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PETROGRAPHY
PENDAHULUAN
(Review in mineralogi, petrologi)
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Petrografi_01 : Pendahuluan
Nama Mata Kuliah : PETROGRAFI SKS : 3 SKS TPU: Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah mata kuliah
petrografi, anda akan dapat membedakan jenis jenisbatuan secara mikroskopis (C3).
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KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN
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KRITERIA PENILAIAN : Kehadiran perkuliahan minimal 80% Nilai kuliah 60%, meliputi :
Kuis + Tugas 10% UTS 40% UAS 40% +
100% (A)
Nilai praktikum 40%, meliputi: Laporan praktikum (harian) 40% UAS 30% UAS 30% +
100% (B)
Nilai akhir 60% (A) + 40% (B) = 100% (C)9/1/2015Petrography @ Rosana 2015 3
KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN
Nilai akhir (C) dikonversikan ke dalam hurufmutu dengan menggunakan kriteria penilaianacuan patokan sebagai berikut:
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KONTRAK PERKULIAHAN
Huruf Mutu Angka Mutu RangeA 4 80B 3 68 - 79C 2 56 -67D 1 45 -55E 0 45
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JADWAL KULIAH PETROGRAFIMinggu
ke Tanggal Pokok Bahasan Dosen
1 1 Sept 2015 Pendahuluan MFR 2 8 Sept 2015 Ruang Lingkup Mineral Optik & Sifat-sifat
Cahaya ETY
3 15 Sept 2015 Cahaya Polarisasi dan Mikroskop Polarisasi ETY 4 22 Sept 2015 Penentuan Sifat Optik Mineral Sumbu 1 ETY 5 29 Sept 2015 Penentuan Sifat Optik Mineral Sumbu 2 ETY 6 6 Okt 2015 Identifikasi sifat optik mineral utama pembentuk
batuan : 1. Kelompok Feldspar 2. Kelompok Feldspartoid 3. Kelompok Kuarsa 4. Kelompok Mika
ETY
7 13 Okt 2015 Identifikasi sifat optik mineral utama pembentuk batuan : 1. Kelompok Piroksen 2. Kelompok Amfibol 3. Kelompok Olivin 4. Mineral Asesoris
ETY
8 20 Okt 2015 UTS ETY
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JADWAL KULIAH PETROGRAFI
8 20 Okt 2015 UTS ETY 9 27 Okt 2015 Genesa, Mineralogi & Tekstur Batuan Beku MFR
10 3 Nov 2015 1. Klasifikasi batuan beku 2. Petrografi batuan granit, granodiorit, adamelit
MFR
11 10 Nov 2015 1. Petrografi batuan diorit, monzonit, syenit 2. Petrografi batuan gabbro, alkali gabbro, ultra
basa
MFR
12 17 Nov 2015 Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Piroklastik :
MFR
13 24 Nov 2015 Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen klastik :
MFR
14 1 Des 2015 Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen Non klastik:
MFR
15 8 Des 2015
Genesa, Tekstur & Struktur, Petrografi dan Klasifikasi Batuan Metamorf :
MFR
16 15 Des 2015 UAS MFR
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Kerr, Paul F., 1959 : Optical Mineralogy. 3th edition, McGraw-Hill, Book Company, Inc. p.442
Bloss. F., D., 1961 : An Introduction To The Methods Of OpticalCrystallography, Halt Rinehart And Winston, N Y. p. 293Wahlstrom., E., E., 1960 : Optical Crystallography, John Willey, N Y. p.247
Winchell., A., N., And Winchell H., 1968 : Optical Mineralogy. Vol. I, WilleyEarstern Private Ltd. New Delhi. p.356
Phillips., W., R., 1971 : Mineral Optics, Freeman USA. p. 294
Koesmono., M., 1973 : Kristalografi Optika, Dokumentasi Jurusan GeologiFMIPA UNPAD
Troger., W., E., 1977 : Optical Determination Of Rock Forming Minerals. Parti. Nagele U. Obermiller, Stuttgart.
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Barth.T.F.W., 1952, Theoretical Petrology, John Wiley, New York Hatch. F. H., Wells A. K., Wells M. K., 1972, Petrology of the Igneous Rocks,
Thomas Murby, London
Hyndman D. W., 1972, Petrology of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Mc. GrawHill. New York. Harper & Row
Moorhouse W. W., 1959, The Study of Rocks in Thin Section, Trger W. E., 1979, Optical Determination of Rock-Forming Minerals, Part 1,
English Edition the 4th German Edition by Bambauer H. U., Taborszky F., TrochimH. D., E. Schweizerbartsche Verlags Buchhandlung. Stuttgart
Wahlstrom E. E., 1958, Igneous Mineral and Rocks, John Wiley, New York Wahlstrom E. E., 1958, Introduction to Theoretical Igneous Petrology, vol 1, John
Wiley, New York
William W., Turner F. J., Gilbert C. M., 1953, Petrography an Introduction to theStudy of Rocks in Thin Section, Freeman
Carmichael I. S. E., Turner F. J., Verhoogen J., 1974, The Igneous Petrology. Mc.Graw Hill. USA 9/1/2015
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Hutchison C. S., 1973, Tectonic Evaluation of Sundaland. A Phanerozoic synthesis.Geol. Soc. Malaysia Bulletin. h.61-86
Irvine T.N., Baragar W. R. A., 1971, A Guide to the Chemical Classification of theCommon Volcanic Rocks. Can. Jowe Earth Sci. V.8. N.5. h.523-548
Johannsen A., 1939, A Descriptive Petrography of the Igneous Rocks, vol. 1, TheUniv. of Chicago. Press Illinois
Kuno H., 1966, Lateral Variation of Basalt Magma Type Across Continental Marginand Island Arcs. Bull. Volc. V.29, h.195-222
Le Bas M. J., Le Maitre R. W., Streckeisen A., Zanettin B., 1985, A ChemicalClassification of Volcanic Rocks. Base on the Total Alkali-Silica Diagram IUGS.Sub commission on the systematics of Igneous Rocks
Mc. Donald G. A., 1969, Pantelleritic Obsidians From the Volcano Chabbi(Ethiopia) Contrib. Mineral Petrol. V.24, h.239-244
Mc. Donald G. A., Katsura T., 1964, Chemical Composition of Hawaiian Lavas.Jour. Petrol. V.5, h.82-133
Middlemost, Eric A. K., 1975, The Basalt Clam Earth Sci. Rev. h.337-364 Osamu Hirokawa, 1980, Introduction to Description of Volcannoes and Volcanics
Rocks. Mineral Technology Development Centre. Bandung
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1. ISOMETRIK
2. TETRAGONAL
3. HEKSAGONAL / TRIGONAL
4. ORTORHOMBIK
5. MONOKLIN
6. TRIKLIN
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SISTIM KRISTAL
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ISOMETRIK
PANJANGSUMBUa=b=c SUDUT = = = 90
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TETRAGONAL
PANJANGSUMBUa=b c SUDUT = = = 90
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HEKSAGONAL/TRIGONAL
PANJANGSUMBUa1 =a2 =a3 c Sumbu ctegaklurus (a1 ;a2;a3=120)
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ORTORHOMBIK
PANJANGSUMBUa bc SUDUT = = = 90
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MONOKLIN
PANJANGSUMBUa bc SUDUT = = 90 ; 90
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TRIKLIN
PANJANGSUMBUa bc SUDUT > 90
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Kedudukan sumbu kristaldan bentuk sederhanadari 6 sistim kristal
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Bentuk kenampakan dari suatu kristal disebutHABIT.Kristalyangmempunyai bentuk habitsama dan terdapat secara bersama dan takterpisahkan disebut AGREGAT.
Habitdari suatu kristal akan bergantung pada:*Temperatur*Tekanan*Komposisi larutan asal*Pengotoran*Kecepatan pembekuan/penguapan
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KRISTAL HABIT dan AGREGAT
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Ekspresi kristal habit yang umum di jumpai TabularPlatyMicaceous EquidimensionalPrismatikAcicular FibrousDan lain-lain
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SISTEM ISOMETRIK Berlaku hukum SpinelBidang kembar terletak pada (111)
SISTEM HEKSAGONAL / TRIGONALBerlaku hukum DauphineBidang kembar terletak pada (0001)Berlaku hukum Brazil Bidang kembar terletak pada (1120)Berlaku hukum JapaneseBidang kembar terletak pada (1122)
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KRISTAL KEMBAR
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SISTEM TETRAGONALBidang kembar terletak pada (011) / (110)
SISTEM ORTORHOMBIKBidang kembar terletak pada (110) dan (232)
SISTEM MONOKLINBerlaku hukum KarlsbadBidang kembar terletak pada sumbu c
Berlaku hukum BavenoBidang kembar terletak pada (021)
Berlaku hukum ManebachBidang kembar terletak pada (001)
SISTEM TRIKLIN Berlaku hukum AlbitBidang kembar terletak pada (010)
Berlaku hukum PeriklinBidang kembar terletak pada sumbu b
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KRISTAL KEMBAR
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ROCKS ... how to identify them under the
microscope
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Identifikasi sifat optikmineral-mineral penyusun
batuan
BOWEN SERIES
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BOWEN SERIES
METAMORPHICMETAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARYSEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUSIGNEOUS
mel
ting
heat
, pre
ssur
e,
ions
weathering, transportation
lithification
melting
weathering, transportation, lithification
heat, pressure, ions
THE ROCK CYCLE
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LIGHT COLORED Felsic
INTERMEDIATE COLORED
DARK COLORED Mafic
VERY DARK COLORED Ultramafic
COARSE- GRAINED
(You can see different minerals)
GRANITE: Can see crystals. Usually gray or pink. Can see quartz - gray, glassy grains. Can see feldspar - pink, buff, or white.
DIORITE: Can see crysta ls wi t h somewhat more light colored feldspar grains than dark colored minerals. A mix of light and dark but with no quartz. Salt & pepper appearance.
GABBRO: Can see crystals lots of flat shiny cleavage surfaces. Usually black to greenish black.
FINE- GRAINED
(You can NOT see crystals, for
the most part)
RHYOLITE: Usually gray, pink, pastel. Might see small clear, rectangular crystals. Sometimes banded.
ANDESITE: Light to dark gray. Normally has small black crystals
BASALT: Usually black or rust red. May have some or lots of gas bubble holes, some holes may be filled. May see small green grains.
GLASSY
OBSIDIAN: Black, red, green, GLASS PERLITE: Usually pearly gray. May contain Apache Tears. PUMICE: LOTS of gas bubble holes, very lightweight, will float on water. Abrasive.
PORPHYRITIC (2 grain sizes)
ALL CRYSTALLINE IGNEOUS VARIETIES may exhibit porphyritic texture
FRAGMENTAL
TUFF: Compacted volcanic fragments generally less than 4mm diameter (ash) VOLCANIC BRECCIA: Mixed tuff and angular large (>32mm diameter) fragments AGGLOMERATE: Mixed ash and rounded/sub-rounded large (>32mm diameter) fragments
PERIDOTITE: Composed of 90-100% olivine PYROXENITE: Composed of pre-dominately pyroxene AMPHIBOLITE: Composed of pre-dominately amphiboles (such as hornblende)
CLUES TO IGNEOUS ROCKS
COLOR
TEXTURE
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are composed of particles derivedfrom preexisting rocks or by the crystallization ofminerals that were held in solutions. A generalcharacteristic of this group is the layering orstratification, as seen in the outcrop.
ThosesedimentaryrocksthatarecomposedofparticlesofpreexistingrocksareconsideredFRAGMENTAL orCLASTIC. Thesefragmentsshowevidenceoftransport roundingofthegrainsandsizesorting.
CHEMICAL sedimentary rocks are the result of either precipitation of solids from solutions (like salt from water) or by organic process, like shells from marine organisms.
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CLUES TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
FRAGMENTAL: Composed of pieces of rocks and minerals
LARGE PIECES (Boulders,cobbles,
pebbles)
BRECCIA: Composed of large angular pieces and clay CONGLOMERATE: Composed of large rounded pieces and clay
SMALL PIECES (sand)
SANDSTONE: Looks sandy (may shed sand grains), feels rough (like sandpaper); may be tan, white, red, gray.
VERY SMALL PIECES (clay, silt, mud)
SHALE: Has very thin layers; often black. May have fossils usually impressions (no shell, but indentation with pattern of shell) or carbonized film (as for plants). Has a dull luster. Is soft. When tapped with a rod or on a table, it generally makes a dull thunk.
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MORE CLUES TO SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CHEMICAL: Rocks are crystalline
LIMESTONES: Composed of calcite and all WILL FIZZ vigorously in acid Crystalline Looks sugary, usually gray or tan Fossiliferous Contains seashells (usually) or other aquatic organisms Travertine Looks sugary with bands of various colors Chalk White and soft (comes off on hands) Coquina Contains almost nothing but seashells or seashell fragments
CHERT: Cryptocrystalline QUARTZ Very fine can NOT see crystals Waxy luster Conchoidal fracture (breaks like glass) Very hard will easily scratch glass May be ANY COLOR (Red = Jasper, Black = Flint, includes Silicified Wood)
GYPSUM: White, gray, clear Very soft you can scratch with fingernail Clear sheets, fibrous or sugary
ROCK SALT: White to clear cubic shape Soft you can scratch it with fingernail Tastes like table salt (IT IS TABLE SALT!)
COAL: Black; Brittle; Lightweight May contain plant fossils Varieties: peat, lignite (incl. jet), sub-bituminous, bituminous
DIATOMITE: White Very soft (comes off on your hands) Lightweight Will NOT fizz in HCl acid (unlike chalk) 9/1/2015Petrography @ Rosana 2015 32
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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METAMORPHIC ROCKS have changed (meta) their form (morphic).Under the influence of heat, pressure and fluids, preexisting rocksare modified in form and even in internal atomic structure to producenew rocks stable at the new conditions. This is done within the solidstate, i.e.without melting.
Changes that occur include: increase in grain size, new minerals andfoliation (parallel alignments).
MetamorphicrocksthatexhibitparallelalignmentsofmineralsarecalledFOLIATED.Intheserocks,themineralsalllineupperpendiculartotheexertedpressure.
Metamorphic rocks composed of minerals that are not elongated or flat, do not exhibit parallel alignments and are called NON-FOLIATED.
FOLIATED: Rocks have layers or banding
SLATE: Rock breaks into very thin layers Beginning to look polished; Is harder than shale Cannot see crystals Black , gray or red
PHYLLITE: Like slate, but shinier (phyllitic sheen similar to satin)
SCHIST: Very shiny you can SEE CRYSTALS (usually MICA) Is layered May have crystals (of garnet, tourmaline, etc.) growing with the mica
GNEISS: Crystalline Black & White BANDING (due to segregation of minerals)
CLUES TO METAMORPHIC ROCKS
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CLUES TO METAMORPHIC ROCKS
NON-FOLIATED: Shows NO layers or banding
MARBLE: Sugary looking Will fizz in HCl (acid) Often is multi-colored, may be white Soft will not scratch glass
QUARTZITE: Very dense MAY look a bit sandy Very hard will easily scratch glass
METACONGLOMERATE: Looks like sedimentary conglomerate, BUT it is harder (BREAKS THROUGH PEBBLES) and often the pebbles are squished & aligned (it is at this point foliated)
SERPENTINITE: Composed of members of the serpentine family (includes chrysotile asbestos) Generally light greenish gray to greenish black Waxy luster Often exhibit curved and slickensided surfaces
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Ruang Lingkup MineralOptik &Sifatsifat Cahaya
To be Continue OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
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