წმინდა გიორგი დიდების მხედარი Saint George the...

wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 1

ISSN 1512-0449kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso

samecniero-kvleviTi institutis

Jurnal amiranis XXV nomris damateba

paata buxraSvili

wminda giorgi didebis mxedari

Paata BukhrashviliSaint George the great Knight

Paata Buchraschwili Der Heilige Georg der große Ri er

2 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 3

wminda giorgi

didebis mxedari

paata buxraSvili

recenzentebi:

Tbilisi

2014

prof. qevin TuiTi (monrealis universiteti)

prof. nino WiWinaZe (ilias universiteti)

prof. gigi TevzaZe (ilias universiteti)

doqtori besik lorTqifaniZe (erovnuli muzeumi)


`Cven yvelani Cveni bavSvobidan movdivarT~ -o,

uTqvams didebul mwerls, antuan de sent-egziuperis.

rogorc wesi, amas maSin amboben, roca zrdasruli Tu

mowifuli adamiani Tavis qcevaSi, qmedebasa Tu zraxvaSi,

gamoavlens rasme bavSvobasa da siymawvileSi gancdil-

SeTvisebuls; jer kidev didi xnis win samudamod aRi-

beWdils mis grZnoba-gonebaSi.

meore an mesame klasSi viqnebodi, baTumSi (dedu-

leTSi, sadac rogorc wesi, vatarebdi ardadegebs),

babuis biblioTekaSi egnate gablianis cnobili naSromi

_ `Zveli da axali svaneTi“ rom aRmovaCine. am wigniT

Semovida Cems bavSur cnobierebaSi saqarTvelos es ula-

mazesi da mistiuri mxare Tavisi zRaprulobiT, ganume-

oreblobiTa da TavisTavadobiT. axlac ki, Sevuyvebi ra

enguris xeobas, upirvelesad gonebaSi im wignis ydaze

aRbeWdili peizaJSi amotivtivdeba xolme.

svaneTiT daintereseba, jer kidev XIX saukuneSi,

mogzaur-mkvlevarebis mier, aq daculi unikaluri is-

toriuli Zeglebis da xelovnebis nimuSebis aRweriTa

da fotografirebiT daiwyo.

amave saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, qarTul periodul

presaSi Cndeba pirveli werilebi da narkvevebi svane-

Tis Sesaxeb, romelic ekuTvnoda cnobili mecniersa da

sazogado moRvawes, svaneTis istoriis, folklorisa da

eTnografiis mkvlevars, besarion niJaraZes. igi gazeT

`iveria“-Si, `Tavisufali svanis“ fsevdonimiT, regu-

ralulad aqveynebda werilebs.

rac Seexeba svaneTis siZveleebis, misi istoriisa da

eTnografiis safuZvlian mecnierul kvlevas, saTave, XX

saukunis 10-iani wlebidan, eqvTime TayaiSvilma daudo,

romelmac 1910 wels imogzaura leCxum-svaneTSi [TayaiS-

vili e., 1991]. mogviano periodSi, araerTma cnobilma

qarTvelma Tu ucxoelma didebulma mecnier-mkvlevarma

uZRvna svaneTs sakuTari Sroma.

gasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebaSi, svaneTis siZ-

veleebis aRsanusxavad da Sesaswavlad, mniSvnelovani

vuZRvni sayvareli mSoblebisa da

Zvirfasi maswavleblebis naTel xsovnas


samuSao Seasrula saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis

svaneTis samecniero-kompleqsurma eqspediciam.1

miuxedavad imisa, rom svaneTSi daculi siZveleebis

Seswavlas, im periodisTvis, TiTqmis saukunenaxevriani

istoria gaaCnda da svaneTis Zeglebis mniSvnelobasa

da maT mdgomareobaze bevri ram adrec iyo cnobili, aq

davanebul-daunjebuli sxvadasxva saxis materialuri

da sulieri kulturis nivTebis Sesaxeb konkretuli

xelSesaxebi masala (kerZod sruli aRricxvis siebi,

Cabarebis aqtebi da a.S.), kvlav mosawesrigebeli iyo.

svaneTis kompleqsur eqspediciaSi. b-n mixeil

CarTolanTan erTad. sof. Robi. 1981

skaldis mTavarangelozi (lentexis raioni)

1981 w. mix. CarTolani, g. razmaZe, v. silogava, m. xizaniSvili

1 eqspediciis Tavdapirveli Semadgenloba ase gamoiyureboda: saqarT-

velos saxelmwifo muzeumis TanamSromlebi: mixeil CarTolani (espediciis

xel-i), lamara bedukiZe, mzia makalaTia, gogi CikoiZe, akaki gogiCaiSvili,

miSa SveliZe; mowveuli pirebi: rusudan yenia (xelovnebis instituti, eqs-

pediciis xel-is moadgile), valeri silogava (xelnawerTa instituti), SoTa

CarTolani (istoriis instituti); mxatvar arqiteqtorebi: giorgi metreveli,

guram razmaZe; SemdgomSi, eqspediis muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRes: vladi-

mer kikilaSvilma, manana sinauriZem, manana xizaniSvilma, nodar axalkacma,

xaTuna cincaZem, mamuka axalaSvilma, zviad cindelianma, sozar subelianma,

ninuka abduSeliSvilma, rusiko sulaZem, irma enuqiZem, daTo levaniSvilima

(mZRoli) da sxva. eqspediciaSi monawileobden mestiis muzeumis TanamSrom-

lebic: akaki kviciani, daviT niJaraZe, CaTo gujejiani, Sadur Sukvani, gela

xvistani da sxv.

swored am mizniT, 1972 wels, maSindeli saqar-

Tvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis mi-

TiTebiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumTan Seiqmna

svaneTis samecniero-kompleqsuri eqspedicia.

aRniSnuli eqspediciis mizans Seadgenda _ 1. manamde

cnobili materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebis

aRricxvisa da dacvis mdgomareobis garkveva; 2. am

mxareSi analogiuri xasiaTis axali wyaro-masalebis

gamomzureba-Seswavla da maTi dacvis mowesrigeba.

eqspediciam, Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi (1972-

1996 w.w.) Caatara didZali samuSao ara marto zemo da

qvemo svaneTSi, aramed, das. saqarTvelos sxva mTian re-

gonebSic _ raWasa da leCxumSic. eqspediciis Sedegebis

amsaxveli samecniero publikaciebi gamoica or tomad _

svaneTi I da II (masalebi materialuri da sulieri kul-

turis SeswavlisaTvis), xolo didi nawili saeqspedicio

masalebisa _ dRiurebis, oqmebis da fotoanabeWdebis

saxiT inaxeba akad. s. janaSias sax. saxelmwifo muzeumis

eTnografiis ganyofilebaSi.

jer kidev, Tsu istoriis fakultetis students

da SemdgomSi eTnografiis keTedris aspirants, 1980-88


wlebSi, wilad mxvda bedniereba memuSava am eqspedicia-

Si; uSualod mimeRo monawileoba mis samecniero saqmi-

anobaSi _ Tavad Semegrovebina savele eTnografiuli

masala2, aRmewera da Semeswavla is mdidari wyaro-masa-

lebi, materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, ro-

melic davanebulia saqarTvelos am ulamazes mxareSi.

pirveli davaleba, romelic miviRe eqspediis xel-

mZRvanelis, batoni mixeil CarTolanisagan iyo _ gav-

mgzavrebuliyavi sof. adiSSi, sadac imxanad tardeboda

wminda giorgisadmi miZRvnili saTemo dResaswauli da

Semegrovebina savele-eTnografiuli masala. batonma

mixeilma, saamisod, guldasmiT damariga da Semid-

gina kiTxvari, romlis mixedviTac unda Cametarebina

savele muSaoba; Tanac masalis Casawerad misaxsovra

Tavisi xeliT Sekerili da ydaSi Casmuli sqeli rveuli,

romelsac dRemde didi siyvaruliT vinaxav.

sofeli adiSi, sadac aRniSnuli dReoba imarTeba,

mdebareobs md. adiSWalis marjvena napirze, zRvis

daria rogorc materialuri, aseve sulieri kulturis3

pirvelxarisxovani ZeglebiT; originaluri xasiaTis

kedlis mxatvrobiT Semkuli oTxi eklesia, sacxovre-

beli saxlebi, koSkebi, Weduri da ferweruli xatebi

ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis xanas gane-

kuTvnebian. soflis mosaxleoba 18 komls (1984 w.) Sead-

gens da ori gvaris _ avalianebis da qaldanebis ubnebad

aris gayofili.

qudosani wminda giorgis (jgraPg liCeniS lifayuO)

eklesia, romlis SemogarenSic tardeba dResaswauli,

soflidan 4 kilometris daSorebiT mdebareobs. ekle-

sia XI saukuneSia agebuli da Cvenamde mciredi da-

zianebebiTaa moRweuli. moxatulia odnav mogvianebiT.

SedarebiT ukeTaa SemorCenili interierSi samxreT

da CrdiloeT kedlebze Sesrulebuli scenebi wminda

giorgis cxovrebidan. kedlebze mravladaa grafituli

warwerebic.

liCaniSis wm. giorgis eklesia.

sof. adiSi

2 SemdgomSi, sof. adiSSi 1980/81/82 wlebSi mopovebuli savele eTnografiuli

masalebis safuZvelze movamzade kidec sadiplomo naSromi.

donidan 2100 metris simaRleze da Sedis istoriuli

Tavisufali svaneTis SemadgenlobaSi. sofeli mdi-

3 mag. am sofelSi iyo daculi, 897 wels Satberdis lavraSi gadawerili

oTxTavi, romelic amJamad hadiSis saxarebis saxeliTaa cnobili.


eklesiisTvis, mogviano periodSi, garedan samzadi

(ladbaSi) da koSki miuSenebiaT, romelTagan axla

nangrevebiRaa SemorCenili. amJamad, eklesiis midamo,

daaxloebiT 200 metris radiusze, mozrdili lo-

debiTaa dafaruli, rac adre aq dasaxlebis arsebo-

baze migvaniSnebs. am varauds ufro amyarebs legenda

soflis mitovebis Sesaxeb, romelic adiSis mkvidrma,

imJamad eklesiis mcvelma, germane qaldanma gviambo:

_ adre, jgraPg liCeniSidan daaxloebiT erTi kilome-

tris daSorebiT, zeviT, sofeli arsebula, romelic

TeTnuldidan daweul myinvars dautania. gadarCenila

mxolod soflis ganapira mcxovrebi kaci ojaxiT, ro-

melic eklesiasTan dasaxlebula da iq saxli (qor) da

koSki (muryvam) augia. aq ucxovria erTi periodi. Semdeg

aqidanac ayrila da saerTod, adiSidan dabla Casax-

lebula; sadac sofel wvirmisTvis miucia dasabami.

mTxrobelis mixedviT, eklesiasTan amJamad arsebuli

koSkis nangrevi da lodovani am kacis nasaxlaria.

`liCeniSi“ sofel adiSSi gamarTul saweso dRe-

obaTagan upirvelesia da amitom adgilobrivi svanebi

mas, xSirad, adiSobasac uwodeben. wminda giorgis saxe-

lobaze gamarTul am dResaswaulze xdeba, wlidan

wlamde sofelSi dabadebuli vaJebis dalocva, maTi

bednierebisa da janmrTelobisadmi locvis aRvlena da

qudosani wminda giorgis mflobelobaSi moymeTa xatSi

gayvana. dResaswaulze modian agreTve uZeo ojaxebic,

romlebic salocavs vaJianobas SesTxoven.

liCeniSi moZravi dResaswaulia da kvirikobis (28

ivlisi) Semdeg xuTSabaTs imarTeba. calkeul SemTx-

vevebSi xdeba dReobis gadavadeba erTi kviriTac (mag.

Tu sofelSi micvalebuli hyavT).

dResaswaulze ZiriTadad adiSelebi (rogorc ze-

moT aRvniSneT sofelSi mxolod ori gvari saxlobs _

avalianebi da qaldanebi) iyrian Tavs. modian agreTve

Temidan gaTxovili qalebic TavTaviaTi ojaxebiT.

dResaswaulis mTavari momentia Sesawiris mitana

wminda giorgis xatisadmi. Sesawirs Seadgens: 3-6 metris

simaRlis naZvis an fiWvis sari (Rvati) masze Sesabmeli

naWriT (durSaY); saklavi _ xbo, mozveri an cikani; 60-

mde lemziri (saritualo puri), 1 l. zedaSe da Taflis

sanTeli. amas garda molCeniSs (mlocvels) moaqvs 20-

30 cali xaWapuri, erTi samamakaco puri 10 litramde

raxi (saerTo nadimisTvis). Sesawiridan yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania Rvati da durSaY, romelTa warmoCinebiTac

gansakuTrebiT amayobs nlocveli vaJis mama (molCeniSi).

maTi motana aucilebelia mkvidri adiSelisTvis yovel

vaJze, xolo soflidan gaTxovili qalis (hasviSi) ojax-

isTvis pirvelsa da meore vaJze.

Rvati 3 - 6 metris simaRlis saria, romelsac vaJis

mamebi swiraven salocavs. dReobamde 3 - 4 dRiT adre

molCeniSi (mlocveli) midis tyeSi, sadac winaswar ukve

Segulebuli aqvs saWiro simaRlis naZvis an fiWvis xe

da Tlis Sesawir Rvats.

durSaY _ Rvatze Sesabmeli qsovilis naWeria,

romelsac salocavs vaJis madlieri dedebi swiraven.

saerTod svaneTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi da

zogadad mTels kavkasiaSi, sakmaod gavrcelebulia

saTemo xatebSi naWrebis (sakadrisebis, xatis perangis,

leCaqis...) mitana (tab. II 3). sakadrisebs uwodebs li-

CeniSze Sewirul naWrebs, Tavis naSromSi `svani qalis

samosi“ [bezaraSvili c., 1979].

liCeniSTan dakavSirebiT arsebobda rigi akrZal-

vebisa Temis yvela srulasakovani wevrisaTvis. mag.

dResaswaulamde erTi kviriT adare col-qmrul urTi-

erTobebs wyvetdnen Temis yovel ojaxSi; dResaswaulSi

ar monawileobdnen axaldaqorwinebulni sam Tvemde da

mgloviare (ormocamde) ojaxebi.

dResaswaulis gaZRolis mizniT sofeli 4 nawiladaa

gayofili, da isini morigeobiT asruleben am movale-

obas. im pirebs, romlebic dReobas uZRvebian ̀ memzirebs“

uwodeben. maT evalebaT molCeniSTa motanili Sesawiris

uSualod Sewirva xatisadmi da locva-vedrebis aRv-

lena mlocvelTa saxeliT. maT unda gaewiaT agreTve


dResaswauliswina samzadisic (teritoriis gawmenda,

SeSis momarageba, qvabebisa da WurWlis momzadeba ...).

mlocvelebi jer kidev mzis amowvervamde Tavs iyri-

an eklesiasTan. iqve galavanTan gadmomdinare wyaroze

ganibanebian, ris Semdegac, ganwmendilT ufleba eZle-

vaT samlocvelos teritoriaze Sesvlisa. liCeniSze

sakmaod bevri mlocveli iyris Tavs sruliad svaneTisa

da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. 1980 wels 36

ojaxi iyo amosuli dReobaze, 1981 wels 28, xolo 1982

wels qudosani wminda giorgis sadideblad 45 ojaxma

moiyara Tavi.

msxverplTSewirva mzis amosvlisTanave iwyeba da

iqve, eklesiis gverdiT sruldeba. molCeniSi Tavis

zvaraks miuyvans memzirs, romelsac am ritualis Ses-

ruleba evaleba. es ukanaskneli erT xelSi sanTliT

da meoreSi lemzir-zedaSiT, Seavedrebs wminda gior-

gis molCeniSis vaJs da ojaxs. Semdag, amave sanTliT

saklavs Sublze balans Seatrusavs da am adgilze

zedaSes miapkurebs. amis Semdeg mlocvels ufleba eZleva,

iqve eklesiis gverdiT, Tavadve Seswiros saklavi salo-

cavs. patrons zvarakis marjvena beWi da gul-RviZli

ubrundeba, danarCeni xorci ki iqve ixarSeba da purobis

dros saerTo sufraze nawildeba. calke iwveba zvarakis

gul-RviZli, romlic gansakuTrebul kerZad iTvleba

da misi SeWma yoveli mlocvelisTvis sasurvelia. ikv-

leba agreTve soflis mier nayidi xaric. xars dakvlis

win Seiyvanen ladbaSSi (samzadSi), sadac `molozani~

(rogorc wesi, moloznobas Temis Warmagi pirebi Tavo-

ben) zemoT aRwerili wesisamebr Seswiravs mas salocavs.

igi Tavis locvaSi qudosan wmida giorgis sofelSi

qudis damxuravTa (mamakacTa) gamravlebas SesTxovs.

msxverplTSewirvis Semdeg mlocveli Sedis ekle-

siaSi da iq myof memzirs gadascems zedaSes, lemzirebs,

sanTelsa da fuls. es ukanaskneli ki Sesawirs gadas-

cems molozans, romelic sakurTxevelTan asrulebs

msaxurebas. igi dalocavs molCeniSis vaJs da janmT-

elobas, bednierebas, gamarjvebas usurvebs mas; wminda

giorgis, mlocvelis gvarSi, mamakacTa gamravlebas

Semdegnairad SesTxovs: `dideba, dideba mogsvlodes

jgraPg! Sen Seewie am soflis momavals, win waswie so-

feli, Sen Seewie da cudi aacile jgraPg! Sen Seewie (mol-

CeniSis saxels da gvars asaxelebs) ojaxs; am biWma si-

beremde icocxlos, gaamravle mis saxlSi qudis damxuravi

da amis mavedrebeli bevrjer moiyvane aq~ [makalaTia

m., 1977 : 29].

dalocvis Semdeg igi ramdenime wveT zedaSes sa-

kurTxevelze daaqcevs, danarCens ki iqve mdgom Wur-

WelSi CaRvris sadac mlocvelTa mir motanili zedaSe

grovdeba. molCeniSs zedSis mxolod mcire nawili

ubrundeba, romelic man purobisTvis motanil danarCen

raxSi unda gaazavos.

Sewirvis rituali, daaxloebiT Sua dRisTvis srul-

deba, ris Semdegac molCeniSebi (vaJebis mamebi) Tavi-

anT motanil Rvatebs Seabamen naWrebs da aRmarTuli

RvatebiT dgebian eklesiis maxloblad SemaRlebul

adgilze. eklesiidan procesia gamoasvenebs xats da

molCeniSebisken gaemarTeba. msvlelobis dros srul-

deba wminda giorgis sadidebeli da kviria sam-samjer.

RvatebaRmarTuli molCeniSebis mwkrivTan procesiis

miaxloebis Semdeg, axla ukve sabolood, sjarod, SeZa-

xilebiT dalocaven im wels dabadebul vaJebs, axal

ymebs wminda giorgisas...

dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos mamakacis gansakuTre-

buli roli dReobis msvlelobaSi. Sesawiris mitanas,

saklavis dakvlas, Rvatebis aRmarTvas, fulis Sewir-

vas mxolod mamakacebi asruleban. qalebi moSorebiT

dganan da iqidan Sehyureben ritualis msvlelobas.

sagulisxmoa isic, rom mlocvelni (molCeniSebi) salo-

cavSi uqudod ar midian.

yovelive amis Semdeg imarTeba saerTo nadimi,

cekva-TamaSi da simRera, sadac mamakacebic da qalebic

Tanabrad monawileoben. adre mxiarulebis gamarTva


eklesiis ezoSi dauSvebeli iyo, amJamad ki es tradicia

daviwyebulia.

liCeniSis momdevno samSabaTs iwyeben Tibvas, ris

aRsaniSnavadac xari axla ukve uSualod sofelSi,

mTavar-angelozis (Taringzeli) eklesiis ezoSi ikvlis.

svanTa (iseve rogorc zogadad qarTvelTa) eTno-

grafiul yofaSi wminda giorgi da miqael mTavarange-

lozi mamakacTa mfarvelia. vinc ki yofila svaneTSi da

puri miuRia aqauri stumarTmoyvare maspinZlebisgan,

yvelam icis, rom aq, yvelaze saxeldaxelo da mcirexnian

trapezazec ki, oTxi ZirTadi sadRegrZelo _ sadide-

beli iTqmis aucileblad: didi RmerTisa (xoCa RerbeT),

mTavargelozisa (Tarignzel), wminda giorgisa (jgraPg)

da mariam RvTismSoblisa (la maria). mTavarangelozi,

zogadad ojaxis mfarveli da gamaZlierebelia, wminda

giorgi vaJebis, qudosanTa, gamCenel-gamaZlierebel-

gamamarjvebeli; mariam RvTismSobeli ki qalTa da

ojaxis Sida sivrcis mfarvelia.

zvid gamsaxurdia, Tavis naSromSi _ ̀ vefxistyaosnis

saxismetyveleba“ msjelobs ra wminda giorgis kultis

genezisis Taobaze, aRniSnavs _ ̀ wminda giorgis arqetipi

da inspiratori miqael mTavarangelozi, bibliis mixed-

viT, aris arqistrategosi RvTis zeciuri mxedrobisa,

miqaeli klavs da amarcxebs kosmiur drakons, xatebsa

da freskebze igi gamosaxulia gvelze Semdgari, maxvil-

iT xelSi... drakonis mokvlis motivi yvela epoqebis da

xalxebis miTologiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo

mziuri RvTaebebi da gmirebi ganasaxiereben simarTlis,

sakeTisa da siyvarulis madls; isini, sicocxlis damam-

kvidrebelni da sikvdilis damTrgunvelni arian, kacob-

riobis mxsnelni bneli Zalebisagan. maTi qristianuli

saxea wminda giorgi“ [gamsaxurdia z.,1991 : 163-165].

wminda giorgis da mTavarangeloz miqaelis Tanazi-

aroba, maTi mamakacuri, mebrZoli da Zlevamosili xasi-

aTi, maTi mfarveloba mamakacuri bunebisadmi, naTlad

Cans svaneTis eTnografiul yofaSi dadasturebuli

sxva masalebiTac.

magaliTad, liCeniSis msgavsad, Sewirulobani

axaldabadebuli vaJebis saxelze miaqvT TanRilis

Taringzelis eklesiaSic. es salocavi, romelic sof.

laxuSTis (latalis Temi) maxloblad mTazea agebuli,

vaJebis dambadebelad da mfarvelad iTvleba. aq mosa-

locad modian da Sesawiri moaqvT uZeo ojaxebs zemo

svaneTis sxvadasxva soflebidanac.

vaJebis gaCenisTvis madls swiraven qvemo svaneTis

salocavebsac. mag. skaldis mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi

(lentexis r-ni), mravladaa madlier mSobelTa Sewiru-

li nivTebi; erT-erT Sewirul yanwze aris warwera: `4

gogoa beso oTaris Ze liparteliani sof. rcxmeluri

axla biWi SemeZina~.4 amave eklesiaSi mravladaa Sewir-

uli ferad-feradi naWrebic.

wminda giorgis, rogorc mebrZol, gammarjvebel da

mamakacTa mfarvel RvTaebas eTayvanebian saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeebSic [Tuite K., Buxrasvili P., 1999 : 59-72].

mag. s. makalaTia Tavis wignSi ̀ mTiuleTi~, gadmogvcems:

_ ̀ sof. qavTaraanidan (fasanaurs zemoT-p.b.) 4-5 kilo-

metris manZilze, soflebis - JiJiansa da wifors Soris

moTavsebulia wiforis wminda giorgis xati, romlis sax-

elobaze agebuli eklesia da niSi xatis tyiT dafarul

erT gorakzea moTavsebuli. niSi savsea xatis uRlebiT,

zanzalakebiT da sxva SarnebiT.

eklesiis garSemo Camwkrivebulia grZeli Wlokebi,

romlebzec frialeben TeTr-wiTeli qsovilis naWrebi.

xats am droSebs ucolo vaJebi swiraven. am mizniT isini

tyeSi sWrian wiflis an naZvis maRal da swor joxebs,

rac SeiZleba grZels, romlebsac wverze ferad naWrebs

Seabamen. aRdgoma dilas, vaJebi am droSebiT wiforis

wminda giorgis eklesias samjer Semouvlian da Semdeg

am joxebs galavanSi Caasoben. droSas xels aravin ar

axlebs sanam Tavad ar waiqceva da ar daiSleba. xalxis

rwmeniT am droSis Semwirvels xati col-Svilis Rirsad

4 piradi saeqspedicio arqividan.


gaxdis. wiforis wminda giorgis gansakuTrebiT vaJiano-

bas SesTxoven. am mizniT mas vercxlis Tasebsa da dro-

Sas (bavriys) swiraven. Tu aman ar gasWra, maSin uZeoni

xuTwlian kurats mihgvrian, dekanozs daamwyalobebine-

ben da iqve dahklaven. amis Semdag Tu vaJi SeeZinebaT, mas

wiforis wminda giorgis ymad zrdian, TeTrebs acmeven

da ramdenime weliwadi xatobaze atareben. samsaxuris

gasvlis Semdeg vaJs am TeTrebs gaxdian da iqve xatSi

dastoveben“ [makalaTia s., 1930 : 23]. es dReoba Cvens

mierac iqna damowmebuli. marTalia es rituali amgvari

saxiT yofaSi ukve aRar sruldeba, magram miuxedavad

amisa im gvaris warmomadgenlebi, romlebic wiforis

wminda giorgis saymod iTvlebian (qavTaraZeebi, bibi-

laSvilebi, JiJiaSvilebi) axlac swiraven xats samad-

lobelo zvaraks vaJis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi.

axaldabadebuli vaJis saxelobaze saklavi mihyavT

lomisis wminda giorgis salocavSi da alevis oqros-

kariani samebis (qsnis xeoba) eklesiaSic.

vaJebis mfarvelad iTvleboda mTeli rigi salo-

cavebisa raWaSic. sofel zemo sxvavaSi (ambrolauris

r-ni) arsebul mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, romlis nan-

grevebic xatis tyiT dafarul gorakzea SemorCenili,

dedebs moaqvT Sesawiri (sanTeli, fuli) da TavianTi

vaJebis janmrTelobisa da bednierebisTvis loculoben.

sofel sorSi aRdgomidan meoTxe xuTSabaTs wminda gior-

gis eklesiaSi gamarTuli nacixurobac vaJianobisadmi

iyo miZRvnili, romelsac mravalZlisa da nikorwmindis

salocavebic `ubamden mxars, radgan maT angelozebs

erTmaneTTan mimosvla da urTierToba hqondaT~.

liCeniSis TiTqmis analogiuri dResaswaulia dadas-

turebli fSav-xevsureTSic, romelic xatSi gayvana-

mibarebis saxeliTaa cnobili. xevsureTSi, roca vaJi

daibadeboda, mSoblebi mas `miabarebdnen~ romelime

xats, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mas samgzis miagore-

bdnen xatiskars an droSasTan [bardaveliZe v., 1952: 29].

samecniero literaturaSi es Cveuleba gaanalizebulia,

rogorc RvTaebis mier Tavis saymos Svilad ayvanis mis-

teria, ris Semdegac bavSvi xatis mfarvelobaSi eqceva

(iqve).

xaxmatis wminda giorgis xati xevsureTSic xom

vaJebis dambadeblad iTvleboda [Tuite K., Buxrasvili P. 1999: 59-72]. rogorc gadmogvcems giorgi TevdoraZe _

`xaxmatis jvris~ daniSnuleba iyo uSviloTaTvis Svilis

gaCena; metadre mas evedreboda is visac Svili ar hyavda.

am daniSnulebisaTvis xaxmatis xatSi gansakuTrebuli

niSi dgas _ mwevris saflavi. aq orsul dedakacs5 an

uSvilos fexs daadgmevinebdnen, rom Svili SesZenoda,

metadre vaJi. aq salocavad modiodnen ara marto xev-

surebi, aramed fSavlebic, TuSebic da qistebic“ [Tev-

doraZe g., 1930 : 30].

maSasadame, yovelive zemoTaRniSnulis safuZvelze,

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sof. adiSSi gamarTuli

wminda giorgi saxelobaze gamarTuli dResaswauli

`liCeniSi~, warmoadgens sasoflo-saTemo sivrceSi ax-

ladmovlenil yrmaTa xatSi gayvana-ziarebis rituals.

mTlianobaSi ki, rogorc amas saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

calkeuli kuTxeebis sulieri Tu materialuri kultu-

mTxrobelTan ambrosi mindelTan.

raWa. sof. sori. 1986 w.

5 sagulisxmoa rom es salocavi iSviaTi gamonaklisia, sadac qals SeuZlia

misvla da saklavis miyvana _ p.b.


ris Zeglebis analizi mowmobs, svanuri monacemebi im

saerTokavkasiuri rwmenaTa jaWvis nawilia, romelic

amJamd gadmonaSTis saxiTRa Tu ipoveba [makalaTia m.,

1977 : 40].

wminda giorgi, rom svanebisTvis, iseve rogorc

zogadad qarTvelTaTvis, gansakuTrebuli wmindani

iyo, amas jer kidev didi ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda

Tavis `qarTveli eris istoriaSi“ _ `svanebis xalxur

TqmulebaSiac wmida giorgi imnairadvea dasuraTe-

buli, rogorc qarTul TqmulebaSi; misi mfarvelobis

winaaRmdeg TviT RmerTsac vera gauwyvia ra. wmida

giorgi (jgraPg), romelic miqel mTavarangelozisaviT

(mqemTarinzel) RmerTs gverdiT uzis, mudmiv adamianze

zrunavs da sul imis cdaSia, kacs rogorme sikeTe uyos.

erTxel RmerTma erTs kacs, romelmac sakmeli uk-

mia da sadilad batkani uZRvna, saCuqrad Zroxa uwya-

loba. roca giorgim da miqel mTavarangelozma RvTis

saCuqari miutanes, giorgim am kacs Caagona, coli sTxove

RmerTsao. isic ise moiqca, rogorc giorgim daariga:

maSin RmerTma giorgis uTxra: ̀ sul Sena zrunav, giorgi,

im kacze, Torem TiTon imas eg sad moagondebodao~? meti

raRa gaewyoboda, RmerTs uari ar uTqvams; giorgi da

miqel mTavarangelozi gaemgzavrnen, coli uSoves da

rac ki saWiro iyo misTvis yvelaferi uwyalobes.

mere roca wmida giorgim im kacis Txovna Seatyobina

RmerTs, ramdeni Svili meyolebao, RmerTma upasuxa:

`giorgi eg sul Seni saqmea, Torem im kacs sad moagonde-

bodao: exla rom imas Svili mivceT, qveyanaze adamianebi

gamravldebian da viwrooba iqnebao!~ mainc RmerTma

giorgis dauTmo:

òri Svili mivceT, magram sicocxlis naxevargzas

rom moiWamen, mere daixocneno~, sTqva man. giorgim upa-

suxa: ̀ eh, Tu micemaa, sabolood mivceT, Torem tyuilad

risTvis vawvaloTo~? RmerTma aqac dauTmo.

Semdegac, roca erTxel RmerTma brZana: ìseT

setyvas davuSvebT dedamiwasa, rom Cveni dasaxlebuli

kacis yana miwasTan gavasworoT~-o, giorgi maSinve daeSo

dedamiwaze da kacs uTxra: `dResve mamiTadi Sehyare,

raca gaqvs sul momke, Torem iseTi setyva mova, rom erTi

dRisac ar SegrCebao~. kacma momka yana da puri daabi-

nava. RmerTma naxa mere, rom im kacs puri Sina hqonda,

sxvas ki erTi dRis sagzalic aRar SerCa.

maSin RmerTma giorgis uTxra: èg xom sul Seni

saqmea, Torem imas sad moagondebodao~. mere gulSi Tqva

RmerTma: `maS Tu egrea, im dasaxlebul kacs gadav-

wvavTo~! daeSva giorgi isev dedamiwaze, daariga kaci

da ubedureba Tavidan aacdina. bolos RmerTma sTqva:

ès sul giorgis saqmea, Torem is xom amas ver moigoneb-

dao. metad mowadinebulia, rom es kaci daamkvidros da

radgan asea davuTmoTo!...~

am svanur TqmulebaSiac RmerTs, romelic iwodeba

RermeT, anu RerbeT, adamianisaTvis yvelaferi hSurs:

adamians rom giorgi ar eSvelebodes, arc erT sikeTes

ar uzams, igi imdenad gulqvaa, rom mSoblebs Svilebs

aZlevs da Wabukad rom moRerdebian swored maSin unda

rogorme dauxocos; misTvis adamianis Wirnaxulis

ganadgureba, saxlis gadawva, sulis amorTmeva Cveu-

lebriv saqmes Seadgens. magram giorgis winaaRmdeg

veras gaawyobs xolme. giorgi rasac unda imas aasru-

lebs da RmerTi iZulebulia dauTmos; Tu giorgi wi-

naaRmdegobas gauwevs, RmerTi verc erT Tavis sasjels

ver ganaxorcielebs xolme. giorgis mzrunvelobas da

adamianis mfarvelobas sazRvari ara aqvs: ganizraxavs

Tu ara RmerTi adamianis sawinaaRmdegos, giorgi maS-

inve daeSveba dedamiwaze da aswavlis kacs, gansacdeli

Tavidan rogor aicdinos. erTi sityviT, wmida giorgi

yovlad keTili da Zlieri RvTaebaa, umTavresi adgili

ukavia da TviT RmerTsac ki aRemateba“ [javaxiSvili

iv., 1979 : 87-88].


vsaubrobT ra qristianul samyaroSi wminda gior-

gis da zogadad wminda mxedrebis kultis Camoyalibeba

_ ganviTarebis Taobaze, usaTuod unda vaxsenoT erTi

metad saintereso arqeologiuliuri nivTi, romelic

farasSia (sudani) aRmoCenili. es gaxlavT Zveleg-

vipturi xanis raindi RvTaeba horis gamosaxuleba,

romelic klavs niangs. igi daculia luvrSi (parizi)

da mkvlevarTa mier daTariRebulia qristes Semdgom

270-350 wlebiT [Bénazeth D., 1997]. rogorc specialistebi

miiCneven, am gvianegvipturi kulturis artefaqtSi

gaJRerebulma Temam, Tavis droze, wminda giorgis da

zogadad wminda mxedrebis saxismetyvelebiTi modelis

Camoyalibebaze, garkveuli gavlena moexdina[ Bénazeth D., 1997].

aRniSnuli nivTi gaxlavT fragmenti nagebobis

sarkmlis moCarCoebisa, romlis dekorSic Sinaar-

sobrivad asaxulia egvipturi da berZnul-romauli

kulturuli tradiciebi. masze gamosaxulia mxedari,

romelic sxva aravinaa Tu ara RmerTi hori, romelic

SubiT gangmiravs niangs. miCneulia, rom am SemTxvevaSi

niangi, saxea RmerTi setisa [Bénazeth D., 1997].

egviptur miTologiaSi, Sevardnissaxovani RvTaeba

hori, osirisisa da isidas Svili, dasabamidan cisa da

mzis RmerTia, romelmac mamis sisxli aiRo. man mZime

brZolebis Semdeg mokla osirisis mkvleli, misive biZa

seTi (borotebisa da ganadgurebis RvTaeba) [gelovani

ak., 1983].

rac Seexeba seTis, igi qariSxlisa da udabnos xor-

Sakis RmerTia. Tavidan igi faraonTa Zalauflebas ga-

nasaxierebda, Tavis oreulTan, Zmiswul horTan erTad.

mas gamoxatavdnen adamianis taniT, romelsac udabnos

ucxo cxovelis, ZaRlis an turis msgavsi Tavi hqonda,

moxrili didi niskarti da wvetiani maRali yurebi, sam-

wvera kudi, an kidev viris, Roris, Sevardnis, Jirafis,

okapis, grifis saxe [gelovani ak., 1983].

rogorc cnobilia, egvipturi RvTaebebs arasdros

gamosaxavdnen amxedrebulT. es siuJeti ki, romelic

mesames saukunis dasasruliTa da meoTxe saukunis

pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba, TvalnaTliv gadmogvcems

borotebaze sikeTis gamarjvebis berZnul-romauli da

qristianuli saxismetyvelebiTi modelebis gavlenas

im periodis analogiuri Sinaarsis egviptur saxism-

etyvelebiT modelebze.

am siuJetSi Sevardnissaxovani RmerTi hori, romae-

li meomriseburad aris Cacmuli. igi mTeli profiliTaa

warmodgenili, aseve profilSi gamosaxul anfassaxian

cxenTan erTad. cxenis fexebTan gablandulia niangi,

romelsac SubiT dalaxvras upirebs mxedari [Bénazeth D., 1997].

borotebis damlaxvravi mxedris saxe, rogorc cno-

bilia, farTodaa gavrcelebuli mTels qristianul horis gamosaxuleba farasidan (sudani)

** *


samyaroSi: wminda giorgis amgvari saxiT warmosaxva

qristianul ikonografiaSi pirdapir ukavSirdeba

aRniSnul siuJets. aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi niuansic

_ egviptur gadmocemebis mixedviT, hori daewia ra se-

Tis, am ukanasknelma saxe icvala _ niangad iqca; Tumca

am saxiobam mas ver uSvela da horma mainc mokla igi

[Bénazeth D., 1997].

SesaZloa, mogviano xanebSi, amxedrebuli wminda

giorgis ferxTiT garTxmuli gveleSapis, satanis

Tu diokletianes (qarTul ikonografiaSi farTod

gavrcelebuli motiviT) warmodgenil mravalsaxeobas,

egviptur miTologiaSi borotebis da sibnelis RmerTis

_ seTis es Tvisebac, kerZod ki, saxioba-gardasaxvis un-

aric, anu mravalsaxovneba, edos safuZvlad [Teischmann F., 1986 ].

vsaubrobT ra meomari, mxedari RvTaebebis da Ses-

abamisad mogviano periodSi wminda mxedrebis kultis

warmoSoba _ ganviTarebaze, aucileblad gasaTval-

iswinebelia is winareqristianuli xanis arqeologiuri

masalebic, romlebic saqarTvelosa da zogadad kavka-

siaSi mravladaa aRmoCenili (axalgori, vani, yanCaeTi,

winwyaro...). adreuli antikuri xanidan aq, TandaTan,

ufro metad iCens Tavs originaluri ikonografiuli

Strixebi, romelic ucxoa berZnulisaTvis da aixs-

neba adgilobrivi, qarTuli garemoTi. am mxriv, gansa-

kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cxenosnis gamoxatulebiani ge-

mmebi, romlebic mkveTrad gamoirCevian stilistikuri

TvisebebiT. am jgufs ganekuTvneba winwyaros da yanCaeTis

sabeWdavebi, romlebzec gamoxatuli SubmoRerebuli

mxedari gaazrebulia, rogorc wminda giorgis _ Zveli

qarTuli mTavris RvTaebis _ winasaxe: „ukve adrean-

tikuri xanis saqarTveloSi Zveli welTaRricxvis V

saukuneSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo umaRlesi RvTaebis

_ mTavris RvTaebis garkveuli ikonografia _ mebrZoli

mxedari. misi erT-erTi (albaT oficialuri) saxeli

antikur xanaSi armazi unda yofiliyo. am RvTaebis

gamosaxuleba gasdevs laitmotivad qarTul mcire

xelovnebis nimuSebs mTeli antikuri xanis manZilze da

qristianul xanaSi gadadis, sadac SemdgomSi wminda

giorgis saxels atarebs [barnaveli s., 1979 : 56]“.

mterze gamarjvebuli mxedris Tema aseve farTod

aris gavrcelebuli zogadad aRmosavlur kulturaSic.

mag. sasanianTa xanis bareliefebze mefe-RmerTi xSirad

gamosaxulia amxedrebuli, romlis cxenis floqvebTan

damarcxebuli mteria garTxmuli [Sarre Fr., 1920 : 157]. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom keTilsa da borote-

bas Soris dapirispirebis tradiciulad universal-

uri siuJeti, romelic msoflios sxvadaxva xalxebis

rwmena-warmodgenebsa da samyaroseul msoflaRqmaSi,

sxvadasxva qronologiur monakveTSi, farTod da mra-

valferovnadaa warmodgenili, am xalxebis religiur

Tu yoveldRiur saxismetyvelebaSi, adgilobrivad

Camoyalibebul Tu sxvaTagan nasesxeb formebSi gamois-

axeboda.

amis naTeli daasturebaa adreul SuasaukuneebSi,

mTels qristianul samyaroSi da Sesabamisad saqar-

TveloSi, Camoyalibebul-ganviTarebuli wminda mxed-

arTa kultic.

wminda giorgis ikonografiuli tipis mraval-

ferovnebis, siZvelisa da xalxur gadmocemaTa simrav-

lis safuZvelze mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qarTul

samyaros mniSvnelovani roli unda eTamaSa am wmindanis

kultis Camoyalibebasa da gavrcelebaSi.

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda giorgis kults

arcerT qveyanaSi ar miuRia iseTi masStabebi, rogorc

saqarTveloSi. amis Sesaxeb, jer kidev, vaxuSti batoniS-

vili werda _ iveriaSi `ara arian borcuni anu maRalni

gorani, romelsa zeda ara iyos Senni eklesiani wmindisa

giorgisani“-o [vaxuSti 1973 : 40].

pirvelmowame, Zlevamosili kabadokieli qristiani

wmindanis, giorgis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobebi SemorCenilia

V saukunidan (e.w. `venis palimfestSi~) laTinur, ber-


Znul, siriul, arabul, koptur, eTiopur apokriful

teqstebSi [Спирова П., 2009]. mogviano xanebSi es wmindani

metad popularuli xdeba mTels qristianul samayroSi,

romelic ikonografiulad warmodgenilia rogorc gve-

leSapis saxiT gamosaxuli boroti Zalebis damlaxvravi

mxedari. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, is boroti Zala,

romelsac amarcxebs wmindani, ikonografiaSi anTropo-

morful saxiTac gamoisaxeba.

saqarTveloSi, wminda giorgis kulti VII saukunis

dasawyisidan gavrcelda, radgan am periodidan gaCnda

misi uZvelesi gamosaxulebebi qarTul Zeglebze. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia martvilis taZris frizebi,

rolebzec figurebi da mcenareuli ornamenti erTian

kompoziciaSia CarTuli da garkveul ritmul danawevre-

bas eqvemdebareba. frizebze gamosaxulia bibliuri da

saxarebiseuli siuJetebi (mag., danieli lomTa xaroSi,

samsoni da lomi, qristes amaRleba 4 angelozis mier da

sxva). aqvea gamosaxuli gveleSapTa ganmgmiravi wminda

mxedrebi _ (savaraudod stratilati Tevdore da dem-

etre) da maT Soris wminda giorgi, romelic laxvravs

damarcxebul mters [Аладашвили Н., 1977 : 48]. isini, zoga-

dad, sikeTis borotebaze gamarjvebas ganasaxierebs.6

aRniSnul frizze, wminda giorgis personificirebis

saSualebas, swored es siuJeti _ ̀ damarcxebuli mteri“

iZleva, (sur. 16 - martvili, giorgi) radganac mogviano

xanis qarTul ikonografiaSi (freskebsa Tu Wedur da

ferwerul xatebze) es mteri ukve, utyuarad imperator

diokletianes gamosaxavs, romlis brZanebiTac awames

wminda giorgi..

X-XI s.s-ebSi, qarTul ikonografiaSi farTod

mkvidrdeba da vrceldeba swored es motivi _ wminda

giorgi SubiT gangmiravs romis imperator diokle-

tianes. am periodis xatebze, saxelisulfebo saimpera-

toro gvirgviniT damSvenebuli da samefo SesamoseliSi

gamowyobili diokletiane, wminda mxedris ferxTiT

aris garTxmuli da SubiT ganigmireba. miCneulia,

rom xsenebuli motivi, mTels qristianul samyaroSi,

mxolod qarTuli ikonografiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

siuJetia, romelic, gansakuTrebuli intesivobiT, erT

ganszRvrul qronologiur monakveTSi, kerZod ki X -XI

saukunebSi ikidebs fexs.

mogviano xanebSi, es siuJeti _ imperator diokle-

tianes mokvla wmindanis mier, TandaTan, adgils uTmobs

qristianul ikonografiaSi wminda giorgis gamosaxvis

sayovelTaod miRebul formas, rodesac borotebaze

gamarjvebuli wminda mxedari gveleSaps gangmiravs

[Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 370].

am siuJetis Taobaze, iTvaliswinebs ra damarcxe-

buli imperatoris gamosaxvis zedmiwevniT formas am

periodis bizantiis imperatoris gamosaxvis formasTan,

akad. giorgi CubinaSvili gamoTqvams frTxil varauds,

rom qarTul ikonografiaSi gavrcelebuli es Tema, anu

wminda giorgis mier gvirgvinosani bizantiis imperato-

ris mokvla, gamoZaxili unda iyos konkretuli poli-

tikuri viTarebisa, romelsac adgili hqonda me-10-11

ss-Si [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 370].

6 marTalia, aris cnobili erTi siuJetic analogiuri xasiaTisa _ sadac

amxedrebuli wminda giorgi gangmiravs anTropomorfuli saxiT gamosaxul

borotebs, xelfexdaborkil satanas, mgram igi qronologiurad mosdevs

martvilis frizis gamosaxulebebs da X saukuniT TariRdeba. es gaxlavT

wminda giorgis gamosaxuleba axtamaris jvris monastridan.

axtamaris wminda jvris monasteri somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi uni-

kaluri Zeglia, romelic agebulia xuroTmoZRvar manuelis mier 915-921

wlebSi. axtamari jvar-gumbaTovani tetrakonqia da gamorCeulia Tavisi

bareliefebiT. arqiteqtorma manuelma, romelic skulptoric iyo, mdidru-

lad morTo eklesiis gareTa kedlebi wmindanTa Tu religiur moRvaweTa

gamosaxulebebiT. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saero cxovrebis scenebi,

romlebic erTiani ornamentis saxiT miuyveba eklesiis oTxi-ve fasads

da asaxavs sameurno scenebs _ rTvels, nadirobas, purobas; venaxovan

ornamentSi Cawnulia adamianTa da cxovelTa mravalricxovani figurebi.

aqve, aRmosavleT fasadze Cadgmulia ktitoris, vaspurakanis mefis gagik

arwrunis skulptura. swored aq, taZris Crdilo-dasavleT kedelze, vx-

vdebiT wminda mxedrebis _ Tevdores, giorgis da sargisis gamosaxulebebs.

maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa wm. giorgis gamosaxuleba, romelic

SubiT gangmiravs xel-fex Seborkil satanas.


*

* *

X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi (976 w-s), raJams daviT III

kurapalatma ̀ aRiRo (ioane maruSisZisgan - p.b.) uflis-

cixe da miuboZa bagrats [matiane qarTlisa : 263]“,

warmatebiT dagvirgvinda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis-

Tvis warmoebuli xangrZlivi brZolis erTi ZiriTadi

etapi; ris Sedegadac dasavleT saqarTvelo, samxreT

saqarTvelo da Sida qarTli gaerTianda erTian same-

fod; xolo am qveynis mefed bagrat III gamocxadda. es

bagrati pirvelia, romelic ukve iwodeba `afxazTa da

qarTvelTa“ e.i. dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mefed[matiane qarTlisa : 278].

yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom X saukunis

bolo mesamedSi gansakuTrebiT daiZaba urTierToba

bizantiis imperiasTan. bizantia yvela saSualebiT

cdilobda SeeCerebina saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da

zrda-gaZlierebis procesi, daesustebina is da xelSi

Caegdo misi mosazRvre miwebi.

bizantias aRar akmayofilebda iveriisgan (bizanti-

uri wyaroebiT) misi siuzerenobis formaluri aRiareba

da cdilobda realurad ganemtkicebina Tavisi mdgo-

mareoba (ix. Пселл М., dili S., 1998 Дашков С., 1997).

976 wlidan, ioane cimisxiosis gardacvalebis Sem-

deg, bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze adian romanoz II

Svilebi _ basili (SemdgomSi basili II bulgarTmmusvre-

li, Βασίλειος B’ Βουλγαροκτόνος - 985 -1025) da konstantine

(SemdgomSi konstantine VIII, Κωνσταντίνος Η΄ – 1025 – 1028). 985 wels, parakimomen basilis (Βασίλειος Λακαπήνος/

Λεκαπηνός _ pirveli ministri da imperiis faqtiuri

mmarTveli 945-985 w.w.-Si) gardacvalebis Semdeg, saim-

peratoro taxtze asul ZmaTagan ufrosi, basili II,

romelsac Tanamedroveni xSirad basili umcross da

basili porfirogenitoss uwodebdnen (raTa ganesxvave-

binaT misi winapris basil makedonielisgan), bizantiis

saimperatori taxtis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli xdeba.

basili II (ix. feradi tabula II,5 ) mmarTvelobis

pirvelsave etapzve moaxerxa mcire aziaSi mimdinare

samoqalaqo omebis CaxSoba. mudmivi omebis miuxedavad,

man Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc Zlierma mmarTvelma da

gaafarTova imperiis sazRvrebi. man mTlianad daimor-

Cila da imperias miuerTa bulgareTi. misi brZanebiT

bizantielebma 15 aTasi bulgareli tyve daabrmaves.

am sisastikis gamo imperators `bulgarTmmusvreli~

uwodes.

basili II-is mmarTvelobis periodSi metad agresi-

uli gaxda bizantiis imperiis qmedeba aRmosavliTis

mimarTulebiTac, maT Soris gaerTianebis gzaze Semd-

gari qarTvelTa da afxazTa samefos mimarT. yvelaze

mniSvnelovani teritoria, romelic qarTvelTa same-

fos bizantiam warstaca, iyo `zemoni queyanani saber-

ZneTisani~. Tumca, rogorc amas `qarTlis cxovreba“

gadmogvcems, am teritoriebze, iuridiulad, bagrat

III (daviT kurapalatis memkvidre da gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelos pirveli mefe) ukve aRar hqonda uflebebi.

wyaros Tanaxmad, daviT kurapalatma ara marto Tavad

misca piroba basili keisars, rom misi gardacvalebis

Semdeg es miwebi (romelic daviTs Tavad imperiidanve

hqonda miRebuli barda skliarosis amboxis CaxSobaSi

aqtiuri monawileobisa gamo) bizantias darCeboda,

aramed basilis Tavadve aaxla Tavisi aznaurebi, rom-

lebmac bizantiis imperators ficiT pirobac ki misces,

rom daviTis gardacvalebis Semdeg sakuTar cixeebs

basils gadascemdnen. `gamovida basili berZenTa mefe,

da miscnes mas cixeni aznaurTa ama daviTisa, da daipyra

basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa“ [sumbat

daviTis Ze : 382].

dakavebul teritoriaze, basilim Seqmna iberiis

Temi _ sakatabano da iq mmarTvelad bizantieli moxele,

katabani daniSna [Розен, В. 1883 : 41]. (ix. CanarTi ruka)

aRniSnuli teritoriis dakavebiT, bizantiam,

saqarTvelos mzard saxelmwifos, samxreT-dasavleTi

zRude mourRvia. `iberiis~ sakatebanodan igi mizan-


mimarTulad axorcielebda eqspansias saqarTvelosa da

somxeTzec; radganac, rodesac ki saqarTvelo iwyebda

brZolas bizantiis winaaRmdeg dakarguli miwebis dasa-

bruneblad, mas somxuri samefo-samTavroebic maSinve

aubamdnen mxars (lastiverteci a.,).

qarTul istoriografiaSi ar aris azrTa erTianoba

im sakiTxze, Tu saxeldobr risi piroba misca daviT

kurapalatma imperator basils; ras gadascemda ander-

ZiT sikvdilis Semdeg bizantias _ mTel Tavis samefos

Tu barda skliarosis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi daxmarebis

sanacvlod miRebul miwebs. erTi ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

saqarTvelo ver gaswevda iseT mZafr winaaRmdegobas

`erTmorwmune“ mtris winaaRmdeg, raime samarTlebrivi

safuZveli rom ar hqoneboda [lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 : 175].

aRniSnuli teritoriis dakargva mZime marcxi

iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis da gasagebia, rom

gaerTianeba-gaZlierebis gzaze mdgari qveyana yovel

xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi ecdeboda am marcxis gamoswore-

bas. 1014-1018 wlebSi basili keisari imperiis dasavleT

sazRvrebTan bulgarelebTan omSi iyo Cabmuli. isargeb-

la ra Seqmnili mdgomareobiT, bagrat III vaJma, giorgi I

(1014-1027 w.w.) ilaSqra am teritoriebze da daikva

bizantielTagan daWeril cixe-simagreebi.

iahia antioqelis cnobiT, saqarTvelo saguldagu-

lod emzadeboda bizantiasTan mosalodneli omisaTvis.

mas molaparakebebi dauwyia egviptis xalifa al-haqim-

Tananac. erToblivi gegmis Tanaxmad, mokavSireebs erT-

droulad unda SeetiaT bizantiisaTvis ori sxvadasxva

mxridan [javaxiSvili iv., 1983 : 125].

daasrula Tu ara basili keisarma bulgareTis

omi, saqarTvelosTvisac moicala. man qarTvelTagan

dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis dacla moiTxova, raze-

dac giorgis mtkice uari ganucxadebia. bizantielebs

saqarTvelo - egviptis faruli kavSiric SeutyviaT

da maTi gegmis CaSla ganuzraxavT _ basili II viTom

antioqiaSi saomrad gaemzada; sinamdvileSi ki saqarT-

velosken gamoemarTa. es momxdara giorgis mefobidan

meSvide wels (1021 wels). TviT keisari basili uZRoda

bizantielTa laSqars. saqarTvelo am omisaTvis ar iyo

saTanadod momzadebuli.

`matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT, basianTan dabanake-

buli mowinaaRmdegeni ramdenime dRe zveravdnen erT-

maneTs. bizantielTa jaris mravalricxovnebam giorgi

aiZula ukan daexia; igi gabrunda da mtrisaTvis xelis

SeSlis mizniT dawva q. olTisi, Semdeg Cavida kolas.

bizantielebi ukan mihyvnen. sofel SirimnTan mowinaaR-

mdegeebi Seebnen erTmaneTs. qarTvelebma aq, pirispir

brZolaSi, gaimarjveba moipoves, magram gaufrTxileb-

lobiT ukan dabrundnen im dros, roca bizantielTa

damarcxebuli jari samcxis siRrmeSi Sevida; mterma

gzadagza kola-artaani da javaxeTi aaoxra. amasobaSi

giorgi mefes her-kaxni mieSvelnen (matiane qarTlisa),

magram amjerad basili keisari brZolas moerida, gacla

amjobina, ngreva-rbeviT gabrunda da qaldeaSi (trapi-

zonis maxloblad) daibanaka.

basilim sazavo molaparakeba daiwyo, magram giorgi

molaparakebas aWianurebda, radgan brZolis ganaxle-

ba hqonda ganzraxuli. am dros basilis aujanydnen

sardlebi _ qsife da foka. bizantieli istorikosis

mowmobiT (giorgi kedrene), am SeTqmulebaSi farulad

giorgi mefec monawileobda. imperatorma saqarTvelos

saqmeebs Tavi aneba da ajanyebis CaxSobas Seudga.

amasobaSi giorgi isev Seudga saomar samzadiss, magram

imperatorma sZlia ajanyebulebs da fokas mokveTili

Tavi giorgis gamougzavna, riTac mianiSna, rom icoda

misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amjerad, basili keisarma ufro

Zlier Semoutia saqarTvelos. basianTan brZolaSi

qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxdnen. mxareebs Soris

zavi 1022 wels daido. amjerad, giorgi iZulebuli iyo

daeTmo ara Tu sadao miwebi, aramed bizantielTagan

axlad dapyrobili cixeebi basianSi, kola-artaansa

da javaxeTSi. garda amisa, basilim giorgis mZevlad

mosTxova 3 wlis bagrati (momavali bagrat IV), romelic

daTqmuli pirobiT, 2 wlis Semdeg ukan unda gamoeSvaT

[lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 : 175].


1025 wels basili II gardaicvala. taxtze avida

misi Zma konstantine (1025 - 1028). konstantines taxtze

asvlisTanave somxuri olqis bizantiel mmarTvels,

nikifore komnenoss mouwyvia SeTqmuleba, romelSic

Cabmuli yofila giorgi mefec (lastiverteci a.). am

SeTqmulebis gamJRavnebis gamo konstantinem gaamkacra

saqarTvelos mimarT politika.

bizantielTa amaoxrebeli laSqrobebi ar Sewyveti-

la giorgi I gardacvalebis Semgomac. mcirewlovani

bagrat IV gamefebisTanave bizantiis imperatori kon-

stantine VIII daarRvia 1022 dadebuli zavi da saqar-

TveloSi jari gamogzavna. mterma gaZarcva da aaoxra

samxreT saqarTvelo. taos msxvil feodalTa nawili

vaCe kariWisZisa da episkopos ioane banelis meTaurobiT

mtris mxareze gadavida. naTelia, rom am dros qarTul

saxelisuflo da saeklesio wreebSi ar arsebobda er-

Tiani xedva saqarTvelos politikuri damoukideblobis

Taobaze da qarTuli elitis nawili saqarTvelos

momavals kvlavac bizantiur CrdilqveS moiazrebda.

miuxedavad qvegamxedvarTa garkveuli mxardaWerisa bi-

zantielebma ver SeZles kldekaris cixesimagris aReba.

SavSeT-klarjeTSi ki TavdacviT brZolebs saTaveSi

Caudgnen episkoposebi saba mtbevari da ezra anCeli da

mters am mxaris dapyrobis saSualeba ar misces.

amis Semdeg bizantielebma taqtika Secvales: maT

saqarTveloSi gamogzavnes demetre ufliswuli (gurgen

artanujelis Ze), romelic bagrat III dros bizantiaSi

gaiqca. demetres politikur asparezze gamoyvaniT bi-

zantia cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom is saqarTvelos

dasapyrobad ki ar modioda, aramed bagrat III mier

ukanonod daCagruli batoniSvilis uflebaTa dasaca-

vad ibrZoda. samwuxarod, mtris am cbier taqtikas,

rasac Tan erTvoda mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilis mo-

syidva-moqrTamvac, warmateba mohyva. rogorc mematiane

aRniSnavs - `miiqcies erni, sofelni ugunur-ususurni

cnobiTa da gonebiTa... amiT mizeziTa moiqcies mravalni

kacni queyanisani wurilisa [sumbaT daviTis-Ze : 382]“.

magram am kritikul momentSi konstantine VIII garda-

icvala da bizantielebma jari saqarTvelodan gaiwvies.

omSi dasustebul saqarTvelos brZolis gagrZele-

ba ar SeeZlo; TviT bizantiamac aRmosavleTSi mtrebis

mowolis gamo saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gaum-

jobesebis saWiroeba dainaxa. aseT pirobebSi mariam de-

doflis iniciativiT 1029/1030 bizantiasTan zavi daido.

imperatorma romanoz III bagrat IV colad miaTxova

Tavisi Zmis basilis asuli elene da mianiWa kurapala-

tobis pativi. es politikuri kavSiri ori qveynis keTil-

mezobluri urTierTobis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo,

rasac, sabolood, aRsruleba mainc ar ewera [guCua v.,

1977 : 128-129].

daaxloebiT amdagvari viTareba sufevda kavkasiaSi

X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze, roca ioane maruSusZis moTa-

veobiTa da didi mecadieneobiT kavkasiaSi safuZveli

Caeyara saqarTvelos erTiani monarqiis Seqmnas _ es iyo

politikurad momwifebuli amocana, romelic Semzadda

Tanmxvedri kulturuli, politikuri da ekonomikuri

procesebiT.

niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos politikur gaer-

Tianebas win uswrebda saeklesio gaerTianeba. qar-

Tuli eklesiis kulturuli zegavleniT yalibdeboda

saerTo qarTuli TviTSegneba - qarTuli enis, qarTuli

mwignobrobis da ̀ qarTuli~ qristianobis safuZvelze.

im dros, Tumca kaxeTi, hereTi da qarTvelTa samefo

(tao-klarjeTi) jer kidev damoukidebel politikur

erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, eklesiurad mainc mcxeTis

taxts eqvemdebarebodnen.

sxva viTareba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ dasav-

leT saqarTvelos eklesia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos emorCileboda. am

damokidebulebisagan igi gaTavisuflda X saukunis

Sua xanebisaTvis afxazTa mefis giorgi II mefobis dros,

rodesac daarsda Wyondidis saepiskoposo da ganaxlda-

gamSvenda martvilis taZri. amve xanebidan igi ukve

sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiasTan iyo gaerTianebuli

[Анчабадзе З., 1959].


saqarTvelos gaerTianebas xeli Seuwyo uaRresad

mZime sagareo viTarebamac _ saqarTvelos calkeul

kuTxeebs ganuwyveteli brZola uxdebodaT bizanti-

elTa da arabTa winaaRmdeg. am ganmanTavisuflebeli

brZolis Tanmdevi nawili iyo brZola, mimarTuli Sida

politikuri erTianobisaken da xelisuflebis central-

izaciisaken. Zlieri centralizebuli saxelmwifo, da-

myarebuli suzerenul-vasalur politikur sistemaze,

qarTvel aznaurTa interesebsac Seesabameboda.

qveynis gaerTianebis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels

warmoadgenda saerTo ekonomikuri aRmavloba, meurne-

obis sxvadasxva dargSi calkeuli raionebis dawinaure-

ba, rac aseve ganapirobebda erTianobisaken miswrafebas.

samxreT kavkasiaSi, im periodSi, politikur arenaze

erTiani monarqiuli samefos gamosvla, TavisTavad, niS-

navda am mxareSi axali politikuri moTamaSis gaCenas.

Tavis mxriv, es ki udrida im savaWro-komunikaciebze bi-

zantiis kontrolis Sesustebas da SesaZloa dakargvasc

ki, romelsac manamde igi, danawevrebul qarTuli

mxareebis mier mis suzerenobs aRiarebis safuZvelze,

srulad flobda.

arada, es gaxldaT im periodisaTvis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-satranzito arteriis, say-

ovelTaod cnobili abreSumis gzis kavkasiis monakveTi

romlis amoqmedebasa da masze kontols, Tavis droze,

VI-VII saukuneebSi, bizantiam didi energia Sealia.

abreSumi, romelic bizantiis imperiaSic didi

moTxovnilebiT sargeblobda, saxelmwifoSi, ZiriTa-

dad, misive moqiSpe iranis gavliT Semodioda aRmosav-

leTidan. bizaantia araerTxel Seecada aecilebina

iranis rogorc Suamavalis roli abreSumis did savaWro

gzaze. amisTvis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavda, magram

uSedegod.

jer kidev iustiniane I-ma 531 wels molaparakeba

gamarTa eTiopel vaWrebTan, raTa maT ekisraT Sua-

mavloba da Cinuri abreSumi indoeTis okeanis gavliT

SemoetanaT, magram amaod. iraneli vaWrebi indoeTis

navsadgurebSi iseTi gavleniT sargeblobdnen, rom

eTiopelebma ver moaxerxes maTTvis waerTmiaT monopo-

lia vaWrobaze. aRniSnulis Semdeg, 570 wels xosro I

iemens daeufla da bizantielebs wiTeli zRviTa da

indoeTis okeaniT aRosavleTisken gasasvleli Cauketa

[goilaZe v., 1997 : 28].

abreSumis did savaWro gzaze iranis Zalaufleba

bizantias did problemas uqmnida. bevri warumatebeli

mcdelobis Semdeg bizantiis erTaderTi gamosavali

axali savaWro gzis dadeba iyo. axali gziT, vaWrebi

Sua aziidan CrdiloeTiT, kaspiispireTze da CrdiloeT

kavkasiaze gavliT, kavkasiis zekarebiT jer albaneTSi,

qarTlSi an egrisSi unda moxvedriliyvnen, Semdeg ki

bizantiaSi. magram saqme is iyo, rom imxanad albaneTi

da qarTli iranis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen; amitom, daru-

bandisa da darialis zekarebsac iranelebi icavdnen.

iranelTa kontrol qveS moqceul gzaze qaravani kvlav

ver gaivlida. rCeboda CrdiloeTi kavkasiidan dasav-

Crd. kavkasiaze gadmomavali satranzito gza


leT saqarTveloSi gadamavali gzebi, magram aqac dab-

rkolebas qmnida irani.

axali savaWro gzis idea rom ganxorcielebuliyo,

bizantias Tbilisi unda aeRo, qarTlze da albaneTze

batonoba unda daemyarebina; amiT kavkasiis zekari mis

xelSi iqneboda da iranis Suamavali rolic gamoiricxe-

boda.

627 wels herakle keisarma Seteva wamoiwyo. Tavda-

pirvelad is dasavleT saqarTveloSi SeiWra, daukavSir-

da Crdilo kavkasiel xazarebs da Tbilisze laSqroba

SesTavaza. xazarebi siamovnebiT daTanxmdnen imperato-

ris winadadebas. imave wels xazarebi da bizantielebi

Tbiliss moadgnen da garemoicves qalaqi magram, xan-

grZlivma alyam ar gaamarTla da bizantielebma da

xazarebma qalaqis aReba ver SesZles. herakles drois

dakargva aRar SeeZlo, miatova Tbilisi da samxreTiT

daiZra. 628 wels xazarebi kvlav moadgnen Tbiliss. am-

jerad maT aiRes qalaqi da saSinlad aaoxres igi.

es usastikesi laSqroba aRwerili aqvs movses ka-

lankatvacs. rogorc gadmogvcems somxurenovani is-

torikosi _ `xazarebma garemoicves nebieri, movaWre,

saxelovani didi qalaqi Tbilisi... xeli mihyves sagan-

Zurebs. mTeli simravle mZmed datvirTuli meomrebisa

midioda Tavis batonTan da mihqondaT nadavlis zvinebi

da xvavebi. imdenad mohyares, rom Tvals wyali eleoda

oqrosa da vercxlis naqargebis uTvalavi raodenobis

cqeraSi~ [meliqseT-begi l., 1941: 28].

imave wels daido zavi bizantiasa da irans Soris.

heraklem daibruna somxeTi, siria, mesopotamia da

egvipte. masve ergo qarTlic. bizantielebi wyalobiT

ajildoebdnen maT mxares gadasul qarTvelebs. vinc

flobda Tbiliss, is flobda kavkasias da Sesabamisad,

aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis SemaerTebeli karibWis

gasRebic epyra xelT.

magram ai, VII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan msoflios

politikur arenaze Cndebian arabebi, romlebmac dai-

pyres irani, Sua azia da indoeTamde mividnen. iranis

saxelmwifos dacemam arabebs gza kavkasiisken gauxsana.

kavkasiaSi arabebis gamoCena TavisTavad aRuZravda

kidec maT madas kavkasiis gadmosasvleli gzebis gakon-

trolebisa da isini iwyeben kidec svlas darubandisken

da ikaveben mas.

654 wels maT daamarcxes bizantielebi da qarTls

moadgnen. qarTlis erismTavarma stefanoz II -m erTad-

erT swori gadawyvetileba miiRo. man arabTa sardal

habib ibn-maslamas dazaveba SesTavaza. irani aRar

arsebobda, dasustebul bizantias ki qarTlis dacva

aRar SeeZlo, amitom dazaveba erTaderTi swori gadaw-

yvetileba iyo. Tavis mxriv, arc arabebi iyvnen winaaR-

mdegni Tu qarTli mas nebiT daemorCileboda. arabebs

dapyrobili teritoriebze ganmtkiceba esaWiroeboda.

amrigad, arabTa saxalifom kontroli daamyara

kavkasiis or umTavres savaWro ekonomikur punqtze _

Tbilissa (sadac maT mogvianebiT Tbilisis saamiro Seq-

mnes) da darubandze; punqtebze, sadac moemarTeboda

centralur kavkasionis qedze gadmomavali, xazareTi-

Tan momavali `abreSumis gzis“ saqaravno arteriebi.

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, arabTagan Seuvali

rCeboda kavkasiis mTianeTi da dasavleT da samxreT

saqarTvelo.7 swored centraluri kavkasionis gad-

mosasvlelebis meSveobiT unda evlo xazareTidan mo-

maval savaWro qaravnebs tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa

samefos gavliT bizantiis imperiisken. Sesabamisad,

amas unda gamoewvia kavkasiis centraluri qedis mTels

sigrZeze _ aRmosavleTidan (daRestani) dasavleTis

mimarTulebiT (svaneTi) msxvili dasaxlebuli pun-

qtebis gaCena; savaWro gzam am mxareebs damatebiT

ekonomikuri datvirTva SesZina _ manamde Tu kavkasiis

mTianeTis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad mesaqonleobiT da

8 im peridSi arsebul viTarebas naTlad gvixatavs iovane sabanis Zis Txzu-

leba `wamebaY wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristesisa haboYsi~.


damxmare miwaTmoqmedebiT irCenda Tavs, axla isini

am savaWro-satranzito gzebis dacva-kontroliTac

iyvnen dakavebuli. savaWro gzam am mciremiwian mxareSi

xelosnobis ganviTarebac moitana da am periods unda

ukavSirdebodes mag. aRm. kavkasiis mTianeTSi (daRes-

tani) meliToneobiT, meTuneobiT da Sinamrewvelobis

sxva dargebiT ganTqmuli didi dasaxlebebis gaCenac

[Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93].

rogorc amaze sxvadasxva wyaroebi da gamokvlevebi

metyveleben, kaspiispira dablobi adgilobrivi mo-

saxleobis (da aseve mosuli mosaxleobis) mier mudmiv

samosaxlo-sameurneo regionad ar gamoiyeneboda da igi

ufro gzagamtaris funqcias iTavsebda, romelic mTaSi

gaSlili (da iq daculi) mosaxleebisgan kontroldeboda

[Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93]. kaspiispiruli usafrTxo saqa-

ravno gza, aq ZiriTadad moZraobda ara advilad gasav-

lel kaspiispira dablobSi, aramed kargad dasaxlebul

da gamagrebul mTagrexilebze, sadac cxovrobda kidec

mxaris ZiriTadi mosaxleoba da Sesabamisad, sadac iyo

vaWrobis, gacvla-gamocvlisa da aReb-micemobis xel-

sayreli pirobebi. am gzaze, erTimeorisgan erTi dRis

saval manZilze mdebareobdnen adre Suasaukuneebis qa-

laqebi _ Targu, urweqi, zeda CiriiurTi, andeauli, maha-

Cyalinskoe (dRevandeli) da a.S. yvela es arqeologiuri

Zeglebi mravalfeniania da aq gamovlenilia albanuri da

adreSuasaukuneebis xanis mZlavri arqeologiuri fenebi.

samwuxaro isaa mxolod, rom es Zeglebi, arqeologTa mier

ar aris Seswavlili guldagul da safuZvlianad [Котович В. Г., 1980 : 78-93]. amgvari suraTi ikveTeba centraluri

kavkasionis mTels zolze.

bizantielebi rom marTlac CrdiloeT kavkasiidan

amierkavkasiSi gadmomavali zekarebiT ukavSirdebodnen

aRmosvleTidan momaval vaWrebs, CrdiloeT kavkasiSi,

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masale-

biTac dasturdeba.

mag. abreSumis qsovilis naSTebi aRmoCenilia yabar-

dodan dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadmomavali sanWaros,

maruxisa da qluxoris zekarebis dasawyis midamoebSi.

rac imis maCvenebli unda iyos, rom am mxareebis mo-

saxleoba savaWro qaravnebs emsaxureboda _ vaWrebs

Rames aTevinebda, aZlevda sursaT-sanovages, ucvlida

cxenebs, emsaxureboda gamyolad Znlad saval gzebze.

yovelive amis safasad aqauri mcxovrebni saTanado

gasamrjelosac Rebulobdnen (maT Soris naturiT _

abreSumis qsovilebis saxiTac) [goliaZe v., 1997 : 39].

mravlismetyvelia isic, rom dResac, svaneTis

eklesiebSi mravlad vawydebiT Sua sukuneebis xanis

uZvirfasesi abreSumis qsovilebis naSTebs romelTa

nawili dRes daculia mestiis muzeumis sacavebSic (ix.

feradi tabula III2).

maSasadame, svaneTsa da zogadad dasavleT saqarT-

velos mTianeTze (iseve rogrc kavkasiis qedis sxva is-

toriul-geografiul mxareebze) gadioda aRmosvleTsa

da dasavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris damaka-

vSirebeli savaWro-ekonomikur gzebi. garkveulwilad

swored amasac unda ukavSirebodes X-XI-XII saukuneebSi

svaneTisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba maSindeli

centraluri xelisuflebisa. amis erT-erT umTavres

dasturad unda CaiTvalos is umdidresi material-

uri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi, romelic dRemde

Semogvinaxa saqarTvelos am umSvenieresma kuTxem.

*

* *

jgraPg liCeniSis dResaswaulis aRweris Semdeg,

TiTqmis ori kviris manZilze, svaneTis samecniero

kompleqsuri eqspediciis wevrebTan erTad (manana xi-

zaniSvili, valeri silogava, mamuka axalaSvili, mestiis

muzeumis ifaris zonis mcveli gela xvistani, mZRoli

daTo levaniSvili) monawileoba miviRe ifaris TemSi

Semavali soflebis (ieli, nakifari, wvirmi, zegani; (ro-

gorc ukve zemoT aRvniSne aRvniSne, sof. adiSisic am

TemSi Sedis) eklesiebSi daculi siZveleebis aRwera-

aRnusxvaSi.


am eklesiebSi, romlebic ZiriTadad X-XI – XII sau-

kuneebs ganekuTvneba da amave periodis freskebiTvea

Semkuli, mravladaa dauferavi da daferili liToniT

Sesrulebuli Weduri Tu ferweruli xatebi, sakurTx-

evlis win aRsamarTavi jvrebi da sxvadasxva tipis

saeklesio nivTebi; es Zeglebi gamoirCevian avTenturo-

bis maRali xarisxiT da uZvirfases informacias gvawv-

dian Sua saukuneebis qarTuli oqromqandakeblobis

da xatweris ganviTarebis Taviseburebebze, mxatvrul

stilze, ikonografiaze, damzadebis teqnikasa da teq-

nologiaze; TavisTavad, yovelive es fasdaudebeli

wyaroa ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos

istoriis Sesaswavlad.

nakifaris wm. giorgis sax. eklesia X-saukuneSia

agebuli Sirimis qviT. eqvTime TayaiSvili ase agviwers

am eklesias _ `nakipari, ielis qvemod Zevs, maRlobzea

gaSenebuli da erT-erTi saukeTeso sofelia ifaris

Temisa. aq aris kancelaria da skola. Zveli eklesiac

am soflisa, romlis irgvliv gaSenebulia sofeli,

erTerTi saukeTesoTagania svaneTSi...

eklesia nakiparisa wminda giorgis saxelzea aSeneb-

uli Tlili qvisgan. es aris Cveulebrivi svanuri bazi-

likis rigis eklesia, romelsac sami mxriT miSenebuli

aqvs ekvterebi. ekvterebi gaerTianebuli arian da

axdenen STabeWdilebas galereisa, romelic eklesias

uvlis samxreTiT, dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT (amJamad

Crdilo ekvteri moxsnilia sruliad - p.b.)“ [TayaiSvili

e., 1991 : 104]. misi aRmosavleTi fasadi Semkulia moxatu-

lobiTa da cxovelTa reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT

(xaris, arCvis, irmis, lomis da daTvis gamosaxulebani).

gareTa Semkulobac eklesiis aSenebis Tanadroulia.

(sur 25-26 _ nakifaris ezo)

eklesiis interieri moxatulia mefis mxatvar Tev-

dores mier 1130 wels. freskuli mxatvroba Zalze

STambeWdavia da gamoirCeva saintereso mxatvruli

gadawyvetiT. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs kon-

qis kompozicia, sadac vedrebis gavrcobili versiaa

gamosaxuli da CrdiloeT kedelze moTavsebuli wm.

mxedrebis (wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores) sazeimo, her-

aldikuri xasiaTis kompozicia.

eklesiaSi aris 1130 wels Sesrulebuli, Tavisi

SinaarsiT metad saitereso erTi freskuli warwerac,

romelic Seiswavla da gamosca valeri silogavam; mogvy-

avs warwera srulad, miseuli wakiTxviT _

`1130 w.

ifari, nakifari; wm. giorgis eklesia (`jgraPg“)

asoTmTavruli; 2 striqoniani; Sesrulebuli TeTri

saRebaviT muqi mwvane feris fonze. warwera moTavsebu-

lia kankelis karnizze, dasavleTis mxares, mTels mis

sigrZeze. uWiravs farTobi: 330 X 17. Sesrulebulia

v. silogava, m.xizaniSvili, m. axalaSvili, d. levaniSvili (mZRoli),

g. xvistani (adiSis zonis eklesiebis mcveli). sof. adiSi 1981 w.

am unikalur nivTTa Soris, Tavisi didebulebiT,

uzado SesrulebiTa da informatulobiT, gansa-

kuTrebiT gamoirCeva nakifaris wminda giorgis xati,

romelic sakuTriv sof. nakifaris wminda giorgis ekle-

siisaTvis Seusrulebia asan oqromWedels adgilobrivi

didebulis maruSis dakveTiT (tab. II4).

TavisTavad, am didebul siwmindesTan uSualod

mravalgzis miaxlebam, garkveulwilad, didad ganapi-

roba kidec am naSromis Seqmnis ideac.


mogrZo asoebiT: 5-7. damwerloba kidurwertilovani;

gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili; qaragmis niSani: ki-

durwertilovani, ganivi xazi. warweris fonis saRebavi

adgil-adgil acvenilia da mis Sedegad gaSiSvlebulia

kankelis adrindeli moxatulobis fena. adrindeli mx-

atvroba Sesrulebuli yofila wiTeli saRebaviT TeTr

fonze da rogorc Cans, geometriuli da punsonirebuli

ornamentebisgan Sedgenoda. fonis acvenis Sedegad

warweris teqsti naklulia: ramdenime adgilas saRebavi

gadasulia mTlianad, xolo zogan asoebi dazianebulia.

TariRi: qoronikoni [tn] = 350+780=1130 w.

[+ sa]xeliTa R(mr)TisaiTa moix(a)ta da Seimko

saydari ese w(mi)disa g(iorg)isi sad(i)d(e)b[elad da

salocvelad sul]isa azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta

y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./

[w](mida)o g(iorg)i mTav(armow[ame]o, S(eiwyal)en da

aaSenen, a(me)n.

moixata da [Seimko saydari es]e q[r]on(i)k(o)nsa [tn],

x(e)l(i)Ta T(evdor)e mef(i)sa mx(a)tvr(i)sa(i)T/a.“

rogorc valeri silogava aRniSnavs, aq gansa-

kuTrebiT sainteresoa informacia imis Taobaze, rom

eklesia moixata da Seimko ara marto xevis aznaurTa

sadideblad, aramed xevis aznaurTa yovelTa erTobiT

sadideblad [silogava v., 1977 ; 58-59]. pirad saubrebSic,

b-ni valeri xSirad aRniSnavda, rom es forma - `azn(au)

rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ xazs

unda usvamdes nakifaris da zogadad ifaris Temis gansa-

kuTrebil, dawinaurebul, adgils im periodis svaneTis

saerisTaoSi.

mTlianad, svaneTis saerisTos, rom TvalsaCino adgi-

li ekava X-XII saukuneebis erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos

cxovrebaSi, adasturebs sof. latalis macxovris taZ-

ris moxatulobac, sadac taZris interierSi, CrdiloeT

kedelze Sesrulebuli freska asaxavs mefe demetre I

mefed kurTxevis rituals. am freskaze, romelic miqael

maRlakelis yalams ekuTvnis, svanTa erisTavi samefo

maxvils artyams gvirgvinosan demetre I. (ix. feradi

tabula III 1)

maSasadame, rogorc am istoriuli wyarodan irkveva,

svaneTi am xanebSi amirspasalaris [surgulaZe iv., 1975

: 339] sagamgeblo mxares, sakargavs [mesxia S., 1982, : 324]

warmoadgenda. amirspasalarisa, romlis prerogativac

yofila axladkurTxeuli mironcxebuli mefisTvis xmlis

Semortyma.

swored amirspasalaris (am SemTxvevaSi svanTa

erisTavis, romelic vezirTa pirvel sameulSi Sedioda

aTabagsa da mandaturTuxucesTan erTad) sagamgebloSi

ifaris Temis aznaurebs, `yovelTa erTobiT“ eWiraT

nakifari; sadac isini `erTobiT“ ageben saydars da

axatvineben mas mefis mxatvar Tevdores.

aRniSnul periodSi, svaneTis (iseve rogorc zoga-

dad das. saqarTvelos mTianeTis), rogorc teritoriul

_ administraciuli erTeulisadmi gansakuTrebuli

politikuri interesis sababi da Sesabamisad, am mxaris

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari ganmapiro-

bebli unda yofiliyo kavkasionis qedze mimavali didi

abreSumis gzis svaneTis monakveTic. rogorc cnobilia

aq gadioda am satranzito gzis erTerTi arteria:

mamisoni - oni - lailaSi - lentexi - CixareSi - cana

- uSguli - kala - ifari - mulaxi - mestia - lenjeri -

latali - beCos mimarTulebiT .

cnobilia aseve, rom Sua saukuneebSi, mefe (central-

uri xelisufali), romelic romelime teritoriul er-

Teuls -`qveyanas“, `mxares“ gadascmeda ra skargavad

ama Tu im vezirs ̀ saerisTavT-erisTaod“, masve (mosakar-

gaves), aniWebda am mxareSi sabaJo saqmeebis warmoebis

uflebasac [berZeniSvili n., 1974 : 122].

rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSi, adgilobrivi

mmarTvelisTvis, centraluri xelisuflebisgan, gzaze

baJis akrefis nebarTvis gacema xdeboda mTlianad an

sanaxevrod. xdeboda aseve sabaJo punqtis samoura-

vod gacemac; oRond, am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc makon-

trolebels, sabaJoze xeli miuwvdeboda centraluri


xelisuflebis warmomadgenels _ meWurWleTuxucess.

[berZeniSvili n., 1974 : 122-123]

gamomdinare yovelive aRniSnulidan, aseT Sem-

TxvevaSi, Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba nakifaris

eklesiis zemoT xsenebuli warwera, romelSic gansx-

vavebiT sxva, analogiuri warwerebisgan xazgasmulia

_ `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)

b(i)T./“ taZris ageba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am xeo-

bis saero saqmianoabasac es aznaurebi `yovelTa erTo-

biT“ warmarTavdnen; maT Soris ifaris Temze gamavali

savaWro gzis kontrolsac.

Cvens am varauds, vfiqrobT, adasturebs ifaris

Temis TavSi, uSgulisken mimaval gzaze, sadarajo koSis

arsebobac. am nagebobas, dRes, mosaxleobaSi SemorCe-

nili lamazi folkloruli Tqmulebis safuZvelze,

`siyvarulis koSkad“ moixsenieben. arada, engurispira

did lodze agebuli es Senoba, Tavis droze aq gamaval

savaWro gzas akontrolebda da sabaJo punqtis funq-

cias asrulebda (ix. tab. III3-4)

gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

ifaris Tems, anu `azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta“,

satranzito gzis es monakveTi da sabaJo `y(ove)lTa

e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“ hqondaT gadacemuli centraluri xe-

lisuflebisgan, rac aqauri mosaxleobis ekonomikuri

keTildReobis erTerTi damatebiTi wyaroc iyo. sa-

varaudebelia isic, rom swored am ̀ erTobili“ Semosav-

lebiT miRebuli mogebiT aigo nakifaris wminda giorgis

eklesia salocvelad ̀ azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)s[a]Ta

y(ove)lTa e[r]T(o)b(i)T./“.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, nakifaris eklesiaSi

inaxeba qarTuli Weduris xelovnebis erTerTi uSesan-

iSnavesi nawarmoebi - xati wminda giorgisa.

eqvTime TayaiSvili ase agviwers am xats - `xati

wKa giorgisa, oqroTi daferili vercxlisa, Zlieris

gamoberviT naWedi, 50 X 40,5 sant. mTavarmowame war-

modgenilia cxeniT. cxeni kargi jiSisaa, magram misi

morTuloba ar aris mdidari. TviT wKa giorgi mdidru-

lad morTul javSanSia, romlis zemod mosasxami aqvs. es

mosasxami farTod iSleba mis zurgs ukan haerSi. fexze

maRali waRebi acvia. Tma xuWuWebad aqvs dayofili.

wre, siwmindisa Tavis irgvliv, grexiliania. mxedari

SubiT gmiravs diokletiane mefes, romlis Cacmuloba

iseTivea, rogorc wKa giorgisa, xolo mas mosasxami ara

aqvs da Tavze Zvirfasi TvlebiT Semkobili gvirgvini

axuravs arSakidTa mefeebis rigisa. aqve miwaze gaSxvar-

Tul mefesTan Zevs misi mrgvali fari da mogrZo xmali,

rolelic xelidan gavardnia. mefis TavTan warweraa;

deokleti/ane : mefe: / uSjulo.

farTo aSiebi garSemo Semkobilia balaxovani mor-

TulobiT da mrgvali medalionebiT wmindaTa. zemod:

macxovari mTavar angelozebiTurT; qvemod: wKY dimitri,

wKY TKe, wKY kKe (kvirike); aqeT-iqeT wKY basili, wKY grigoli.

xeloba medalionebisa da aSiebisa ver aris mancadamainc

lamazi.“[TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 268-270]. xati sakmaod de-

talurad aqvs aRwerili aseve akad. g. CubinaSvilsac

Tavis fundamentur gamokvlevaSi _ `qarTuli Weduri

xelovneba“ [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 268-270].

rogorc iTqva, xats amkobs metad saintereso

warwera, sadac dasaxelebulia damkveTis da Semsrule-

blis vinaoba:

`moiWeda xati ese wmindisa giorgYsa ifarisa Cemgan

_ maruSis mier, salocvelad da saxsrad sulisa Cemisa

dResa mas gankiTxvisasa - CemiTa oqroiTa da vercxliTa

HeliTa asan oqromWdlisaYTa~ [axalaSvili m., 1987 : 17].

aRniSnul warweridan irkveva, rom xati daukveTia

vinme maruSs, romelic, rogorc Cans, sakmaod gavleniani

da SeZlebuli piri yofila, radganac aseTi Zvirfasi

(xatis damzadeba rom sakmao saxsari damjdara, amas

damkveTi teqstSic aRniSnavs) da maRalmxatvruli

Weduri xatis SekveTa asanisnairi daxelovnebuli os-

tatisTvis, mxolod socialurad da materialurad

gamoCinebul ierarqiul moxeles, didaznaurs Tu xe-

lewifeboda.


Tamamad, yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom xati qarTuli oqromqandakeblobis erT-

erTi ubrwyinvalesi nimuSia. xatis plastikuri mxare

gamokveTili da gamomsaxvelobiTia ise, rogorc es XI

saukunis xatebs axasiaTebT [Чубинашвили Г.,1959 : 268-270]. wmindanis da damarcxebuli diokletianes gamo-

saxvis dinamiuroba da cxovelmyofeloba naTelyofs

oqromWedlis uzado xelkeTilobas.

ostati uxvad iyenebs ornamentul morTuloba-

sac, rac mis maRal profesionalizmze metyvelebs.

mas mkveTri gravirebiT gamousaxavs da mdidari orna-

mentebiT mourTavs wmindanis Sesamoselis saxeloebic,

gulispiris qobebic da Sarvlis xiluli, TviT umciresi

monakveTebic ki; rom araferi vTqvT wm. giorgis abjrisa

da mosasxamis uaRresad mdidrul morTulobaze. rac

Seexeba diokletianes, Tundac `uSjulo~ (rogorc igi

xatze Sesrulebul warweraSi - legendaSia dasaxele-

buli), magram mainc mefis gamosaxvas, ostati aqac mTe-

li Tavisi xelkeTilobiT warmogvidgeba. gangmiruli

uSjulo gvirgvinosnis samosi mcenareuli ornametiT

(es ornamenti XI xatebis maxasiaTebeli elementia

[Чубинашвили Г., 1959 : 368]) aris morTuli. grZivi sakinZe

orpirxazovani gravirebiT aris damuSavebuli. gansa-

kuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia damarcxebuli monarqis

Zvirfasi gvirgvini [TayaiSvili e., 1991 : 270] romelic

gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiT gamoirCeva _ gvir-

gvinze Cans masSi Casmuli Zvirfasi qvebis budeebi da

sasafeTqle sakidebic ki (ix. feradi tabula IV3).

SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom ostati imde-

nad zedmiwevniT icnobs maSindeli umaRlesi ierarqebis

Cacmulobis umcires niuansebsac ki, rom igi umaRles

aristokratiul wresTan sakmaod daaxloebul pirad

SegviZlia CavTvaloT _ samefo karis Tu ara romelime

didi feodalis saxlis maRalganswavlul xelovanad

moviCnioT.

Tavdapirvelad, nakifaris wminda giorgis ekl-

esiaSi, wminda giorgis sami xati yofila daculi.

aqedan ori g. CubinaSvils erTi ostatis, asan gvaza-

vaisZis, Sesrulebulad miaCnia. maruSis dakveTiT damza-

debul xats, mecnieri, aRniSnuli ostatis ufro gvian

namuSevrad Tvlis, pirvel rigSi, misi Sesrulebis ufro

daxvewili tqnikisa gamo da meorec, xatze aRniSuli

saostato warwerisa (legenda) gamo. mecnieris azriT,

maruSis dakveTil xatze, ostati mxolod sakuTar sax-

els _ asans tovebs, ise, rom aucilebel saWiroebad aRar

miaCnia mamiseuli ojaxiSvilobis (gvazavaisZe) aRniSvna;

ramdenadac is ukve sakmaod saxelganTqmulia da cno-

bili ostatia [Чубинашвили Г., 1959 : 367].


aRwerda ra am xatebs, sruliad sxvagvarad fiqrob-

da eqvTime TayaiSvili; igi nakifaris eklesiaSi dacul

wminda giorgis im or xats, romlebmac Semogvinaxes

SemsrulebelTa vinaoba _ asani, sxvadasxva epoqisa da

sxvadasxva avtorTa (mxolod TanamosaxeleTa) Ses-

rulebulad miiCnevda. eqvTime TayaiSvili, wminda

giorgis xats (ara maruSis SeveTiT amzadebuls) romlis

dazianebul legendasac (tab. IV1) g. CubinaSvili ase

kiTxulobs _ `moiWda:HeliTa:asn:gvzvZiT~ _ `moiWeda

HeliTa asan gvazavaisZiTa(?) ~, sruliad sxvagvarad

kiTxulobs _ `moiWeda: HeliTa:asn:gelosiT[a]~ e.i.

`moWeda xeliTa asan gelovanisiTa~; da iqve aRniSavs

_ `rasakvirvelia, es is asani ar aris, romelic wina

xatis warweraSi (maruSis SekveTiT damzadebuli - p.b.)

ixsenieba, magram ueWvelia, es xati wina xatis (maruSis

dakveTili -p.b.) mibaZviT aris gaWedili“ [TayaiSvili

e., 1991 : 270-271].

maSasadame, eqvTime TayaiSvili am xatebs sxvadasxva

ostatebis naxelavad miiCnevs da gamoricxavs maruSis

dakveTiT moWedili xatis warweraSi naxsenebi ostat

asanis da meore xatis momWedavi asanis igiveobas; Tanac

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs am or Wedur xats Soris mxatvru-

li donisa da Sesrulebis maneris sxvadasxvaobas. mas

maruSis dakveTili xati qronologiurad gacilebiT

adreulad miaCnia vidre meore, asan `gelovanis“ (eqv-

Time TayaiSvilisuli wakiTxviT - p.b.) moWedili xati.

amas Tan erTvis kompoziciuri sxvadasxvaobac - maruSis

dakveTiT moWedil xatze wminda giorgi mimarTulia

marjvnidan marcxniv, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi - mar-

cxnidan marjvniv. Cven esec arsebiTi saxis gansxvavebad

migvaCnia.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, amJamd nakifaris

eklesiaSi dacul xats Semounaxavs Tavad damkveTis

- maruSis vinaobac. unda aRiniSnos, rom garda naki-

faris wm. giorgis xatis warwerisa, Cvenamde ar aris

moRweuli sxva araviTari wyaro svaneTSi moRvawe dide-

bulis, maruSis Sesaxeb; magram, kvlav vimeorebT, rom es

pirovneba, rogorc es nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze

arsebuli warweris mixedviT irkveva, im droisTvis, sak-

maod maRali wodebis da materialuri SesaZleblobis

mqone persona yofila.

samagierod, im xanebisaTvis sakmaod cnobili gaxl-

daT maruSianTa gvari (rogorc maruSiani, ise maruSisZe

nawarmoebia kacis saxelisagan _ maruSi), romelic X-XI

saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos warCinebul feo-

daluri sagvareuloTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda. mogvi-

anebiT, rogorc amas aRniSnavs n. SoSiaSvili, maruSianTa

sagvareulodan warmoiqmna dasavleT saqarTvelos didi

sagvareuloebi: vardanisZeni da dadianebi [SoSiaSvili

n., 1983 : 463]. n. SoSiaSvili varaudobs, rom am sagva-

reulos ekuTvnoda qarTlis erisTavi 970-ian wlebSi

ivane (iovane) maruSisZec. aseve, gamoTqmulia mosazreba

[mamalaZe g., 2011], rom iovane maruSisZis Svili gaxldaT

spasalari zviad maruSiani _ dasavleT saqarTvelos

didi feodali, X—XI saukuneebis mijnaze, bagrat III-is

moxele, romelmac 1014 w-s fanaskertidan (tao) bediaSi

gadaasvena bagrat III-is cxedari. es zviad maruSiani

sardlobda qarTvelTa mewinave laSqars 1020-ian wleb-

Sic, bizantiasTan omis dros. cnobilia isic, rom giorgi

I-ma, drois mogebis mizniT, masve daavala Tavad basili

keisarTan sazavo molaparakebis gamarTva, romelic

am droisTvis tao-klarjeTSi SemoiWra bizantielTa

didZali laSqriT [matiane qarTlisa : 287]. zviad eri-

sTavi moxsenebulia zarzmis xatis ganmaaxleblis warw-

eraSi, romelsac g. CubinaSvili XI saukuniT aTariRebs

[Чубинашвили Г., 1959]. mewinave laSqris sardloba (mewi-

naveoba mesxebs hqondaT saqarTvelos laSqarSi) da zar-

zmis xatis warweraSi moxsenieba, mkvlevars safuZvels

aZlevs ivaraudos, rom maruSiani iyo samcxis erisTavic.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelTa (da zogadad ka-

vkasielTa) eTnografiul yofaSi, dRemdea SemorCe-

nili tradicia, romlis mixedviTac, xSirad, ama Tu im

pirovnebis (gansakuTrebiT vaJis, gvaris gamgrZeleb-

lis) saxeldeba misi ptronimiuli saxelis mixedviT


xdeba. gamomdinare aqedan, hipoTeTurad, magram mainc

dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom es maruSi yofiliyo afxazTa

da qarTvelTa samefoSi im periodisTvis sakmaod cno-

bili da dawinaurebuli maruSianTa saxlis romelime

warmomadgeneleli; saxlisa, romelic saganmgeblo-

sakargavad flobda tao-klarjeTsa da javaxeTis.

aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT X-XI saukuneebSi bizan-

tia-saqarTvalos Soris arsebul mtrobasa da daZabul

viTarebas, rasac Sedegad mohyva bizantielTa mier

maruSianTa saganmgeblo mxareebis dapyroba, savsebiT

dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom giorgi I an misma memkvidrem

bagrat IV maruSianTa saxlis warmomadgenlebs sakar-

gavad uboZes das. saqarTvelos mTianeTi. anu, afxazTa

da qarTvelTa erTiani samefos samxreTi karibWis (sa-

dac Cadioda kavkasionze gadmomavali satranzito gza)

bizantielTagan morRvevis Semdeg, maruSianTa saxls

gadaeca samefos Crdilo mxare, kerZod ki svaneTi sa-

dac, maruSs da mis ̀ saxls“ _ ̀ azn(au)rTa [am(i)s]a x(e)v(i)

s[a]Ta“, Caabares transkavkasiuri savaWro satranzito

gzis (saidanac samfos teritorize Semodioda bizanti-

isken mimavali tvirTebi) sarfiani monakveTi; sabaJo

saqmis gankargvis pirobiT.

savaraudod, am saxlisSvili unda yofiliyo is

vardan svanTa erisTavic, romlis saxec, amirspasala-

ris rangSi, Semogvinaxa latalis macxovris eklesiis

mxatvrobam. albaT, SemdgomSi, am pirovnebam daudo

safuZveli vardanisZeTa gvars, romlis warmomadgen-

lebic mogviano periodebSi gvevlinebian kidec svanTa

erisTavebad.

savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia isic, rom am did-

aznaurs, sakuTari, bizantielTagan iavarqmnili tao-

klarjeTis mamulidan, axal sagamgebloSi Tan waretana

oqromWedeli asani, romelsac daukveTa kidec nakifaris

eklesiisTvis (SesaZloa missave iniciativiT agebulis)

ukve zemoT aRwerili, Tavisi xasiaTiT unikaluri

siuJetis xati. safiqralia isic, rom asanis gaWedili

xati gamxdariyo erTgvari maprovocirebeli, jer kidev

martvilis taZris reliefebze dafiqsirebul ikono-

grafiuli motivis axali talRisa; motivisa, sadac

wmianda giorgi klavs `usjulo“ mefe diokletianes.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, es motivi gansakuTebiT

popularulia X-XI s.s-ebis qarTul ikonografiaSi. am

periodis xatebze, wminda mxedri, sakuTar mtanjvels,

saimperio gvirgvinosan da samefo SesamoseliSi gamowyo-

bili diokletianes, SubiT laxvravs da cxenis floqve-

biT Telavs; alegoriulad ki bizantiis imperators,

romlis maxviliTac tao-klarjeTs ̀ moisrnes uricxuni

misiTa maxvilisaTa da romelnime tyue iqmnnes. da wari-

Res avari diZali da ganZi samefo“ [matiane qarTlisa

: 288]. siuJetis amdagvar alegoriulobas gvafiqre-

binebs warwerac damarcxebuli diokletianes TavTan

- ̀ diokletiane mefe usjulo“; riTac asan oqromWedeli

iZleva ganmartebas dalaxvruli imperatorisa, raTa

mavanma, saTanadod Semosil-dagvirgvinebuli piri,

sakuTar warmosaxvaSi, ar gaaigivos `erTmorwmune“

qristianuli bizantiis xelisufalTan.

imaze, rom maruSis SekveTiT, oqromWedel asanis

mier gaWedil xatze, wminda giorgis mier SubiT gang-

mirul diokletianeSi alegoriulad bizantiis impera-

tori igulisxmeba, Cvenis azriT, kidev erTi garemoebac

metyvelebs - es gaxlavT dalaxvruli mefis samosis

ornameti (ix. feradi tabula IV 4-5).

aRniSnuli ornamenti TiTqmis zedmiwevniT imeo-

rebs XI saukunis bizantiuri samefo qlamindis qsovi-

lis ornaments. amdagvari ornamentis saxiani qsovilis

sakmaod mozrdili nimuSi dRemde SemorCenilia qvemo

svaneTSi, sof. saydarSi. aq inaxeba wminda giorgis XI

-XII saukunis ferweruli xati, romlis zurgzec ga-

dakrulia es qsovili. xatis dRevandeli zomebia 90

X 63 sm. misi simaRle, Tavdapirvelad, savaraudod

sul mcire 50 santimetriT meti mainc unda yofiliyo,

radganac igi Cvenamde dazianebuli saxiTaa moRweuli


_ muxlebsqvemoT momtvreulia. masze wmindani `mTeli

taniT yofila gamosaxuli, SubiT marjvena xelSi; mar-

cxena farze hqonebia dayrdnobili“ [TayaiSvili e., 1991 :

112]. eqvTime TayaiSvils Tavis droze xatze warwerac

amoukiTxavs, romlis kvalic dRes savsebiT gamqralia.

es xati, jer kidev 1980 wels, (ix. feradi tabula

IV 1-2) eklesiaSi dacul sxva nivTebTan, erTad aRiwera

Cveni eqspediciis wevrebis mier. mogvianebiT, 2011 w-s, sa-

gangebod ilias saxelmwifo universitetis xlSewyobiT

moewyo eqspedicia am xatis mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.

amjerad didi Zalisxmeva dagvWirda raTa es xati ax-

lodan mainc dagveTvalierebina; didi Txovnebis Semdeg

dagvrTes neba gadagveRo ramdenime fotoc. aRmoCnda,

rom 1991 wels xati aRudgenia mxatvar Temo jafariZes,

Tumca, Cveni azriT, igi saswrafod saWiroebs maR-

alkvalificiur restavratorTa yuradRebas. SevZeliT

qsovilis boWkos nimuSebis aRebac analizebisTvis,

ris Sedegadac dadasturta xatis zurgze gadakruli

qsovilis bizantiuri warmomavloba da igi XI saukuniT

ganisazRvra. savaraudod, es samefo, saxelisuflebo

pirTaTvis gankuTvnili qsovilis naWeri unda iyos [Falke O., 1951]. saxismetyvelbiTi kuTxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom xsenebuli xati, erTgvarad, samefo SesamosliT,

samefo qsoviliT aris Semosili. cnobilia, rom Zvir-

fasi saxiani abreSumis sqeli qsovilis samefo qlamindi

gansakuTrebuli fufunebiT gamoirCeoda. bizantiuri

qsovilis gavrcelebuli ornamenti iyo geometriul

figurebSi (wre, rombi, kvadrati) Casmuli zoomorfuli

an mcenareuli motivebi (suros foToli, SroSanisebri

yvavili, palmeti) [maCabeli k., 2013 : 133-134].

cnobilia isic, rom imperatori gansakuTrebuli

damsaxurebisaTvis da keTilganwyobis niSnad bizan-

tiel da ucxoel didebulebs oficialur titutlTan

erTad saxelisuflebo insigniebsa da Zvirfas samo-

xeleo tansacmels uboZebda xolme[maCabeli k., 2013 :

133-134]. wyaroebidan irkveva, rom bizantiis mmarTvelma

romanozma (basili II memkvidre) melqisedek kaTalikozs

ZRvnad sxva nivTebTan erTad gamougzavna _ ̀ ... Sesamose-

li samRduelTmoZRvroi oqsino, uRliTa anaforiTa,

xatovaniTa, oqrovaniTa da yovelive sruli~.

anu bizantia, erTis mxriv, sastikad ebrZoda saqa-

rTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxlmwifos gamosv-

las wina aziis politikur arenaze; mores mxriv ki Tavis

`wyalobas“ ar aklebda èrTmorwmuneebs“...

Cvenis azriT, sofel saydarSi daculi wminda gior-

gis xatis zurgze SemorCenili bizantiuri qsovilis da

nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze gamosaxuli dalax-

vruli imperatoris samosze erTi da igive xasiaTis

ornamentis gamoyeneba, aRniSnuli ornamentis garkveul

tradiciulobasa da mniSvnelobaze unda migvaniSneb-

des. es ki, albaT, am periodis qarTul ikonografiaSi

gavcelebuli xsenebuli siuJetis alegoriulobis kidev

erT argumetad unda miviCnioT.

yvelaze sagulisxmoa isic, rom bizantiis impera-

toris, rogorc ierarqiulad aRmatebuli qristiani

mmarTvelis damcrobilad da ganadgurebulad ale-

goriuli asaxva wminda giorgis xatebze, am SemTxveva

nakifaris wminda giorgis xatze, miiRo da gaiTavisa

qarTulma eklesiamac. es yovelive, im periodSi, qarTul

saxelmwifoSi, saerTo saxelmwifo politikuri intere-

sebis Taobaze èrisa“ da `beris“ erTian damokideb-

ulebaze unda migvaniSnebdes; anu saxismtyvelebiTi

ikonografiuli modeli, romlis mixedviTac èrTmor-

wmune“ mteri, anu bizantiis imperatori mTeli Tavisi

saxlisuflebo insigniebiT (gvirgvini, fari, maxvili,

waRebi) marcxdeba da nadgurdeba wminda mxedris mier,

miiRo qarTulma eklesiamac da qarTuli saxelmwifos

mTelma mosaxleobam.

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT kidev erTi ram - am siuJe-

tis xatebi, ZiriTadad, das. saqarTvelos mTianeTis

regionebidan - svaneTidan da mTiani raWidan momdi-

nareoben [ix.Чубинашвили Г., 1959]. es mxareebi ki im

periodisaTvis, masze gamavali satranzito savaWro

gzis ekonomikuri specifikidan gamodinare, erT admin-

istraciul erTeulad moiazreboda.


dasasrul, kidev erTxel gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom

savsebiT misaRebad migvaCnia akad. giorgi CubinaSvilis

varaudi, romlis mixedviTac qarTul ikonografiaSi

gavrcelebuli Tema _ winda giorgis mier gvirgvinosani

bizantiis imperatoris mokvla, gamoZaxili unda iyos

konkretuli politikuri viTarebisa, romelsac saqarT-

velos istoriaSi adgili hqonda X-XI saukuneebis mijnaze.

im periodis qarTveli oqromWedlebi ase gamosaxavdnen

antibizantiur ganwyobas. qarTvelTa mwvave dapirisp-

ireba èrTmorwmune~ mtrul ZalasTan, qarTul ikono-

grafiaSi sworedac zemoTaRwerili siuJetis saxiT aisaxa.

kerZod ki, nakifaris wm. giorgis xatze ùSjulo mefis~,

diokletianes saxiT, alegoriulad, gamosaxuli unda

iyos qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisadmi dapirispirebuli

bizantiis imperatori (SesaZloa saxeldobr basili II ki).

mogviano xanebSi am erTgvarma ̀ politikurma plakat-

ma“ sakmao gavrceleba hpova qarTul ikonografiaSi,

sadac ùSjulo mefe diokletianem“ zogadad, boroti

Zalis gamomsaxvelobiTi saxe SeiZina. SemdgomSi, gan-

sakuTrebiT politikuri arenidan bizantiis imperiis

gaqrobis Semdeg, am motivs, zogadad qristianul iko-

nografiaSi gavrcelebuli motivi - gveleSapis mokvla

Caenacvla.

dasasrul, aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, gvinda movi-

yvanoT zviad gamsaxurdias sityvebi - `boroti Zalebis

mokvlis motivi yvela epoqebisa da xalxebis miTolo-

giebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTiaTebeli; xolo mziuri RvTae-

bebi da gmirebi ganasaxiereben simarTlis, sikeTis da

siyvarulis madls; isini, sicocxlis damamkvidrebelni

da sikvdilis damTrgunvelni arian, kacobriobis mxsneli

bneli Zalbisagan. maTi qristianuli saxea wminda giorgi“

[gamsaxurdia z., 1991 : 164].

*

* *

maxsendeba erTi epizodi _ Cveni studentobis peri-

odSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi funqcioni-

rebda meorad profesiaTa fakulteti, sadac studen-

tebs saSualeba gvqonda Sida gamocdebis warmatebiT

Cabarebis Semdeg CavricxuliyaviT da meore, damatebiTi

specialobac migveRo. 1979 wlis Semodgomaze, Sevitane

sabuTebi aRniSnul fakultetze Casaricxad dokumen-

turi kinos reJisuris specialobaze. gasaubrebasTan

erTad, unda Cagvebarebiana weriTi gamocdac _ unda

dagvewera mcire sascenaro Canaxati iqve, improvizire-

bulad SemoTavazebul Temaze. sagamacdo komisiis Tavm-

jdomarem, cnobilma scenaristma erlom axvledianma

SemogvTavaza Tema _ `mteri“.

axla, mTlianobaSi namdvilad ar maxsovs ra davwere

(Savi naweric gamocdaze rCeboda), Tumca ZiriTadad vw-

erdi, rom mteri mravalsaxovani borotebaa _ mravalTa-

viani gvelSapiviT; romelsac erTsaxovani, gamokveTili,

yvelasTvis sacnauri sikeTe _ siyvaruli amarcxebs.

`wmindao giorgi, didebis mxedaro,

vumzer Sens xatebas da suli mxned ari!

Semusre uwmindur drakonTa orgia,

ixseni samkvidro Seni georgia.

didebis ufali marTalTa mwed ari.

wmindao raindo, gveli ar daindo;

mogvmadle imedi da uflis sve-dari!~

zviadi


gamoyenebuli wyaroebi

1. matiane qarTlisa - matiane qarTlisa / qarTlis

cxovreba I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi,

saxelgami, 1955 gv.249-317.

2. vaxuSti 1973 - batoniSvili vxuSti, aRwera same-

fosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba IV, teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo,

1973 -1102 gv..

3. sumbat daviTis Ze - sumbat daviTis Ze, cxoreba da

uwyeba bagratonianTa, /qarTlis cxovreba teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.

yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955 gv. 372-389.

4. lastiverteci a., - aristakes lastiverteci, isto-

ria, qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiTa

da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tbilisi,

1974.

5. Пселл М. - Михаил Пселл, Хронография, Перевод статья и примечания Я.Н. Любаского, Изд. Наука, Москва 1978 -313 стр.

gamoyenebuli samecniero literatura:

6. axalaSvili m., 1987. - m. axalaSvili, X-XV ss.

warwerebi svaneTis Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebze,

[red.: v. silogava], mecniereba, Tb. 1987

7. bardaveliZe v., 1952 - v. bardaveliZe, xevsuruli

Temi, saq. mecn. akademiis moambe, XIII - 8. Tb. 1952

8. barnaveli s., 1979 - s. barnaveli, qarTveli meo-

mari RvTaebis ikonografiisaTvis, Zeglis megobari

N51, gamomcemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tb. 1979

http://www.dzeglebi.ge/statiebi/xelovneba/qar-

tuli_meomari.html

9. bezaraSvili c., 1979 - c. bezaraSvili, svani qalis

samosi, svaneTi II, Tb. 1979

10. gamsaxurdia z., 1991 - z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis

saxismetyveleba, gam. `mecniereba~, Tb. 1991

11. gvritiSvili d., 1952. - d. gvritiSvili, Tbilisis

istoria, sablitgami, Tb. 1952.

12. gelovani ak., 1983 - ak. gelovani – miTologiuri

leqsikoni, gamomcemloba sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tb.

1983

13. goilaZe, vaxtang. 1997. - v. goilaZe, abreSumis didi

savaWro gza da saqarTvelo. Tbilisi: codnis wyaro.

Tb. 1997

14. guCua v., 1977 - v. guCua, bagrat IV, qse, t. 2, gv. 128-

129, Tb., 1977

15. TayaiSvili e., 1991 - e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri

eqspedicia leCxum - svaneTSi 1910 wels, dabruneba,

mravaltomeuli g. SaraZis saerTo redaqciiT, t. 2,

mecniereba, Tb. 1991

16. gabaSvili v., 1968 - v. gabaSvili, saqarTvelo-eg-

viptis urTierTobis istoriidan (XI-XIII ss.)/ kreb.

saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1968

17. dili S., 1998 - Sarl dili, bizantiis imperiis isto-

ria, Targm. baCana bregvaZisa, nekeri, Tb. 1998

18. TevdoraZe g., 1930 - g. TevdoraZe, xuTi weli fSav-

xevsureTSi, wigni I, tfilisi, 1930

19. kecxoveli m., 1969 - m. kecxoveli, feodaluri xanis

mxatvruli qsovilebi, Zeglis megobari, N 17, Tb.

1969

20. kekekliZe k., 1980 - k. kekekliZe, Zveli qarTuli lit-

eraturis istoria, t. 1.gam. `mecniereba~ Tb. 1980

21. kopaliani v., 1969 - v. kopaliani, saqarTvelos da

bizantiis politikuri urTirToba 970-1070-ian

wlebSi, Tb. 1969

22. lorTqifaniZe m., papaskiri z., 1998 - m. lorTqi-

faniZe, z. papasqiri, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

sagareo politika da diplomatia XI saukuneSi/

qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb.

1998;

23. lorTqifaniZe m., 1979 - m. lorTqifaniZe, monarqiis

sagareo politika (X s. das. _ XI s. 60-ian wlebSi)/

saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III, mecniereba.

Tb. 1979;


24. makalaTia s., 1930 - s. makalaTia, mTiuleTi, saxel-

gami. Tb. 1930

25. makalaTia m., 1977 - m. makalaTia, warmarTuli xasi-

aTis zogierTi Zegli svaneTSi. svaneTi I. mecniereba,

Tb. 1977

26. mamalaZe g., 2011 - g. mamamlaZe, erovnuli ideologi-

is horizontaluri da vertikaluri postulatebi,

http://iberiana.wordpress.com/iberiana/mamaladze/

27. maCabeli k., 2013 - k. maCabeli, qarTuli istoriuli

kostumi (V-X saukuneebi), Tb. 2013

28. metreveli r., 1968 - r. metreveli, daviT aRmaSene-

beli, Tb. 1968

29. meliqseT-begi l., 1941 - l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli

somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1941

30. mesxia S., 1982 - S. mesxia, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebrivi wyobis istoriidan (`sakargavis“ mniSvn-

elobisaTvis), saistorio Ziebani, t. 1, Tb., 1982

31. silogava v., 1977 - v. silogava, qtitorTa freskuli

warwerebi zemo svaneTSi, svaneTi I (masalebi mate-

rialuri da sulieri kulturis SeswavlisaTvis),

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Prof. Paata Bukhrashvili

Saint George the great Knight(Summary)

A distinctive Georgian Christianity, incorporating national ideology as well as religion, developed and spread in medieval Georgia. At this time, according to some, religious and national ideals were not separable (Z. Gamsakhurdia). One prominent feature of Georgian Christianity is the cult of the warrior saint, in particular, that of St. George, which emerged in the offi cial Georgian Orthodox Church in the 9th century (K. Kekelidze), and which some specialists have linked to the consolidation of the feudal monarchical order and its promotion of an idealized notion of the warrior. The evolution of this cult found expression in the Georgian art of the period. In this respect, we wish to draw attention to a specifi c motif in medieval Georgian iconography: the representation of St. George driving his spear through the Roman emperor Diocletian. This motif is distinctive to Georgia (G. Chubinashvili), and appears in 11th and 12th-century icons of St. George. The fi gure of Diocletian, dressed in a cape and wearing an imperial crown, is shown at the feet of a mounted St. George, being pierced by the warrior’s lance. As is well known, in the fi rst third of the 11th century confl icts emerged between Georgia and the Byzantine Empire, whose expan-sionist ambitions led it to seek sovereignty over Georgia. Byzantium sought to impeded the unifi cation and strengthening of Georgia, as well as gain control of its border regions. Tensions led to armed confl ict, culminating in the campaign of Em-peror Basil II (known as the Bulgar-Slayer) and the Battle of Shirimni of 1021. The defeated Georgian king Giorgi I was forced to agree to onerous terms of peace. Confl ict with the Byzantines continued dur-ing the reign of Giorgi’s son Bagrat IV. The young king’s opposition with their Byzantine coreligionists drew the support of the Georgian Orthodox Church, as manifested in the campaign of the bishop Saba of Tbeti against the Byzantine forces. It is entirely likely that the bitter confl ict of the Georgian state against the fellow-Orthodox Byzantines found expression in Georgian ico-nography.

Prof. Paata Buchraschwili

Der Heilige Georg der große Ritter (Zusammenfassung)

Eine besondere Eigenschaft des georgischen Christentums unter Einbeziehung nationaler Ideologie und Religion, entwickelte und verbreitete sich im mittelalterlichen Georgien. Einigen Quellen/Autoren zufolge, waren zu dieser Zeit, religiöse und nationale Ideale nicht trennbar (Z. Gamsachurdia). Ein hervorstechendes Merkmal des georgischen Christentums ist der Kult des Heiligen Kriegers, insbesondere, der des heiligen Georg, welcher in der offi ziellen georgisch - orthodoxen Kirche im 9. Jahrhundert (K. Kekelidse) entstand, und den einige Spezialisten mit der Konsolidierung der feudalen Monarchischen Ordnung und der darin enthaltenen Förderung einer idealisierten Vorstellung des Kriegers in Verbindung brachten. Die Entwicklung dieses Kultes fand ihren Ausdruck in der geor-gischen Kunst dieser Epoche. In diesem Zusammenhang möchten wir die Aufmerksamkeit auf ein bestimmtes Motiv in der mittel-alterlichen georgischen Ikonographie lenken: die Darstellung des heiligen Georg der seinen Speer durch den Körper des römischen Kaiser Diokletian treibt. Dieses Motiv ist charakteristisch für Georgien (G. Chubinashvili) und erscheint in Ikongraphien von St. George aus dem 11. und 12. Jahrhundert . Die Figur des Diokletian, in einen Umhang gekleidet und eine Kaiserkrone tragend, wird von einer Lanze durchbohrt am Fuße des St. George/Heiligen Georg liegend, dargestellt. Wie gemeinhin bekannt ist, entwickelten sich im ersten Drittel des 11. Jahrhunderts Konfl ikte zwischen Georgien und dem Byzan-tinischen Reich, dessen Expansionsbestrebungen darauf abzielten die Souveränität über Georgien zu erlagen Byzanz versucht die Einigung und Stärkung Georgiens zu verhindern, sowie Kontrolle über dessen Grenzgebiete zu erlangen. Die Spannungen führten zu bewaffneten Konfl ikten, die ihren


Höhepunkt in der Kampagne von Kaiser Basileios II. (bekannt als Bulgar-Slayer) und der Schlacht von Shirimni von 1021 hatten. Der besiegte georgischen König Giorgi I war gezwungen, sich auf belastende Friedensbedingungen einzulassen. Die Konfl ikt mit den Byzantinern setzte sich während der Regierungszeit von Giorgi’s Sohn Bagrat IV fort. Der Widerstand des junge Königs gegenüber seinen byzantinischen Glaubensgenossen zog die Unterstützung der Georgischen Orthodoxen Kirche nach sich, was sich in der Kampagne des Bischofs von Saba Tbeti gegen die byzantinischen Streitkräfte manifestierte. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die bitteren Konfl ikte des geor-gischen Staates gegen die orthodoxen Glaubensbrüder/Byzantiner Ausdruck in der georgischen Ikonographie gefunden hat.Die Spannungen führten zu bewaffneten Konfl ikten, die ihren Höhepunkt in der Kampagne von Kaiser Basileios II. (bekannt als Bulgar-Slayer) und der Schlacht von Shirimni von 1021 hatten. Der besiegte georgischen König Giorgi I war gezwungen, sich auf belastende Friedensbedingungen einzulassen. Die Konfl ikt mit den Byzantinern setzte sich während der Regierungszeit von Giorgi’s Sohn Bagrat IV fort. Der Widerstand des junge Königs gegenüber seinen byzantinischen Glaubensgenossen zog die Unterstützung der Georgischen Orthodoxen Kirche nach sich, was sich in der Kampagne des Bischofs von Saba Tbeti gegen die byzantinischen Streitkräfte manifestierte. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die bitteren Konfl ikte des geor-gischen Staates gegen die orthodoxen Glaubensbrüder/Byzantiner Ausdruck in der georgischen Ikonographie gefunden hat.

tabulebis aRweriloba

tabula I

1. mixeil CarTolani. svaneTis kopmpleqsuri

eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli (skaldi. 1981 w.)

2. m. xizaniSvilTan erTad. (skaldi 1981 w.)

3. m. axalSvilTan, x. cincaZesTan, g.razmaZesTan, m.

xizaniSvilTan erTad lagurkaze invantarizaciis

dros. 1981 w.

4. eqspedicia isvenebs. skaldi. 1982 w.

5. v. silogavasTan da d. levaniSvilTan erTad. sof.

Robi. 1982 w.

tabula II

1. sof. adiSi

2. liCeniSi. dResaswaulis msvleloba

3. liCeniSi. droSebis abma

4. nakifaris wminda giorgis xati me-XI s.

5. basili II bulgarTmmusvreli. bizantiuri xati.

tabula III

1. demetre I mefed kurTxeva. sof. latalis macxovris

eklesiis mxatvroba. avt. miqael maRlakeli. XI s.

2. abreSumis qsovilis fragmenti mestiis muzeumis

fondebidan.

3. koSki md. engurze sof. ifaris maxloblad. e.w.

`siyvarulis koSki~.

4. igive koSki 1929 wlis foto. kargad Cans koSkis

maxloblad nageboba. kompleqsi Tavidan sabaJo

punqti unda yofiliyo.

tabula IV

1. abreSumis qsovili. sof. saydris (lentexis r-ni) wm.

giorgis xatis zurgis garsakravi.

2. wm. giorgis xati sof. saydaridan. XI-XII s. 1981

wlis salididan.

3. gangmiruli diokletiane. sof. nakifarSi daculi

XI saukunis xatis fragmenti.

4. diokletianes Cacmulobis ornamenti. sof.

nakifarSi daculi XI saukunis xatis fragmenti.

5. sof. saydarSi daculi abreSumis qsovilis

fragmenti.

62 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 63tabula I

1

2

3

4

5

tabula V

1. wminda giorgis xati sof. saydris eklesiis sakurTxevelSi.

2. igive xatis Seswavlis procesi eklesiis mcvelis Tan-

daswrebiT. 2011 wlis 21.09.

tabula VI

1. martvilis taZris reliefuri frizi.

2. martvilis taZris frizis fragmenti. wm. giorgi

3. axtamaris surb-xaCis monastris frizi.

4. wm. giorgi axtamaris surb-xaCis monastris frizidan.

64 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 65tabula II

1 2

3

4

5

tabula III

1

2

3

4

66 paata buxraSvili wminda giorgi - didebis mxedari 67tabula IV

1 2

3

4

5

tabula V

1

2

68 paata buxraSvilitabula VI

1

2

3

4

წმინდა გიორგი დიდების მხედარი Saint George the...

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