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THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE: A STUDY OF HARYANA

Dr.Shashi Kant1

Dr.NituNimbrain2

Kapila Mahindra3 Abstract

In the past four decades the Haryana witness of rapid Socio-Economic change, new Social strata

have emerged with new demand and expectation. Higher education and expanded employment

based govt. programme and assistance, transportation and information technology have changed

the society and increased social mobility. These transformations, in turn, have polarized

Haryana society along certain traditional divide: Rural vs Urban, Employed vs Unemployed and

Men vs Women. This article examines the dynamic interaction and socio- economic

developments among various sectors of Haryana society. The changes have emerged since 1966

socio-economic grouping with distinct interests in political and Socio-economic composition of

Haryana Govt. Policies.

In an objective hypothetical generalization Socioeconomics (socio- economic change)is

the social science that studies how economic activities affect social processes. But in subjective

interpretation it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or

regional economy, or the global economy

Socio-economicchange refers to a transformation in the socialorder of a society. Socio-

economicchange in Haryana may include changes in substructure i.e. culture, social

institutions, social behaviors, orsocial relations.

Socio-economicchange in Haryana may refer to the notion of social progress or socio-cultural

evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical revolutionary means.

It may refer to a paradigmatic shift in the socio-economic structure, for instance a shift

from feudalism towards capitalism.

1Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, PDM Bahadurgarh.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Indira Gandhi University, Meerpur, Rewari

3 SRF, IMSAR, MDU, Rohtak, Haryana

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FEUDALISM

Accordingly it may also refer to social revolution, such as

the Socialist revolution presented in Marxideology, or to other social movements, such

as Women's suffrage or the Civil rights movement. Socio-economicchange in Haryana may be

driven by diffusion of cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces.

Prominent theories of socio-economic change:-

Change comes from two sources. One source is random or physical factors such as climate,

weather, or the presence of specific groups of people. Another source is systematic or social

factors. For example, successful transformation has the same general requirements, such as a

stable and flexible government, enough free and available resources, and a diverse social

organization of society. So, on the whole, socio-economic change is usually a combination of

systematic factors along with some random or unique factors.

There are many theories of socio-economic change. Generally, a theory of change should include

elements such as structural aspects of change (like population shifts), processes and mechanisms

of social change, and directions of social change.

Hegelian: The classic Hegelian dialectic material model of change is based on the

interaction of opposing forces. Starting from a point of momentary stasis, Thesis countered

by Anti-thesis first yields conflict, then it subsequently results in formation of a new

Synthesis.

Marxist: Marxism presents a dialectical materialist concept of history; Humankind's history

is a fundamental struggle between social classes.

Kuhnian: The philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn argues in The Structure of Scientific

Revolutions with respect to the Copernican Revolution that people are unlikely to jettison an

unworkable paradigm, despite many indications that the paradigm is not functioning

properly, until a better paradigm can be presented.

Heraclitan: The Greek philosopher Heraclitus used the metaphor of a river to speak of

change thus, "On those stepping into rivers staying the same other and other waters flow".

What Heraclitus seems to be suggesting here, later interpretations notwithstanding, is that, in

CAPITALISM

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order for the river to remain the river, change must constantly be taking place. Thus one may

think of the Heraclitan model as parallel to that of a living organism, which, in order to

remain alive, must constantly be changing. A contemporary application of this approach is

shown in the social change theory SEED-SCALE which builds off of the Complexity

Theory subfield of Emergence.

Daoist: The Chinese philosophical work Dao De Jing,uses the metaphor of water as the ideal

agent of change. Water, although soft and yielding, will eventually wear away stone. Change

in this model is to be natural, harmonious and steady, albeit imperceptible.

Some major current social changes:-

Demographic shiftin Haryana

One of the most obvious changes currently occurring is the change in the relative population

distribution between districts. In the recent decades, developing districts became a larger

proportion of population, increasing from 68% in 1950 to 82% in 2011.

Socio-economic theory attempts to explain qualitative changes in the structure and framework

of society of Haryana that help the society to better realize its aims and objectives. Development

can be broadly defined in a manner applicable to all societiesat all historical periods as an

upward ascending movement featuring greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity,

complexity, comprehension, creativity, mastery, enjoyment and accomplishment. Socio-

economic development is a process of social change, not merely a set of policies and programs

instituted for some specific results. During the last five centuries it has picked up in speed and

intensity, and during the last five decades has witnessed a marked surge in acceleration.

The basic mechanism driving socio-economicchange in Haryana is increasing awareness leading

to better organization. Life evolves by consciousness and consciousness in turn progresses by

institutional framework. When society of Haryana senses new and better opportunities for

progress it accordingly develops new forms of institution to exploit these new openings

successfully. The new forms of institutions are better able to harness the available social energies

and skills and resources to use the opportunities to get the intended results.

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Social development in Haryana is governed by many factors that influence the results of

developmental efforts. There must be a motive that drives the socio-economic change and

essential preconditions for that change to occur. The motive must be powerful enough to

overcome obstructions that impede that change from occurring. Socio-economic development

also requires resources such as capital, technology, and supporting infrastructure.

Socio-economic development in Haryana is the result of society capacity to organize human

energies and productive resources to meet challenges and opportunities. Haryana society passes

through well-defined stages in the course of its development. They are nomadic hunting and

gathering, rural agrarian, urban, commercial, industrial, and post-industrial societies. Pioneers

introduce new ideas, practices, and habits that conservative elements initially resist. At a later

stage, innovations are accepted, imitated, organized, and used by other members of the

community. Organizational improvements introduced to support the innovations can take place

simultaneously at four different levels—physical, social, mental, and psychological. Moreover

four different types of resources are involved in promoting development in Haryana. Of these

four, physical resources are most visible, but least capable of expansion. Productivity of

resources increases enormously as the quality of organization and level of knowledge inputs rise,

thanks to green revolution.Development pace and scope varies according to the stage society is

in. The three main stages are physical, vital (vital refers to the dynamic and nervous social

energies of humanity that propel individuals to accomplish), and mental.

Human development in Haryana:-

Development is a human process, in the sense that human beings, not material factors, drive

development. The energy and aspiration of people who seek development forms the motive force

that drives development. People's awareness may decide the direction of development. Their

efficiency, productivity, creativity, and organizational capacities determine the level of people’s

accomplishment and enjoyment. Socio-economic

Developmentin Haryana is the outer realization of latent inner potentials. The level of people's

education, intensity of their aspiration and energies, quality of their attitudes and values, skills

and information all affect the extent and pace of development. These factors come into play

whether it is the development of the individual, family, community, nation, or the whole world.

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Process of emergence of new activities in Haryana society:-

Unconscious vs. conscious development

Human development normally proceeds from experience to comprehension. As Haryana society

develops over centuries, it accumulates the experience of countless pioneers. The essence of that

experience becomes the formula for accomplishment and success. The fact that experience

precedes knowledge can be taken to mean that development in Haryana is an unconscious

process that gets carried out first, while knowledge becomes conscious later on only.

Role of pioneering individualsin Haryana:-

The gathering unconscious knowledge of Haryana society matures and breaks out on the surface

in the form of new ideas—espoused by pioneers like Sir Chootu Ram, who also take new

initiatives to give expression to those ideas. Those initiatives may call for new strategies and new

organizations, which conservative elements may resist. As the pioneer's initiatives succeed, it

encourages imitation and slow propagation in the rest of the community. Later, growing success

leads to Haryana society assimilating the new practice, and it becomes regularized and

institutionalized. This can be viewed in three distinct phases of social preparedness, initiative of

pioneers, and assimilation by the society.

The pioneer of Haryana as such plays an important role in the development process—since

through that person, unconscious knowledge becomes conscious. The awakening comes to the

lone receptive individual first, and that person spreads the awakening to the rest of the society.

Though pioneers appear as lone individuals, they act as conscious representatives of society as a

whole, and their role should be viewed in that light.

Imitation of the pioneer:-

Rao Tula Ram, Dr. Sarup Singhthough a pioneer comes up with innovative ideas very often the

initial response to a pioneer is one of indifference, ridicule or even one of outright hostility. As

the pioneers persists and succeeds in an initiative, that person's efforts may eventually get the

endorsement of the public. That endorsement tempts others to imitate the pioneer. As they also

succeed, news spreads and brings wider acceptance. Their conscious efforts help to lend

organizational support to the new initiative helps institutionalize the new innovation.

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Organization of new activities:-

Organization is the human capacity to harness all available information, knowledge, resources,

technology, infrastructure, and human skills to exploit new opportunities—and the face

challenges and hurdles that block progress. Haryana’s development comes through

improvements in the human capacity for agricultural organization. In other words, development

comes through emergence of better agricultural organizations in form of green revolution that

enhance society's capacity to make use of opportunities and face challenges.

The development of Haryana may come through formulation of new laws and regulations, or

through new systems. Each new step of progress brings a corresponding new organization. New

types of business ventures formed to attract the capital needed to finance expanding agricultural

trade. As a result, a new business entity appeared—the co-operativesociety.

Each new developmental advance is accompanied by new or more suitable organizations that

facilitate that advance. Often, existing inadequate organizations must change to accommodate

new advances.

Haryana has introduced new reforms and procedures. Each new facility improves effective use of

available social energies for productive purposes. The importance of these facilities for speeding

development in Haryana is apparent when they are absent.

Organization matures into institution:-

At a particular stage, organizations in Haryana mature into institutions that become part of

society. Beyond this point, an organization does not need laws or agencies to foster growth or

ensure a continued presence. The transformation of an organization into an institution signifies

Haryana society's total acceptance of that new organization.

Cultural transmission by the family:-

Families in Haryana play a major role in the propagation of new activities once they win the

support of the society. A family is a miniature version of the larger society—acceptance by the

larger entity is reflected in the smaller entity. The family educates the younger generation and

transmits social values like self-restraint, responsibility, skills, and occupational training. Though

children do not follow their parents' footsteps as much as they once did, parents still mold their

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children's attitudes and thoughts regarding careers and future occupations. When families

propagate a new activity, it signals that the new activity has become an integral part of the

society.

Education:-

One of the most powerful means of propagating and sustaining new developments in Haryana is

the educational system in a society. Education in Haryana transmits society's collective

knowledge from one generation to the next. It equips each new generation to face future

opportunities and challenges with knowledge gathered from the past. It shows the young

generation the opportunities ahead for them, and thereby raises their aspiration to achieve more.

Information imparted by education raises the level of expectations of youth, as well as

aspirations for higher income. It also equips youth with the mental capacity to devise ways and

means to improve productivity and enhance living standards.

Societies inHaryana can be conceived as a complex fabric that consists of interrelated activities,

systems, and organizations.Development inHaryana occurs when this complex fabric improves

its own organization. That organizational improvement can take place simultaneously in several

dimensions.

Quantitative expansion in the volume of social activities

Qualitative expansion in the content of all those elements that make up the social fabric

Geographic extension of the social fabric to bring more of the population under the cover of

that fabric

Integration of existing and new organizations so the social fabric functions more efficiently

Such organizational innovations in Haryana occur all the time, as a continuous process. New

organizations emerge whenever a new developmental stage is reached, and old organizations are

modified to suit new developmental requirements. The impact of these new organizations may be

powerful enough to make people believe they are powerful in their own right—but it is society

that creates the new organizations required to achieve its objectives.

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The direction in Haryana that the developmental process takes is influenced by the population's

awareness of opportunities. Increasing awareness leads to greater aspiration, which releases

greater energy that helps bring about greater accomplishment.

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Resources:-

Since the time of the English economist Thomas Malthus, some have thought that capacity for

development is limited by availability of natural resources. Resources can be divided into four

major categories: physical, social, mental, and human. Land, water, mineral and oil, etc.

constitute physical resources. Social resources consist of society's capacity to manage and direct

complex systems and activities. Knowledge, information and technology are mental resources in

Haryana. The energy, skill and capacities of people constitute human resources.

The science of economics is much concerned with scarcity of resources. Though inHaryana

physical resources are limited, social, mental, and human resources are not subject to inherent

limits. Even if these appear limited, there is no fixity about the limitation, and these resources

continue to expand over time. That expansion can be accelerated by the use of appropriate

strategies. In recent decades the rate of growth of these three resources has accelerated

dramatically.

The role of physical resources tends to diminish as Haryana society moves to higher

developmental levels. Correspondingly, the role of non-material resources increases as

development advances. Ready access to information about economic factors helps Haryana

investors transfer capital to sectors and areas where it fetches a higher return. Greater input of

non-material resources helps explain the rising productivity of societies in spite of a limited

physical resource base.

Application of higher non-material inputs also raises the productivity of physical inputs. In

Haryanascientific agricultural methodsdemonstrated that soil productivity could be raised

through synthetic fertilizers. HAU,Hissar scientists have demonstrated that a minimal water

consumption of 1.7 liters is enough to raise a kilogram of vegetables, compared to the thousand

liters that traditional irrigation methods normally require.

Role of technological development:-

The Haryanvi’smind engages in pure creative thinking, it comes up with new thoughts and ideas.

As theyapply it to Haryana society it can come up with new organizations.

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The opening of agricultural trade in region of Haryana further boosted demand for industrial

production for export. Factory production increased many times when production was

reorganized to use steam energy, combined with moving assembly lines, specialization, and

division of labor. Thus, technological development in region of Haryana was both a result of and

a contributing factor to the overall development of Haryana society.Individual scientific

inventions do not spring out of the blue. They build on past accomplishments in an incremental

manner, and give a conscious form to the unconscious knowledge that society gathers over time.

As pioneers in region of Haryana are more conscious than the surrounding community, their

inventions normally meet with initial resistance, which recedes over time as their inventions gain

wider acceptance. If opposition is stronger than the pioneer, then the introduction of an invention

gets delayed.

Limits to development:-

In region of Haryana the concept of inherent limits to development arose mainly because past

development was determined largely by availability of physical resources. Humanity relied more

on muscle-power than thought-power to accomplish work. That is no longer the case. Today,

mental resources are the primary determinant of development in region of Haryana. Where

people drove a simple bullock cart, they now design ships and aircraft that carry huge loads

across immense distances. Humanity has tamed rivers, cleared jungles and even turned arid

desert lands into cultivable lands through irrigation during the period of green revolution.

By using intelligence, society in region of Haryana has turned sand intoalluvial soil that carries

huge amounts of yield and form the basis of agricultural revolution. Since there is no inherent

limit to the expansion of society's mental resources, the notion of limits to growth cannot be

ultimately binding.

Three stages of development:-

Societyin region of Haryana developmental journey is marked by three stages: physical, vital,

and mental. These are not clear-cut stages, but overlap. All three are present in any society at

time. One of them is predominant while the other two play subordinate roles. The term 'vital'

denotes the emotional and nervous energies that empower society's drive towards

accomplishment and express most directly in the interactions between human beings. Before the

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full development of mind, it is these vital energies that predominate in human personality and

gradually yield the ground as the mental element becomes stronger. The speed and circumstances

of social transition from one stage to another varies in region of Haryana.

Physical stage:-

The physical stage in region of Haryana is characterized by the domination of the physical

element of the human personality. During this phase, society in region of Haryana is preoccupied

with bare survival and subsistence. People follow tradition strictly and there is little innovation

and change. Land is the main asset and productive resource during the physical stage and wealth

is measured by the size of land holdings. This is the agrarian and feudal phase of society mainly

in districts of Rohtak. Inherited wealth and position rule the roost and there is very little upward

mobility. Feudal lords and military chiefs function as the leaders of the society. Commerce and

money play a relatively minor role. As innovative thinking and experimental approaches are

discouraged, people follow tradition unwaveringly and show little inclination to think outside of

established guidelines. Occupational skills are passed down from parent to child by a long

process of apprenticeship.

Guilds restrict the dissemination of trade secrets and technical knowledge. The religion controls

the spread of new knowledge and tries to smother new ideas that do not agree with established

dogmas. The physical stage comes to an end when the reorganization of agriculture gives scope

for commerce and industry to expand. This happened in region of Haryana during the 18th

century when political revolutions abolished feudalism and the Agricultural Revolution gave a

boost to factory production. The shift to the vital and mental stages helps to break the bonds of

tradition and inject new dynamism in social life.

Vital stage:-

The vital stage of society in region of Haryana is infused with dynamism and change. The vital

activities of society expand markedly. Society becomes curious, innovative and adventurous.

During the vital stage emphasis shifts from interactions with the physical environment to social

interactions between people. Trade supplants agriculture as the principal source of wealth.

As the vital stage matures through the expansion of the agricultural and industrial complex in

region of Haryana specially in Panipat and Kernal belt, surplus income arises, which prompts

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people to spend more on items so far considered out of reach. People begin to aspire for luxury

and leisure that was not possible when life was at a subsistence level.

Mental stage:-

This stage has three essential characteristics: practical, social, and political application of mind in

region of Haryana. The practical application of mind generates many inventions. The social

application of mind leads to new and more effective types of social organization. The political

application by Bhajanlal in Bhiwani region leads to changes in the political systems that

empower the populace to exercise political and human rights in a free and democratic manner.

Huge business corporations like BTM have emerged. Local networks for transportation and

communication now connect the districts in region of Haryana within a common unified social

fabric. In addition to spurring technological and organizational innovation, the mental phase is

also marked by the increasing power of ideas to change social life. The relative duration of these

three stages and the speed of transition from one to another varies from one society to another in

region of Haryana. However broadly speaking, the essential features of the physical, vital and

mental stages of development are strikingly similar and therefore quite recognizable even in

societies separated by great distance and having little direct contact with one another.

Moreover, societies in different region of Haryana also learn from those who have gone through

these transitions before and, therefore, may be able to make the transitions faster and better.

When the Haryanaintroducedprimary education in different region of Haryana, it was a

pioneering initiative.

Natural vs. planned development:-

Natural development is distinct from development by government initiatives and planning.

Natural development is the spontaneous and unconscious process of development that normally

occurs. Planned development in different region of Haryana is the result of deliberate conscious

initiatives by the government to speed development through special programs and policies.

Natural development is an unconscious process, since it results from the behavior of countless

individuals acting on their own—rather than conscious intention of the community. It is also

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unconscious in the sense that society achieves the results without being fully conscious of how it

did so.

The natural development of democracy in different region of Haryana over the past few centuries

can be contrasted with the conscious effort to introduce democratic forms of

government. Planned development is also largely unconscious: the goals may be conscious, but

the most effective means for achieving them may remain poorly understood. Planned

development can become fully conscious only when the process of development itself is fully

understood. While in planned development the government is the initiator in the natural version

it is private individuals or groups that are responsible for the initiative. Whoever initiates, the

principles and policies are the same and success is assured only when the conditions and right

principles are followed.

Haryana's Green Revolution:-

The Green Revolution in different region of Haryana is a good example of a planned

development initiative that brings out all the essential features of the development process. Until

1960, different region of Haryana did not differ markedly from what it had been during

the colonial period beginning 200 years ago.The Green Revolution is usually described as the

introduction of hybrid varieties of wheat and rice, but the adoption of hybrids alone is not

sufficient to explain the phenomenal achievements of the Green Revolution. Success was made

possible by a comprehensive and well-coordinated program involving multiple changes in the

way society managed the production of food.

Prior to the Green Revolution, Haryana agriculture was largely based on subsistence-level

farming, which did not generate sufficient production to meet the country's food requirements. In

the past, this led to periodic food shortages and famines, which were managed by huge imports

from abroad. The Green Revolution was an attempt to break out of this condition and increase

food production to make the region self-sufficient.

The Haryana government realized that it needed to do many things to win the cooperation of

Haryana farmers to make the green revolution successful. First, the government had to convince

farmers to accept the hybrid varieties that would lead to increased yields. Then, they had to

assure farmers that increased production would not drive down prices as bumper harvests had

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done in the past. The government had to ensure a supply of quality seeds, fertilizers, and provide

adequate storage space. It also had to train a network of extension agents to train farmers to

cultivate their fields with new methods.

The government accomplished all this by setting up many new organizations. It help to set up the

organized markets to buy food grains from surplus production areas and distribute it in areas

with shortages. It constituted an Agricultural Pricing system to ensure a minimum floor price to

farmers so that there was no disincentive for increased production. Seed and fertilizer

corporations were formed to ensure supply of good quality seeds and timely supply of fertilizers,

etc. Agricultural scientists were motivated to do their work better by the offer of better pay scales

and greater infrastructural facilities.

The Green Revolution in Haryana succeeded not only because it was a planned initiative, but

also because it was a conscious and well-conceived program. It adopted the right approaches and

was alive to the needs and aspirations of the farmers. Therefore it was well received. The

planning and awareness exhibited in the project helped create a higher level organization that

could harness the enthusiasm and energies of the farmers more effectively.

Planned development differs from natural development, in the sense that it is a program

sponsored by the government to accelerate the development process. The success of a planned

initiative depends on its ability to ensure the terms and conditions that help the natural process

succeed. Many planned government initiatives fail because they begin without proper

understanding of the conditions necessary for their fulfilment. During the 1960s only the

Government of Haryana had the resources necessary to launch a massive program of such

dimensions. But today, Haryana’s private sector is perhaps even better equipped than

government to bring about rapid development as illustrated by the dramatic expansion of the

country's IT industry e.g Gurgaon.

The Green Revolution was so successful that it helped India achieve food self-sufficiency within

five years and double food production within ten years. This was totally unexpected, and took

even many experts by surprise. More than the increased food production, the elevation of

agricultural operation in India to a higher level of organization was a more noteworthy

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achievement. It was a perfect demonstration of the success that a planned initiative could achieve

when implemented with the required knowledge and awareness.

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