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Basic Immunology in

Medicine

Rina Susilowati

Department of Histology & Cell Biology

Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University

rina_susilowati@ugm.ac.id

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Outline2

History of immunology

Function of the immune system

Arms of the immune system

Phases of immune responses

Immune responses in health and diseases

Application of immunology in medicine

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History of immunology 3

The eradication of smallpox by vaccination. After a period of

3 years in which no cases of smallpox were recorded, the World

Health Organization was able to announce in 1979 that smallpox

had been eradicated.

Edward Jenner discovered in 1796 thatcowpox, or vaccinia, induced protectionagainst human smallpox

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Robert Koch (1843 –1910) provedthat infectious diseases are causedby microorganisms

History of immunology 

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Shibasaburo Kitasato (1892 –1931) in

collaboration with Emil von Behring

(1854 –1917)

discovered specific antitoxin activity

against tetanus and diphtheria in serum

Elie Metchnikoff (1845 –1916) was the first champion of cellular

immunology, focusing his studies on the central role of phagocytes in

host defense.

History of immunology 

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History of immunology 

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The function of immune system

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https://str.llnl.gov/JanFeb10/dzenitis.html

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The arms of the immune system

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Cytokinesprotein secreted by a cell that

affects the behavior of other

cells

Chemokines

chemoattractants proteins

Cells communicate with

each other via signaling

molecules

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Skin and mucosa: the first defense barriers

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Innate immune system

Macrophages: the guards in the state border 

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Innate immune system

Neutrophils: the reserve soldiers

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InflammationCellular components: macrophages, neutrophils Humoral components: complements

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Dendritic cells

The military intelligence officer inthe border of the state

The most professional antigen

presenting cells (APC)

DC bridging innate & adaptive immune system

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Activated dendritic cells

activate naïve T cells in thesecondary lymphoid organs

(lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-

associated lymphoid organs)

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 Adaptive immune system:The main “actors” are the lymphocytes

Very specialized military units

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 Adaptive immune system:The main “actors” are the lymphocytes

maturation activation Effector function

Peripheral Lymphoid organs: Lymph

nodes, Spleen, MALT

Central Lymphoid organs: Bonemarrow and thymus

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Effector T cells eliminate infected cells or helping othercells in immune system

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 Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secreteantibodies

Somatichypermutation

Isotype switching

 Activated B cells

Plasma cells

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Immunoglobulin distribution and function

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Immunoglobulin Distribution

IgG & IgM Plasma

IgG & m-IgA Extracell f luid

d-IgA Secretion acrros epithelia, breast milk  

IgG in fetus Transplasental IgG mother

IgE Beneath epithelial surfaces

no Brain

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Phases of immune responses

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Phases of immune responses

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Phases of immune responses

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Immune responses in health and diseases

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 Application of immunology in medicine23

Prevention

 Vaccination

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Diagnosis / Prognosis

Detection of Biologicalmarkers

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020uF6fxJSggAkA6jzbkF/SIG=12pu1frlo/EXP=1241398021/**http:/thatstamil.oneindia.in/img/2008/05/vaccination250_19052008.jpg

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Therapy 

Immunoglobulin

Cell therapy 

Immunomodulator

 Application of immunology in medicine

 hank You

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