waterpass XXVIII hendra

Laboratorium Ukur Tanah

Kelompok XXIX

LABORATORIUM ILMU UKUR TANAH

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN

PENGUKURAN PENYIPAT DATAR MEMANJANG / WATERPASS

SURVEYOR : KELOMPOK XXIX CUACA : CERAH DAERAH : KAMPUS UNHAS

TYPE ALAT / NO : AT63/487204 HALAMAN : 1 LOKASI : LAPANGAN BOLA FAK. TEKNIK

TANGGAL : 24/06/2009 JENIS POLYGO : TERBUKA

NO. TITIK TINGGI PEMBACAAN MISTAR ( mm )

JARAKKETERANGAN

BELAKANG MUKA / DETAIL

TENGAHATAS

BAWAH BAWAH (m) (m) (m) (m)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P0 P1 1220 17951940

30 -0575 291650

P0 a 1220 15131538

5 -0293 51488

b 17151760

10 -0495 91670

c 18701940

15 -0650 141800

1 12101235

5 0010 51185

2 11251175

10 0095 101075

3 10701145

15 0150 150995

SKETSA : DIPERIKSA :

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

Kelompok XXIX

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

PENGUKURAN POLYGON DENGAN WATERPASS

NO. TITIK TINGGI PEMBACAAN MISTAR

JARAKKETERANGAN

TENGAHATAS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P1 P0 1330 8601010

30 470 30710

P1 P2 1330 1802.51950

30 -472.5 29.5 1621655

a 14551480

5 -125 5 0811430

b 15351585

10 -205 10 0811485

c 16751750

15 -345 15 0811600

1 12401265

5 90 5 2611215

2 11901240

10 140 10 2611140

3 10551125

15 275 14 261985

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

Kelompok XXIX

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JARAKKETERANGAN

TENGAHATAS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P2 P1 1340 8601010

30 480 30710

P2 P3 1340 15101660

30 -170 30 1861360

a 15101535

5 -170 5 0931485

b 16551705

10 -315 10 0931605

c 17401815

15 -400 15 0931665

1 12051230

5 135 5 2731180

2 10751125

10 265 10 2731025

3 9651040

15 375 15 273890

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

Kelompok XXIX

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JARAKKETERANGAN

TENGAHATAS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P3 P2 1340 11451290

30 195 301000

P3 P4 1340 19602110

30 -620 30 1381810

a 14851510

5 -145 5 0691460

b 15401590

10 -200 10 0691490

c 16151690

15 -275 15 0691540

1 12951320

5 45 5 2491270

2 10401090

10 300 10 249990

3 14501500

15 -110 10 2491400

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

Kelompok XXIX

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JARAKKETERANGAN

TENGAHATAS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P4 P3 1350 715865

30 635 30565

P4 P5 1350 22702420

30 -920 30 1572120

a 14501475

5 -100 5 0781425

b 14751525

10 -125 10 0781425

c 15151590

15 -165 15 0781440

1 13251350

5 25 5 2591300

2 12801330

10 70 10 2591230

3 12011275

15 150 14.9 2591126

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

Kelompok XXIX

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JARAKKETERANGAN

TENGAHATAS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P5 P4 1360 417567

30 943 30267

P5 P6 1360 15801730

30 -220 30 2501430

a 14101435

5 -50 5 1251385

b 14301480

10 -70 10 1251380

c 14651540

15 -105 15 1251390

1 12651290

5 95 5 3051240

2 12701320

10 90 10 3051220

3 11651240

15 195 15 3051090

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

Kelompok XXIX

JURUSAN SIPIL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

JARAKKETERANGAN

TENGAHATAS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P6 P5 1370 11201270

30 250 30970

P6 a 1370 14651490

5 -95 5 0901440

b 15501600

10 -180 10 0901500

c 16451720

15 -275 15 0901570

1 11351160

5 235 5 2701110

2 10001050

10 370 10 270950

3 840915

15 530 15 270765

ARDIANA. H

BEDA TINGGI

JARAK OPTIS

TINGGI TITIK

2.6 Perhitungan dan Pengolahan Data

2.6.1 Perhitungan Profil Memanjang

2.6.1.1 Perhitungan Jarak Optis Patok Utama

A. Pengukuran PergiRumus D = ( Ba - Bb ) x 100 (mm)

P0 - P1 = ( 1940 - 1650 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP1 - P2 = ( 1950 - 1655 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP2 - P3 = ( 1660 - 1360 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP3 - P4 = ( 2110 - 1810 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP4 - P5 = ( 2420 - 2120 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP5 - P6 = ( 1730 - 1430 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 m

B. Pengukuran PulangRumus D = ( Ba - Bb ) x 100 (mm)

P1 - P0 = ( 1010 - 710 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP2 - P1 = ( 1010 - 710 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP3 - P2 = ( 1290 - 1000 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP4 - P3 = ( 865 - 565 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP5 - P4 = ( 567 - 267 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 mP6 - P5 = ( 1270 - 970 ) x 100 = 30000 mm = 30 m

C. Perhitungan Jarak Optis Rata-Rata Patok Utama

P0 - P1 = 0.5 ( 30 + 30 ) = 30 mP1 - P2 = 0.5 ( 30 + 30 ) = 30 mP2 - P3 = 0.5 ( 30 + 30 ) = 30 mP3 - P4 = 0.5 ( 30 + 30 ) = 30 mP4 - P5 = 0.5 ( 30 + 30 ) = 30 mP5 - P6 = 0.5 ( 30 + 30 ) = 30 m

2.6.1.2 Perhitungan Beda Tinggi Patok Utama

A. Pengukuran Pergi

P0 - P1 = 1220 - 1795 = -574 mmP1 - P2 = 1330 - 1803 = -472 mmP2 - P3 = 1340 - 1510 = -169 mmP3 - P4 = 1340 - 1960 = -619 mmP4 - P5 = 1350 - 2270 = -919 mmP5 - P6 = 1360 - 1580 = -219 mm

∑ = -2972 mm = -2.972 m

B. Pengukuran Pulang

P1 - P0 = 1330 - 860 = 470 mmP2 - P1 = 1340 - 863 = 477 mmP3 - P2 = 1340 - 1145 = 195 mmP4 - P3 = 1350 - 715 = 635 mmP5 - P4 = 1360 - 417 = 943 mmP6 - P5 = 1370 - 1120 = 250 mm

∑ = 2970 mm = 2.97 m

Rumus D = 1/2 ( Dpergi + Dpulang )

Rumus ∆H = ( Btm - Btb )

Rumus ∆H = ( Tp - Btb )

C. Perhitungan Beda Tinggi Rata-Rata Patok Utama

P1 - P0 = 0.5 ( -574 - 470 ) = -522 mm = -0.522 mP2 - P1 = 0.5 ( -472 - 477 ) = -474.5 mm = -0.4745 mP3 - P2 = 0.5 ( -169 - 195 ) = -182 mm = -0.182 mP4 - P3 = 0.5 ( -619 - 635 ) = -627 mm = -0.627 mP5 - P4 = 0.5 ( -919 - 943 ) = -931 mm = -0.931 mP6 - P5 = 0.5 ( -219 - 250 ) = -234.5 mm = -0.2345 m

2.6.1.3 Perhitungan Koreksi

A. Kesalahan

Dimana :K = Kesalahan

K = -2972 + 2970 = -2 mm= -0.002 m

B. Toleransi KesalahanRumus T = 10 √D

Dimana :D = Total Jarak Optis

T = 10= 4.242 mm = 0.004242 m

C. Koreksi PerpatokRumus :

Koreksi Total = - (Kesalahan)

P0 - P1 = ( 30 / 180 ) x 0.002 = 0.000333333 mP1 - P2 = ( 30 / 180 ) x 0.002 = 0.000333333 mP2 - P3 = ( 30 / 180 ) x 0.002 = 0.000333333 mP3 - P4 = ( 30 / 180 ) x 0.002 = 0.000333333 mP4 - P5 = ( 30 / 180 ) x 0.002 = 0.000333333 mP5 - P6 = ( 30 / 180 ) x 0.002 = 0.000333333 m

2.6.1.4 Perhitungan Tinggi Titik Patok Utama

Rumus :

Dimana :Peil : P0 = 6.400 m

P1 = 6.400 + -0.627 + 0.0003333 = 5.773 mP2 = 5.7733 + -0.931 + 0.0003333 = 4.843 mP3 = 4.843 + -0.2345 + 0.0003333 = 4.609 mP4 = 6.400 - -0.182 - 0.0003333 = 6.582 mP5 = 6.582 - -0.4745 - 0.0003333 = 7.056 mP6 = 7.056 - -0.522 - 0.0003333 = 7.578 m

Rumus ∆H = 1/2 (∆Hpergi - ∆Hpulang)

Rumus K = ∑ ∆Hpergi + ∑ ∆Hpulang

Koreksi Perpatok = D/∑D x Koreksi Total

Pengukuran Maju : Pn = Pn-1 + ∆H + Kperpatok

Pengukuran Mundur : Pn-1 = Pn - ∆H - Kperpatok

2.6.1.5 Perhitungan Persentase Kemiringan Patok Utama

P0 - P1 = ( 6.400 - 5.773 ) / 30 x 100 % = 2.089 %P1 - P2 = ( 5.773 - 4.843 ) / 30 x 100 % = 3.102 %P2 - P3 = ( 4.843 - 4.609 ) / 30 x 100 % = 0.781 %P3 - P4 = ( 4.609 - 6.582 ) / 30 x 100 % = -6.577 %P4 - P5 = ( 6.582 - 7.056 ) / 30 x 100 % = -1.581 %P5 - P6 = ( 7.056 - 7.578 ) / 30 x 100 % = -1.739 %

Rumus : Q = (Pn-1- Pn)/D x 100%

2.6.2 Perhitungan Profil Melintang

2.6.2.1 Perhitungan Jarak Optis Detail

A. Patok P0a = ( 1538 - 1488 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m

b = ( 1760 - 1670 ) x 100 = 9000 mm = 9 mc = ( 1940 - 1800 ) x 100 = 14000 mm = 14 m1 = ( 1235 - 1185 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m2 = ( 1175 - 1075 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 1145 - 995 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m

B. Patok P1a = ( 1480 - 1430 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 mb = ( 1585 - 1485 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 mc = ( 1750 - 1600 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m1 = ( 1265 - 1215 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m2 = ( 1240 - 1140 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 1125 - 985 ) x 100 = 14000 mm = 14 m

C. Patok P2a = ( 1535 - 1485 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 mb = ( 1705 - 1605 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 mc = ( 1815 - 1665 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m1 = ( 1230 - 1180 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m

2 = ( 1125 - 1025 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 1040 - 890 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m

D. Patok P3a = ( 1510 - 1460 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 mb = ( 1590 - 1490 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 mc = ( 1690 - 1540 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m1 = ( 1320 - 1270 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m2 = ( 1090 - 990 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 1500 - 1400 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m

E. Patok P4a = ( 1475 - 1425 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 mb = ( 1525 - 1425 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 mc = ( 1590 - 1440 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m1 = ( 1350 - 1300 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m2 = ( 1330 - 1230 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 1275 - 1126 ) x 100 = 14900 mm = 14.9 m

F. Patok P5a = ( 1435 - 1385 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 mb = ( 1480 - 1380 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 mc = ( 1540 - 1390 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m1 = ( 1290 - 1240 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m2 = ( 1320 - 1220 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 1240 - 1090 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m

G. Patok P6a = ( 1490 - 1440 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 mb = ( 1600 - 1500 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 mc = ( 1720 - 1570 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m1 = ( 1160 - 1110 ) x 100 = 5000 mm = 5 m2 = ( 1050 - 950 ) x 100 = 10000 mm = 10 m3 = ( 915 - 765 ) x 100 = 15000 mm = 15 m

Rumus : Ddet = (Ba - Bb) x 100

2.6.2.2 Perhitungan Beda Tinggi Detail

A. Patok P0= 1220 - 1513 = -293 mm = -0.293 m= 1220 - 1715 = -495 mm = -0.495 m= 1220 - 1870 = -650 mm = -0.650 m= 1220 - 1210 = 10 mm = 0.010 m= 1220 - 1125 = 95 mm = 0.095 m= 1220 - 1070 = 150 mm = 0.150 m

B. Patok P1= 1330 - 1455 = -125 mm = -0.125 m

= 1330 - 1535 = -205 mm = -0.205 m= 1330 - 1675 = -345 mm = -0.345 m= 1330 - 1240 = 90 mm = 0.090 m= 1330 - 1190 = 140 mm = 0.140 m= 1330 - 1055 = 275 mm = 0.275 m

C. Patok P2= 1340 - 1510 = -170 mm = -0.170 m

= 1340 - 1655 = -315 mm = -0.315 m= 1340 - 1740 = -400 mm = -0.400 m= 1340 - 1205 = 135 mm = 0.135 m= 1340 - 1075 = 265 mm = 0.265 m= 1340 - 965 = 375 mm = 0.375 m

D. Patok P3= 1340 - 1485 = -145 mm = -0.145 m= 1340 - 1540 = -200 mm = -0.200 m= 1340 - 1615 = -275 mm = -0.275 m= 1340 - 1295 = 45 mm = 0.045 m= 1340 - 1040 = 300 mm = 0.300 m= 1340 - 1450 = -110 mm = -0.110 m

E. Patok P4= 1350 - 1450 = -100 mm = -0.100 m= 1350 - 1475 = -125 mm = -0.125 m= 1350 - 1515 = -165 mm = -0.165 m= 1350 - 1325 = 25 mm = 0.025 m= 1350 - 1280 = 70 mm = 0.070 m= 1350 - 1201 = 149.5 mm = 0.150 m

F. Patok P5= 1360 - 1410 = -50 mm = -0.050 m

= 1360 - 1430 = -70 mm = -0.070 m

= 1360 - 1465 = -105 mm = -0.105 m= 1360 - 1265 = 95 mm = 0.095 m= 1360 - 1270 = 90 mm = 0.090 m= 1360 - 1165 = 195 mm = 0.195 m

G. Patok P6= 1370 - 1465 = -95 mm = -0.095 m= 1370 - 1550 = -180 mm = -0.180 m= 1370 - 1645 = -275 mm = -0.275 m= 1370 - 1135 = 235 mm = 0.235 m= 1370 - 1000 = 370 mm = 0.370 m= 1370 - 840 = 530 mm = 0.530 m

Rumus : ∆Hdet = Tp - Btdet

a∆Hb∆Hc∆H1∆H2∆H3∆H

b∆Hc∆H1∆H2∆H3∆H

c∆H1∆H2∆H3∆H

2.6.2.3 Perhitungan Tinggi Titik Detail

A. Untuk Patok P0 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 6.400 mPa = 6.400 + -0.293 = 6.107 mPb = 6.400 + -0.495 = 5.905 mPc = 6.400 + -0.650 = 5.750 mP1 = 6.400 + 0.010 = 6.410 mP2 = 6.400 + 0.095 = 6.495 mP3 = 6.400 + 0.150 = 6.550 m

B. Untuk Patok P1 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 5.773 mPa = 5.773 + -0.125 = 5.648 mPb = 5.773 + -0.205 = 5.568 mPc = 5.773 + -0.345 = 5.428 mP1 = 5.773 + 0.090 = 5.863 mP2 = 5.773 + 0.140 = 5.913 mP3 = 5.773 + 0.275 = 6.048 m

C. Untuk Patok P2 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 4.843 mPa = 4.843 + -0.170 = 4.673 mPb = 4.843 + -0.315 = 4.528 mPc = 4.843 + -0.400 = 4.443 mP1 = 4.843 + 0.135 = 4.978 mP2 = 4.843 + 0.265 = 5.108 mP3 = 4.843 + 0.375 = 5.218 m

D. Untuk Patok P3 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 4.609 mPa = 4.609 + -0.145 = 4.464 mPb = 4.609 + -0.200 = 4.409 mPc = 4.609 + -0.275 = 4.334 mP1 = 4.609 + 0.045 = 4.654 mP2 = 4.609 + 0.300 = 4.909 mP3 = 4.609 + -0.110 = 4.499 m

E. Untuk Patok P4 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 6.582 mPa = 6.582 + -0.100 = 6.482 mPb = 6.582 + -0.125 = 6.457 mPc = 6.582 + -0.165 = 6.417 mP1 = 6.582 + 0.025 = 6.607 mP2 = 6.582 + 0.070 = 6.652 mP3 = 6.582 + 0.150 = 6.731 m

F. Untuk Patok P5 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 7.056 mPa = 7.056 + -0.050 = 7.006 mPb = 7.056 + -0.070 = 6.986 mPc = 7.056 + -0.105 = 6.951 mP1 = 7.056 + 0.095 = 7.151 mP2 = 7.056 + 0.090 = 7.146 mP3 = 7.056 + 0.195 = 7.251 m

G. Untuk Patok P6 Dengan Tinggi Titik = 7.578 mPa = 7.578 + -0.095 = 7.483 mPb = 7.578 + -0.180 = 7.398 mPc = 7.578 + -0.275 = 7.302 mP1 = 7.578 + 0.235 = 7.813 mP2 = 7.578 + 0.370 = 7.948 mP3 = 7.578 + 0.530 = 8.108 m

Rumus : Pdet = Pn ± ∆Hdet

2.6.2.4 Perhitungan Persentase Kemiringan DetailRumus :

A. Patok P0Q ( c-b ) = ( 5.750 - 5.905 ) / 5 x 100 % = -3.1 %

Q ( b-a ) = ( 5.905 - 6.107 ) / 5 x 100 % = -4.04 %Q ( a-P0 ) = ( 6.107 - 6.400 ) / 5 x 100 % = -5.86 %Q ( P0-1 ) = ( 6.400 - 6.410 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.2 %Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 6.410 - 6.495 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.7 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 6.495 - 6.550 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.1 %

B. Patok P1Q ( c-b ) = ( 5.428 - 5.568 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.8 %Q ( b-a ) = ( 5.568 - 5.648 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.6 %Q ( a-P1 ) = ( 5.648 - 5.773 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.5 %Q ( P1-1 ) = ( 5.773 - 5.863 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.8 %Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 5.863 - 5.913 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 5.913 - 6.048 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.7 %

C. Patok P2Q ( c-b ) = ( 4.443 - 4.528 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.7 %Q ( b-a ) = ( 4.528 - 4.673 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.9 %Q ( a-P2 ) = ( 4.673 - 4.843 ) / 5 x 100 % = -3.4 %Q ( P2-1 ) = ( 4.843 - 4.978 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.7 %

Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 4.978 - 5.108 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.6 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 5.108 - 5.218 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.2 %

D. Patok P3Q ( c-b ) = ( 4.334 - 4.409 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.5 %Q ( b-a ) = ( 4.409 - 4.464 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.1 %Q ( a-P3 ) = ( 4.464 - 4.609 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.9 %Q ( P3-1 ) = ( 4.609 - 4.654 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.9 %Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 4.654 - 4.909 ) / 5 x 100 % = -5.1 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 4.909 - 4.499 ) / 5 x 100 % = 8.2 %

E. Patok P4Q ( c-b ) = ( 6.417 - 6.457 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.8 %Q ( b-a ) = ( 6.457 - 6.482 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.5 %Q ( a-P4 ) = ( 6.482 - 6.582 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2 %Q ( P4-1 ) = ( 6.582 - 6.607 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.5 %Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 6.607 - 6.652 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.9 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 6.652 - 6.731 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.59 %

F. Patok P5Q ( c-b ) = ( 6.951 - 6.986 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.7 %Q ( b-a ) = ( 6.986 - 7.006 ) / 5 x 100 % = -0.4 %Q ( a-P5 ) = ( 7.006 - 7.056 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1 %Q ( P5-1 ) = ( 7.056 - 7.151 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.9 %Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 7.151 - 7.146 ) / 5 x 100 % = 0.1 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 7.146 - 7.251 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.1 %

G. Patok P6Q ( c-b ) = ( 7.302 - 7.398 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.9 %Q ( b-a ) = ( 7.398 - 7.483 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.7 %Q ( a-P6 ) = ( 7.483 - 7.578 ) / 5 x 100 % = -1.9 %Q ( P6-1 ) = ( 7.578 - 7.813 ) / 5 x 100 % = -4.7 %Q ( 1-2 ) = ( 7.813 - 7.948 ) / 5 x 100 % = -2.7 %Q ( 2-3 ) = ( 7.948 - 8.108 ) / 5 x 100 % = -3.2 %

Arah Ke Kanan : Qn-det = {(Pdet - Pn) / (Dn-det)} x 100 %

Arah Ke Kiri : Qdet-n = {(Pn - Pdet) / (Dn-det)} x 100 %

waterpass XXVIII hendra

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