erTeulisadmi gansakuTrebuli
politikuri interesis sababi da Sesabamisad, am mxaris
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari ganmapiro-
bebli unda yofiliyo kavkasionis qedze mimavali didi
abreSumis gzis svaneTis monakveTic. rogorc cnobilia
aq gadioda am satranzito gzis erTerTi arteria:
mamisoni - oni - lailaSi - lentexi - CixareSi - cana
- uSguli - kala - ifari - mulaxi - mestia - lenjeri -
latali - beCos mimarTulebiT .
cnobilia aseve, rom Sua saukuneebSi, mefe (central-
uri xelisufali), romelic romelime teritoriul er-
Teuls -`qveyanas“, `mxares“ gadascmeda ra skargavad
ama Tu im vezirs ̀ saerisTavT-erisTaod“, masve (mosakar-
gaves), aniWebda am mxareSi sabaJo saqmeebis warmoebis
uflebasac [berZeniSvili n., 1974 : 122].
rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi, adgilobrivi
mmarTvelisTvis, centraluri xelisuflebisgan, gzaze
baJis akrefis nebarTvis gacema xdeboda mTlianad an
sanaxevrod. xdeboda aseve sabaJo punqtis samoura-
vod gacemac; oRond, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc makon-
trolebels, sabaJoze xeli miuwvdeboda centraluri
42 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 43
xelisuflebis warmomadgenels _ meWurWleTuxucess.
[berZeniSvili n., 1974 : 122-123]
gamomdinare yovelive aRniSnulidan, aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi, Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba nakifaris
eklesiis zemoT xsenebuli warwera, romelSic gansx-
vavebiT sxva, analogiuri warwerebisgan xazgasmulia
_ `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)
b(i)T./“ taZris ageba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am xeo-
bis saero saqmianoabasac es aznaurebi `yovelTa erTo-
biT“ warmarTavdnen; maT Soris ifaris Temze gamavali
savaWro gzis kontrolsac.
Cvens am varauds, vfiqrobT, adasturebs ifaris
Temis TavSi, uSgulisken mimaval gzaze, sadarajo koSis
arsebobac. am nagebobas, dRes, mosaxleobaSi SemorCe-
nili lamazi folkloruli Tqmulebis safuZvelze,
`siyvarulis koSkad“ moixsenieben. arada, engurispira
did lodze agebuli es Senoba, Tavis droze aq gamaval
savaWro gzas akontrolebda da sabaJo punqtis funq-
cias asrulebda (ix. tab. III3-4)
gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
ifaris Tems, anu `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta“,
satranzito gzis es monakveTi da sabaJo `y(ove)lTa
e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ hqondaT gadacemuli centraluri xe-
lisuflebisgan, rac aqauri mosaxleobis ekonomikuri
keTildReobis erTerTi damatebiTi wyaroc iyo. sa-
varaudebelia isic, rom swored am ̀ erTobili“ Semosav-
lebiT miRebuli mogebiT aigo nakifaris wminda giorgis
eklesia salocvelad ̀ azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta
y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, nakifaris eklesiaSi
inaxeba qarTuli Weduris xelovnebis erTerTi uSesan-
iSnavesi nawarmoebi - xati wminda giorgisa.
eqvTime TayaiSvili ase agviwers am xats - `xati
wKa giorgisa, oqroTi daferili vercxlisa, Zlieris
gamoberviT naWedi, 50 X 40,5 sant. mTavarmowame war-
modgenilia cxeniT. cxeni kargi jiSisaa, magram misi
morTuloba ar aris mdidari. TviT wKa giorgi mdidru-
lad morTul javSanSia, romlis zemod mosasxami aqvs. es
mosasxami farTod iSleba mis zurgs ukan haerSi. fexze
maRali waRebi acvia. Tma xuWuWebad aqvs dayofili.
wre, siwmindisa Tavis irgvliv, grexiliania. mxedari
SubiT gmiravs diokletiane mefes, romlis Cacmuloba
iseTivea, rogorc wKa giorgisa, xolo mas mosasxami ara
aqvs da Tavze Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkobili gvirgvini
axuravs arSakidTa mefeebis rigisa. aqve miwaze gaSxvar-
Tul mefesTan Zevs misi mrgvali fari da mogrZo xmali,
rolelic xelidan gavardnia. mefis TavTan warweraa;
deokleti/ane : mefe: / uSjulo.
farTo aSiebi garSemo Semkobilia balaxovani mor-
TulobiT da mrgvali medalionebiT wmindaTa. zemod:
macxovari mTavar angelozebiTurT; qvemod: wKY dimitri,
wKY TKe, wKY kKe (kvirike); aqeT-iqeT wKY basili, wKY grigoli.
xeloba medalionebisa da aSiebisa ver aris mancadamainc
lamazi.“[TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 268-270]. xati sakmaod de-
talurad aqvs aRwerili aseve akad. g. CubinaSvilsac
Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi _ `qarTuli Weduri
xelovneba“ [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 268-270].
rogorc iTqva, xats amkobs metad saintereso
warwera, sadac dasaxelebulia damkveTis da Semsrule-
blis vinaoba:
`moiWeda xati ese wmindisa giorgYsa ifarisa Cemgan
_ maruSis mier, salocvelad da saxsrad sulisa Cemisa
dResa mas gankiTxvisasa - CemiTa oqroiTa da vercxliTa
HeliTa asan oqromWdlisaYTa~ [axalaSvili m., 1987 : 17].
aRniSnul warweridan irkveva, rom xati daukveTia
vinme maruSs, romelic, rogorc Cans, sakmaod gavleniani
da SeZlebuli piri yofila, radganac aseTi Zvirfasi
(xatis damzadeba rom sakmao saxsari damjdara, amas
damkveTi teqstSic aRniSnavs) da maRalmxatvruli
Weduri xatis SekveTa asanisnairi daxelovnebuli os-
tatisTvis, mxolod socialurad da materialurad
gamoCinebul ierarqiul moxeles, didaznaurs Tu xe-
lewifeboda.
44 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 45
Tamamad, yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom xati qarTuli oqromqandakeblobis erT-
erTi ubrwyinvalesi nimuSia. xatis plastikuri mxare
gamokveTili da gamomsaxvelobiTia ise, rogorc es XI
saukunis xatebs axasiaTebT [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 268-270]. wmindanis da damarcxebuli diokletianes gamo-
saxvis dinamiuroba da cxovelmyofeloba naTelyofs
oqromWedlis uzado xelkeTilobas.
ostati uxvad iyenebs ornamentul morTuloba-
sac, rac mis maRal profesionalizmze metyvelebs.
mas mkveTri gravirebiT gamousaxavs da mdidari orna-
mentebiT mourTavs wmindanis Sesamoselis saxeloebic,
gulispiris qobebic da Sarvlis xiluli, TviT umciresi
monakveTebic ki; rom araferi vTqvT wm. giorgis abjrisa
da mosasxamis uaRresad mdidrul morTulobaze. rac
Seexeba diokletianes, Tundac `uSjulo~ (rogorc igi
xatze Sesrulebul warweraSi - legendaSia dasaxele-
buli), magram mainc mefis gamosaxvas, ostati aqac mTe-
li Tavisi xelkeTilobiT warmogvidgeba. gangmiruli
uSjulo gvirgvinosnis samosi mcenareuli ornametiT
(es ornamenti XI xatebis maxasiaTebeli elementia
[Чубинашвили Г., 1959 : 368]) aris morTuli. grZivi sakinZe
orpirxazovani gravirebiT aris damuSavebuli. gansa-
kuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia damarcxebuli monarqis
Zvirfasi gvirgvini [TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 270] romelic
gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva _ gvir-
gvinze Cans masSi Casmuli Zvirfasi qvebis budeebi da
sasafeTqle sakidebic ki (ix. feradi tabula IV3).
SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom ostati imde-
nad zedmiwevniT icnobs maSindeli umaRlesi ierarqebis
Cacmulobis umcires niuansebsac ki, rom igi umaRles
aristokratiul wresTan sakmaod daaxloebul pirad
SegviZlia CavTvaloT _ samefo karis Tu ara romelime
didi feodalis saxlis maRalganswavlul xelovanad
moviCnioT.
Tavdapirvelad, nakifaris wminda giorgis ekl-
esiaSi, wminda giorgis sami xati yofila daculi.
aqedan ori g. CubinaSvils erTi ostatis, asan gvaza-
vaisZis, Sesrulebulad miaCnia. maruSis dakveTiT damza-
debul xats, mecnieri, aRniSnuli ostatis ufro gvian
namuSevrad Tvlis, pirvel rigSi, misi Sesrulebis ufro
daxvewili tqnikisa gamo da meorec, xatze aRniSuli
saostato warwerisa (legenda) gamo. mecnieris azriT,
maruSis dakveTil xatze, ostati mxolod sakuTar sax-
els _ asans tovebs, ise, rom aucilebel saWiroebad aRar
miaCnia mamiseuli ojaxiSvilobis (gvazavaisZe) aRniSvna;
ramdenadac is ukve sakmaod saxelganTqmulia da cno-
bili ostatia [Чубинашвили Г., 1959 : 367].
46 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 47
aRwerda ra am xatebs, sruliad sxvagvarad fiqrob-
da eqvTime TayaiSvili; igi nakifaris eklesiaSi dacul
wminda giorgis im or xats, romlebmac Semogvinaxes
SemsrulebelTa vinaoba _ asani, sxvadasxva epoqisa da
sxvadasxva avtorTa (mxolod TanamosaxeleTa) Ses-
rulebulad miiCnevda. eqvTime TayaiSvili, wminda
giorgis xats (ara maruSis SeveTiT amzadebuls) romlis
dazianebul legendasac (tab. IV1) g. CubinaSvili ase
kiTxulobs _ `moiWda:HeliTa:asn:gvzvZiT~ _ `moiWeda
HeliTa asan gvazavaisZiTa(?) ~, sruliad sxvagvarad
kiTxulobs _ `moiWeda: HeliTa:asn:gelosiT[a]~ e.i.
`moWeda xeliTa asan gelovanisiTa~; da iqve aRniSavs
_ `rasakvirvelia, es is asani ar aris, romelic wina
xatis warweraSi (maruSis SekveTiT damzadebuli - p.b.)
ixsenieba, magram ueWvelia, es xati wina xatis (maruSis
dakveTili -p.b.) mibaZviT aris gaWedili“ [TayaiSvili
e., 1991 : 270-271].
maSasadame, eqvTime TayaiSvili am xatebs sxvadasxva
ostatebis naxelavad miiCnevs da gamoricxavs maruSis
dakveTiT moWedili xatis warweraSi naxsenebi ostat
asanis da meore xatis momWedavi asanis igiveobas; Tanac
xazgasmiT aRniSnavs am or Wedur xats Soris mxatvru-
li donisa da Sesrulebis maneris sxvadasxvaobas. mas
maruSis dakveTili xati qronologiurad gacilebiT
adreulad miaCnia vidre meore, asan `gelovanis“ (eqv-
Time TayaiSvilisuli wakiTxviT - p.b.) moWedili xati.
amas Tan erTvis kompoziciuri sxvadasxvaobac - maruSis
dakveTiT moWedil xatze wminda giorgi mimarTulia
marjvnidan marcxniv, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - mar-
cxnidan marjvniv. Cven esec arsebiTi saxis gansxvavebad
migvaCnia.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, amJamd nakifaris
eklesiaSi dacul xats Semounaxavs Tavad damkveTis
- maruSis vinaobac. unda aRiniSnos, rom garda naki-
faris wm. giorgis xatis warwerisa, Cvenamde ar aris
moRweuli sxva araviTari wyaro svaneTSi moRvawe dide-
bulis, maruSis Sesaxeb; magram, kvlav vimeorebT, rom es
pirovneba, rogorc es nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze
arsebuli warweris mixedviT irkveva, im droisTvis, sak-
maod maRali wodebis da materialuri SesaZleblobis
mqone persona yofila.
samagierod, im xanebisaTvis sakmaod cnobili gaxl-
daT maruSianTa gvari (rogorc maruSiani, ise maruSisZe
nawarmoebia kacis saxelisagan _ maruSi), romelic X-XI
saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos warCinebul feo-
daluri sagvareuloTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda. mogvi-
anebiT, rogorc amas aRniSnavs n. SoSiaSvili, maruSianTa
sagvareulodan warmoiqmna dasavleT saqarTvelos didi
sagvareuloebi: vardanisZeni da dadianebi [SoSiaSvili
n., 1983 : 463]. n. SoSiaSvili varaudobs, rom am sagva-
reulos ekuTvnoda qarTlis erisTavi 970-ian wlebSi
ivane (iovane) maruSisZec. aseve, gamoTqmulia mosazreba
[mamalaZe g., 2011], rom iovane maruSisZis Svili gaxldaT
spasalari zviad maruSiani _ dasavleT saqarTvelos
didi feodali, X—XI saukuneebis mijnaze, bagrat III-is
moxele, romelmac 1014 w-s fanaskertidan (tao) bediaSi
gadaasvena bagrat III-is cxedari. es zviad maruSiani
sardlobda qarTvelTa mewinave laSqars 1020-ian wleb-
Sic, bizantiasTan omis dros. cnobilia isic, rom giorgi
I-ma, drois mogebis mizniT, masve daavala Tavad basili
keisarTan sazavo molaparakebis gamarTva, romelic
am droisTvis tao-klarjeTSi SemoiWra bizantielTa
didZali laSqriT [matiane qarTlisa : 287]. zviad eri-
sTavi moxsenebulia zarzmis xatis ganmaaxleblis warw-
eraSi, romelsac g. CubinaSvili XI saukuniT aTariRebs
[Чубинашвили Г., 1959]. mewinave laSqris sardloba (mewi-
naveoba mesxebs hqondaT saqarTvelos laSqarSi) da zar-
zmis xatis warweraSi moxsenieba, mkvlevars safuZvels
aZlevs ivaraudos, rom maruSiani iyo samcxis erisTavic.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelTa (da zogadad ka-
vkasielTa) eTnografiul yofaSi, dRemdea SemorCe-
nili tradicia, romlis mixedviTac, xSirad, ama Tu im
pirovnebis (gansakuTrebiT vaJis, gvaris gamgrZeleb-
lis) saxeldeba misi ptronimiuli saxelis mixedviT
48 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 49
xdeba. gamomdinare aqedan, hipoTeTurad, magram mainc
dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom es maruSi yofiliyo afxazTa
da qarTvelTa samefoSi im periodisTvis sakmaod cno-
bili da dawinaurebuli maruSianTa saxlis romelime
warmomadgeneleli; saxlisa, romelic saganmgeblo-
sakargavad flobda tao-klarjeTsa da javaxeTis.
aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT X-XI saukuneebSi bizan-
tia-saqarTvalos Soris arsebul mtrobasa da daZabul
viTarebas, rasac Sedegad mohyva bizantielTa mier
maruSianTa saganmgeblo mxareebis dapyroba, savsebiT
dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom giorgi I an misma memkvidrem
bagrat IV maruSianTa saxlis warmomadgenlebs sakar-
gavad uboZes das. saqarTvelos mTianeTi. anu, afxazTa
da qarTvelTa erTiani samefos samxreTi karibWis (sa-
dac Cadioda kavkasionze gadmomavali satranzito gza)
bizantielTagan morRvevis Semdeg, maruSianTa saxls
gadaeca samefos Crdilo mxare, kerZod ki svaneTi sa-
dac, maruSs da mis ̀ saxls“ _ ̀ azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)
s[a]Ta“, Caabares transkavkasiuri savaWro satranzito
gzis (saidanac samfos teritorize Semodioda bizanti-
isken mimavali tvirTebi) sarfiani monakveTi; sabaJo
saqmis gankargvis pirobiT.
savaraudod, am saxlisSvili unda yofiliyo is
vardan svanTa erisTavic, romlis saxec, amirspasala-
ris rangSi, Semogvinaxa latalis macxovris eklesiis
mxatvrobam. albaT, SemdgomSi, am pirovnebam daudo
safuZveli vardanisZeTa gvars, romlis warmomadgen-
lebic mogviano periodebSi gvevlinebian kidec svanTa
erisTavebad.
savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia isic, rom am did-
aznaurs, sakuTari, bizantielTagan iavarqmnili tao-
klarjeTis mamulidan, axal sagamgebloSi Tan waretana
oqromWedeli asani, romelsac daukveTa kidec nakifaris
eklesiisTvis (SesaZloa missave iniciativiT agebulis)
ukve zemoT aRwerili, Tavisi xasiaTiT unikaluri
siuJetis xati. safiqralia isic, rom asanis gaWedili
xati gamxdariyo erTgvari maprovocirebeli, jer kidev
martvilis taZris reliefebze dafiqsirebul ikono-
grafiuli motivis axali talRisa; motivisa, sadac
wmianda giorgi klavs `usjulo“ mefe diokletianes.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, es motivi gansakuTebiT
popularulia X-XI s.s-ebis qarTul ikonografiaSi. am
periodis xatebze, wminda mxedri, sakuTar mtanjvels,
saimperio gvirgvinosan da samefo SesamoseliSi gamowyo-
bili diokletianes, SubiT laxvravs da cxenis floqve-
biT Telavs; alegoriulad ki bizantiis imperators,
romlis maxviliTac tao-klarjeTs ̀ moisrnes uricxuni
misiTa maxvilisaTa da romelnime tyue iqmnnes. da wari-
Res avari diZali da ganZi samefo“ [matiane qarTlisa
: 288]. siuJetis amdagvar alegoriulobas gvafiqre-
binebs warwerac damarcxebuli diokletianes TavTan
- ̀ diokletiane mefe usjulo“; riTac asan oqromWedeli
iZleva ganmartebas dalaxvruli imperatorisa, raTa
mavanma, saTanadod Semosil-dagvirgvinebuli piri,
sakuTar warmosaxvaSi, ar gaaigivos `erTmorwmune“
qristianuli bizantiis xelisufalTan.
imaze, rom maruSis SekveTiT, oqromWedel asanis
mier gaWedil xatze, wminda giorgis mier SubiT gang-
mirul diokletianeSi alegoriulad bizantiis impera-
tori igulisxmeba, Cvenis azriT, kidev erTi garemoebac
metyvelebs - es gaxlavT dalaxvruli mefis samosis
ornameti (ix. feradi tabula IV 4-5).
aRniSnuli ornamenti TiTqmis zedmiwevniT imeo-
rebs XI saukunis bizantiuri samefo qlamindis qsovi-
lis ornaments. amdagvari ornamentis saxiani qsovilis
sakmaod mozrdili nimuSi dRemde SemorCenilia qvemo
svaneTSi, sof. saydarSi. aq inaxeba wminda giorgis XI
-XII saukunis ferweruli xati, romlis zurgzec ga-
dakrulia es qsovili. xatis dRevandeli zomebia 90
X 63 sm. misi simaRle, Tavdapirvelad, savaraudod
sul mcire 50 santimetriT meti mainc unda yofiliyo,
radganac igi Cvenamde dazianebuli saxiTaa moRweuli
50 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 51
_ muxlebsqvemoT momtvreulia. masze wmindani `mTeli
taniT yofila gamosaxuli, SubiT marjvena xelSi; mar-
cxena farze hqonebia dayrdnobili“ [TayaiSvili e., 1991 :
112]. eqvTime TayaiSvils Tavis droze xatze warwerac
amoukiTxavs, romlis kvalic dRes savsebiT gamqralia.
es xati, jer kidev 1980 wels, (ix. feradi tabula
IV 1-2) eklesiaSi dacul sxva nivTebTan, erTad aRiwera
Cveni eqspediciis wevrebis mier. mogvianebiT, 2011 w-s, sa-
gangebod ilias saxelmwifo universitetis xlSewyobiT
moewyo eqspedicia am xatis mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.
amjerad didi Zalisxmeva dagvWirda raTa es xati ax-
lodan mainc dagveTvalierebina; didi Txovnebis Semdeg
dagvrTes neba gadagveRo ramdenime fotoc. aRmoCnda,
rom 1991 wels xati aRudgenia mxatvar Temo jafariZes,
Tumca, Cveni azriT, igi saswrafod saWiroebs maR-
alkvalificiur restavratorTa yuradRebas. SevZeliT
qsovilis boWkos nimuSebis aRebac analizebisTvis,
ris Sedegadac dadasturta xatis zurgze gadakruli
qsovilis bizantiuri warmomavloba da igi XI saukuniT
ganisazRvra. savaraudod, es samefo, saxelisuflebo
pirTaTvis gankuTvnili qsovilis naWeri unda iyos [Falke O., 1951]. saxismetyvelbiTi kuTxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom xsenebuli xati, erTgvarad, samefo SesamosliT,
samefo qsoviliT aris Semosili. cnobilia, rom Zvir-
fasi saxiani abreSumis sqeli qsovilis samefo qlamindi
gansakuTrebuli fufunebiT gamoirCeoda. bizantiuri
qsovilis gavrcelebuli ornamenti iyo geometriul
figurebSi (wre, rombi, kvadrati) Casmuli zoomorfuli
an mcenareuli motivebi (suros foToli, SroSanisebri
yvavili, palmeti) [maCabeli k., 2013 : 133-134].
cnobilia isic, rom imperatori gansakuTrebuli
damsaxurebisaTvis da keTilganwyobis niSnad bizan-
tiel da ucxoel didebulebs oficialur titutlTan
erTad saxelisuflebo insigniebsa da Zvirfas samo-
xeleo tansacmels uboZebda xolme[maCabeli k., 2013 :
133-134]. wyaroebidan irkveva, rom bizantiis mmarTvelma
romanozma (basili II memkvidre) melqisedek kaTalikozs
ZRvnad sxva nivTebTan erTad gamougzavna _ ̀ ... Sesamose-
li samRduelTmoZRvroi oqsino, uRliTa anaforiTa,
xatovaniTa, oqrovaniTa da yovelive sruli~.
anu bizantia, erTis mxriv, sastikad ebrZoda saqa-
rTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxlmwifos gamosv-
las wina aziis politikur arenaze; mores mxriv ki Tavis
`wyalobas“ ar aklebda `erTmorwmuneebs“...
Cvenis azriT, sofel saydarSi daculi wminda gior-
gis xatis zurgze SemorCenili bizantiuri qsovilis da
nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze gamosaxuli dalax-
vruli imperatoris samosze erTi da igive xasiaTis
ornamentis gamoyeneba, aRniSnuli ornamentis garkveul
tradiciulobasa da mniSvnelobaze unda migvaniSneb-
des. es ki, albaT, am periodis qarTul ikonografiaSi
gavcelebuli xsenebuli siuJetis alegoriulobis kidev
erT argumetad unda miviCnioT.
yvelaze sagulisxmoa isic, rom bizantiis impera-
toris, rogorc ierarqiulad aRmatebuli qristiani
mmarTvelis damcrobilad da ganadgurebulad ale-
goriuli asaxva wminda giorgis xatebze, am SemTxveva
nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze, miiRo da gaiTavisa
qarTulma eklesiamac. es yovelive, im periodSi, qarTul
saxelmwifoSi, saerTo saxelmwifo politikuri intere-
sebis Taobaze `erisa“ da `beris“ erTian damokideb-
ulebaze unda migvaniSnebdes; anu saxismtyvelebiTi
ikonografiuli modeli, romlis mixedviTac `erTmor-
wmune“ mteri, anu bizantiis imperatori mTeli Tavisi
saxlisuflebo insigniebiT (gvirgvini, fari, maxvili,
waRebi) marcxdeba da nadgurdeba wminda mxedris mier,
miiRo qarTulma eklesiamac da qarTuli saxelmwifos
mTelma mosaxleobam.
aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT kidev erTi ram - am siuJe-
tis xatebi, ZiriTadad, das. saqarTvelos mTianeTis
regionebidan - svaneTidan da mTiani raWidan momdi-
nareoben [ix.Чубинашвили Г., 1959]. es mxareebi ki im
periodisaTvis, masze gamavali satranzito savaWro
gzis ekonomikuri specifikidan gamodinare, erT admin-
istraciul erTeulad moiazreboda.
52 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 53
dasasrul, kidev erTxel gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom
savsebiT misaRebad migvaCnia akad. giorgi CubinaSvilis
varaudi, romlis mixedviTac qarTul ikonografiaSi
gavrcelebuli Tema _ winda giorgis mier gvirgvinosani
bizantiis imperatoris mokvla, gamoZaxili unda iyos
konkretuli politikuri viTarebisa, romelsac saqarT-
velos istoriaSi adgili hqonda X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze.
im periodis qarTveli oqromWedlebi ase gamosaxavdnen
antibizantiur ganwyobas. qarTvelTa mwvave dapirisp-
ireba `erTmorwmune~ mtrul ZalasTan, qarTul ikono-
grafiaSi sworedac zemoTaRwerili siuJetis saxiT aisaxa.
kerZod ki, nakifaris wm. giorgis xatze `uSjulo mefis~,
diokletianes saxiT, alegoriulad, gamosaxuli unda
iyos qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisadmi dapirispirebuli
bizantiis imperatori (SesaZloa saxeldobr basili II ki).
mogviano xanebSi am erTgvarma ̀ politikurma plakat-
ma“ sakmao gavrceleba hpova qarTul ikonografiaSi,
sadac `uSjulo mefe diokletianem“ zogadad, boroti
Zalis gamomsaxvelobiTi saxe SeiZina. SemdgomSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT politikuri arenidan bizantiis imperiis
gaqrobis Semdeg, am motivs, zogadad qristianul iko-
nografiaSi gavrcelebuli motivi - gveleSapis mokvla
Caenacvla.
dasasrul, aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda movi-
yvanoT zviad gamsaxurdias sityvebi - `boroti Zalebis
mokvlis motivi yvela epoqebisa da xalxebis miTolo-
giebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTiaTebeli; xolo mziuri RvTae-
bebi da gmirebi ganasaxiereben simarTlis, sikeTis da
siyvarulis madls; isini, sicocxlis damamkvidrebelni
da sikvdilis damTrgunvelni arian, kacobriobis mxsneli
bneli Zalbisagan. maTi qristianuli saxea wminda giorgi“
[gamsaxurdia z., 1991 : 164].
*
* *
maxsendeba erTi epizodi _ Cveni studentobis peri-
odSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi funqcioni-
rebda meorad profesiaTa fakulteti, sadac studen-
tebs saSualeba gvqonda Sida gamocdebis warmatebiT
Cabarebis Semdeg CavricxuliyaviT da meore, damatebiTi
specialobac migveRo. 1979 wlis Semodgomaze, Sevitane
sabuTebi aRniSnul fakultetze Casaricxad dokumen-
turi kinos reJisuris specialobaze. gasaubrebasTan
erTad, unda Cagvebarebiana weriTi gamocdac _ unda
dagvewera mcire sascenaro Canaxati iqve, improvizire-
bulad SemoTavazebul Temaze. sagamacdo komisiis Tavm-
jdomarem, cnobilma scenaristma erlom axvledianma
SemogvTavaza Tema _ `mteri“.
axla, mTlianobaSi namdvilad ar maxsovs ra davwere
(Savi naweric gamocdaze rCeboda), Tumca ZiriTadad vw-
erdi, rom mteri mravalsaxovani borotebaa _ mravalTa-
viani gvelSapiviT; romelsac erTsaxovani, gamokveTili,
yvelasTvis sacnauri sikeTe _ siyvaruli amarcxebs.
`wmindao giorgi, didebis mxedaro,
vumzer Sens xatebas da suli mxned ari!
Semusre uwmindur drakonTa orgia,
ixseni samkvidro Seni georgia.
didebis ufali marTalTa mwed ari.
wmindao raindo, gveli ar daindo;
mogvmadle imedi da uflis sve-dari!~
zviadi
54 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 55
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi
1. matiane qarTlisa - matiane qarTlisa / qarTlis
cxovreba I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi,
saxelgami, 1955 gv.249-317.
2. vaxuSti 1973 - batoniSvili vxuSti, aRwera same-
fosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba IV, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo,
1973 -1102 gv..
3. sumbat daviTis Ze - sumbat daviTis Ze, cxoreba da
uwyeba bagratonianTa, /qarTlis cxovreba teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955 gv. 372-389.
4. lastiverteci a., - aristakes lastiverteci, isto-
ria, qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiTa
da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi,
1974.
5. Пселл М. - Михаил Пселл, Хронография, Перевод статья и примечания Я.Н. Любаского, Изд. Наука, Москва 1978 -313 стр.
gamoyenebuli samecniero literatura:
6. axalaSvili m., 1987. - m. axalaSvili, X-XV ss.
warwerebi svaneTis Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze,
[red.: v. silogava], mecniereba, Tb. 1987
7. bardaveliZe v., 1952 - v. bardaveliZe, xevsuruli
Temi, saq. mecn. akademiis moambe, XIII - 8. Tb. 1952
8. barnaveli s., 1979 - s. barnaveli, qarTveli meo-
mari RvTaebis ikonografiisaTvis, Zeglis megobari
N51, gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tb. 1979
http://www.dzeglebi.ge/statiebi/xelovneba/qar-
tuli_meomari.html
9. bezaraSvili c., 1979 - c. bezaraSvili, svani qalis
samosi, svaneTi II, Tb. 1979
10. gamsaxurdia z., 1991 - z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis
saxismetyveleba, gam. `mecniereba~, Tb. 1991
11. gvritiSvili d., 1952. - d. gvritiSvili, Tbilisis
istoria, sablitgami, Tb. 1952.
12. gelovani ak., 1983 - ak. gelovani – miTologiuri
leqsikoni, gamomcemloba sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tb.
1983
13. goilaZe, vaxtang. 1997. - v. goilaZe, abreSumis didi
savaWro gza da saqarTvelo. Tbilisi: codnis wyaro.
Tb. 1997
14. guCua v., 1977 - v. guCua, bagrat IV, qse, t. 2, gv. 128-
129, Tb., 1977
15. TayaiSvili e., 1991 - e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri
eqspedicia leCxum - svaneTSi 1910 wels, dabruneba,
mravaltomeuli g. SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT, t. 2,
mecniereba, Tb. 1991
16. gabaSvili v., 1968 - v. gabaSvili, saqarTvelo-eg-
viptis urTierTobis istoriidan (XI-XIII ss.)/ kreb.
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1968
17. dili S., 1998 - Sarl dili, bizantiis imperiis isto-
ria, Targm. baCana bregvaZisa, nekeri, Tb. 1998
18. TevdoraZe g., 1930 - g. TevdoraZe, xuTi weli fSav-
xevsureTSi, wigni I, tfilisi, 1930
19. kecxoveli m., 1969 - m. kecxoveli, feodaluri xanis
mxatvruli qsovilebi, Zeglis megobari, N 17, Tb.
1969
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58 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 59
Prof. Paata Bukhrashvili
Saint George the great Knight(Summary)
A distinctive Georgian Christianity, incorporating national ideology as well as religion, developed and spread in medieval Georgia. At this time, according to some, religious and national ideals were not separable (Z. Gamsakhurdia). One prominent feature of Georgian Christianity is the cult of the warrior saint, in particular, that of St. George, which emerged in the offi cial Georgian Orthodox Church in the 9th century (K. Kekelidze), and which some specialists have linked to the consolidation of the feudal monarchical order and its promotion of an idealized notion of the warrior. The evolution of this cult found expression in the Georgian art of the period. In this respect, we wish to draw attention to a specifi c motif in medieval Georgian iconography: the representation of St. George driving his spear through the Roman emperor Diocletian. This motif is distinctive to Georgia (G. Chubinashvili), and appears in 11th and 12th-century icons of St. George. The fi gure of Diocletian, dressed in a cape and wearing an imperial crown, is shown at the feet of a mounted St. George, being pierced by the warrior’s lance. As is well known, in the fi rst third of the 11th century confl icts emerged between Georgia and the Byzantine Empire, whose expan-sionist ambitions led it to seek sovereignty over Georgia. Byzantium sought to impeded the unifi cation and strengthening of Georgia, as well as gain control of its border regions. Tensions led to armed confl ict, culminating in the campaign of Em-peror Basil II (known as the Bulgar-Slayer) and the Battle of Shirimni of 1021. The defeated Georgian king Giorgi I was forced to agree to onerous terms of peace. Confl ict with the Byzantines continued dur-ing the reign of Giorgi’s son Bagrat IV. The young king’s opposition with their Byzantine coreligionists drew the support of the Georgian Orthodox Church, as manifested in the campaign of the bishop Saba of Tbeti against the Byzantine forces. It is entirely likely that the bitter confl ict of the Georgian state against the fellow-Orthodox Byzantines found expression in Georgian ico-nography.
Prof. Paata Buchraschwili
Der Heilige Georg der große Ritter (Zusammenfassung)
Eine besondere Eigenschaft des georgischen Christentums unter Einbeziehung nationaler Ideologie und Religion, entwickelte und verbreitete sich im mittelalterlichen Georgien. Einigen Quellen/Autoren zufolge, waren zu dieser Zeit, religiöse und nationale Ideale nicht trennbar (Z. Gamsachurdia). Ein hervorstechendes Merkmal des georgischen Christentums ist der Kult des Heiligen Kriegers, insbesondere, der des heiligen Georg, welcher in der offi ziellen georgisch - orthodoxen Kirche im 9. Jahrhundert (K. Kekelidse) entstand, und den einige Spezialisten mit der Konsolidierung der feudalen Monarchischen Ordnung und der darin enthaltenen Förderung einer idealisierten Vorstellung des Kriegers in Verbindung brachten. Die Entwicklung dieses Kultes fand ihren Ausdruck in der geor-gischen Kunst dieser Epoche. In diesem Zusammenhang möchten wir die Aufmerksamkeit auf ein bestimmtes Motiv in der mittel-alterlichen georgischen Ikonographie lenken: die Darstellung des heiligen Georg der seinen Speer durch den Körper des römischen Kaiser Diokletian treibt. Dieses Motiv ist charakteristisch für Georgien (G. Chubinashvili) und erscheint in Ikongraphien von St. George aus dem 11. und 12. Jahrhundert . Die Figur des Diokletian, in einen Umhang gekleidet und eine Kaiserkrone tragend, wird von einer Lanze durchbohrt am Fuße des St. George/Heiligen Georg liegend, dargestellt. Wie gemeinhin bekannt ist, entwickelten sich im ersten Drittel des 11. Jahrhunderts Konfl ikte zwischen Georgien und dem Byzan-tinischen Reich, dessen Expansionsbestrebungen darauf abzielten die Souveränität über Georgien zu erlagen Byzanz versucht die Einigung und Stärkung Georgiens zu verhindern, sowie Kontrolle über dessen Grenzgebiete zu erlangen. Die Spannungen führten zu bewaffneten Konfl ikten, die ihren
60 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 61
Höhepunkt in der Kampagne von Kaiser Basileios II. (bekannt als Bulgar-Slayer) und der Schlacht von Shirimni von 1021 hatten. Der besiegte georgischen König Giorgi I war gezwungen, sich auf belastende Friedensbedingungen einzulassen. Die Konfl ikt mit den Byzantinern setzte sich während der Regierungszeit von Giorgi’s Sohn Bagrat IV fort. Der Widerstand des junge Königs gegenüber seinen byzantinischen Glaubensgenossen zog die Unterstützung der Georgischen Orthodoxen Kirche nach sich, was sich in der Kampagne des Bischofs von Saba Tbeti gegen die byzantinischen Streitkräfte manifestierte. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die bitteren Konfl ikte des geor-gischen Staates gegen die orthodoxen Glaubensbrüder/Byzantiner Ausdruck in der georgischen Ikonographie gefunden hat.Die Spannungen führten zu bewaffneten Konfl ikten, die ihren Höhepunkt in der Kampagne von Kaiser Basileios II. (bekannt als Bulgar-Slayer) und der Schlacht von Shirimni von 1021 hatten. Der besiegte georgischen König Giorgi I war gezwungen, sich auf belastende Friedensbedingungen einzulassen. Die Konfl ikt mit den Byzantinern setzte sich während der Regierungszeit von Giorgi’s Sohn Bagrat IV fort. Der Widerstand des junge Königs gegenüber seinen byzantinischen Glaubensgenossen zog die Unterstützung der Georgischen Orthodoxen Kirche nach sich, was sich in der Kampagne des Bischofs von Saba Tbeti gegen die byzantinischen Streitkräfte manifestierte. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die bitteren Konfl ikte des geor-gischen Staates gegen die orthodoxen Glaubensbrüder/Byzantiner Ausdruck in der georgischen Ikonographie gefunden hat.
tabulebis aRweriloba
tabula I
1. mixeil CarTolani. svaneTis kopmpleqsuri
eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli (skaldi. 1981 w.)
2. m. xizaniSvilTan erTad. (skaldi 1981 w.)
3. m. axalSvilTan, x. cincaZesTan, g.razmaZesTan, m.
xizaniSvilTan erTad lagurkaze invantarizaciis
dros. 1981 w.
4. eqspedicia isvenebs. skaldi. 1982 w.
5. v. silogavasTan da d. levaniSvilTan erTad. sof.
Robi. 1982 w.
tabula II
1. sof. adiSi
2. liCeniSi. dResaswaulis msvleloba
3. liCeniSi. droSebis abma
4. nakifaris wminda giorgis xati me-XI s.
5. basili II bulgarTmmusvreli. bizantiuri xati.
tabula III
1. demetre I mefed kurTxeva. sof. latalis macxovris
eklesiis mxatvroba. avt. miqael maRlakeli. XI s.
2. abreSumis qsovilis fragmenti mestiis muzeumis
fondebidan.
3. koSki md. engurze sof. ifaris maxloblad. e.w.
`siyvarulis koSki~.
4. igive koSki 1929 wlis foto. kargad Cans koSkis
maxloblad nageboba. kompleqsi Tavidan sabaJo
punqti unda yofiliyo.
tabula IV
1. abreSumis qsovili. sof. saydris (lentexis r-ni) wm.
giorgis xatis zurgis garsakravi.
2. wm. giorgis xati sof. saydaridan. XI-XII s. 1981
wlis salididan.
3. gangmiruli diokletiane. sof. nakifarSi daculi
XI saukunis xatis fragmenti.
4. diokletianes Cacmulobis ornamenti. sof.
nakifarSi daculi XI saukunis xatis fragmenti.
5. sof. saydarSi daculi abreSumis qsovilis
fragmenti.
62 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 63tabula I
1
2
3
4
5
tabula V
1. wminda giorgis xati sof. saydris eklesiis sakurTxevelSi.
2. igive xatis Seswavlis procesi eklesiis mcvelis Tan-
daswrebiT. 2011 wlis 21.09.
tabula VI
1. martvilis taZris reliefuri frizi.
2. martvilis taZris frizis fragmenti. wm. giorgi
3. axtamaris surb-xaCis monastris frizi.
4. wm. giorgi axtamaris surb-xaCis monastris frizidan.