Australian Journal of Veterinary Medicine
ISSN: 2203-9489 (Print) ISSN: 2203-9497 (Online)
Australian Society for Commerce Industry & Engineering
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Retrospective Study on the Incidence of Bovine Tuberculosis A Case Study of Abak Abbattoir
Offiong, Edem E. A.
Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus.
PMB 1167, Uyo . Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria
Phone: +2348023219422; Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Obioku, Obioku Eyo. Eddie Veterinary Clinic
16 Akpakpan Street, Uyo. Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria
Phone: +2348080561137; Email:[email protected], [email protected]
Akpabio, Uduak
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Michael Opara University of
Agriculture, Umurdike. Abia State. Nigeria.
Phone: +2348035028894; email: [email protected], [email protected]
Ukpanah, Unwana
Department of Animal Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus.
PMB 1167, Uyo . Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria.
+2348028322876; Email:[email protected]
Abstract
In a retrospective study of BTB incidence in cattle slaughtered for meat in Abak Abattoir. It was
discovered that a total of 4196 cattle were slaughtered of which 277 showed signs indicating BTB. This
figure represents about 6.60% of the total numbers of cattle slaughtered during the period. The highest
rate of the BTB prevalence was recorded in 2013 with 98(6.89%) and the lowest incidence was
recorded in the year 2012 with 84(5.76%) reported cases. These figures present BTB as major
problems to successful livestock business as well as threat to public health and food safety. The paper
further describes in facts, figures, tables and charts about the subject matter. This therefore calls for
action and cooperation among stakeholders in all sectors to ensure that the threat of BTB is contained
and possibly eradicated.
1.0 Introduction
Bovine tuberculosis is of great economic importance due to its effects on public health as well as
international trade on live animals and their products (Eriquez-Cruz et al., 2010). This is why the
World Organization for Animal Health placed BTB into their list B. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a
chronic bacterial disease affecting all Animals on the terrestrial habitat (O‘Brien et al., 2006; Proano-
Perez et al., 2006). It is caused by a member of the family Mycobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium bovis- a
gram positive acid fast bacterium.
Infected animals do not show signs of the disease readily, later there would be evidence of emaciation,
anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes, weakness, cough etc.
Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonosis that can affect humans through the inhalation of aerosols, the
ingestion of unpasteurized milk and uncooked meat from infected animals. It is believed that man can
also contact the BTB through breaks in skin according the report from Center for Food Security and
Public Health of Iowa State University, 2009.
Bovine Tuberculosis BTB has a worldwide distribution but there are reports of tuberculosis free
countries- most of them are in the developed countries categories. These countries have well developed
plans for BTB control programs.
In Africa and some part of Asia where most of the developing countries are located, cases of BTB in
livestock and humans are still widespread. The spread of BTB in these countries may be attributed to
poverty, malnutrition, HIV infections (WHO, 1994).
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The relationship between humans TB and BTB is not established. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS
and human TB as a result of M. bovis may take a new turn (Amangu, 2006). Human TB as a result of
infection from M. bovis has been reported to be common among rural farmers according to a report;
(ACERDEN, 2011). These farmers interact daily with their livestock, walk and graze within the same
environment. This view is agreed upon by many authors (Tamiru et al., 2013; Garba, 2002; Abubakar,
2007).
Aliyu et al., 2009 stated that 85% of cattle and 82% of the human population in Africa are in areas
where bovine TB is either partly controlled or not controlled at all. Neill et al., 1994; Roxo, 1998
agreed that BTB in cattle is transmitted through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. In humans it is
believed transmission is through ingestion of contaminated bovine products. Ashford et al, 2001
estimated that M. bovis is responsible for 10 to 15% human cases of Tuberculosis in countries where
pasteurization of milk is rear and bovine Tuberculosis is common.
Nigeria as a developing country and as contained in a 2004 WHO report; Nigeria has the fourth highest
burden of human TB in the world, with 304 cases per 100,000 as well as 89 per 100,000 mortality rate.
As the effects of BTB is becoming noticed in the public health sector, so is the effects on animal
production (O‘RallyandDabon, 1995).
The losses of revenue due to tuberculosis could not be estimated globally because apart from its effects
on the health and wellbeing of the animal, which may be seen in the form of reduced production,
culling of infected animals and overall condemnation of carcasses (Diguimbaye-Djaibeet al, 2006;
Proano-Perez et al, 2006; Elias et al, 2008).
Bovine Tuberculosis is considered a major factor in screening animals for international livestock trade
when BTB is endemic in a region (Cousins, 2001; Demelashet al., 2009).
In citing (DOF, 1996, Enriquez-Cruz et al., 2010) reported losses due to BTB in Mexico to be about
USD 450 million due to limited exportation of livestock to the USA.
In Nigeria, Garba, 2002 estimated about 5 million USD losses in meat products alone. This is to say the
total loss in cattle business as a result of BTB in Nigeria could be up to 50 million USD.
The federal ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the regulation of BTB in Nigeria as stated in the
Animal Diseases Control Decree of 1988. These functions are poorly carried out in terms of monitoring
and reporting. On the other hand, the lack of facilities, kits and technical know-how for testing,
identification and typing also aid in the spread of BTB. Poor implementation of disease control
measures like meat inspection at abattoirs, poor communication networks, insufficient collaboration of
neighboring countries as well as lack of proper quarantine facilities and smuggling of live animals
across state boundaries were mentioned as hindrances to the control of BTB in Nigeria (Abubakar,
2007).
Aniebo, Wekhe and Okoli, (2009) estimated 36% of Nigerian meat supply is from beef and most of the
cattle slaughtered in Abak Local government Area are brought from the Northern states of Nigeria. It is
therefore necessary to monitor and report the prevalence of BTB in these locality as there may be
hazards of beef handling and consumption. Since BTB is a serious zoonotic disease with public health
concerns this paper is therefore long overdue.
2.0. Materials and Methods
This study was carried out in Abak Abattoir is located in Abak local Government Area of Akwa Ibom
State, Nigeria. Abak is a small town settlement of about 139,090 according to 2006 census figure from
the National Population Commission (NPC, 2006). Abak has a total Land mass of 70 square meters. It
is located within 4°59'N 7°47'E/4.983°N7.783°E (Wikipedia). From the seasonal calendars in Abak are
divided into two: the dry season start from November till April while the wet season which commences
from April till September with breaks in August. The settlers in Abak local government are mainly
rural dwellers mostly farmers who trade on produce/products of their subsistence farming practice.
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Major agricultural produce are cassava, palm oil, palm kernel, vegetables etc. Abak is also littered with
small scale agro allied industries.
The Abak town where the abattoir is located has civil servants as major settlers as well as small
business owners.
Apart from fish, goat meat, pork and chicken, a cattle slaughtered at this abattoir serves as a major
source of animal protein for those living in Abak town. It is common knowledge that the climate in the
south-southern region of Nigeria where Abak is located does not support cattle production as a result of
Tsetse fly infestation and subsequent transmission of trypanosomiasis, therefore most of the cattle
slaughtered for meat comes from the Northern part of Nigeria.
2.1 Data Collection
Being a retrospective study, data were collected from the post mortem inspection records of Bovine
Tuberculosis (BTB) cases in the Abak abattoir from January, 2011 to December, 2013. During the
period of the study, daily visits were made to the abattoir from 5.am-7.00 am for six months for post
mortem examination of the cattle slaughtered for meat. Thereafter, the data were compared with that of
the qualified Veterinarians under the employment of the State Ministry of Agriculture. Later a request
was put through to the Ministry of Agriculture for the records of post mortem examination of
slaughtered cattle in Abak Abattoir. The data showed the number of cattle slaughtered and examined
during the post mortem examinations. Cases of BTB were recorded after post mortem inspections were
carried out in the predilection sites of BTB. These includes, the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, udder etc.
the inspection were carried out by physically examining the organs, palpation as well as making
incision into the organs to reveal BTB lesions if there was any.
The record also indicated the number of bulls and cows slaughtered as well as BTB cases among the
sexes.
2.2. Data Analysis
The data collected from the study were subjected to simple percentage calculation as well Microsoft
excel spread sheets for further analysis.
3.0 Results Table I: Prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2011. Months No. of
Cattle Slaughtered
No. of Bulls
No. of Cows
Total BTB cases
BTB in Bulls
BTB in Cows
% Prevalence
Jan. 144 97 97 13 4 9 9.00 Feb. 120 108 12 5 3 2 4.16 Mar. 101 83 18 5 4 1 4.16 Apr. 96 75 21 7 3 4 7.29 May 105 89 16 3 2 1 2.85 Jun. 89 76 10 16 10 6 17.97 Jul 118 115 3 7 7 - 5.93 Aug. 138 115 23 4 1 3 2.89 Sep. 79 57 22 8 5 3 10.12 Oct. 116 108 14 2 - 2 1.72 Nov. 93 85 8 5 3 2 5.37 Dec. 124 118 6 12 8 4 9.67
Total 1323 1120 200 87 50 37 81.92
Table I above shows that about 1323 cattle were slaughtered in the year 2011 with about 87(6.58%)
cases of BTB. Of the 1323 cattle slaughtered for the year, about 1120 (84.66%) were bulls with about
50(4.46%) cases of BTB as against 200(15.12%) cows with 37 BTB representing (18.50%) of the total
number of cows slaughtered for the year 2011.
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Table II: Prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the Year 2012. Months No. of Cattle
Slaughtered No. of Bulls
No. of Cows
Total BTB cases
BTB in Bulls
BTB in Cows
% Prevalence
Jan. 87 80 7 - - - - Feb. 103 96 2 4 1 3 3.88 Mar. 132 79 53 10 7 3 7.50 Apr. 136 117 19 11 9 2 8.09 May 100 85 15 6 3 3 6.00 Jun. 149 89 60 5 2 3 3.36 Jul 127 100 21 3 1 2 2.36 Aug. 132 120 12 18 8 10 13.63 Sep. 139 130 9 2 1 1 1.43 Oct. 93 92 3 9 4 5 9.47 Nov. 128 113 15 7 5 2 5.45 Dec. 144 119 25 9 5 4 6.25
Total 1470 1220 246 84 46 3i 68.04
The year 2012 showed that about 1470 cattle were slaughtered as presented in table II above.. Total
number of bulls slaughtered was 1220(80%) while the number of cows was 246(16%) with about
84(5.76%) BTB cases. The bulls had 46(3.77%) BTB cases while the cows slaughtered indicated
38(15.45%) BTB cases as presented in Table II above.
Table III: prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the Year 2013. Months No. of Cattle
Slaughtered No. of Bulls
No. of Cows
Total BTB cases
BTB in Bulls
BTB in Cows
% Prevalence
Jan. 123 103 20 9 5 4 7.31 Feb. 141 89 52 4 1 3 2.84 Mar. 117 97 20 15 7 8 12.82 Apr. 139 109 30 8 5 3 5.76 May 149 140 6 6 4 2 4.11 Jun. 91 82 9 2 2 - 2.19 Jul 76 75 1 12 4 8 15.78 Aug. 145 122 23 12 7 5 8.26 Sep. 65 62 3 10 6 4 15.38 Oct. 86 80 6 4 - 4 4.65 Nov. 135 116 19 7 2 5 5.19 Dec. 154 144 14 9 4 5 5.69
Total 1422 1116 203 98 47 51 89.98
Table III above represents data gathered for the year 2013 against the prevalence of BTB in Abak
Abattoir. Of the 1422 cattle slaughtered, 1116(78.48%) were bulls and 203(14.28%) were cows. The
year saw a total of 98(6.89%) cases of BTB sharing 47(4.211%) cases in bulls and 51(25.12%) BTB
cases in cows.
Table IV: Three Year prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the Year 2011-2013. Months No. of Cattle
Slaughtered No. of Bulls
No. of Cows
Total BTB cases
BTB in Bulls
BTB in Cows
% Prevalence
Jan. 354 280 74 22 9 13 6.21 Feb. 365 293 71 13 5 8 3.56 Mar. 350 259 91 30 18 12 8.57 Apr. 371 301 70 26 17 9 7.00 May 351 314 37 15 9 6 4.27 Jun. 329 250 79 23 14 9 6.99 Jul. 321 290 25 22 12 10 6.85
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Aug. 415 357 58 34 16 18 8.19 Sep. 283 249 34 20 12 8 7.06 Oct. 297 274 23 15 4 11 5.05 Nov. 356 314 42 19 10 9 5.33 Dec. 404 347 57 38 20 18 9.4
Total 4196 3528 641 277 146 131 78.48
Table IV above represents the total number of cattle slaughtered during the study period. Of the 4196
cattle slaughtered, about 3528 were bulls while the remaining 641 were cows. The overall prevalence
of BTB as recorded was 78.48%.
Figure 1. BTB cases in Cattle slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2011.
Figure 1 above represents the prevalence of BTB in cattle slaughtered in the year 2011. The highest
level of incidence was recorded in July, followed by January and December respectively. Figure 1 also
showed that the highest level of BTB cases in Bulls was recorded in the month of June and the lowest
case of BTB in bulls was recorded in August of the same year. Highest BTBcases in Cows was
recorded January while the lowest cases were in the months of March and May. In the month of
October, there was no case of BTB recorded from any cow.
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
No. of BTB cases 13 5 5 7 3 16 7 4 8 2 5 12
No. of BTB in Bulls 4 3 4 3 2 10 7 1 5 0 3 8
No. of BTB in Cows 9 2 1 4 1 6 0 3 3 2 2 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Pre
vala
nce
of
BTB
.
No. of BTBcases
No. of BTBin Bulls
No. of BTBin Cows
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Figure 2. BTB cases in Cattle slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2012.
Figure 2 above indicates that the month of December recorded the highest incidence of BTB in cattle
slaughtered for meat in the year 2012 while the lowest incidence was captured in the month of
September.
Feb.
Mar
AprMay
Jun JulAug
Sep OctNov
Dec
No. of BTB cases - 4 10 11 6 5 3 18 2 9 7 92
No. of BTB in Bulls - 1 7 9 3 2 1 8 1 4 5 49
No. of BTB in Cows - 3 3 2 3 3 2 10 1 5 2 43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100B
TB P
reva
lan
ce
No. of BTB cases -
No. of BTB in Bulls -
No. of BTB in Cows -
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Figure 3. BTB cases in cattle slaughtered in Abak Abattoir for the year 2013.
In the year 2013, the highest incidence of BTB was in the month of March, followed by July and
August while June indicated the lowest rate of BTB in all the cattle slaughtered for that month.
Although Bull cases of BTB was higher than that of the Cows, it is however necessary to point out that
the number of bulls slaughtered is relatively higher than that of cows.
Jan Feb Mar AprMay
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
No. of BTB cases 9 4 15 8 6 2 12 12 10 4 7 9
No. of BTB in Bulls 5 1 7 5 4 2 4 7 6 0 2 4
No. of BTB in Cows 4 3 8 3 2 0 8 5 4 4 5 5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
B
T
B
P
r
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No. of BTB cases
No. of BTB in Bulls
No. of BTB in Cows
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Figure 4. A 3-year BTB prevalence in Abak Abattoir (2011-2013)
In a three-year summary as represented in figure 4 above, it was observed that the highest level of BTB
incidence in slaughtered cattle was in the month of December. Cases in August, March, April, June,
January, July, September, November, and February followed successively. Figures for the months of
May and October were similar. Nigeria has two major seasons (i.e. the dry and the rainy seasons). The
dry season starts from October till March while the rainy season starts from March till September. It is
worthy of mention that the high incidence of BTB cases in December may be attributed to the harsh,
dusty harmattan weather.
Jan FebMa
rApr
May
Jun Jul AugSep
.Oct
.Nov Dec
No. of BTB cases 22 13 30 26 15 23 22 34 20 15 19 38
No. of BTB in Bulls 9 5 18 17 9 14 12 16 12 4 10 20
No. of BTB in Cows 13 8 12 9 6 9 10 18 8 11 9 18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
B
T
B
P
r
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v
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n
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No. of BTB cases
No. of BTB in Bulls
No. of BTB in Cows
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Figure 5: Organ distribution of BTB during Post Mortem in Abak abattoir.
In figure 5 above, we see the organ distribution of BTB. However, the highest cases of BTB incidence
in cattle slaughtered in the abattoir studied were reported from the lungs, followed by the Lymph nodes
and the liver. This is because lungs and the lymph nodes are the major predilection sites for BTB.
4.0 Discussion
As presented in the results from our tables and figures above. The annual prevalence of bovine
tuberculosis BTB for the 3 years of the retrospective study ranges from 5.76% to 6.89% the year 2011
had 87(6.58%) case of BTB which 2012 had 84(5.76%) cases-lowest and the year 2013 had 98(6.89%)
and the highest so far.
The overall prevalence for the 3years was 6.60% as shown in table IV in the study which is greater
than what was reported by Opara et.al. 2012 who reported 3.40% in Imo state, South Eastern part of
Nigeria. The result above is similar to what was recorded by Ejeh et al., 2014 who reported 6.50% of
bovine tuberculosis in Otukpo abattoir in Benue State (north Central of Nigeria). Nwanta et al., 2011
reported 1.40% prevalence. In quoting Nwanta et al., 2011 as he cited Aliyu et al., 1993, Garba, 2001.
Bikon et al., 2007and Ameen et al., 2008 reports of BTB prevalence values were put at 2.1, 0.8, 1.1
and 0.55% for Maiduguri, Sokoto, Cross River and Ogbomosho areas. These Values are lower than
what was obtained from in this study. The reason being that all cattle slaughtered in Akwa Ibom State
(South-South Nigeria) are transported down from the Northern part of Nigeria. Transit stress and the
slightly different weather and climate in the south may be a predisposing factor to BTB as well as the
unhealthy practices the livestock business such as the selling and slaughtering of sick animal without
regards to public health implications.
This statement agrees with Ojukwu, 2006. To further confirm the above fact, of the 4196 cattle
slaughtered during this study, about 3528 (table IV) were bulls with 146(4.14%) cases of BTB while
about 661 were cows with 131(19.82%) cases of BTB, higher than the bull cases in relation to the
number of cows slaughtered. This is an indication that, cows are more susceptible to BTB infection
than the bulls, similar to observations made by Ejeh, et al, 2014, Terefe, 2014. Since most cows
Jan Feb Mar AprMay
Jun Jul AugSep
.Oct. Nov Dec
No. of lung cases 11 6 23 16 13 17 19 25 14 15 15 24
No.Liver cases 3 3 5 3 5 2 0 8 2 4 5 8
No.of Lymph node cases 8 7 10 15 5 9 6 12 10 4 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
N
u
m
b
e
r
Months of the 3 years
No. of lung cases
No.Liver cases
No.of Lymph node cases
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slaughtered are old and must have passed their productive life. Offiong et al., 2104 found that female
goats had higher cases of TB in his case study which Eckert and Deplazes, 2001 attributed to
physiologic conditions such as pregnancy, lactation that may render the animal vulnerable to diseases.
Milian-Suazo et al., 2000 reported prevalence o BTB in dairy cattle after a study between and 1997 to
be 16% mostly positive animals were adult females. Another report from Milian et al., 2000 showed 17%
prevalence during slaughter house carcass inspections.
However, a higher incidence of BTB in this study is an indication tha BTB is still an endemic livestock
diseases in Nigeria-Africa. From Ghana, 5.0% (145/2886) prevalence with lesions indicating BTB
(Atiadeve, et al., 2014); From Ethiopia, Terefe, 2014, reported 6.79% prevalence of BTB in cattle
examine in Adama municipal abattoir, which is very similar to this study. Regassa, 1999; Ameni and
Wudie, 2003; Teklu et. al., 2004. These authors used similar methodology as this study. It should be
noted that BTB prevalence may be under reported as BTB positive cattle takes time before showing
visible signs of the disease and during meat inspection, lesions may be undetected at this stage of
infection (Aliyu et al., 2009). This is in agreement with Terefe, 2014 as he reported that necropsy
procedure failed to detect 84.86% of tuberculous animals. He attributed the low sensitivity to low
number of tissues inspected as well as high proportion of small lesions which could not be detected in
routine inspection.
Atiadeve et al., 2014 cited Corner et al., 1990; Aylate et al., 2012; Shitaye et al., 2006; Bekele and
Belay, 2011 as saying that the efficiency of any routine abattoir meat inspection to be dependent on
time, work load and diligence on the part of the meat inspector. This agrees with Eldersten, 1996 who
stated that butchers do put meat inspectors under pressure. Organ distributors of BTB in this study are
as presented in figure 4. However, this study was limited because isolation, culture and identification
were not carried out to eliminate similar organism that could exhibit similar lesion. The authors did not
see the necessity of documenting the breeds of cattle slaughtered. This calls for cooperation between
livestock traders, butchers and veterinarians. Because cooperation is necessary at all levels to curb,
eradicate the BTB menace. Government and those involved in the animal health sector should step up
and ensure that animals are tested before slaughter (tuberculin test). Government should ensure the
provision of needed equipment/kits for testing, detection and control of BTB. There should be an
enforcement of its policies on animal health to ensure that the influxes of livestock from BTB
prevalent neighboring countries are checked. There should be active border control and quarantine
services. Punishment of serious prison terms should be handed down to defaulters.
5.0 Conclusion
The result of this study shows that BTB is a serious endemic livestock problem within our geographic
area. Akwa Ibom state where Abak is Local government within it does not support cattle rearing,
therefore most of the BTB cases seen here are imported from the origin of these cattle. It is worthy of
note that BTB is a Serious zoonotic disease with socio-economic impact and as such government,
individuals and the general public should be involved in the checking, reporting and the control of this
disease in livestock most especially those involve in the business of livestock trading. They should be
patriotic enough to stop at Interstate boundaries to enable veterinarians to checking and detecting this
type of diseases.
Also, the real state of BTB is in Akwa Ibom State is not known and its impact on the population of the
state is not known. This therefore calls for action and collaborations between stake holders as well as
researchers to ascertain the state of the problem as it will play an important role in the control of the
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