Post on 09-Oct-2015
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Debu diLingkungan
Industri
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Bahaya Debu
Dapat memasuki tubuh lewat inhalasi, ingesti, dan kulit
Luasnya permukaan yang dapat menyerap debu (luas paru-paruorang dewasa = 55-75 m2, dan kulit 2 m2).
Luas permukaan debu semakin besar dengan semakin halusnyaukuran debu. Misal 1 cm3 quartz murni bila ditumbuk halusmenjadi ukuran 1 mikron, maka terbentuk debu sebanyak 1012dengan luas permukaan 6 m2 dibanding dengan asalnya 6 cm2.
Volume benda padat yang dihaluskan akan bertambah, karenaadanya celah di antara partikel di dalam massa. Misalnya,konsentrasi debu di udara sebesar 50 mppcf berasal dari 1 cm3zat yang dihaluskan menjadi ukuran 1 mikron, di udara akanmemenuhi volume 20.000 ft3.
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Bahaya Debu
Debu dalam industri ukurannya sangat bervariasidengan ukuran halus mendominasi yang lain.
Jika apabila ada debu di sekitar proses industri, danorang dapat melihatnya, maka kemungkinan besardebu yang lebih halus pun terdapat banyak disekitar itu.
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Efek debu terhadap kesehatan
Bervariasi tergantung jenis, sifatkimia-fisika debu.
Silicosis, asbestosis pada beberapakasus jantung ikut terpengaruh (cor-pulmonale), terutama jika fibrosisparah.
Keracunan sistemik: Hg, Pb, Mn, Cd,Be, dll. Zat organik.
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Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
Metal fume fever: Zn, Mg.
Alergi: tepung, kayu, dll.
Bakteri, jamur:Anthrax dari wooldan tulang, jamur dari kayu,bagasse.
Iritasi pada hidung, tenggorokan:
asam, alkali, Cr, dll. Kerusakan jaringan organ dalam: zat
radioaktif, Ra, dll.
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Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
Keracunan Pb: Biasanya kronis
Keracunan Beryllium: Biasanya parah, disebabkanoleh Be fumes dan Be terikat pada debu. Be-fluorida jugaberbahaya.
Demam logam: merupakan penyakit akut, jangkapendek, terutama disebabkan Zn dan Mg dengan oksidalogamnya. Gejala timbul 12 jam setelah eksposur dengandemam dan menggigil. Sembuh dalam satu hari, bila
pekerja kembali kerja, maka kemungkinan besar ia takkanmemperlihatkan keracunan lagi, tetapi apabila sudah lamatidak kena kontak dengan uap logam, maka penyakin akanberulang.
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Efek debu terhadap kesehatan (2)
Alergi:terjadi pada orang yang peka terhadap zat kimia,makanan, obat, dll. Reaksi dapat berupa asthma, hayfever, hives.Eksposur dalam konsentrasi kecil mungkintidak menimbulkan reaksi alergi, tetapi segera ia tidakkontak untuk jangka waktu cukup lama, maka ia akan
bereaksi alergi bila terekspos. Bakteri dan fungi: anthraxyang masuk ke paru-paru
dapat mengakibatkanpulmonary anthrax.
Debu radioaktif: menimbulkan kerusakan organ internal
Debu pengganggu:yang tidak langsung menimbulkan
masalah.
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Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis:
paru-paru (pneumon) berdebu (conio)
Pneumoconiosis secara khusus:mengerasnya jaringan paru-paru akibatterjadinya fibrosis secara berlebih,disebabkan oleh iritasi debu
Penyebab: semua debu, asap, uaplogam, dan gas dapat menyebabkaniritasi dan fibrosis
Semakin lama pemaparan makinbanyak fibrosis terjadi sesak napas
(inefisiensi paru-paru)
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Mekanisme kerja
Debu silika masuk paru-paru sel makrofagmencoba menghancurkannya karena silikatidak dapat dihancurkan/lisis kerusakan sel
Sel rusak diganti jaringan ikat terjadi fibrosis
Jaringan ikat berlebih jaringan paru tidak elastis,tidak dapat berfungsi dalam respirasi, pembuluhdarah akan terpotong/tertutup jaringan ikat vaskularisasi berkurang
Efek sesak napas, lemah, kekurangan oksigen,ekspansi dada berkurang
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Pneumoconiosis
is a disease of the lungs caused by long-term breathing of dust, especially certainmineral dusts. Forms of pneumoconiosis
include black lung disease (coal worker'spneumoconiosis), silicosis, and asbestosis.The disease typically results from workingin a mine for many years, but factory
work and other occupations can exposepeople to the ill effects of breathing dusts.
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What Causes Pneumoconiosis?
Only microscopic-size dust particles, about1/5,000 of an inch across or smaller, areable to reach the tiniest air sacs (thealveoli) in the lungs.
There they cannot be removed, andaccumulate to cause a scarring andthickening of the lungs called fibrosis.Eventually, the lungs begin to lose theirability to supply oxygen to the body.
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Jenis-jenis
Silicosis = pneumoconiosis akibat silika(SiO2)
Asbestosis = pneumoconiosis karenaasbestos
Anthrocosilicosis = disebabkan karenakombinasi antrasit/karbon/C dan silika
Lain-lain: mica-pn-is (mica), kaolinosis(kaolin), bauxite-pn-is (bauxite), Shavers
disease, bagassosis (bagasse = sisa tebu),karena talcum, Barium, Besi (siderosis)
Semua proses crushing, grinding,polishing, berbagai mineral, pulverized
material
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THE WAR AGAINST BLACK
LUNG
The prevalence of black lung diseasedid not begin to decrease until itbecame clear that the cause was
excessively high levels of coal dust inmines.
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Asbestosis
comes from breathing tiny asbestosfibers in mining, buildingconstruction, and other industries
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What Happens When People
Have Pneumoconiosis?
Because pneumoconiosis usually takes 20 or 30years to develop, workers often do not noticesymptoms until they are over 50.
The main symptoms are coughing and difficultyin breathing, which gradually increases. Complications include emphysema and increased
risk of tuberculosis. Asbestosis patients are more likely to develop
lung cancer, especially if they smoke cigarettes. Damaged lungs make the heart work harder, and
heart problems can accompany severe cases ofpneumoconiosis.
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Gejala
Sesak nafas, yang disebabkan olehberkurangnya efisiensi paru-paru
dalam mengambil oksigen.Contoh:
Pneumoconiosis Asbestosis dan Silicosis
yang diakibatkan oleh debu asbesdan silika.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG5/19/2018 Debu Di Lingkungan Industri
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Pneumoconiosis:Mengerasnya jaringan
paru-paru akibat fibrosis
berlebih karena iritasi
debu.
AsbestosisSilicosis
Fibrosis
Debu
AsapUap
Uap logam
Gas
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Fibrosis.
is the formation or development ofexcess fibrous connective tissue inan organ or tissue as a reparative or
reactive process.
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Ukuran
5-10 m
3-5 m
1-3 m
0,1-1 m
?
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Ukuran partikel
5-10 m tertangkap pernafasan bagian atas
3-5 m tertangkap pernafasan bagian tengah
1-3 m tertangkap pada alveoli (paru-paru
bagian dalam)
0,1-1 m mengikuti gerak brown dan akanterbawa keluar kembali.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG5/19/2018 Debu Di Lingkungan Industri
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Deposisi partikulat
Debu yang masuk paru-paru (2-5 mikron)
Ukuran kecil mudah masuk tetapi mudahkeluar lagi dari paru-paru
Tergantung ukuran aerodinamik partikeldapat memasuki: nasopharyngeal tracheo bronchial pulmonary
Sample dari impinger dianalisis ukurandan prosentasi silika bebasnya
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Pengukuran
Mengukur debu melalui metodeimpingement. AlatnyaImpinger
Impinger dapat digunakan untuk
mengukur debu ruangan + dapat jugasebagai personal sampler pada breathingzone(mengukur debu masuk ke paru-paru pekerja).
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Pengukuran
Impinger dapat untuk debu ruangan umum, ataupersonal sampler pada breathing zone pekerja
Debu yang dikumpulkan: udara setelahsettlingdebu besar tidak masuk
Jangan mengukur/mengambil sample udara padaproses produksi debu
Semua debu udara (air borne dust) perludiperiksa: komposisinya, ukuran debunya, dan %silika bebas
Metode: petographic, XRD= X ray diffraction
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Ada Pertanyaan?
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Manufacturers commonly use
asbestos in the following products:
?
Manufacturers commonly use
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Manufacturers commonly use
asbestos in the following products:
Metal Pouring into the GrindingAssembled Mold
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Manufacturers commonly use
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Manufacturers commonly use
asbestos in the following products:
Products containing asbestos cement - Pipes,shingles, clapboards, sheets
Vinyl-asbestos floor tiles
Asbestos paper in filtering and insulatingproducts
Material in brake linings and clutch facings
Textile products - Yarn, felt, tape, cord, rope
Spray products used for acoustical, thermal,and fireproofing purposes
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Examples of occupations
associated with asbestosis Insulation workers
Boilermakers
Pipefitters Plumbers
Steamfitters
Welders
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Silicosis
Semakin banyak silika bebas dalamdebu semakin parah
Karakteristik khas silicosis: fibrosisyang merata di seluruh paru-paru,sesak napas, ekspansi paru-paruberkurang, kapasitas kerja menurun,
tidak demam, menjadi peka tehadapTBC
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Faktor penentu silicosis
Konsentrasi dan jenis debu
% silika bebas dalam debu
Senyawa silika Ukuran debu terinhalasi
Lamanya terpapar
Daya tahan tubuh seseorang Ada/tidaknya penyakit komplikasi
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Kandungan silika
Silika yangberbahaya:silika bebasnya,bukan silika
yang terikatpada senyawalain atau SiO2
MATERIAL
% NORMAL
SiO2
Cetakan cor-logam 50-90
pottery 15-25
komposisi genting dantegel 10-35
batuan untuk jalan 0-80
kapur 0-3
feldspar 12-25
tanah liat 0-40
mica 0-10
talk 0-5
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
NABMATERIAL KEGUNAAN NAB (mppcf)
Crystaline free silica Heatresistant processes, filter,keramik, metal polish, dll
Rumus
Amorphous free silica insulation, filler, absorbent Rumus
Silika gel absorbent, drying dll 20 mppcf
Silikat: Asbotis, clays, feldsparkeramik, glass, abrasive,
cement, insulation, fetilizer
Asbestos: 5,clays: 50,
feldspar: 50
Fuller's earth, kaolin, mica,
Portland cement, silicon
carbide, talc, vermiculite
filter medium, stoneware, tile,
keramik, electrical
insulation, construction
material, abrasive, plaster,filler, fertilizer, catalyst
carrier, dll.
50
Ket: mppcf=million particles per cubic feet, atas dasar 40 jam/minggu
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Asbestosis
Asbestos bersifat karsinogenik
Bila debu yang masuk banyakasbestosis cepat
Asbestos masuk sedikit, paparan lama pekerjatidak menderita asbestosis, tetapi di masa datang
kemungkinan menderita kanker karena asbes Kanker akibat asbestos yang terkenal:
mesothelioma, kanker pada selaput paru-paru
Bentuk asbestos: kristal seperti jarum -> mudah
ikut udara inspirasi (sangat aerodinamik),menembus paru-paru sampai pada selaputnya
Mesothelioma pertama kali ditemukan padapekerja perkapalan di Schiphol, Belanda
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Penentuan konsentrasi debu
Penentuan konsentrasi debu (C) dalam udarauntuk yang bekerja 8 jam/hari, 40
jam/minggu adalah:
C (mppcf) = 250
5 + %kristal SiO2 dlm udara
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/manualimages/ventilation.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.asbestos-institute.ca/safemanual/section4/fig1.html&h=653&w=451&sz=76&tbnid=_bH1X2ooQKcJ:&tbnh=135&tbnw=93&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DGhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/kitc1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.invent.hut.fi/ThermieB/LocalVent/hslide01.html&h=456&w=718&sz=58&tbnid=tiPd0uLuUhQJ:&tbnh=87&tbnw=137&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlocal%2Bventilation%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG5/19/2018 Debu Di Lingkungan Industri
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Contoh TLV debu di lingkungan kerja
Bahan TLV (mppcf)
Quartz
Asbestos
Mica
Portland Cement
Talc
2,5
2,5
20
50
20
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Treatment.
The only treatment is to avoidsmoking and further exposure todust, and to treat complications.
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Imaging Studies:
Radiography Chest radiographs are basic and required
diagnostic imaging studies.
The International Labor Office standardizedclassification of radiographic abnormalities isuseful in grading the extent of disease inasbestosis and in other pneumoconioses.
Computed tomography scan
CT scan is useful in delineation of pleural orpleura-based abnormalities (eg, effusion,thickening, plaque, malignant mesothelioma,rounded atelectasis).
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Other Tests:
Pulmonary function tests Diffusing capacity reduction may precede lung
volume changes, but findings from a diffusingcapacity measurement are not specific.Besides diffusing capacity reduction, theearliest physiologic abnormality is exertionalhypoxemia.
Total lung capacity is reduced in asbestosisand in other restrictive disorders.
Using spirometry, vital capacity typicallyappears reduced, without a reduction in theratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 secondto forced vital capacity (FEV1-to-FVC).
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B
C
F
D
E
G
A
Hubungan antara volume dan kapasitas paru-paru
Keterangan:A = kapasitas paru-paru total (TLC)
B = volume cadangan inspirasi (IRV)
C = tidal volume (TV)
D = volume cadangan expirasi
E = volume residual (RV)
F = kapasitas vital (VC)
G = kapasitas residual fungsional (FRC)
C+B = kapasitas inspirasi (IC)
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Prevention
Pneumoconiosis can be prevented byenforcing maximum allowable dustlevels in mines and at other work
sites, and by using protective masks.
Regular medical examinations,including chest x-rays for people at
risk, can detect pneumoconiosisduring its earlier stages, before itbecomes disabling.
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Ada Pertanyaan?
M t d P t l
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Metoda Pengontrolan
?
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Selection Methods of Control
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Metoda Pengontrolan
IsolasiVentilasi setempat/ LEVVentilasi umum
Metoda basah/pengendalian kelembaban
Alat Pelindung Diri (APD)
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Metoda Pengontrolan
Ventilasi lokal (Local Exhaust Ventilation),langsung dekat pada sumber kontaminan
Ventilasi umum (General ventilation),untuk sumber kontaminan yang tersebardan tidak terlalu berbahaya
Perlindungan perorangan (personal
protection), berupa perlindunganpernafasan dengan masker,desain sebaikmungkin jika perlu diberi supply oksigen.
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Isolasi
Paling efektif: Isolasi dengan LEV,dan ruang bertekanan negatif (debutidak keluar apabila dibuka)
Tidak mungkin apabila pekerja harusdekat dengan alat
Alat besar tanpa perlu pekerja
mudah diisolasi. Pekerja pakai APDbila masuk
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
LEV
LEV = Local Exhaust Ventilation/ventilasisetempat
Di tempat debu diproduksi dalam jumlah
besar LEV kombinasi dengan ruang tertutup
sangat efektif
Contoh: LEV menghisap debu dari prosescasting shakeout di suatu pengecoran,menghisap fume dari proses welding dangrinding
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Substitution
Replacement of atoxic material with aharmless one
Substitution of
solvent Experiment on asmall scale beforemaking the newsolvent part of theoperation or process
Carbon tetrachloridemethylchloroform,dichloromethane,aliphatic petroleumhydrocarbons.
Benzene toluene(paint remover)
Foundries using
parting compoundsthat contain freesilica (minimizesilicosis)
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Changing the process
Often offers an ideal chance toimprove working condition
Changes are made to improve quality or
reduce cost of production onlyoccasionallyto improve the in-plantenvironment
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Examples
Automobile industry The amount of lead dust created by grinding
solder Small, rotary, high speed sanding disklow
speed, oscillating-type sanders Brush painting or dippinginstead of spray
painting will minimize the concentration ofair borne contaminants from toxic pigments
Arc welding in place of riveting, vapor
degreasing with adequate controls to replacehand-washing of parts in open container
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Examples
Airless spraying techniques and electrostaticdevices to minimize overspray asreplacements for hand-spraying
Machine application of lead oxide to battery
grids which reduced lead exposure tooperators in making storage batteries
Before purchase the new machine, should beconsidered : Ventilation
Vibration Heat control
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Isolation or Enclosure
Some potentially dangerous operations can beisolated from the people nearby, which solvesthe exposure problem Physical barrier By time (semi automatic equipment)
By distance (remote control)
Enclosure will prevent or minimize the escapeof solvent vapor into the workroom atmosphere
Where highly toxic solvents are used, enclosure
should be one of the first measures attemptedafter considering substitution.
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Examples
Shipbuilding : using dry sand isolation the process Off shift : few employees, should wear an air
supplied respirator
Radium dial painting, gloves booths Airless blast or shoot blast machines for
cleaning castings, and abrasive blastingcabinets
In chemical industry : using closed system Mechanical industries : complete enclosurefrom sand blasting or metal sprayingoperations
I l i &
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Isolation &
enclosure
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Wet methods
Dust hazards can frequently be minimized orgreatly reduced by application of water or othersuitable liquid at the source of dust
Simplest methods for dust control. Itseffectiveness, however, depends upon properwetting of the dust
Kelembaban udara dengan NAB sekitar 75%
dapat mengurangi jumlah debu di udara
examples : rock drilling operation, foundries sandblasting
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Local Exhaust Ventilation
A local exhaust system traps the aircontaminant near its source so that aworker standing at the process is not
exposed to harmful concentrations Should be used whenthe
contaminant cannot be controlled by
substitution, changing the process,or isolation or enclosure
Its performance should be
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Its performance should be
checked Correct rates of air flow
Duct velocities
Negative pressures
The others
A Local exhaust system
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A Local exhaust system
consists of four part Hood: the air borne contaminant is
drawn
Ducts: carrying the contaminated air
to a central point
An air-cleaning devices : a dustarrestor for purifying the air before
it is discharged
A fan : create the required air flowthrough the system
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Local exhaust system
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Local exhaust system
Duct
Single duct, hanyamelayani satusumber pengotor
Multiple duct,
bercabang
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Velocity contour
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Principles of hood design..1
Enclose the operation as much as possibleto reduce the rate of air flow needed tocontrol the contaminant (Picture A)
Always locate a hood so the contaminantis moved away from the breathing zone ofthe operator (Picture B)
Locate and shape the hood so the initial
velocity of the contaminant will throw itintothe hood opening operator (Picture C)
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Principles of hood design2
Solvent vapors in health-hazardconcentration are notappreciablyheavier than air. Capture them at
their source rather than collect themat the floor level (Picture D)
Locate the hood as closeas possible
to source of contaminant (Picture E) Design the hood so it will not
interferewith the worker
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Picture A
The more completely the hood enclosed thesource, the less air is required for control in thisstraight-line automatic buffing operation
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Picture B : Direction of air flow
BAD GOOD
The hood should be located so the contaminant isremoved away from the breathing zone of the
worker
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No protection from toxic fume
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Picture C
BAD
GOOD
THE HOOD SHOULD BE SO LOCATED ANDSHAPED THAT THE ORIGINAL VELOCITY OFTHE CONTAMINANT WILL THROW IT INTO
THE HOOD OPENING
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Picture D
Exhaust from the floor usually gives firerotection onl
BAD GOOD
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Picture E
BADGOOD
The required volume varieswith the square of thedistance from the source
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Perhitungan:Kecepatan aliran udara dapat dihitung dengan
rumus:
dimana X = jarak terhadap suatu titik darimulut hood
v = Q/A = Q/4 X2
Rumus pendekatan untuk X
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Contoh:
V suatu aliran udara pada duct yangberdiameter 6 adalah 4000 fpmbeberapa pada jarak 2 dan 4?
Untuk jarak 2, v adalah 47,5%x4000 fpm=1900 fpm
Untuk jarak 4, v adalah 19,3%x4000 fpm=771 fpm
Jika X>diameter duct, rumus pendekatannya adalah:
v = Q/10 X2
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Canopy Hood
Perkiraan jumlah udara yangdiperlukan adalah dapatdihitung dengan rumuspendekatan:
Q = 1,4 x 2 (L+W) H x V
Q = rate of air flow (cfm)
L= tank length (ft)W = tank width (ft)H = height of canopy above tank(ft)V = desired control velocity (fpm)
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Canopy Hood
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Air cleaner (Pembersih Udara)
Kolektor sentrifugal: tunggal danparalel
Kolektor sentrifugal basah
Electrostatic precipitator
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Fan
Penghisap berbentuk kipas yangdigerakkan oleh motor listrik, ada 2macam:
Sentrifugal, aliran udara bergerak mengelilingi sumbukipas, baik untuk LEV, terdiri dari 2 macam:
Backward curved blades, efisiensi tinggi, bising
Forward curved blades, untuk beban yang rendah, silent.
Axial, aliran udara bergerak searah sumbu putaran kipas,
baik untuk mengurangi kelembapan pada ventilasi umum(yang tidak mengandung partikel)
More local exhaust
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BAD GOOD
H d d d t
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Hoods and ducts
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G l til ti
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General ventilation
Ventilasi umum (Generalventilation), untuk sumberkontaminan yang tersebar dan tidak
terlalu berbahaya Ventilasi umum = ventilasi dilusi
ada suplai dan ada udara dikeluarkan
Penting diperhatikan lokasi udaramasuk dan keluar terhadap posisipekerja dan arah dispersi debu
G l til ti
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General ventilation
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P li d ( l
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Perlindungan perorangan (personal
protection Perlindungan perorangan (personal protection),
berupa perlindungan pernafasan denganmasker, desain sebaik mungkin jika perlu diberisupply oksigen.
Untuk debu: yang relevan adalah respirator,proteksi sistem pernapasan
Kenyamanan penting agar pekerja mau pakai
Jumlah debu tinggi, respirator harus digunakan,dan dipakai sesaat saja
Kesulitan respirator adalah dalam memenuhistandar yang berlaku
R i t
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Respirator
Alat pengaman pernafasan
Bila lingkungan kerja tidak dapatsama sekali aman dengan cara
pengendalian
Bukan substitut bagi engineeringcontrol
Peralatan harus sesuai danmemenuhi standar
M i t
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
Macam respirator
Air purifying
Air-line
Self contained
AIR PURIFYING
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
AIR PURIFYING
Digunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atm Masih baik/useful-life Ada 3 macam:
- saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap,fumes, bentuk: half mask, full mask(bukan untuk gas)- kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapatmenetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasikontaminan rendah (0,05-0,1 vol%)
(BUKAN untuk: emergency, toxic gas
kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)- gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru,HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak 2 vol%toxic gas
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AIR PURIFYING
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MK TL3220 Keslingker
AIR PURIFYING
Digunakan bila O2 cukup (16%) pada 1 atm Masih baik/useful-life Ada 3 macam:
- saringan mekanis: dari serat, untuk debu, asap,fumes, bentuk: half mask, full mask(bukan untuk gas)- kimia (reaksi): berisi zat kimia yang dapatmenetralisir zat kimia tertentu; konsentrasikontaminan rendah (0,05-0,1 vol%)
(BUKAN untuk: emergency, toxic gas
kombinasi mekanis dan kimia)- gas: special gas, ada warna standar: CO=biru,HCN=putih hijau; organik=hitam; tidak 2 vol%toxic gas
Housekeeping
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Housekeeping
Is always important Dust on the floor can readily be dispersed to
the inplant atmosphere by traffic, vibration,and random air currents.
Housekeeping
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Housekeeping
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Ada Pertanyaan?
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Ada Pertanyaan?