Post on 07-Apr-2018
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 1/52
¾fnJ¾n¾¾nff¾½n¾�f�¾fn
f�°f½fnffn�°f°f¾f½½fn¾¾�
¯°��°f¯n¾°f¾fn¾¾¯¾¯f°ff
,n�¾½�¯°�f¾°¾�f°nf¾¾nf°
°°�n¯½¾ff°n�¾½nf¾f¾½n¾
nfnff°f¾¾nf¯½nf�¾fn
°f°¾½¾°n¾¾¯n¯½�°nffnf¾
°¯�°¾f°$°¯�¾½n¾°fn¯¯°f°f¾
f¾½n¾�n¾¾¯¾f#f°n�¾fnfnf¯f
f¾°f¾�°�nf¾½n¾�½½f°f°$¾¾¯
¯½¾¾°n¾°n¾¾f°nf°¾°¾¾°¾¯
nf¾¾¾f�¾n¯�°°f°f¯n¾°
nf¾¾�n¾¾½°¾�f½½f°¾¾¯f
½f°@°°�f¾f½f¾�°°�n¾¾¯
¾ff¾°¾¯��°f¯°f¾�¾°¯°�
¯�f¾n
°n°
D°¾f°°�¾nf°°f¯n¾�n�nf°¾¾nnf
�°¾f°°�½¾¾°nf°¾f�n¾¾¯¾¯°°�
°½ff¯°�°¾n°°f¯n¾f°f¾
f¾½n¾�¾f¾nf¾½¾¾°n¾°¾¾f°¾°n°
n¯½#f°¾¾°��f¾n°nf°�¾°
°fff°¾nf¾n°n¾f°½¾°¾f°n°�f°f¯fnf½f°°�ff�n¾¾¾n½°f°%�f
J°n��¾fn½¾°¾f°�f°�
¯½nff°nf°f°f¾¾%�°°¯f°
,fn9f°,ff¾½n¾�n�nf°
¾fnf°nf¾°�f°n%,nf°°�f�fn°�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 2/52
¾f°ff¾¾°f¾¾½n¾n¯fnf°�f°
f°½�°n�fn¾ff¾°�°f¾n�f°f°�
¯f°n¾¾¯¾f°°¾¯nf¾¾¯ffnf½¾�n¾¾¯¾
f°f°f½½nf¾n¾½¯f°¾n%f
,¾nf¾¾�½n°f¯n¾f�n¾°f
°½f½½ff¾¾°fn°¾f°f¾�°
°¾n°°ffn¾¾¯¾¾n°fn°f¾f
¯°¾n¯½�¾¯f°f°ffff°
nf°°n��n¾nf°½f¯½f°¾�
¾f��nf¾½n¾f¾f¾¾f�fn¯¯°
,°�°°¾½n¾½½f°°f¯n¾¯°�
½ff�¯¾fn
f¾½f°�n¾°n¾½n¾½°�°f¯n¾°
¾�¯n¯½¾¾¯¾¾°fn°¯¾¾
½¾°ff¾n¾¯½�nf°�¾f°¾n�°ff
n¾¾¯¾f½½fn¾f�n¾°�¾n�nf
°¾f�°f¯n¾f�%�°
½�f°nf°�¾¾�°°¾n°
n°nf°fnffnf°f¯nff°f¾¾@°f�
¯°�¾©n¾¾¯½�nf°¾%¾f°°°¾¾n
nn¾nf°f¯½nfn�¾¾¾¾½n¾f°nfn�¾¾
½½°°���f½°¾¯½
¯f¯fnf¯¾f°n¯½°ff¾¾¯¾¾nf°¾
f°¯½n¾¾°½�°°�°�fn¾¾¯¾¾°�
f¾f°�°�f¾fn½fnf°f°¾f
¯
°¾½f½�n¾°nff¾½n¾�f�
¾fnf�°f½fnffn�°f°f¾f½½fn¾¾
�¯°��°f¯n¾°f¾fn¾¾¯¾¯f°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 3/52
ff,n�¾½�¯°�f¾°¾�f°nf¾¾n
%,ff°°°�%,nf°°n¯½¾ff
¾½nf¾f¾½n¾nfnff°
f¾¾nf¯½nf�¾fn°f°¾½¾°n¾¾¯n¯½�°nffnf¾°¯�°¾f°$
°¯�¾½n¾°fn¯¯°f°f¾f¾½n¾�n¾¾¯
¾f#f¾fnfnf¯ff¾°f¾�°
�nf¾½n¾�½½f°f°$¾¾¯¯½¾¾°n
¾°n¾¾f°nf°¾°¾¾%¾,nf°°�¾¯f
°f¾¾f�°°¾°¾¯nf¾¾¾f�¾
n¯�°°f°f¯n¾°nf¾¾�n¾¾½°¾�f½½f°¾¾¯f½f°@°°�f¾f
½f¾�°°�n¾¾¯¾ff¾°¾¯�
�°f¯°f¾�¾°¯°�¯�f¾n°
�°�¾n°¾J°f¾¾¯¯½nff°
½¯°ff¾#¾¾ff�n°f¾%�
-f¯fnf@¯f°fn¯¾
�n¾¾°f°¾½°½f°¾½n¾n°¾¾f°½¯f
½n@¾nf½¾n¾¾¾f½½fn¾°f¯nf
¯°��n�nf°¾¾fff°n°¾¯½�°�
f°¯°�f¾½n¾�
n¯½�°ff¾¾¯¾�f°f°¾f°°��f¾½n¾�
n¾¾¯¾f°½fnf�n��°
f½½fn¾°n½f¾
°¾n°°°f°f¯n¾f°¯½nf¯f¾f
½ff¯¾n°�¯¾J°f¾¾¾½ff
�°¯f½½f°°f¯n¾
f�nf¾¾¾n°°¯°fff¾n¯°n¾°�
¾¯½f°�fn¾°°f¯nf�¯¾¯ff¯f°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 4/52
�°°¾f°½f°n¾¾¯n¯½f°
¾fJ°
½n¾¾�n¾°�¾n½�%�
°fJf¯¾f°,f°°°ffff¾nf
� ̄�ff°�°n°f¯nf
f½½fn¾�°f¯°f¯¾¾f��¾nf½¾f°¾�¾�¯
¾¾°°¾n�n¯½�¾°¯�
°f¯nff½½fn¾�f̄ f¾¾ff�f°�
¾¾¾�¾f�n¯½°¾f°½°f�¾°�
°f¯nf¯¾°fn°¾f°f°¯f°f�¯°n°
J�n¾°°°�f¾½n¯�¯°�%°�¾�
f¾fn¯¾nf�°fff°¾�¾fn¾¾¯
¾n°f¯n¾f°¾fJ°¾n¾¾¯½nf½½
f½½fn¾�¾¯f°�½fnfn¾¾¯¾f¾f�nf¾°
¾�¯f°ffn¾¾¯¾%�¯f¾¾ff°nnf°�¯¾
¾nf¾n9f$n¯¾°¾°f°Jf¾nf½½fn¾
f½¾°¾°¾%¾f°f,¾f@¾
¾fn¾f�°�f¾#°f°f¾¾
°#°f°f¾¾¾ff¯f
°n¯½f¾¾¾f½¾�¾fnfff¾¾¯f¾f°�°¾
f°#�¾°¾�f¾¾�¾°¾f°°¾f�°
f°¾½¾ff°f%�f°n�f¾�°
°f°¾°°¾fn�n¾°f¾fn¯¾¾¾f
�n¾°f½½¾¯f°¯¾�½fnfn¾¾¯¾J¾f
¾ff¾f¾fn¯¾¾½¾°�fn�nf
n¯½f°¾¯�nffn¾n¾�f½½¾¯f°
¯°�½�°f°��f½°nff°¯½nf
nf�°�f°�nffn¾n¾f°�f¾�¯°�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 5/52
¯¾°¾¾½°°�fn°f½½nf°�f
¯¾½n¾°°°f°f¯nf�¯¾¾�
n°�f½½f¾f��nf�¾°°�f
n¾¾¯%¾
fn�°
°�¾f��n°¯f°n�¾¾f°ff
n¯¯°¾½°¾f¾¾¯¾�¾nn¾¾°f°f¯n¾
¾½n¾�¾�½°°°fn¯½n¯¯°¾
f¯¾ff°¾¯½°¾¯%,fn%°%f°¾nf°ff�¯½nf°n¾½½°�¾
½¾¾¯½½ff¯½¾°n°f�
f�nf¯°n¾nff¯¾°n°f¾f½½f°¾f
�¾½nff°�¾¾f°��°n�°f¾°¾°
¾¯½¾f°n¯¯°¾n¯½f¯n¯½¯f°f°
n¯¯°¾f¾�ffn¯¯°n¯½¾�¾½n¾
¯½n°¾¯¾f�°f¾°¾f°½¾f¾f°
n¯¯°¾�¾½n¾�n°¾¯¾@¾
f¾¾f°f�°fnff,fn%
½¾f#ff�°¯�½f¾�fn¾½n¾¾
°n¾¾fn��n¾�½½f°�°¾½n¾
,fnn°nf#¾f°nf¾¾f¾°¯�°¾
°nf¾¾f°f¾f¾f¾fn°¯¾f¾¾¯f�¾
�¾½n¾¾°°�n¯¯°¾f°nf¾½n°¾f°°nf¾°¯¾�¾½n¾½¾�nfn°¾f°¾
¯�¾½½½¾n¯½¾ff°¾½
f¯½°%f�f¾¯½½f½¯¾f
fn�¾f°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 6/52
¾nfff��fn¯½f¯
¯¾½n¾¯¾%,f@°°f#n¯½�¾
¾fnfff�f°f½½ff¾f¾��
¾°f¾¾fnnf�¾¾�nf�°¯
¾f¾°½f°f�n°°°f¾ ̄f°f
¯¾f¾f¾f¾�n�nf¯
#�¯f½�%n°¾°J¾¯¾¾°¯½nf
°¾�f°¾f¾¾°¾fn°n¾°¾¾�f°¾½
%�f¾°ff¾°°f¾f°°f
n¯½¯½¾¾ff¾fnf�°ff¾½nf°
�¾nf°�f°fnf�,f%f½¾n¾f°°�f°n�¾°n°f°,f¾½f½f°
¾#ff°¯½°,n¾¾¯¾%½°°f
°
°°f°f9�fn��¾f°
�f½¯¾n°½°°f°°°f¾f
#9°n°f°¯f¾°�¯°¯¾¯½f°°
¾f�°¾,�nf
,f°n¯f°n�¾¾f¯n½f°½�
¯f¯fnf¾°fIf½f½¯¾f°f¾
¾¾f��¯f©n�nfn°°¾½¯°�
¾�¯°¾nnf¾%�,f°fnf,f
¾nf¾ff°f¾¾�f°¯f¾¾¯
n¯¯°¯fn¾¯f¯fnf¯°¾ff°¾f
nf¾¾n¯½°½fnf�°f¯¾
¾¾¯¾n¯½f¾¾¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 7/52
¾¾¯¾°¾f½f°¾°�¯¾f°¾fff¾
°¯�¾½n¾n°°nf°n%f¯f¾�°n°¾¾
½fff°
¾½n¾°fnfnff�°fn°¾°�°nf¾°fnnffJ¾n¾f°f¾¾°¯f°
°¾n°,f%f¾½°f¯½nf°n¾°
n°n¾�ff½fnfn¯½¾ff°¾½%�
ff°¯��¾f½nf°¾¯½°ff
n¾¾¯¾¾nf¾f¾nf¾½f°ff°�f¯f¾¾n¯½
n°°°fn¯¯°¾f¾��ff�¾�½¾¾¾nf¾
½¾,n,f¾f°fnf¾¾f°¾n°n¾°f°#�°f¯f¯fnf¯¾�¯¾½n¾n¯¯°¾n¯½
°¾�°¾f%½°°fn�nf
#°°°¾ff°°¾�fff¯fn¾�f°�n¾°��
nfn�¾¾¾�¯f°¯½nfn�¾¾°°�
f¾°¾°�¾f°n¯½¾°°ff
n¯¯°¾n½¾¾°�,f¯¾�°¾¾f¾°
½ff¾,f½#°¾
¾°n¯�f¯f¾¾°�f°nf¾°�¾f°
n¯½�°f°nn¯¯°¾fff¾f¯f¯fnf
�°f½½¾¾
@f¾�¾nf¾¾f�¾n¯f�
¾f°°°�°ff¾¾¯¾%½°,¾
¾¾°f�¾f¾�°°�°
¾n¾¾½n¾¾f�¾f°°f¯nfnffn¾n¾f
fn¯½n¯¯°¾½¾¾°¾¯nf¾¾¾fnf¾
°f°nf,f¾�°°�¾f°¾fn¾�
f°¯ff¯f°°��¾�½¾n¯½
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 8/52
¾f½f¾Jf¯f°¯½f°½n¾�¾°�°�
¾fnf�°f°n
f¯°°��¯°°¯�½n¾f
°fn°¾°¾½n¾ff½�f�°��n°¾¯¾f°n¯½°¾n°f¾
¯f¾¾�n¾¾¯¾f¾¾f°f��°�
¯�¾¾f�°°¾f°ff�¾¯¯¾f½½f°
n°�n°�¾¾f¾¯f¯�°f¾°�
n¯½�¾¾f°¾f¾°¾n¯°�¯¾�
nf¾f°�°¾�,f¾°°�#¾¾f�¾ff
�°fnffn¾n¾�n¯½n�nf°¾ff�
½¯f°¾�¯¾ff°½¾¾°n�°ff
n¾¾¯¾nff°f¾¾�¯¯°,fn¾°¾¾¯°f
¾¾°�¾f,f%¯f¾nf
°�¾f°¾f°f¾¾¾f¾¾¯fn¯¯°
¾¾ff°¯½°f½½f°¾fn°¾f°f¾
%�f@¾f�¾¯¾¾¾¯f½f°¾
�f¾½n¾°¯¯°°nff¯½
¾nf°¾¾¾f%�f°n°f¾�
½½f°°¾¾ff�¯¯°¾¾
¯°°nf¾nff°¾f%�-f¾f
½¾°¾f½¾¾°
n½f°°�¾°nf¾f¾½½f°°¾¾
fnf°f°f¯¾nffn°¾f°
f¯½° ̄nn¾%�
°fn¯¯°�°¾½n¾¾f½½fn¾f¾°f°°°fnf°
n¯¯°¯f�¾½n¾°fn°n��n°¾f¾n
¯½fn�fn¾½n¾°��fn¾½n¾©f¯
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 9/52
½½f°°¾¾°�¾¾n��n°¾¯f½¾%
¾f°©%°°fn°°�f%f¾©@¾n
°fn°¾¾°�n��n°¾¾°n¾¾f
f¾¾¯°f°fn°¾@°�°f¾�n¯¯°¯fnffn¾¯½ff%¾,f�ff¾n½°
¾�°f¾f
nfnf½½f°½¾f½f¾��°f¾
°nf½f°�°�ff½f¾°nf½f°
nff°f½f¾°nf°f¾fnn°��f°�
�°f¾f¾f½¾f½f¾¾¯°¾ff
f¾°�¾½n¾¾°°¯f¯f
¯f¾f¾f°fff°¯
°f¾f¯nff°�¯�°¯°
½½f°°¾¾¾fn¯,f%
¾n¯¯°¯fn¾°n¾½n¾f°¯°
f°¯°fn°¾°�¾fnf¾fnf¾¾
n¯½%¯f¾f¾n°°nf°n¾f°ff�°fn°
¾°�f¯°�¾½n¾@¾�¾nf°¯n¯¯°¯fn¾
f¾ffn¯nnn¾¯f¾¾°¯°ff°
�¾f°¯n¯¯°¾°¯¾¯¾n¾¾¯¾f
¯°¯¯�n�nff¾¯¾nf¾
n°f°°�ff¾°½̄ f½nf¯°¯�½n¾
f°°n°¾¯¾f°�¾n¾ff̄ ½n¾
�%f@°°f°¯°¾¾�n¾¾¯¾nf¾°¯°¾f°f¯n°�½�¾¾%�
Jf¯¾f°,f°°°ff
,¾f¾¯nn°�¾¾°f¯
¾nff¾¯¾f°¯n¯¯°¯fn¾°n°�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 10/52
¯½nf½f°¾��¾nf°°fn°¾°�
¾°¾If°�n°°nf°n°¾½n¾�¾°�¾
%¾,f¾
%¾¾°f¯f¾n¯°°¯°f°�°n°°¾�½¾n¯½¾ff°¾½¾%¯f¾¾
f¾¾¯fn°¾¯¾¾f
¾¯f�fn°%�f¯°�¯f¾¾¯�¯¾n
½½f°%n°¾¯¾f¾©n¾°�¾�f¯½°°�%½
¯¾̄ f¯¯�f�½̄ f½n¾n¾n¾
½½f°�f°%ff¾f¾¯½n°�
°fn°¾%¾n¯f¾¾f¾f¾°�°�°n°
°fn°¾°�f¾f°n°¾¯¯f¾¾nf¾¯f°¾f
n°¾¯¾f°�°n°°f¯n¾�¾n¾@
f¾¯�¾n°°¾¾¾°ff¾f¾¾¯f°
��n°n¾�nf°¾¾�°f�%¾°°¾
f°¾n¯¾�f¯½°°�°�°n�n°¾¯¾°
¾n¾f½½f°-¾¾�f°�¯¾¾�
°�¾%¯f°°¯f¯fnf¯¾¾°�½¾n¯½¾ff°¾½¾°f̄ ¾nff½½fn9̄ ¯f°
f°%¾n¯¯°
¯fn¾��°fn°�¾½n¾@¾¾¯fnff�nf°
°�f°°n¯°°�°�¾½n¾n°¾¯
¾n¾�¯½½n
¾@�°f¾f�n¯¯°¯fn¾nf¾¾°¯�½n¾@¾¾�¯°
ff¾¯°nf¾¾¾f°¯¾��fn°�¾f
¯¾f° ̄f¾f¯¯°nf¾¾¾f�
¾¾f¯¾nf¾°�°¯-¾¾
n°nf°¯�½n¾°°ffn¯¯°¾¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 11/52
¯¾f�½½f°°f¯n¾%9¯¯f°f°
½nf¯°¾ff½°¯°°°°ff�
¾%9¯¯f°°½fnff½n°f¾°
�°n°¾¾°¯½nffff¾¯f�¾
n¯½%�,f°9¾°f�f½½fnf°f
f°¾½°�¾nf°°f¯n¾¾%
¾f¯½nfn¯¯°¯fn¾n¾½°°�f�
¾f¯¾ff°f°¯f¾¾¯n¯¯°¯fn¾@¾
nf°nff°ff�¾f¾n°fff
¾f¾°°f½½f°°f¯n¾¾°¯f°½°
f¾n½fnf¾nf
½½¾¯½f°°¾°�,f°°%¾
f°¾�¾¾½n¾fn°¾¯f¾¾��
n°°nf°n°f�°¾n°°n°�¾¾f¾°
f°f¾¾�,f%f�f¾nn¯½f¯°ff°¯f
°nf¾°¾ff°¾¾½°¾�
n¯½ff�¾f�¯½nf�¾
°n�n¾°�n¯½f¯°ff°°¯f°ff
�¾f¾°¾��¾¾nf°f¾f%¾°��
°ff
°�°¾f¾f¾°¾�°fn°
�°nnf°�°fn°¾°�°�¾�°�nf°
n¯½f¯°¾°�n¯½�
¾�¾°¾��¾f¯°°
¾°¾f¾�°�nf°n¯½f̄ °ff°f°f%
�°n�nf
¯f°°��n¯½f¯°¾f¾°°�½��f¾f½f
f�%fDf°nf��n°�°�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 12/52
n¯½f¯°¾°¯�¾�¾%f°½¾n¯
@½�nff°f¾¾�¾¾�¾¾f
n¾°�n��n°%Jf¾�f¾
°n¯½f¾°½¾�°¾%°°ff@n¾°�n��n°¾��¾¾°½fff�
n°°nf°n%°¾$¾½n¾n¯½ff°¾
%°°ff°��n¾¾nf�n°n°f°�°¾°
¯¾�¾f½¾¾�n¯½f¯°ff°ff¾� ̄f
½½�nf½¾½n¾°°
f°°�f¾°°�°¾n¯f¾n
n¯½f¯°ff°n¾°�n��n°¯¾¾¾n¯½f¯°¾�
°°¯°¾¾½n¾f¾°f
¾°�f¾f¾½n¾°¾¯¾¾�f°�¾f
n¯½f¯°ff°¯½fn¾�n¯½f¯°ff°°¾f
¯f°¾f°½°¾°f¾¯¾fn°°�
f½½fn�f°�¯½nff¾¯nf¾ff°f¾¾
f%½ff¯�°fn¯¯°¯f¯¯½nf�¾n¾f°°fn°¾°�¾f¯°�¾½n¾
°¯½nfff�°f½f°�¾°�½°��n¾�
n°¾¯¾°¾n¾f½n¾°�¾f°
¾°�¯½��n¾�¾n¾°n°¾¯¾f�½n
¾°�¯½nf°fn°¾°�½f°¾n¯¯°
¯fn¾°nf¾nf¾f°n¯½f¾°¯fn¾
f°¯°fn°¾°�f¾,¾̄ ½f°¾¾¾¯°¾ff°ff�¾n¾f¾f¾¾°�
°fn°¾°�¾°¾¾n¾n°f°°nf¾
nf¾f�n¾½°°�n¯¯°¯fn¾-f%
½f°¾�°°�¾¾f¾ff°fn°¾f
n°n°f°°�½¾°f°f¾¾f½¾f½ff�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 13/52
°fn°¾�¯fnf°¾½n¾�fn¾f¯
¾½n¾¾°�¾½n¾¯f°°n@¯f¾½
�f¾�¯n¯f°�°fn°¾°�¾°½f°
¾f½�nf¾¾½°��f°
°f½½n¯¯°¯f¾¯½nfn¯°½f°
�°fn°¾°�¾°¾°nf¾¾nf¾f°
n¯½f¾°f°¯
°fn°¾°�¾°¾@¾f¾f¾¾¾�
nf¾f�n¯¯°¯fn¾fn°
°¾f°°��f°¾½°n¯½f°¾f
°�¾%°nf¾¯¾½n�nn°°¾�½¾
n¯½¾ff°¾½¾f¾°°�¾¾°¾¾
f¾°°�fn¯½¾ff°¾½¯°¾f
,f%-¾¾¾¾n°¾¾°¾��¾fnf
¾f°nf¾¾°n�nff¾¯¾fn¯¯°
¯f°¾¾°¾¾f¾�f°f¯°¯�½n¾
%9¯¯f°°ff�¾n¾%¾
Df°nf°°fn°¾°�¾°¾%f-f�f°¯f¯fnffnf
n¯¯°¯ff½½fn
f°�¯½f¾n�nf¾n¯f¾
¾ff¾¾¯½°¾f¯f¾n�°f�¾¾¾¾
n¯¯°¯¾f¾¾¯nn¾nfn½½f°
°f¯n¾f¯fnffn¯f°°ff¾¾¯¾%�nf¾°�¾
fn°°¾¯f½f°¾f¾f�½f°¾
¯�f°ff°f¾¾°�nf°�
¾f¾°°n¾¾f½n�f¾ff�nf°
n°n@°f°fn°n��n°¾f°f�
f½½¯f°�¾½n¾°f¯n¾f°�ff¾¯f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 14/52
ff°n¾°½½f°°¾¾f°f�½½f°ff°n¾°°
°f¾½n¾°fn°¾½f½½¯f
°fn��n°¾@¾f¾¾¯½°�¾¯f½½f°ff°n¾
¾°nf°f¾¾f¾n¾�½½½f°¾f¯
fnf¾¾ff¾¯f¾n�f¯nfn�nf½
-°°f-°¯9½f°f°J,¾@
n¯¯f°¾�¯f¾¾¯½°f°°f
°fn°¾°n°n¯¯°¯ff°f¾¾f°f°ff½½fn
f°f°��¾f¯�°f¾%�f¾°�¾
9¾°°¾,nf°°¾f°�½
¾f¾¾¯½°¾½¾�n¯¯°¯fn¾°¾f
¾¾¾�°¾¾f°fnffnf¯n�nf
½f¾¯¾�°°°f¾½n¾°fn°¾¾½½f°
°f¯n¾°¾½n¾½�¯¾¾nf¾¾½n¾�
nf°¾°��n°f¾½n�n�nf½f¾f¾f�
f°°°°f°°¯°f¯n¾¯fn¾
f¾¾,¾�¾°°°f°f¯nf¾¾f¾f°f¯n°�nn°¾¯¾n¯�¾½n¾
¯f¾¾°f½¾°°¾%�°¾�
¾½n¾¯n¯f¾¾¾¾¯f¾¯°�
n°¾¯f°¯n¯f¾¾
¾�f°½¯f½n°�°�°¾½n¾°¾
f½½fn½¯f½n�¾f¾°�¾n�f°¾f°n°¾¯�¾f¾°°°°f�°n°f¾½°¾¾�
n°¾¯½°¾n°¾¾%f¾f¯°f¾½n
�n�nf½f¾¾f�f¾¾�¯¾�¾½ff¯¾
°¾½n¾¾f°¯fnnf�¾%°¯n¯
f°f½̄ f½n½n�°�¾°�n
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 15/52
¯�¾½n¾°f�¾f¾�°f��°f
f°¾%¾@°¯nf°�f°�¾¾¾°¯
¾¾�¾½n¾¯f¾¾°f¯f¾nffn
½½f°°f¯n¾%�¾f
f¯nn¾nfnnn¾�¯�¾½n¾
°n°¾�°f¾�f°�f¾�¯f¾¾°¾%�
½¾¾°n�½½f°¾°�nf°¾@¾
f½½fn°�nf°�½¾¾°nf¾°¾½n¾�
nf°¾½½f°¯°¯ff°
ff�¯%f¾°�¾9,nf°°¾f�
n°f°�̄ ¾nf½¾¾°nf¾¯ff°¾�¯°
f°¾°nf¾
¾°nff¾½n½½f°nf¾¾%,nf°°¾
@�¾¾¾¯°¾ff¾½n¾f°n¯¯°
½¾¾°n¾°¾n¯°f¯n¾%�f
½°f�nfn½½f°°f¯n¾%�nf¯f¯f°
½¾¾°¾f°°�¯¾nf¾½°�f°f¾½n�
n�nfn¯½,nf°°f¾°�¾%
°¾�f¯½fn�¯°°°f¯n¾f°�°
¾n¾f½¾½n¾��nf°n°¾¯
¾f°f¾f¾½n¾@�°f¾½�¯°
¾f¾½½f°°f¯n¾¯°f°�nfn°f¯n¾
°°�¯°¯fff�¯°n°f¾f
n¯¯°¯f�9¯¯f°f°%¾¾��¾¾f
¯°¾f¾f°��f�n¯½°¾f¾
nf°f¾¾¾f°°f¾¾¯½°
f¯°f¾f�½�°n�°¯f¾½n¾f°
�f¾f¾½n¾nff½½f¾°°ff�¾%Jf¯¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 16/52
,f°f¯n°¾°n¾�¯°°f
n¯½ff¾¯½½¯°f¾¾¯f�½°°°°°
°n¯°¾°nn¾°n�n°¾¯¾¾¾n
°¯f°°¾ff°¾%¾¾°f°°
¾��¯¾,nf°°f%¾ff
°fn°¾¯��°ff¯½°½½f°¾nf°¾f°¾
¾f
°f¯n¾°n�nf°¾@¾��¾f¾nf
°fn°¾f¯°�¾½n¾¯��°¾f°°�
¾°n�n¯½n¯¯°¾�
¯¾°fn°¾°¾nn¯¯°¾ff9¾f%
¯°¾fff¾�¾½n¾�nf°¾°¾f¯
½n°¾¯nf°¾f
°½n°¾¯nf°¾n¾½�°n¾°
°¯f¾½n¾n½�°n¾n°�f½½f¾°
n°¾¯¾¯�f°��°
ffn¯½f¯°¾¾nf¾½f�nf°f�¾�f¾%9¾f@¾¾��¾¾f½°f¯½f°�¾½ff
½f°¾°�¾f
f¯f°¾nf°°�¾��¯¾
¾¾¯f°°f°%¯°¾ff�°n�nfn
°f¯n¾°nf¾¾
°¯�½n¾nf¾¾¾nf½½¾fnf¾��n¯½°¾°�¾¾¾°nff
½°°°n
½n¾¾¯°f¾°f½fnf�½½f°¾f¯�
°nf¾nf¾�n¯½
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 17/52
f°¯nf°�f°�°°°f½½f°°f¯n¯¾
��¯¾f¾ff�ff°¾f°°��
°f¯nf¾f�¯¾½n¾¾¾¯¾J°f¾¾¯½f¾fn
f°f°fnff¾n¯¯°¯ff°f¾¾¾¯¾f½½f
nf½¯�f�¾¯n°f¯½f°f¾½n¾�°ff
n�nfn¯¯°¾f¾½n¾nf½½ff°¾¾¾
n°n°°�n¯½f°¾f,¾¯½f°¾¯°�
f½½fnf¾nf�f°°¯½½f°°f¯n¾°
½°¾½n¾½¾¾°n%f¾°�¾9,nf°°¾
f¾¾¾��¾¯°%,nf°°f¾°�¾
¾¾f°fn°¾%,nf°°ff°¾½ff
½n¾¾¾%9¾f¯f¾f�¾°�¾n
¾½n¾½�¯¾°°�¾¾¾nf°
ff½¾n¯½¾ff°¾½¾°¾
°¾f�n¯�n¯½�°ff¾¾¯¾J
f¾°¾��¾f¾¾�¯°fn°¯¾¾nf°
�°f¯¾n¯½°¾f°°¾f¾°
½°f½¯fnf¾¾¯½°¾%½½f°
°f¯n¾¾½°¾¯f°½°°ff¾°�¯¾
f°n¯½°¾f°%½½f°¾fn°n¾
n¯¯°¾ff¾°
¾°f¾½n¾½¾¾°n¾°n°n½½f°f
%,nf°°¾ff°f�°n�nfn°f¯n¾¾
°�°n�
n¯½%¾¾¯f°°½n¾9¾¾°n°¯½
J¾,n°°¯nf°�f°f½½fnf¾°
°n¯½
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 18/52
�¯¾%Jf¯¾,f°f¯¾°¾f½½fn
°�n¯¾ff½½f¾f¾¾¯f��¾½n¾°
n¯½½n°¾@
¾n�¾n¯½°¾¾�°f¾�¾¯½½�nf¯¾f°¯nf¾nf°n¯�¾%Jf¯¾,f°
@°n
¯f¾°�°¾nn¾¾�½n�°f¾n�
n¯½�¾nf¾nf¯%°f½n¾
¾¯f¾½n¾f°f°¯¯½n¾f¯¾°f¾½n¾��
¾n%Jf¯¾,f°°°f°f¯n¾
f¾°¾f°°°¾%f½½fnf°°fn�
½¾��¾n¾f°°¾°�¾f°°�¯
½½f°°f¯n¾f°¾�f@½n°�f°�n¯½
°¾n°°°f°°¯°�n¯°�
f¾�½f°f°¾°��n¯½¾ff°¾½¾°
¯½f¾n¯½�¾f°°�nf°f¾½n¾�
¯°�¾¯½n@½�¯¾nff°fnf¾f
%�f¯fnf¾f¾¯f½ff¯¾
¾½n¾n°¾¾%¾fff°n°°nf°n%,f°f
f°f�¾¯½¾�f¾¾�°°�°¾@°f¯n¾¯%Jf¯¾
f°,f°
¯�f°�°f�¯¾f°°°¾%°
f°fnffnf¾�°f°f¾�½ff¯¾fnf°
¯f¾ff%�
f¯nff¾¯½¾�°°�¯f¾¾�f°f°¾¾f°
°fn°°f¯n¾ff°¾°¾°¯½nf
¾°�¾%��°n°f¾½°¾¾¾n°½¾¾n°
°�n°f¯n¾¯f¾f°f°��f°�°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 19/52
¾°¾°f¾¯½¯¾°�°¾°�f¾n
°f¯n¾°¾�f¾fnf°¯f¾f¾½¾¾°n
�fn°�¾½n¾½¾¾°°f¯n¾%n°n¾¯
¯nnf°nfn°f¯n¾D¾°�¾n�¯¾Jf¯¾
f°,f°% ¾̄�°f½¾¾°nnf¾¾°f�
n¯¯°¾�¾½n¾f°n°°nf°nf¾°f°
¾ff½nf°�
¾¾�,f%°fn¯½��°¯°°¯°¾
�°
f�¾f°¯½�¾½f½¾¾°n
f°�¾¯
°¾n°�¯�nf¾nf¯°nf¾¾½¾¾°n
f°�
¯f�°D¾�°n¯¾n¯½¾½¾¾°n
f�f°
nf¾nf¯%Jf¯¾,f°¯¾°f¾n°n¾f
nf¾°
¯½nfffn�¾nf¯¾¾¾¾°�¾��¾
fn¯½
°¾n�°ffn¯¯°¾½¾f�½f�
¾½n¾
½¾¾°n°¾°�¾n�½¾¾°�¾f
¯f°f�
¾½n¾°n°¾f¾¯n°¾¾°¯½nffff°
�°f¾nf
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 20/52
¯¾°°nf¾�°n¯%Jf¯¾,f°¯¾
@¾¾¾¾��¾f�f°¾½°�¾n
°f¯n¾f°¾f¾°n
°¾n°�°n¾½½f°°f¯n¾f°°¯°½¾¾°
�¾n¾°f°¯½f°�n¯½°
¾n�
½¾¾°nJf¯¾f°,f°%¯¾¾f¾¯f
ff°¾°
�°n°f¾½°¾�n°¾¯½°¾nf°$½f°¾nf°
f
f¯fn��n¾°¾f°�°f¯n¾�½fnf¾½n¾f¾f¾
f
¾½n¾½¾¾°n°¯½f°¾f°�ff°°�°n°f
¾½°¾¾
¾�ff°�n°¾¯½°f¾n°¾¾9°f¯nf
¯¾f
½nff¾¾¯@½�°n°f¾½°¾¾%°�nfn¾
½�
�°�ff°ff¾f°�f¾½n¾�¾°�¾°¾�
ff°½¾½°¾¾%�¾°�@½°¯¾¾¯¾°
¾½n¾%,n
ff¾¾¾°°¾@ff°��°�f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 21/52
¾n°¾¾nf�ff�n¯°n�nf
¯nf°¾¯¾
%f¾f¯°n°�½f°�°n½¾n°�f°
��
¾°�@¾½¾�½nf°°°½nf¾ff
¯f¾¾
¾n¾½n¾½¾¾°°fff°¯n¾¾¯¾°nf¾°�
f
n¯¯°½¾¾°n
°f°f½½fn°�f°�n¯½¾nf°°f¯n¾f°°
n°f¾¯¾½°f¯nf¾¾°%ff
n°¾¯
½�°n¾�¾n¾ff½f°¾f° ̄f°nf¾nf
¯�
¾�°½¾n¯½¾ff°¾½¾°¯f°�¾ff½
°¾¾¾fn°�°°n¾°�
¯½f¾°f
°°¾ff°�¾½n¾°fn°¾f°°°f�¯¾ff
n°¾¯¾
½¾¾¾n¾¾ff°f¾¾�ff½°¾¾°�
Jf¯¾,f°�f¯ff½¾n¯½¾f
f°¾½¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 22/52
f°ff��fn°�ff½n°¾¯¾%f�
ff½f°
f°¾¯½nf¾nf¯�¾f°°nn°¯
¯½nfnf°n¯�¾%¾f@�¾¾¾°nf
f½¾n¯½¾ff°¾½¾ff½�f�°�f
°
�°°°ff¾¾¯¾
°�f°�¾½nf°°¾f°f¾¾¯°°f¯nf�¯¾
f¾
¾°f¾½f�¾½n¾°n¯¯°¾¯ff¾¾¯
°½¾¾°
¾°¾%fff¾¾f
�
°¾n¾fff¾¾n¯½ff¯½nf
�¾f°
f½½f¾¾n¯½°¾¯�°f¯°ff¾f¯½
n°°nf°n¾%
°¯�½°f�°�°¾fffnff°¾$¾½n¾
f¾nfnf
¾°�°�°¾�f¯½¾f%¯f°
�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 23/52
¾¾f@f¾f°n°°nf°nnf¾¾¾½n¾
n°¾¾°
n¯½f¾°f¾�n°¯½nf�¾f¯n�
n°°nf°n¾%
¯f°�°°f@ff°¾½f°
¾�°�nf°
f°¾½°¾½n¾n°¾¾f°n°°nf°n%¾f¾,f°
-¾¾¾°f�¯�¾¾ff
°¾°�
½f°¾¾nf¾½¾��n¯¯°¾f°n¯½
�
nff¾½n°n°°¾f°�½¾�¾f°
n¯½@
n¯¯°°f½½fnf¾f°f°¯¾�
n¯½¾f
f°¾½¾f°¯f°¾°nffnf¾¾°n°°¾
%¾¾fJ°�f°�°ff°½½f°
°f¯n¾°f�
f¾¾¯¯¾°�°�¾�¯f°¾¾f¯½¾
f°f
f�°¯�½ff¯¾°°�°½f°�¾¾f¾
f¾
f°n°ff¾¾¯¾��n�°¯½¾¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 24/52
°¾¯¯fn°°¾°�°¯nf°�f°f½½fn
¾
¯n¾¾¯¾n¯½n�nf½f¾°¾n
��¾f°
f½½fn�½°�n°°¾f�¾f°°¾f
�°f
½½f°¾°fn¯½n¾¾¯f¾f¾¾f�
¾¾¯
%Jf¯¾,f°¯¾¾f°¾°�¯f°
¾¾�¯
°�f°¾nf°°f¯n¾¯¾fn°¾¾°
½nf
¾ff°f¾¾f�°f°�fn¯½¾ff°¾½f°
f°°nf¾
¾f�¯½nfn°¾¾°�¾n¾°n¯½f¾°
f°¯¾
%Jf¯¾,f°¯¾°�f°�ff½°f½n¾¾¾°
n¯½
n¯¯°¯¾¯ff�°¾�¾�f°�¾
n¯½°ff
n¾¾¯¾¯f½¾¾%fff¾¾f°
¾
f¯f°¾f¾ff°f�°n¯½f¾°nf¾f
f½½fnf
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 25/52
¾nn¯½°f¯°�f¾f¾½n¾¾�°f°°n°
°°¯¯¾nf°ff°�°f�
n°f°
�f½½nf°¾�¾¯n¯½°f¯nff½½fn¾½°f�f
�°fnf�ff°n°�fn°¯½f¾f¾fn°
f¾¾nf�
½ff¯¾f°¯nf¾¾�f�nf½f¾
f¾¾nf¯
½ff¯¾f°°nf¾f°��¯�¾nf°
½½nf°f°fnn¾¾¯
@f¾f½½fn¾¯°�½¾¾nf°¾
½n°°¾�f°¯f°¾½°¾ff°½¾¾°n°
f
n¾¾¯¾f¾½n¾�¯¾¯ff¾°¯¾¾¯f½½
¯½¯°f°f°�f¾¾¾¾¯°�¾f�°ffn¾¾¯¾°
�fn�
fnff°n½f½f°¾@¾¾¾¾�½fnf¯¯f
n°n°°
ffnn¾¾¯¾fn°f°�¾¾J¾�¾°�¾½n¾¯¾n
f¯°f�¾¾¾fnf°¯f°f�¯°¾�°f
fn°�f¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 26/52
°fff°¾¾�°�ff°f¾¾�¾¯½�¯¾
%¾
¾¯¾¯f¾°ff�¾n°°�
n¯�
½f°¾fnn°f¾¯¾½n¾n°¾%
f¾
f¯°¾�°f¯°f¯½f°¾¾�f°½fnn°
n°
�n°�%¯°�°��¾f¾¾ff°�f
½¾
¯½fn°f�¾°°�fn¾¾¯
J°f�¾¾n°°�°�f�°f¯n¾¾f
½½f¾f�¾f¾fff°��½½n
�¾f
½½f°¯f�½½f¾f°nf¾°
f¾n¾¾¾f°f°f¾¯½�nf°�
f¯n
¯n¯½n¾¾¯°¾f¾%n°¾¾f¯f¾n
�
fn°f°¾ff°n°�½½f°°½f°°°f¾¯f°�¾
fff°¾ffff%¯�� ̄f
J¾f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 27/52
¾¯½�nf°�¾f°n¯½�¾¾¯¾ff
nf½¾f�½ff¾fnf°°n¯½°°¾�°
@f¯°½f¾�½°f°�°n�¯¾f¾f°¾�n°��f°
J¯f°�¾½ff¾¯ff°��¯½fn¾°f¾f
°fn°
nf°°f¾¾¯f½f¾n°¾¾nf°�°¯¾�¾
½ff¾�
°�°n°f¾¾¾¾°�°fn°°¾½n¾%¾
¾%¾¾¯f¾n�f¾�f¯�
¾°�
¯¾½n¾°f¯n¾¯°°°°f°�nn°¾¯
¾n
¯¾n¾¾½¾%¾f°°°¾9ff¯f¾�
¾¯
¾�°�fn¾¾¯°°�f¾¾°��ff
¾¯f°¾
%�½½f°¯f¾¾¾ff�¯f¾¾�f¯nf°
°�n
f¾°°�f°f°�°°°½ff¯¾ff°¯@¾
�¾¯
f°¯f°�½ff¯¾¯f°¾f½f¾°¾f
f°½fnf
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 28/52
¾°¾nfnf�n¯�°¾#Jf¯½fn�
n°��
¾f¯f¾¾°¯f¾¾�ff°n¯¯nf�¾¾"°
��n¾¾
¾¯f°�f°½¯°f½¾¾½f°f°½¯°fnf°°
°°f
¾n°�nnff°fnfn¾¾¯@¾�f¯f°
¾°¾
�¾¯½�nf°¾¾f¾¾¯¾nf½f°¾%�¾¯f
n¾f°
¯°f¯n¾%�n°¾f°n°½ff¯f¾f°°f¯n¾
J
fff¾°fnf°½¯¾¾¾¾�
f¾¾¯½°¾f
¾�f°fnffnffnf°¯f%¾,f
¯°n¯�¾¯f°�¯½f°¾°fn¯½
¾¾¯n¾f
f¾°ff½½fn¾�¾½fnf¾°@¾f°f¾¾
n¯°¾
¯°¾�ff½½fn¾¯¾½n¾°f¯nf¯°�
f¾n¾¾
°n°�nf¾ff°f¾¾�n¯¯°¯fn¾°°°f
°�n
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 29/52
°f¯n¾f°n¯½�¾n@¾¯°�¯°¾°
n°©°n°
¯½nfff°½n°fn°¾f°f¾nffn¾n¾�
ff°
°�fn¾¾¯�¯f½f¾�f¯°n¾¯ffn
��¾f¾
f°¾��n¾°n¯¯nf�¾¾°n°�fn¯½
n¾¾¯
D¾°�¾¯°��f¯¾%�°f��¾f¾f
n
¾f¾�°�nf°½ff�n¯¯nf�¾¾%f
f°nf°
¾¯fnf°�f¾½°¾¾f°ffn¾¾f�
n¯¯nf
¾n¾¾¯ff¾¾f°f�f°9f½¾°
¯
¯½f°¾f°f¾¾%°¾nf°�¾�°�
°
¾¯½¾n¯¾¯f½n°¾°¯½f°¾¾¾¾°¾
¯¾
°n¾°�f½½f°°¯½f°½n°¾nf°½n°¾
f�n
¾¯f¾¯f½n°f��f½f¾n°¾¯½°�°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 30/52
f��n°�n¯�¯"@f°¾¾#°�¯¾½n
°¾¾
n��%�½n°f���°n¾°¾¾f¾¾
¾ff
f¾nf�¯n¯¾¾°°n¯½¾¾°�f
#f°¯n
n¯½°¾¾f°¾°f�¾n¾¯ff°
°¯¾
��°n°½n°�n¯¾��°f½¾¾½f°¾
¾nf¾n°�
�¾f¾°°�fn¾¾¯%¾@°fn°
°ff°
�¾f¾°°�f�¾�°�°n¯f°
¾½n¾°
%¾f°¾f¾½¾�°�°n¾f
�°°¯f°
�°¯¾n¾¾¯¾@½¾°n�¾½°f¾°���¾
��n¾°
n¯½�¾°¾¾�¾¯f¯¾f¾f¯f°¾�
¾¯½�n¯¯°
f°f¾¾�¾¾½n�¯f°n¾¾¯¾f°¯f°½¾�¾°¾
%¾°n¾°¾
Jf°f¯nf¯°�f½½fn¾�¾°�
n¯½¾ff°¾½¾°f¾fn�¾f°¾¯�
n°f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 31/52
nffn¾n¾fn¯½f°@f@¾½�¯°�f¾¾¾
°°f
¯°f¯n¾¾fn¯¾¾n°°¯
f¾¾¯½°¾n¯ff½½½f�nf°°¾�¾°¾f¾
¾n¾¾°
½¾¾n°¾°nf¾f°ff½½fn¾
ff°
ff°f��°nf¾°�n¯½°�½f°ff°n¾°°°°f
°f¯n¾½
½½f°°f¯n¾°f¾°�°°°ff°°°¯
f¾¾¯½°¾n
f¯�n½¾�°f¯n¾fnn°°ff
¾¾¯¾ff°
°�¾n°f¾f$°¾fn¯¾f½�nf
¾ff°f¾¾
¾fn¾nf°°½ff°��½¾�½½f°f°
¾¾¯
¾f@¾¾¾½nfnf¾°¾°�°°°f
°°¯
°f¯nff°f¾¾�¾n¯½½f¾°¾n
f¯½°°¯f¾�¾f¾½n°f��¾½n¾°f
¯�
f¾½f¾½¾¾°°f¯n¾%,f°Jf¯¾¯¾nnf°
�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 32/52
°°°½n°f�¾�¾½n¾f¾½f��°½¾�
½¾¾°
°f¯n¾%�¾ff¯nn¾nf¾%�¯�
½¯¾°�
°n°¾�¾½�¾fn°n½f°¾°
°ff°
ff½°f¯n¾°°°f¯n¾¾½ff�°f°°°
½n°fn°¾
f°�°f¾�n�nf½f¾¯¾nf¾
¾�
�°f°�f½ff¯¾½fn¾f�f°°n°f°½f°
�¯
n¯¾¾°f°n¾°nff¾½°°°�f°°¾
¯½n¾¯
f¯ff¯ff°¯f°¾¾°
ff°¾°
nf�©¾�¯ff¾¾¯½f¾½¾¾f°½°f
ff°°�¾fn©¾¾°¾�¾½n¾n°¾¾
f°
n°°nf°n#�¾f°¾f¾fn¾f½f°°�
¾fn�
#¾¾f�¾f½¯��°f¾½n¾�½½f°f°
n¾¾¯
½¾¾°nf°¾°¾¾�f¾¾�¯�¾f
¾¯
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 33/52
¯�°�n°¾¾°¾¾°nf°�f°ff�¾f°°
f°¯°
¾n¾f°°fn°¾°�¾°¾f½¯f��
�½½f°
¾ff°¾½n¾½¾¾°n¾n°½°,nf°°%
¯
f°¯½nf°n%�f¯f°f°fn°¾nf°
��f�
¾°�°¾fn°¾¯¾n°fn°¾¾¾f°�
n¯¯°¾
n°¾¾°,fn¾%½¾¾ff°�¯�°�
°¾fn¾
f¯½°f�½½f°¾°�¾-°f°¯°¾n
�f¾¾�
°fn°¾°�f¾f½½f¾��f�f°¾½½f°°n°
f°¯
f¾n�¾n�f¾½n¾½¾¾°n¯f
½
½�nf½¾½n°nf¾°�n°°nf°n¯f��f�f°¾
½f�
nf¾nf°�°n°¾%°°f½fnf¾¯f°�
n°°nf°n
¾f¯°�¯°¾°¾%¾°�½n°¾
½¾½n¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 34/52
f°n°°nf°n¾n°f½f¾°¾
%°°f
f9f°¾f½½f¾½nf°f¾¾��
n°°n
°¾%�f°°f¾nff
¾¾f°°¯¾f¯°�°
nf,f¾#¾¾f�¾f°°�fn�¾½f
¾¾¾f°
n¾¾¯½f°¾f°°nf¾°�n¯½°�¾�f¾°¾
f
¾fn¾fnf¾½°f¾�n�¯f°
nff°
¯½nf¾°¾°n�f°¾¯�¯¾n
fnn¯½¾
½½f°�°�f¾¾°¾� ̄f¾fn
¯¾ff½½nf°¾%�¾°n�
f°f¾¾f°¾¾f
¯��¯¾�n¯½�¾fffn
f¾
°�°n°¾f°°��½¾�nf°fn°¾
n°�¯°¾
@¾f¾¾½½-�f°¾$%
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 35/52
%-,%-,Jf°%J
@¾
f¾n¯½°�f½¾nf�¾½f
�°n¾
°�fff¾f°ffnf°n�
n¯½
°¾
fDf°n@¾f¾°f°f¯n¾�
¾f½ff
n¾¾¯n�nf,°�f½¾
°���n¾�f°fn°¾°n�nf
n¯¯°¾-f
¾D,f°-Jf¯¾f¾̄ f°�¾½n¾
n°¾¾
°¾¾f¯½nf�f°°¾°¾¾½ff½f°¾n�
¾DJf¯¾,f°-¯¯°°#f�°�
ff½f°
f°f°¾½°�n¯½f°¾fn°n
ff��¾9,nf°,°�n°°
¯¾½n¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 36/52
n¯¯°¾°f�@nf�
f¯fn¯f¯ff-°fnf¾°�f
¯�
n¯½�¾9¾nf%
¾°¾°If°Jf¾n½fn¾¯¯¾
nf½f¾f°
¯f°¾n�nf,°�
°f°,-¯f°¯¯°J¾
fff°
@½°�If�-
f-f¾n¾nf½°°n°-ff
n¾¾¯¾
¾f°9¾¾Jf¾°�°
°�¾ff°n°°nf°n°�¯¾
n�
9-,,°�n¾½f°¾�
°fn°
¾°�¾f°¾f°fn¾¾¯¾n°n
¾¾,°f�½¾���¯°n¯°�¾n¾
f¯nn¾¯½¯°nf¾n�
¾¾��¾9,nf°@°�°n�½f½
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 37/52
½½f°°f¯n¾°°�¯°��¾n
°f�
@nf�°°Jf¯¾,f°-
f¾nf°°
�n°°nf°nf°¾9n°�¾�-f°f
nf¯�
n°n¾D
°°Jf¯¾,f°--¾nf°
¾¾¾°�¾¾°¾¾°nf¾¾n°°nf°nn�
¾
°°Jf¯¾,f°--¾nf°
¾°¾¾
�¯f°�¾,f°n�9�¾¾¾
°°¯fn��nfn¾°°°
°n��°f¾°¾°̄ f¾f°9f°¾f½¯f°
f
°°
f�,Jn°¾9,°nf°
Ifnf¾nf-f°f¾¾�°�f½f�n�¾
°�fn�9�f¯¯J¾½°f¾�nf
°fn°¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 38/52
D°¾�f½@°½¯9$J$,f
¾¾¯f°°n¯½f°nfn
½½f°
°f¯n¾n�¾
ff¾nff9°D°¾f¾nf°�
f°¾°
�¾-f
f°,-¯f°,¯¯°¾n°¾nff°
�nf
°¾9n°�¾�-f°fnf¯�n°n¾D
f¾°-°¯f°
,
,ff¾If°¯@f°¾½°¾½n¾
¾
f°¾ff°½¯°ff½½fn½ff°fnf
n�
f¾¾,9@°f¯n¾�½9f9¾¯¾
9°n°
D°¾9¾¾9°n°-
f¾°�¾9@f¾°f¾½n¾�nf°
n�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 39/52
f¾°�¾ ̄°@n°9�ff¾
°
n�¾¯°ff¾f°�ffn°°f�n�f°
¾¯fn¾
nf%f¾9f°¾f°½n
½¯°¾°
½f°�f¾¾f°¾n°n
°�¯nffn¾n¾�¾¯½½¾�½f°f°
½ff¾¾¯
f°ff°°¯�
°�@¾f��°�¯¾�n¯½n�nf
¾¾¯¾
9f�¾°Jf¾¯¾°f¾¾°n�nf¯n
9¾¾
-
n°¾°¯f�f°f¾fff¾¯f°
°¾�
f°¯f¾"¯nf°-ff¾
°,ff�°�ff½f°f°f°¾½°
�
n¯½f°¾fn°n
°,¾½°¾¯¯°°#f�°�ff½f°f°
f°¾½
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 40/52
°�n¯½f°¾fn°nnf¾
f°,f¾°,Df°n@fJJ
¯½f¯°¾f°�¾n-f
fn¯¯°°f°¯n°¾n¯n¾¾¯¾
¯nf°
-ff¾
°¯f°@½n°f¯nf¾½n�n�n�
,fnnf°¾�f°¯f½½f°¾f°f¯f¾�n¯¯°
¾fn�
,f°-�fn¾f¾"��n¾�¾°°
n
f�n�nf,°�f½¾
,f°-°¾f°n°°nf°n°n¯¯°�¾
¯nf°
-ff¾
,f°-f°¾ff�f��n¾�
¾f¯½
��°nffnf°��¾nn�
,f,Jff�n¯½¾¾¯¾f"-f
,f,ff°¯½°,n¾¾¯¾9°n°
D°¾
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 41/52
9¾¾9°n°-
,f,ff°¯½°,n¾¾¯¾
°
°
9°n°D°¾9¾¾9°n°-
,f,�nf½½f°¾°°f½½°��°f°¾
f
½°¾¾fnn¾f°nf¾n°n
,f,̄ ½¯f¯fnf¯¾n¯½nf
°f¯n¾-f
,f,ff°¯½°,n¾¾¯¾9°n°
f°¯f¾
°�°9°n°D°¾9¾¾9°n°-
,nf°°f¾°�¾ff°�¯°¾f
f°¾½°
�¾9n°�¾�fn°°
,nf°°f°¾9�nfn°°¾�nf¾°f
¾½n¾
�nf°n�
,nf°°@¾¾ff-f
,nf°°f¾°�¾f°Jf½n°fn°¾
f°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 42/52
ff°n�°f-f
,nf°°¾9-°°f°f¯n¾f°½½f°
¾f½½ff°n¾
¯nf°-ff¾
,°J¾nn¯½f¯°f°f°
¾f�f
n¾¾¯¾-f
,nJJf°9f°f°½½f°¾f
f°n°
n�nf¾fn
-f¯@¯½¾°f9f°J�°,
n°°�¾nf°f½�¯f°n�n¾¾ ¾̄-f
-,¾99f°f
�¾
f°¾°°�½¾n°n
¯°f¯°f¾�n�f°¾9f½f
9f°@n¯½f°¾½n¾¾¯nf°
-ff¾
9¯¯f°°�°�°¯f°°
½n-f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 43/52
9¯¯f°-¯�½n¾°n�nf
n¯¯°¾
-f
9¾¯½¾�¾f°¯½nfn��
¯nf°-ff¾
9¾,°°¾,�9½�°nf½
½f
f°¾f�°�nf°¾n�
f¾@f¯°n°f¾½°¾¾½f
°�°n
ff°f¾°�½̄ n�
�f½°�n¯½°¾-f
@¯f°n9°½¾J°,@¯f°
¾f°½n°f°�̄ �f¾¾f°½¯°n°n
Df°n@ff°n°ff½ff°ff½f°
¾¯¾
Jf¾�fn°f¯n¾�¾¯f
°¾
-f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 44/52
Jf¯¾-,f°¯½¾n¯½�
¾-f
Jf¯¾,f°-f@½n¾°n¯½�¾
f°ff¯nf°-ff¾
Jf¯¾,f°-ff°�nfnf°°°
½¯f°°
�°f¯n¾½f°9¾n¾°f
Jf¯¾,f°-,��n¾�¾n¯½f°
°f¯n¾°
½¾¾°n�f�¯n¾¾¯¾°fn�¾
¾9@¾f�fn¾¾¯¾-f
¾9nf½°f¯n¾f°°fn°�¯f°
¯f¯¯f¾f°
�¾¾°°�fn¾¾¯°f�°¯fn�
¾9��¾��n¾°�¾n�
¾9,¾½½f¾n�¾f��¾¾"
@°¾°
n�f°°
¾9°°¾¾f°n°¾¯¾n°f¯n¾
¯nf°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 45/52
-ff¾@f¯¯f�¾ff°f¾¾
¯�¾
nf¾f
¯¾f
¯½�
½¾¾°n
°fn°¾°f°°°f°°°f
¯f¾¾¯½°¾°°
¾¯f½f°¾¾°°
nfn°f¯n¾f°¾¾
n¯¯°¾¾¯f¾¾¯f¾
½½f°°f¯n¾f°f¾¾¾f$
°¾f
¾¾
n¯¯°¾ff°f¾¾¾°¾
n¯¯°½¾¾°n¾°¾
n¯½°f¯°�½¯f
½n¾
¾°°
°°°f¯n¾°°°�9½f°°f¯n¾°¯¾¾
f
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 46/52
¯
9½f°°¾
¾f¯f¯½¾nf°¾
¯
9½f°°¾
¯nn¾f¯½�¾nf°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 47/52
n
@
,f°f¯ff°f°f¾½¾¾¯½ff°¯f°�¯°fff°
°f¾f½½f¾f½½f¾½f°½f¾f°�f°¯
f°f
¯ff°f°�f¾½¾¾¯½ff°¯f°�¯°fff°°f¾�f
½½f¾
f½½f¾½½f½f¯ff°½fff¯
°
½f¯°f¾¯½¯f°�¾½ff½½f¾½
°�f°
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 48/52
¯½ff°�¯°��°ff°¾½°�°�¾°f°�½,
f°�
�°ff°¯½ff°½¾f¯ff°��°¾f°°°f°�f°�f
fff
f¾f
%f°�¯°fff°©¯f½½f¾½½fff
%
f°�¯°fff°©¯f½½f¾½f½f¯f½ffff°
%
f°�¯°fff°©¯f½½f¾½ff½fffff¾
f°f¾¾¾ff°f°�ff°ff½¯f°f¯ff°f°f
¾½¾¾f°
�f¾½¾¾f½ff°�ff°°f¯¾¯f°�f°f°
f¾ff°
°f�°°ff½ff°�ff¾¾f°°f¯f¾¾¾ff°f°�
f
ff°nf°f¯ff°f°½½f°f�°¾¯f°�f°
½$$½°¾°½fn$$$9°ff°½�
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 49/52
-,-@,--
3,2,#,39,,,3,3,:9
3,2,7,39,2,,3,3,:9,/,,8:,9:0488902,3907.59,40,,29:803/78:,9:/3,2,,,3907,/,,:8:,9:/,07,,,8,3907:2-:,7,32025:3,,25,7,3,7,3/,39:2-:,3,:9232,2025:3,,70,232,2:,8,3,70,3907/7/,7,70,-:9,7,3,7,39,3/08,70,/,8,7,:9,3-075,87/03,3909:2-:,3,:9 5,-,8,7,98,7,9/,9,8907503:,,3907.59,8:,9:/3,2,7,39,2,,3,3,:95078,7,9,390780-:9/,9,8-,3,/:25,/3/4308,8050795,/,,,8,3::3:43,:980,9,33/4308,,:98:,08,:9-,3/,/,3,:9,7,1:7,9025,99025,98050793,,3,30.-8,202-,3:38:,9:0:,7,:39:-0702-,3-,/03,3-,/,3,2,3/03,3,70,,3.::5:,832,,-,3,,3,30.,3-0702-,3-,203,/,3/,07,90780-:98:,9:/,07,,,8,3:3,3,3,30.,3,30.90780-:9907/7/,7,3907,3902-,3,302:7:,302-:3,3,,3.:2
.:2,3:78,39,3/,/,3038,3,3,8,33,!,/,2:82,3-0790:7/,07,,25,7,3907:2-:,7,390780-:9,,3/503:/03,3-072,72,790:7,3/,7-07-,,038,3,5,-,90:790780-:920309,8203,/,7;,/,3,7;,203,/-08,7/,5,9,3/,-,,3,3//,07,90780-:9,,3503:/03,3,350,80.
,703,-,3,3,,350,80.,,3203:3/,30/,9,3,3,3570/,9470.805079,3-,7,:/,,3:00743,39,,39,,3,39434,39:3,0./,3,390370.,9,:,440.$,3570/,9470.5:3/,9,3/03,3:2,742-43,3,3.::5-08,7803,202-:,905,3,3,3,30.503:3,,8,3907:2-:,7,390780-:9,79:3,3,3,3:39:2030,2,9,3/7/,72::98,3570/,9470.,3-078,3,99,,2-,,,358,:
¯½$$f°f°f°�¾½n¯$$$°f¯ff°f¯ff°f°f¯
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 50/52
#%
°�f°°¾f°�f°¾�f¾¯¾¯f¾¯f¯f°�f�
½¾°¾¾¯½¾¾fff¯¯
¯ff°f°ff°f°f°�ffff°°f¯f°f°¾�°f½�f°¾¯©�f
¯¯f°¾¯f°�°¾ff¯�f°¾¾°fff°¾½f¾f¯f¯°f°f¯°-f�½ff¯ff°f°f½f¾f°�ff¾¾°��f°�ff°f�f¯f¾
ffff°f�f°¾f°�f°°¾f°�½¾f°�f�f°�
f°�½f°f¾ff¾¾°�f°f°f¾©¯fnff°°½¯f°�¾°¾f
f°¾�f°�f°f°°�f°ff¾½¾°�f°°�°¾f�f°¾f
½ff¾ff°¯½¾f¾�¾f�f°¾¯f°�¾f°�f°°¾½f°�½f°�¯¯
f¯f¾¾ffff°¾�°�fff½f¯f�¾½½f ̄f¯½ff°f¾
f¾f¯f°ff½f¯f¾¾ff°f¯f°f°�¾fff°�ff°nf�f°
ff¾¯f°ff½ff°f°��f�¾
f°f�f°¾¯½ff°�¾ff¯¯¯¯ff°f°9f¯ff°¯°f¯¯f¯f¾°¯°�f°¾�°�ff°¾f°ff°�f�ff°°�f�¾ff°�
ff°��f½¾f�f°¾½ff�f¯½f°¯ff°f°f°�f©f¾f°ff¯©f°�
¯ff°f°f°�f¾f°ff¾ff½°�f°ff�f¾½f°ff½°�ff°
°f°�°¾f°�f°�f°��f°�fff°f¯f°f°°ff©¯ff°©°¾¯ff°f°
f°�¯f°�fff°¾f½�f°¾¯f°f¯f©f°�f°¯ff°f°f½ff°�°
¯f°f½°°�°f¾f½¯½°°©f°�f°f½ff¯½f°°°f°f¯¯f
¾¯f½°�f°f°�f°°¯¯f°�°©f°�¯ff°f°¾f°ff°°f¯f
©f°�f°¯ff°f°°�f½ff°¾
ff°f�°¯¯½f©f©f°�¯ff°f°¾f°fff°¯°�½ff°
ff¯¾n¯½f¯°¾¾¾¯¾½¾fffff�f°�¾°��°ff°°
¯fnfff°°¾ff¯f¾¾f©ff½°ff¯©f°�¯ff°f°
9°��°ff°°¾°f¾¾�°¾f½f°f°°¯°�½f¾½¯fff
n°f°�f@°�ff°¾�f½°°�f½f°�f°
¯°��°ff°½°f¯ff°̄ ¯ff¾°°¾°�f°ff¯°ff½½f¾ff¯ff
f°�f°��f°�°¯¯°�°f°½°°¯°¯f°°¾f°f¯f
¾½f©½¯f°¯f¾¯¯%f°°¯°�¯f¯½f°f°f¯f°°
¯°�f¯°¾½ff°�f°f%¾°¾f°ff°�f°¾½¾¾f°�°fff¯
¯°©f¾f°¾¾¯¾¯f°�½f°°¾f¯¯½¾½ff°©f°�f°¾f°�
f@f°¾½¯ffff¯f̄ ½fff¾ff¾°fff½f°
½ff¾f°f¾°�fff¯ff
9°ff°
$0/9,3/09,:9039,3/3,2,7,39,2,,3,3/,75,/,,3/09,:9039,31,947
1,947,3805079.,,,8::,9,:/897-:8/,7-07-,,85080847,3820$0-,,3
-08,708:9,3/,,27,39,2,,3,350309,3-07,8,/,709/,2,25:,39,
8/3/2019 DINAMIKA RANTAI MAKANAN
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/dinamika-rantai-makanan 51/52
:39:0897,54,8,:7,9/,789:/,-47,947:2:39:5079:2-:,39,3,2,3,,2,9,:
93,95,,39073,,-47,947:20,30,3-08,7805079,3.05,9
/,5,9203438:28-07-,,2,38,$0-,3,/,,243/8
,,2,0-5,32,38,907-,9,8/,393,9203:8:,:0-703/,/,75,/,,3
/,2,9/,-47,947:2,,2-,-39,202-,,81,9471,94718448/,3-42,:2:2
8050794389,39,5079:2-:,3032/,3018038570.039,097,381070307,39,7,93,99741!03/0,9,33202507:,82094/0,8,3203,3/,,35,/,,3,888
507:9,9,:503:7:3,3/,,2:2,8508082,38,20,:502,,3
7:25:9,9,:570/,8#,39,2,,3,309,/:7,3/03,3
/,7,2,7,3/80/07,3,,3202-07,35,3/,3,3/,7897:9:7/3,28/,70488902
507,7,3
!03::7,3
/,8,77,39,2,,3,31494839088/::7/,,2,9,33,/03,3.,,,3:978/,3
-07-,,1,9473:3,3,33,07-,,00203,/7/,,2,73,39,3,2,3,3
2:/,/::7/,3203:3:,33:978,390780/,093,99741-07:93,$0,3:93,2070,/,5,9202-07,3509:3:20303,1,947
5079:2-:,32935,393:978!03/0,9,3,3:39:203,3,2/3,2,,/,,
:39:203::77085439,3,2,3907,/,53:9789,2-,,3
/,,2507.4-,,35079:2-:,3&39:0,3,7:2,/,3080,9,390:7
/,32:/,203:3:,32,,3,3/,30307,3/97,3810700307,8-07:93,&39:
20250,,7,732,,3,32344898203:3,,3,472097-4280:7:47,3820,3
/:3,3/,33:978807,5,3309,!030/,332:33
20-,9,3849457,/4,91/,389,-80-,,50,.,#3.,3903,35,3:2:2
/:3,,3,/,,/-07,3/,,2,3:,!/,3;4:20!907-,7:3/;/:,9,:
545:,8080:7:,3/,5,9/-,,7/,,2,4720907-42/,30307,3/::73
02:/,3/:3,,3:39:203039:,3,7,30307!03/0,9,3,3/,2-803/7
,/,,907-,9,8,703,234489,/,,80-,3,50/:/03,33,2,,3,3
80-,,/03,34390303072:9,
!03,9:7,3:978/,37,3307
$0-0:2203.4-,2,,3,37,39,89:/805,3,39,:3503::7,3/,704254
04254:9,2,47,382/507:,303,3.,7,380-:,57,2/,-44203,/
042540425447,382020304254,31:3843,,3:2:2
805079,73;47,07-;4:708/0979;4708//,5,9/-,3:30-47,3820
,3,:8202-0,503::7,3203,/042541:3.43,9079039:805079,,9.,5:3
203438:28,3,,$.7,53807,3,,9,:
85:9-,907090749741/202:33,3,732,,3,3,3-8,
/9,773,50309,:,39039,30307/,33:9780,9/,39,7,809,5
042541:3843,,30.,,3202:33,380-:,,73,3/3,2,2,,3,3,3
,,3/-,3:3