Post on 03-Jun-2018
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BAKTERI DI UJUNG JARUM
BAKTERI DI PERMUKAAN
GIGI ( baru disikat ! )
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VIRUS EBOLA VIRUS INFLUENZA
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Anak laki-laki lahir pada tahun 1971, tanpa kekebalan tubuh.
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Sistem Kekebalan / Sistem Imun :
* Sistem kekebalan atau sistem imun adalah
sistem perlindungan pengaruh luar biologis
yang dilakukan oleh sel dan organ khususpada suatu organisme.
* Fungsi Primer sistem imunmelenyapkanagen infeksi dan meminimalkan kerusakan
yang terjadi
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MEKANISME PERTAHANAN TUBUH :
DIBAGI MENJADI 2 KELOMPOK FUNGSIONAL :
MEKANISME PERTAHANAN NON SPESIFIK /
ALAMIAH
MEKANISME PERTAHANANSPESIFIK /
DIDAPAT
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PERTAHANAN NON SPESIFIK :
Bawaan (innate) / Alamiah
secara alamiah ada & tidak adanya dipengaruhi
secara intrinsik oleh kontak dengan agen infeksisebelumnya
berperan sbg garis pertahanan pertama dan
penghambat kebanyakan patogen potensial sebelum
menjadi infeksi yg tampak
Meliputi : kulit & membran mukosa, sel fagosit, NK,
komplemen, lisozim, interferon, faktor humoral lain
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PERTAHANAN SPESIFIK :
Meliputi : sistem produksi antibodi oleh sel B danimunitas seluler oleh sel T.
Bersifat adaptif dan didapatMenghasilkan reaksi spesifik pd setiap ageninfeksi yg dikenali krn telah terjadi pemajanan thdmikroba / determinan antigenik tsb sebelumnya.
sangat efektif dlm memberantas infeksi sertamengingat agen infeksi tertentu shg dpt mencegahterjadinya penyakit di kemudian harimenjadidasar imunisasi.
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Di dalam tubuh
PERTAHANAN
SPESIFIK
PERTAHANAN
NON SPESIFIK
BEKERJA SAMA
MELENYAPKAN
INFEKSI
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Why vaccines are vital tothe public health....??
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History of Immunization
In China in approximately 600 BC, smallpox material wasinoculated through the nostrils. Inoculation of healthy people with atiny amount of material from smallpox sores was first attempted inEngland in 1718 and later in America. Those who survived the
inoculation became immune to smallpox. A significant breakthrough came in 1796 when British physician
Edward Jennerdiscovered that he could immunize patientsagainst smallpox by inoculating them with material from cowpoxsores. Cowpox is a far milder disease that, unlike smallpox, carrieslittle risk of death or disfigurement. Jenner inserted matter fromcowpox sores into cuts he made on the arm of a healthy eight-year-old boy. The boy caught cowpox. However, when Jennerexposed the boy to smallpox eight weeks later, the child did notcontract the disease. The vaccination with cowpox had made himimmune to the smallpox virus. Today we know that the cowpoxvirus antigens are so similar to those of the smallpox virus thatthey trigger the body's defenses against both diseases.
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In 1885 Louis Pasteurcreated the first successful vaccine against
rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid
dog. Over the course of ten days, Pasteur injected progressively
more virulent rabies organisms into the boy, causing the boy todevelop immunity in time to avert death from this disease.
Another major milestone in the use of vaccination to prevent
disease occurred with the efforts of two American physician-
researchers. In 1954 Jonas Salkintroduced an injectable vaccine
containing an inactivated virus to counter the epidemic of
poliomyelitis. Subsequently, Albert Sabinmade great strides in
the fight against this paralyzing disease by developing an oral
vaccine containing a live weakened virus. Since the introduction of
the polio vaccine, the disease has been nearly eliminated in manyparts of the world.
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These treated microorganisms do not cause the
disease, but rather trigger the body's immune
system to build a defense mechanism thatcontinuously guards against the disease.
If a person immunized against a particulardisease later comes into contact with the
disease-causing agent, the immune system is
immediately able to respond defensively
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Types of Immunization :
Active Immunization
Passive Immunization
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Active Immunization :
provides long-lasting immunity
all or part of a disease-causingmicroorganism or a modified product ofthat microorganism is injected into thebody to make the immune system respond
defensivelyThe active components of the vaccinations
are antigens
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Passive Immunization :
gives temporary immunity
Passive immunization is performed without
injecting any antigen. In this method,
vaccines contain antibodies obtained from
the blood of an actively immunized human
being or animal. The antibodies last for twoto three weeks, and during that time the
person is protected against the disease.
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Vaccines, how it infects cells and
how the immune system respondsto it, as well as practical
considerations, such as regions of
the world where the vaccinewould be used. The following are
some of the option that
researchers might pursue :
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Vaccines...
Live, attenuated vaccines (MMR)
Inactivated vaccines (booster)Subunit vaccines (Hepatitis B)
Toxoid vaccines (DT)
Conjugate vaccines (Hib)
DNA vaccines
Recombinant vector vaccines
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Imunisasi yang diwajibkan di Indonesia :
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Gurin)
Hepatitis BDPT
Polio
Campak
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Imunisasi yang disarankan di Indonesia :
MMR
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae tipe b)Demam tifoid
Hepatitis A
Varisela
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