demokrasicatatan kuliah isu global

kontemporer

demokrasi

•ciri?•kelebihan?•kekurangan?•kapan perlu?•kapan tidak perlu?

ciri demokrasi

kelebihan demokrasi

kekurangan demokrasi

mengapa perlu demokrasi

kapan tidak perlu demokrasi

demokrasi?

• dari, oleh, untuk rakyat• siapa rakyat?

– semua orang– sebagian besar orang

(yang menjadi bagian kelompok mayoritas)

– sebagian orang (yang memiliki akses)

– sebagian kecil orang (di dalam atau dekat dengan lingkaran kekuasaan)

demokrasi a la David Held

• “a form of government in which, in contradistinction to monarchies and aristocracies, the people rule… (and it) entails a state in which there is some form of political equality among the people”

demokrasi a la David Held

• aid to decision-making process: means to legitimate the decisions of those voted into power

• popular power: a form of life in which citizens are engaged in self-government and self-regulation

demokrasi a la Iris Marion Young

• aggregative model: a competitive power-oriented process, fosters exclusion, results in weaker legitimacy

• deliberative model: a collective problem solving process, fosters inclusion, results in higher legitimacy

demokrasi a la Held, Dahl, Linz, Stephan, Huntington,

• procedural: focuses on whether or not ‘democratic mechanisms’ exist

• substantive: focuses on whether or not ‘democratic values’ are exercised and met

demokrasi a la Arend Lijphart

• majoritarian model: majority of the people

• consensus model: as many people as possible

demokrasi a la Giovanni Sartori

• absolute majority: a system of simple and pure majority rule

• limited majority: a system of majority rule limited by minority rights

demokrasi/demokratisasi

• mendorong kekerasan?• mendorong

perdamaian?

demokratisasi & kekerasan• Jack Snyder:

– predemocratic popular rivalries

– elite persuasion• Lee, Lindstrom, Moore, Turan:

– ties government’s hands, creates more space for popular uprising

– ready for mobilisation• Przeworski:

– weakness of the centre

demokratisasi & perdamaian• kebebasan, hak dasar, peaceful

coexistence• menghindari penumpukan

kekuasaan• memperluas arena power

struggle antarkelompok• pengaturan mekanistis

serba-serbi demokrasi• 550 konsep• philosopher king• dari, oleh, untuk rakyat• trias politica• check and balance• partisipasi publik• akuntabilitas, transparansi

serba-serbi demokrasi• jatuhnya diktator - extrication• waves (and reverses): 1828-

1926, 19943-1964, 1970-?• consolidation: 2 turn over-test• tyranny of majority• hukum besi oligarki• trust• civil liberty - culture of peace