CMY4805-12-Y1
Assignment 2
Are drug dealers bad people or do they just do bad things? AJohannesburg study.
Article by: Tania de Jong
Student number: 3207 1922
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction4
2. Definition of key concepts5
2.1 Drug5
2.2 Drug dealer5
2.3 Victimless crime5
3. Rationale for the present study6
4. Literature review6
5. Theoretical background7
5.1 Unemployment7
5.2 The theory of Rational choice8
5.3 The theory of Social Learning8
5.4 Neutralisation8
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5.5 Strain and social disorganisation theories9
5.6 Labelling theory9
5.7 The Sub-culture theory10
6. Methodology10
6.1 Research design10
6.2 Participants10
6.3 Instruments of data collection11
6.4 Pilot study11
6.5 Procedure12
7. Analysis of findings12
7.1 Reasons for becoming drug dealers15
7.2 Drug dealing and quality of life16
7.3 Positive and negative aspects of drug dealing17
7.4 Drug dealers’ perception on drug users18
7.5 Drug dealers’ perception of drug dealers19
7.6 Drug dealers’ perception on the rising drug problem19
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7.7 Drug dealers’ perception on combating the rising drugproblem 21
7.8 Reasons for termination of drug dealing21
7.9 Personality profile and characteristics of drug dealers22
7.10 Quality of product24
7.11 Consequences of drug dealing25
7.11.1 Fear and mistrust25
7.11.2 Violence25
7.11.3 Drug dealing and drug abuse29
7.11.4 The impact of drug dealing on the dealer’s personallife 30
a. Social relationships30
b. Family relationships31
8. Discussion31
8.1 Drug dealing as a victimless crime31
8.2 Combating drug dealing33
9. Conclusion34
10. Bibliography36
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11. Appendix 1 (Questionnaire)40
Are drug dealers bad people or do they just do badthings? A Johannesburg study.
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the stereotype of drug dealers as bad peopleand having a destructive influence on individuals such as drug addicts and families. The
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focus is on the lifestyles, perspectives, attitudes, experiences and personalities of drugdealers to determine if there is any merit to this stereotype. Respondents were all fromJohannesburg, South Africa, and mainly from the Coloured community of the Westburyarea. By utilising in-depth interviews and questionnaires new information was revealedregarding the majority of drug dealers which may challenge this stereotype. This studyfurther investigated the effect drug dealing and the violence associated with it had ondrug dealers’ lives. Based on these findings and previous research possible interventionand prevention strategies are discussed.
1. IntroductionRecently trade in narcotic drugs has escalated rapidly globally
as well as in South Africa where a growing drug problem is
causing a major social, legal and public health challenge (van
Niekerk, 2011:79). South Africa has become a prominent feature in
international drug trafficking networks and drug trafficking
within borders has escalated since the 1994 elections (Parry,
1998:2; UNODC, 2002:i, 6).
Combating drug trafficking and drug dealing as part of the
expanding organised crime networks world wide has been a major
cause for concern, and numerous studies have been conducted on
the subject (DeVito, 2005:1-380; Roth, 2010:22-27; Standing,
2006:1-290, UNODC, 2010:1-313).
Drug dealers have become a common feature in many communities in
South Africa, practising their trade openly. If one drives
through the Westbury and Newlands area in Johannesburg one would
notice drug dealers on nearly every corner being targeted by
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approaching cars. While waiting for customers these drug dealers
would huddle around a fire at night or watch the neighbourhood
children play soccer during the day. When observing these
individuals one cannot help but wonder who they really are, what
their lives may be like and why they have become dealers.
This study focuses on the stereotype of drug dealers as being bad
people. The lives, experiences, personalities, attitudes and
perspectives of drug dealers will be investigated in order to
establish how much truth there is to this stereotype, and based
on the findings, possible ways to combat drug dealing.
2. Definition of key concepts2.1 Drug
The South African Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992
define a drug as “any dependence-producing substance, any
dangerous dependence-producing substance or any undesirable
dependence-producing substance:. A dependence producing substance
is “any substance or any plant from which a substance can be
manufactured.”
2.2 Drug dealers
In the scientific literature consulted a proper definition for
drug dealers could not be found.
The South African Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992
define dealing in drugs as “performing any act in connection with
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the transhipment, importation, cultivation, collection,
manufacture, supply, prescription, administration, sale,
transmission or exportation of the drug”.
Based on their modus operandi a drug dealer can be described as a
person or group who, in a business-like fashion, supplies,
trades, manufactures or smuggles illegal drugs to drug users for
monetary gain (Emmett & Nice, 2006:17-18).
2.3 Victimless crime
A victimless crime is an illegal activity where there is no
direct victim involved such as drug abuse, gambling and
prostitution. These acts are characterised by the consensual and
voluntary participation by all parties involved. Victimless
crimes are often considered as a public order crime based on the
social harm the act causes. Drug abuse and prostitution are
examples of victimless crimes (Brown, Esbensen & Geis,
1991:55,626; Siegel, 2011:350).
3. Rationale for the present studyThis researcher has been working as a volunteer for three years
at Victim Empowerment, Sophiatown SAPS, Johannesburg with drug-
related cases. During the course of this period this researcher
came into contact with drug dealers and found that these
individuals were completely different from the concepts the
public and media had of drug dealers. Drug users are often
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depicted as the victims and the drug dealers as the villains,
even in comic books (Stoddart, 2006:67).
During a Drug Action Committee meeting in 2011 this researcher
raised the issue to the senior prosecutor that the drug problem
cannot be properly combated without taking into account the
contribution of all the role players, including that of the drug
dealers. From these discussions emerged a need to comprehend
these individuals, and why they deal drugs, in order to have a
holistic understanding of the drug problem in the area of
Sophiatown before developing strategies to combat the drug
problem. To the author of the present study added that since
these individuals come from the same community as the drug users,
there may be a common cause for the drug problem. The response
from Committee members was that drug dealers are evil and should
be locked up in jail. This statement has further sparked this
researcher’s interest to establish who these individuals really
are, how they perceive the world, what impact drug dealing had on
them and possible ways of prevention and intervention programmes
specifically targeted at drug dealers.
4. Literature reviewTheoretical Criminology textbooks (Briggs, 2009:127-142;
McLaughlin & Muncie, 2001:191-192; Siegel, 2010: 441-451; Sumner,
2004:377-390) and research articles (Robinson & Rengert, 2006:1-
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13) have concentrated on the causes, extent and treatment for
drug abuse as well as smuggling patterns but not on drug dealers
as individuals.
Published works by organisations such as the United Nations,
World Health Organisation and The Institute for Security Studies
have concentrated more on the prevalence of drug use and –
trafficking, both locally and internationally (Schiray, 2002:2-
253; UNOCD, 2010:1-313). Locally organisations such as the
Medical Research Counsel were contacted for information and was
referred to previous studies by experts in the field.
The vast majority of literature related to the study of drug
abuse concentrate on the types of drugs, their prevalence, their
effects, as well as addiction to them (Emmet & Nice, 2006: 11-
335; Gerstein & Harwood, 1990:1-345; Joseph, 2003:1-71; Miller,
2002:2-27; Parrott, Morinan, Moss & Scholey, 2004:11-265; Wilson,
2008:1-22).
A few studies have been conducted in the past on drug dealers to
understand the reasons why they have become dealers, their modus
operandi and the life styles they live. Most of the studies were
conducted internationally and approached the problem from a
social, economic, psychological, criminological and political
point of view. None of the published material was recent enough
to account for the changing trends in the dealing of drugs in
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relation to the changing political, social and economic milieu as
well as current popular drugs (Little, 2006:357-386). The only
in-depth study applicable to drug dealers’ life-styles in a South
African context was done by Andre Standing (2006:1-291) in the
Cape Flats where he investigated the dynamics of organised crime
in the area.
5. Theoretical backgroundPrevious research on drug trafficking and drug abuse has
explained the phenomena according to different criminology
theories.
These theories, as discussed below, may explain the economic,
social, political and personal dynamics which could be
instrumental in an individual becoming a drug dealer and the
effects it may have on such an individual.
5.1 Unemployment
According to statistics 42% of persons in South Africa under the
age of 30 are unemployed and that the unemployment rates are
rising (National Treasury, 2011:5; Stats SA: unemployment rate
increases, 04/05/2010). Studies found a correlation between
unemployment and crime (Watts, Bessant & Hil, 2008:114-17). In
the South African context there are indications that there may be
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a correlation between drug dealing, crime and unemployment
(Mohamed, 2007:1).
5.2 The theory of Rational Choice
The Rational Choice Theory is based on the premise that an
individual makes a rational choice in becoming a drug dealer, a
decision in which he or she may approach it from a business
perspective and may calculate the costs and benefits of drug
dealing as well the risks of being caught (Briggs, 2009:177-182;
Siegel, 2011:89-90; Walklate, 2007:42-44). The same basic
principles apply in legitimate retail where dealers compete with
each other over prices, quality and location. If these tactics do
not work drug dealers may resort to violence (Siegel, 2011:89-
90).
5.3 The theory of Social Learning
Youths in areas where drug dealing is rife are exposed daily to
drug dealers. Many of their family members may be drug dealers
themselves. Based on the Social Learning Theory these youths may
learn that drug dealing is an acceptable practise, an alternative
to legitimate income and that they can acquire a life style and
material goods that could gain them perceived respect (Briggs,
2009:194; Siegel, 2011:368-369).
5.4 Neutralisation
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Drugs dealers often use neutralisation in order to deal drugs
without guilt. Based on Sykes and Matza’s Theory of
Neutralisation (Briggs, 2009:195-196; McLaughlin & Muncie,
2001:186; Muncie, McLaughlin & Langan, 1996:206-212) drug dealers
may use the following forms of neutralisation:
Denial of the victim and appeal to higher loyalties played a
strong role in rationalising drug dealing. The victim may be
the drug user or other drug dealers. The drug dealers may
argue that the drug user buys drugs out of their own free
will and that they had to protect their business and
territory against other dealers (Briggs, 2009:195-196;
McLaughlin & Muncie, 2001:186; Muncie et al, 1996:206-212).
Denial of injury and denial of responsibility also play an
important part in rationalising drug dealing.
Some drug dealers maintain that they do not have a problem
with people wanting to have a good time. They rationalise
drug dealing as a profession as they had no other choice
(Briggs, 2009:195-196; McLaughlin & Muncie, 2001:186; Muncie
et al, 1996:206-212).
Drug dealers may condemn those in higher authority such as
the police or members or government as being corrupt and
part of the drug problem (Briggs, 2009:195-196; McLaughlin &
Muncie, 2001:186; Muncie et al , 1996:206-212).
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5.5 Strain and social disorganisation theories
Strain and Social Disorganisation Theories are popular theories
to explain gang formation and individuals becoming drug dealers.
If one takes Relative Deprivation (DeKeseredy 1996:55; Siegel,
2011:153; Standing, 2006:122) into account one may argue that
most individuals strive for the same goals of wealth and success
but for many people this is blocked due to their circumstances.
Blocked opportunities lead to frustration where individuals may
turn to crime to achieve these goals. Drug dealing may seem as a
good opportunity to achieve these goals. Cultural Deviance
Theories may also explain why there are so many drug dealers
openly dealing drugs in impoverished communities and fairly
tolerated by the specific community (Briggs, 2009:190-192;
Siegel, 2010:182-198).
5.6 Labelling theory
The Labelling Theory could be an attractive theory to explain why
it may be difficult for drug dealers to be re-integrated back
into the community (Siegel, 2011:185-187). Drug dealers are
labelled as “bad” and “evil” by the public and their family
members and it is difficult for these individuals to rid
themselves of this label once they have stopped drug dealing. Due
to this label law-abiding citizens would not usually want to be
associated with these individuals and these individuals may be
marginalised back into a sub-culture.
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5.7 The Sub-culture theory
Drug dealers may be considered to be part of a sub-culture. Most
of the drug dealers come from marginalised impoverished
communities and being drug dealers they receive peer respect and
improved self-esteems (Briggs, 2009:192; Siegel, 2011:368-369).
6. Methodology6.1 Research design
Basic research was conducted as a foundation for knowledge and
understanding on drug dealers (de Vos et al, 2005:105). A mixed
methods approach was utilised with more emphasis on the
qualitative method. This research aims to be of an exploratory,
descriptive and explanatory nature aided by existing
Criminological theories.
6.2 Participants
All participants were current or former drug dealers. They were
all convenience sampled from Court orders to attend diversion or
undergo rehabilitation for drug related charges such as
possession of drugs or theft. Most of the participants were from
the Coloured community of the Westbury area, Johannesburg, while
three were from Benoni and Boksburg. The majority of the
respondents were under the age of twenty-five.
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This researcher has specifically chosen only participants send
from Court for rehabilitation due to the potential danger of
interviewing drug dealers on the streets or in their homes. This
decision was based on warnings from drug users, drug dealers,
police, community members, personal experience working with these
individuals in the past and consulting previous researchers’
methods (Ferrel & Hamm, 1998:1-11).
A total of twelve drug dealers participated in the study. Nine
participants were interviewed and nine participants completed the
questionnaires. Six of the participants who were interviewed also
filled in the questionnaires. Inmates and counsellors of the
Bible Centre, which totalled around thirty participants,
participated in a group discussion about their experiences of
drug dealers. Four members of the group were former drug dealers
but only two were willing to fill in the questionnaire.
Other sources of information in the present study were drug
addicts, friends and family of drug addicts, community members,
police officers and members of the Victim Empowerment Unit,
Sophiatown SAPS during a course of three years of fieldwork.
6.3 Instruments of data collection
The instruments for data collection were in-depth interviews,
data collected over nearly three years of experience working with
drug users and dealers and a questionnaire. The questionnaires
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consisted of open-ended and close-ended questions. (Blaxter et
al, 2006:181).
The questions in the questionnaire focussed on why the
participants became drug dealers, how it affected their lives,
their experiences as drug dealers and their perceptions on drug-
related issues. The full questionnaire is attached as Appendix A.
The purpose of the interviews was to gain a deeper understanding
of drug dealers, their personalities and their views.
6.4 Pilot study
A small scale informal pilot study (Blaxter, Hughes & Tight,
2006:41) was conducted to establish whether the study would be
possible regarding gaining access to respondents and whether they
would be willing to be part of the study. The aim of the pilot
study was also to find a focus for the study based on the
respondents initial interviews. Three respondents were found in a
relative short period of time and interviewed. Based on the
answers of these respondents, a meeting with Sophiatown SAPS’
Station Commander and interviews with four community members the
final questionnaire was drawn up. The questionnaire was presented
for assessment to a prominent drug dealer, a former undercover
police officer and the co-ordinator of the Victim Empowerment
Unit. Following review by these individuals only one extra
question was added to the questionnaire. The drug dealer has
stated that the right questions were asked.
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6.5 Procedure
Questionnaires were either given to the participants at the
Victim Empowerment office or e-mailed to a Bible Centre where
drug addicts and alcoholics stay to recover from their
addictions. The Bible Centre agreed to allow this researcher
access to their inmates. Questionnaires were handed to the
participants after they were explained the purpose of the study
and their permission granted to use the information given for
research purposes. Four of the questionnaires were completed at
the Bible Centre and six at the Sophiatown Police Station.
The research question and focus was finalised after data analysis
and editing of this paper. The editors were instrumental in
focussing the research question due to their discomfort of the
findings of the study.
7. Analysis of FindingsThe results of the close-ended questions are presented in the
following table and the results of the open-ended questions and
interviews as well as the analysis of data are discussed in the
next section.
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Table 1: Drug dealers’ perceptions and experiences
1. Has drug dealing improved your life? Yes No Yes & no3 5 1
2. Do you give back some of your profits to the community or family? Yes No
5 43. Do you have any fears as a drug dealer? Yes No
6 34. Have you ever been threatened while being a drug
dealer? Yes No
8 15. Who has threatened you?Responden
tDrug
dealersDrugusers Family Friends Police Community Other
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
✓-✓-✓✓✓✓✓
-✓✓--✓✓--
✓-✓--✓--✓
-----✓---
✓✓✓--✓-✓-
--✓--✓---
--
--✓✓✓-
6. Have you ever threatened anybody while being adrug dealer? Yes No
7 27. Have you ever threatened anybody while being a drug dealer?Responden
tDrug
dealersDrugusers Family Friends Police Community Other
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
✓✓✓--✓✓✓-
✓✓✓-✓✓✓✓-
✓----✓-✓-
✓-✓--✓---
✓-✓--✓---
-----✓✓--
------✓--
8. Have you ever been injured/assaulted because youwere a drug dealer?
Yes No6 3
9. How were you injured?Responden
tFirearm Knife Hands &
feetOther
19
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
-----✓-✓-
-----✓✓✓-
-✓✓-✓✓✓✓-
---------
10. Have you ever assaulted anybody in your line ofwork as a drug dealer?
Yes No
5 411. What type of assault?Responden
t Murder Attemptedmurder
Assaultwith GBH
CommonAssault
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
-----✓---
-----✓---
--✓-✓✓---
-✓✓--✓✓--
12. What type of weapon was used?Responden
t Firearm Knife Hands andfeet Other
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
--✓--✓✓--
----✓✓✓--
-✓✓--✓---
-----✓---
13. Do you experience any guilt or regrets being a drug dealer? Yes No
6 3
14. Does drug dealing make you happy? Yes No Yes andno
4 3 215. Do you have many friends because you are a drug
dealer? Yes No Yes andno
5 3 116. Who are the people you are the closest to? Responden
t Dealers Friends Family Partner Children Other
20
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.
✓----✓-✓-
--✓-✓-✓✓-
---✓-----
✓✓---✓✓✓✓
✓✓-------
--✓---✓--
According to the findings of Table 1 drug dealing improved the
majority of the respondents’ lives as well as gave them a sense
of happiness. The majority of the respondents had guilt and
regret being drug dealers. Just over fifty percent of the
respondents claim to have given some of their profits back to the
community. Five of respondents had many friends because they were
drug dealers but the majority of those questioned has indicated
that they are closer to their partner such as a girlfriend or
wife (Table 1).
The majority of the respondents had fears as a consequence of
their chosen profession (Table 1).
Nearly all the respondents were threatened mainly by other drug
dealers. The police scored a second ranking followed by family
and drug users who have threatened some the respondents. The
majority of the respondents have threatened people and the group
they have threatened the most were drug users followed by drug
dealers (Table 1).
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The majority of the respondents were injured during their line of
work and most of the injuries were sustained by individuals
beating or kicking them (Table 1). Just over fifty percent of the
respondents have assaulted others during their line of work
(Table 1). It should be noted that one respondent was not willing
to admit assault in the questionnaire but has admitted it during
the interview. Most of the assaults were assault common followed
by assault GBH. There was only one attempted murder and one
murder committed by the same respondent. The respondents did not
have any weapon preference and the use of a firearm, knife and
fists and feet scored equal (Table 1).
7.1 Reasons for becoming drug dealers
All the respondents of the study admitted that they became drug
dealers because of financial reasons. Some added that it was also
for the power, thrill and acceptance.
Some stated that they became dealers because they were drug users
themselves and needed the money to sustain their habit, others
said that it was the only way to support their families. One
respondent explained that he was living on the streets and drug
dealing became the only way for him to survive. Another
respondent said that “life has dealt me a certain hand and I had
to do with what I had access to in order to take care of my
family”. This respondent became very rich and powerful because of
drug dealing; he was able to travel the world, meet influential
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people and learn different languages. He also added that because
of his background and the area he came from he never would have
had those opportunities if it was not for drug dealing. He added
that he wanted to use the money he made for investment in
legitimate business but will go back to dealing drugs if the need
arises.
These findings correspond with the reasons why individuals become
drug dealers in the USA, which are economic depravation,
unemployment, racial inequalities and a lack of educational
opportunities. There is a further premise that individuals may
become drug dealers due to a sensual attraction in doing crime,
which may provide them with a sense of power, excitement or
social status which may arguably not be achieved through legal
means. Some drug users in the USA studies gave the reason that
they became drug dealers to sustain their habit (Highland &
Dabney, 2009:110; Ryan, 1997:6).
7.2 Drug dealing and quality of life
The respondents were asked to elaborate on the question whether
drug dealing has improved their lives (Table 1). One respondent
admitted that he ended up in prison due to drug dealing. Another
respondent added that drug dealing is an unsustainable lifestyle
that could cost one one’s life one way or another. A third
respondent stated that drug dealing caused him internal damage
and made him known to the criminal underworld. A fourth
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respondent said that “secretly, always denying the truth, always
lying about where the money comes from”. A fifth respondent
stated that drug dealing improved his life with more money but
the negative side was that it made him “a harder person to the
human race”. A sixth respondent admitted that his drug dealing
did not improve his life as his drug dealing had a detrimental
effect on other people’s lives.
Some respondents maintain that drug dealing did improve their
lives. One respondent who became a dealer after living on the
streets stated that he did not have to live on the streets
anymore, could move into his own house, and own a car, phone and
other necessities. Another respondent said that he had more money
and fewer problems. A third respondent stated that he got his
desires fulfilled.
All the former drug dealers interviewed had nothing left of the
money they earned as dealers. They lost it all through drug use
themselves and an extravagant lifestyle. They have never saved or
invested any of the money. Only one respondent had a legitimate
job to fall back on.
7.3 Positive and negative aspects of drug dealing
Respondents were also asked during interviews what were the best
and worst things that happened to them while dealing drugs.
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All the respondents except two have stated that the best part of
drug dealing was the money. Many have added that they enjoyed the
lifestyle that went with dealing such as the parties, being
noticed, respected and accepted. They met people from other
socio-economic backgrounds they would not have otherwise met.
They stated that they always had money and access to drugs for
personal use and that they could spoil their families. One
respondent said that the only good thing that has happened to him
as a former drug dealer is the fact that he has the opportunity
now to help others.
The respondents had a variety of answers to the worst things that
have happened to them as drug dealers. Some said that the worst
part was losing respect and support from their loved ones as well
as hurting them. One respondent’s worst experience when his
girlfriend was kept hostage due his drug dealing and status. Some
have been assaulted and nearly lost their lives while others were
forced to hand over their merchandise. One dealer’s worst
experience was nearly getting caught for dealing. Another
respondent has described his worst experience as getting addicted
to drugs and always trying to find a way to get others addicted
to drugs in order for him to have more customers and money.
The respondents were asked to elaborate on feelings of guilt or
regrets (Table 1). Those who had no regrets stated that the
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“money made everyone happy” and another respondent answered that
he “did not really think about it and did not really care”.
The respondents who did have guilt or regrets (Table 1) all but
one said that they regret that they have ruined people’s lives,
especially children’s and families, and killing people slowly
with drugs. One respondent remarked that in the end it was still
the user’s choice to buy drugs. Another respondent discovered
that drug dealing wasted his time in getting somewhere in life. A
respondent regretted the “horrible things” he has seen. None of
the respondents mentioned guilt over violent acts they may have
committed.
7.4 Drug dealers’ perception on drug users
The drug dealers had mixed opinions on drug users (Appendix 1).
Over 50% of the drug dealers felt sorry for drug addicts. One
dealer responded that he felt sorry for some and hated others but
that he could relate to drug addicts.
Approximately 50% of the dealers thought drug users were
“stupid”. One respondent has stated that drug users were weak,
mislead people. Another respondent has added that drug addicts
are people “who got themselves into a situation where drugs have
taken over their lives.” A respondent remarked that “drug addicts
are curious people who will do things to the extreme. In the end
26
dangerous, because you will do anything for your fix”. One former
dealer said that drug users are bad for the community.
During the interviews the respondents would make jokes at how
they ripped off the drug users and ways of making extra money out
of them. One respondent only sold fake drugs (baby powder and
ground fire lighters) and would then be amused at the way him and
his friends used to fool the drug users, especially the new ones
on the scene.
Drug dealers are blamed in the community for causing people to
become drug addicts and ruining people’s lives. However, one drug
dealer explained “they (drug users) come to us for drugs; we do
not go to them (drug users)”, and a former dealer said that he
would just wait in his car for customers to come to him.
Drug users have told this researcher during the course of
volunteering at the Victim Empowerment Unit that they are not
afraid of drug dealers. They have explained that the dealers are
simply there for business and as long as one does not cross the
dealers they will be civil. Many had good, friendly relationships
with the dealers.
7.5 Drug dealers’ perception of drug dealers
In the questionnaire (Appendix 1) the respondents were asked
“people see drug dealers as evil, what do you think of this
statement?”
27
More than fifty percent of the respondents agreed with this
statement. One has added that sometimes people grow up in such an
environment and do not see drug dealing as a socially harmful or
criminal act.
Those who have disagreed with the statement have stated that many
choose to deal because of circumstances. Another has added that
drug dealers are just salesmen who are making fast money. A third
stated that he did not see himself as bad as he was just a person
getting money to live.
7.6 Drug dealers’ perception on the rising drug problem
All the respondents were in agreement that there is a rising drug
problem in South Africa. One drug lord was particularly concerned
about the excessive use of Crystal Meth.
Fifty percent of the respondents have stated that the rising drug
problem may be due to the current economic situation where there
are not enough jobs, people have money problems and can not
support their families and drug dealing is seen as a business
where one can make money quickly.
The other fifty percent of the respondents stated that the drug
problem may be due to peer pressure, people are being influenced
by the wrong people and that the youth see the use of drugs as
more acceptable. One respondent explained that everywhere in his
28
community there are drugs, the users of drugs and drug dealers
are on every corner.
Both of these views are substantiated by this researcher’s
experience in the field, especially the latter. Members of the
community, police, parents and the youth themselves state that
individuals become influenced by the wrong people. This
researcher has found during the weekly Juvenile Delinquency group
sessions that the youth particularly does not view dagga as a
drug and can not understand why it is illegal and alcohol not.
They view the use of dagga as an acceptable practise. Previous
research conducted in Atteridgeville among school children found
that one of the main causes for drug abuse was peer pressure and
acceptance by friends (Dube, 2007:iv).
During interviews the participants blamed the rising drug
problem, including drug dealing, on capitalism. There is too much
strain on individuals to have material goods in order to be
somebody in today’s society. People are exposed everyday by the
media and their surroundings to have material goods they do not
need. Capitalism has created a society of ”haves and have nots”.
This view may be supported by the criminological theory of Left
Realism which includes the idea of relative deprivation in
today’s society. As part of Critical Criminology Left Realists
see oppression in society, especially between the rich and poor.
Left Realists state that the poor are oppressed by capitalist
29
forces and are victimized by having to live in neighbourhoods
with high levels of crime (Briggs 2009:214). Left Realist Theory
adds that the working class is a victim of crime from all
directions. When people are vulnerable socially and economically
it is more likely that they will be victimized by both white
collar and working class/street crime (Lilly et al 2007:191;
Schwartz & DeKeseredy 1991:234). Crime is seen as a potent symbol
of the antisocial nature of capitalism. Crime is the most
immediate way in which people would experience other problems
such as unemployment, poverty or competitive individualism
(Schwartz & DeKeseredy 1991:234). Due to these circumstances
people may feel that dealing drugs may be the only option of
survival.
One former drug dealer has summarised the drug problem reflecting
that “people do not feel great, the things that you are doing are
not giving you satisfaction”. He has explained that poverty and
that the fact that people have nothing to do to keep themselves
busy and entertained lead to the use of drugs where people feel
better and give them a feeling of satisfaction.
7.7 Drug dealers’ perception on combating the rising drug problem
Drug dealers were asked what actions or programmes they would
like to see from government or their local community structures
to address the growing drug problem in their area (Appendix 1).
30
Fifty percent of the respondents stated that many police
officials are corrupt and take bribes. They would like to see an
end to this practise. A report by The Institute for Security
Studies (Ryan, 1997:7) high-lighted the problem of police
corruption in combating drug trafficking and hampering police
investigations.
Twenty percent of the respondents were of the opinion that there
is “too much talk and no action”. This researcher has found from
experience that this to be case, there are many groups formed or
interested parties who may have regular meetings and discussions
initially but usually nothing practical comes from these due to
excuses of lack of interest, time and funding.
7.8 Reasons for termination of drug dealing
Most of the respondents have stopped dealing drugs but one can be
certain how many of them actually have, due to the fact that all
of them have criminal charges for possession against them and
were court ordered to seek help and rehabilitation for their drug
use. Thus, for some abstaining from drug dealing was not
voluntary.
Many of the respondents said that they want to or have stopped
because of their family and the harm it was causing their
families. One did not want his son to follow in his footsteps.
Other reasons that were given were the danger and threats
especially against family members, getting arrested, financial
31
security and realising the harm they were causing others
including families. One respondent stated that he wanted to pin
the drug cookers. Another respondent has found religion and
considers drug dealing to be a sin and that is why he has
stopped.
During the interviews as well there was a strong motivation for
discontinuing due to their families. The lies and lifestyle
affected their relationships with their families and in order to
protect the family and re-establish strong family ties were the
strongest motivations for suspending drug dealing.
Many drug dealers find it difficult to stop dealing drugs
permanently. Respondents have stated that legitimate employment
would never give them the opportunities and income illegitimate
employment would, that is if they could find employment. They
have also been marginalised and labelled into a subculture and it
is difficulty for them to be accepted back into conventional
society again. One notorious drug lord who was infamous for his
violent behaviour has stopped dealing drugs for a while. He tried
to become involved in community work and spoke to this researcher
about the guilt he had over his former lifestyle, at that moment
he was a broken individual as a result of his past. Currently he
is still struggling to abstain from a life in drug dealing and
undergoing spiritual anguish regarding his religion.
32
7.9 Personality profile and characteristics of drug dealers
Information for a personality profile on drug dealers was gained
from interviews, the questionnaire, as well as descriptive
reports from drug users, police officers and members of the
community.
Some general characteristics that stood out were that drug
dealers tend to be charismatic, intelligent, street smart and
manipulative. They also have a good sense of humour, are good
conversationalists and have a natural feel for business and
sales. Many appeared to be egocentric but this feature may be
partly attributed to the specific drugs they were using such as
Crystal Meth and Cat which causes an elevated sense of
superiority.
The son of a former drug dealer has described how his father
would always make sure that his son does the right thing and was
very strict. His father was also very generous and made sure that
he put enough of the money he made away so that his son could
study overseas when he has completed his matriculation. The son’s
friend has observed that the father was always making jokes and
has commented that he probably was always joking in order not to
face the reality of the bad things he has done when he was a drug
dealer.
33
During interviews this researcher noticed that drug dealers have
a keen sense of observation and know how to read people. This
characteristic may be attributed to an already existing
personality trait elevated by their experiences as dealers or
they may have acquired this skill as a survival mechanism in the
business and the dangerous lives they were living as drug
dealers. One drug dealer explained during an interview that drug
dealing has enabled him “to get to know people really well and
the different types of people.”
An interesting observation was that a large number of drug
dealers had a sense of compassion, support and generosity.
Reports from the community and drug users stated that many drug
dealers assist the community financially. The dealers would give
substantial sums of money to the local churches and community
projects as well as assist impoverished families with food and
school fees. One may argue that the dealers are buying the
community’s loyalty and silence. Based on reports from community
members and police officers it may be true in certain cases that
individuals are paid to hide drugs or for their silence but in
other cases not. One influential dealer has stated during an
interview that he cared deeply for his community and has pushed
vast sums back into the community in order to uplift them from
their circumstances.
34
Drug dealers can be supportive of others which may be illustrated
,for instance, by a report from a recovering drug addict. She
mentioned that she lived next to two drug dealers who were
complimenting and supporting her in her rehabilitation from
drugs.
This researcher has found during interviews and questionnaires
that many of the dealers were deeply religious. One respondent
was going through a spiritual crisis due to his life style and
did not want to re-establish his religious ties until he managed
to enter legitimate business. He did not want to attend church as
he felt like a hypocrite.
Fairlie (2002:540) observed that drug dealers may be good
candidates for self-employment due the likelihood that they may
be more risk aversive, have an entrepreneurial ability and a
preference for autonomy. By taking into consideration drug
dealers’ skills, experience and characteristics one may be able
to place them in skills development programmes as part of
rehabilitation that is suited to their needs and personalities.
Further in-depth research is required to establish which
personality types combined with background are more likely to
become drug dealers. Statistical data is also needed to establish
how many may have a personality disorder such as psychopathy
compared to those who became dealers due to, for instance,
35
circumstances. More research is needed to establish whether, and
how much, drug dealing could change a person’s personality and
attitude.
7.10 Quality of product
This researcher has found from working in the field and
administering urine drug tests that some dealers would cut their
product with other drugs or chemicals and other dealers would
sell a more pure product. Reports from drug dealers, drug users
and members of SAPS have also stated that some dealers would cut
their product with rat poison, aspirin, sugar, fire lighters,
Ecstasy or CAT. Sophiatown SAPS had a case in 2011 where a teen
girl was sold ground glass in stead of Crystal Meth and she died
as a result of sniffing the glass.
This phenomenon led to this researcher enquiring from the
respondents during interviews if all drug dealers engage in this
behaviour and why. The respondents agreed that this is the case
for only a portion of dealers. The respondents themselves said
that they would not sell drugs that they would not use themselves
and would rather sell a better quality product to attract and
keep customers. They speculated that dealers who would sell a
tainted product are those who may be desperate for money, want to
make a quick buck and those who are so deep into drug dealing
36
that they are not concerned about the consequences of their
actions.
One respondent has explained to this researcher during an
interview that some drug dealers have a cut-off point of what
types of drugs they would sell and would draw the line at selling
Crystal Meth and Heroin. Other dealers would not be concerned
which types of drugs they sell.
This study seems to indicate that there are drug dealers who are
not concerned whether their tainted product harms the user. Other
dealers would rather sell a good quality product as they view
themselves as businessmen and a poor quality product may harm
their business and reputation. These initial findings require
further research in order to possibly categorise drug dealers
based on their moral and business reasoning towards the quality
of their product and the types of drugs they are willing to sell.
Statistical figures would also be required to establish how many
drug dealers would sell a tainted product and why.
7.11 Consequences of drug dealing
7.11.1 Fear and mistrust
Strong features that stood out from the effects of drug dealing
are fear and mistrust. This fear and mistrust would often lead to
paranoia.
37
The majority of the respondents admitted that they had fears
while dealing drugs (Table 1). These fears were listed (Appendix
1) as a fear of being caught leading to family disappointment,
going to prison and getting shot or killed. One respondent added
the fear of having someone else’s blood on his hands which in the
end happened causing him many sleepless nights and not forgiving
himself. Another respondent stated that his only fear was the K9
unit but not the police officers themselves.
For many there is also the fear of being considered to be an
informant. One respondent was arrested for possession of drugs
and was fearful that someone would see the police arresting him
as others would them label him as an informant. This would place
his life at risk with other drug dealers.
Respondents were also fearful regarding the interviews and
filling in the questionnaires. Their fears were mainly that other
dealers would find out and they refused to distribute the
questionnaires among even dealers who were close friends. One
dealer stated that if anybody would find the questionnaire in his
possession he would be dead. The respondents also added that the
other dealers did not know this researcher and would view this
researcher with mistrust. Once the respondents were given a
secure location for the interviews and questionnaires they were
willing to be part of the study.
38
7.11.2 Violence
One of the aspects and consequences of drug dealing is excessive
violence. The respondents explained that it is “all about the
money, it is a money problem”. One respondent added that there is
always too little or too much money associated with drug dealing.
The respondents have also explained that drug dealing is a
territorial business. They would loose income if some other
dealer would come into their territory to sell drugs or steal
their stock. A respondent has summarised what some other dealers
have mentioned during interviews by stating that there is so much
money involved with drug dealing and being a drug dealer one has
no protection from the police or anyone else. He has stated that
the only protection he had was from his supplier and himself.
Some dealers who went higher up in the ranks of dealing have
admitted that they had others who acted as bodyguards for them.
All the respondents described the situation of individuals, such
as drug users, owing them money by buying drugs on credit. The
dealers then have to resort to violence to get their money back
or teach the person a lesson. One respondent thought that “drugs
tend to play with people’s emotions and thoughts leading them to
make stupid decisions, e.g. stabbing someone over a stupid
argument”.
39
These reports are confirmed by Standing’s (2006:100) in that
violence or the threat of violence is a way of enforcing these
contracts and agreements made on credit. He also found that the
system of distribution relies heavily on the use of credit as
well as trust and familiarity between parties and one must be
considered reliable in order to receive credit. Goldstein
(Reuter, 2009:1-3; Ryan, 1997:4-6) considered this violence among
drug dealers to be systemic violence, which is characteristic to
the lifestyles and business methods of drug dealers. It is argued
that systemic violence is a direct result of drug dealing being
an illegal economic activity and creating a black market.
Consumers and suppliers in such a black market where market
competition is intense are denied access to legal institutions to
resolve disputes and quality control resulting in a high
incidence of violence to overcome and control these disputes. The
systemic violence model can be applied to the drug dealers of
Johannesburg based on the respondents reports regarding violent
behaviour consistent with drug dealing.
The respondents were asked to describe the violent situations
such as threats and assaults they may have found themselves in.
Only one respondent declared that he has never been threatened,
but this may be due to the fact that he was not a dealer for very
long.
40
The reasons for being threatened varied. The dealers were
threatened by other dealers for reasons of being short of money,
some were deterred from running away with the money and product,
some were a threat to other dealers and going into their
territory. The drug users would threaten the dealers to obtain
free product. The police would threaten the dealers to assure
arrests or to encourage them to plead guilty on charges. Family
members would threaten to leave the respondents or have them
arrested. Community members threatened the respondents because
the members stated that the dealers were ruining people’s lives
and destroying the community. While working as a fieldworker
community members would inform this researcher that it is a
practice in the community by community members to blackmail the
drug dealers for their silence in order to obtain, for instance,
food, stationary and school fees for their children. The
respondents added that the drug dealers in that area buys the
community’s loyalty and are generous with their money to sustain
the community with food, clothes and other necessities.
During interviews and in the questionnaires the respondents were
asked why they committed violent acts against others. The
respondents explained that the reasons for these assaults were
that people owed them money or failed to collect pawned items,
gave information to the police, was a threat to them, to cover
themselves and other dealers stealing their customers. One dealer
41
gave the reason for his aggressive behaviour as that his victims
wanted to make him look like a fool and to impress other people
at his expense. One respondent described how his friend was shot
dead next to him by other dealers while he was the actual target.
A member of the community of the Sophiatown precinct who’s
brother was a drug addict maintained that the rising drug problem
is causing a lot of conflict and violence among the dealers and
users. The respondent said that dealers would not stand together
but has a constant battle for street corners and runners and
would shoot at each other. Fear would make the high-ranking
dealers hide away and use others to sell for them. Their fear
would make them aggressive and violence would be a way for the
dealers to resolve their frustrations. Community members declared
that they are not afraid of the dealers in their area as the
dealers do not bother them.
It cannot be assumed, however, that all drug dealers are violent
by nature. Due to the nature of drug dealing they are placed in
situations where they believe violence is the only option
available to protect themselves and their income. Studies on
violence among drug dealers have only sparked researchers’
interest recently to formulate theories of the drug-violence
relationship. Distinctions were made between wholesale
distributors and street-level dealers. Findings from local and
international studies support the present researcher’s findings
42
that street-level dealers may use violence to enforce discipline
within the organization or to resolve business disputes (De la
Rosa, Lambert & Gropper, 1990:8; Leggert, 2002:2; Reuter, 2009:
1-10; Ryan, 1997:1-8). The other disputes may be over territory
or over drugs between the user and seller. These studies echo the
respondents’ statements in this study that there are no laws to
protect these individuals’ business thus disputes are settled by
economic reprisal or violence. Previous studies have also found
that the social milieu of drug buying and selling plays a strong
role in creating opportunities for violent behaviour. This milieu
may be found in areas where crime and victimisation is a common-
place occurrence such as the impoverished area of Westbury,
Johannesburg, where there are already high crime-rates (De la
Rosa et al, 1990:8-9).
Fagan and Chin (De la Rosa et al, 1990:9) have speculated that the
violent nature of drug-dealing may deter certain individuals to
become involved in drug dealing and only those who would not be
adverse to violence may become drug dealers. This researcher has
asked drug addicts why they have not turned to dealing drugs
instead of stealing or finding other sources for money for their
drug habit. They said that they did not want to deal drugs due to
the violence, stigma associated with the drug trade, shame on
their families and that would draw them too deep into the world
of drugs and crime. Not all the drug dealers of this study were
43
prone to violence but felt they had no choice in order to protect
themselves and their business and were, by their own admission,
not violent by nature.
Some drug dealers do exhibit levels of violence and cruelty,
which is not only aimed at their rivals or other parties but at
family members as well. There are a few drug dealers in the
Westbury and Rosettenville area for instance, both male and
female, who are feared by the community, other drug dealers and
drug users due to their violent behaviour.
Based on the observation and analysis of drug dealers during
interviews and counselling sessions this researcher has noticed
that most, if not all, drug dealers may suffer from Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The trauma therapist, Elaine
Kramers, of Sophiatown SAPS Victim Empowerment Unit has stated
that this may be more than likely to be the case. PTSD may be
attributed to the experiences they had as drug dealers and acts
they felt they had to commit.
7.11.3 Drug dealing and drug abuse
Distinct patterns of drug use emerged during interviews, the
focus group session and working in the field for a period of time
as a counsellor.
The few drug dealers who made it up the ranks of dealing and
became successful as dealers and manufacturers of drugs tended to
44
use less drugs compared to their consumption in the past. A
former street dealer who was a drug addict during the time of the
interview asserted that if he continued dealing drugs and became
successful he would have used less drugs and most probably have
stopped using drugs altogether. A noteworthy feature is that a
proportion of those who have made it up the ranks and have lost
their status and money due to a variety of events tend to suffer
from severe drug addiction. They also have difficulty re-
establishing family ties and re-integration back into the
community.
All the street dealers in this study were drug users. The drugs
they used were mainly dagga, crystal meth and CAT. Due to the
rising use of Crystal Meth in Johannesburg and specifically the
Coloured community of Westbury, Newlands and New Clare the
majority of the dealers were using Crystal Meth as the drug of
choice. It gave them an elevated sense of self-esteem but the
main reason for using amphetamines was to keep them awake while
dealing drugs. The street dealers have reported that they often
had to work for twenty-four hours a day for three days or more,
thus the use of Crystal Meth and CAT assisted them in staying
awake. Due to sleep deprivation and the effects of continuous
amphetamine use one may attribute some of the paranoia and
aggressive behaviour of drug dealers to these factors (Briggs,
2009:187). A report by the Institute for Security Studies (Ryan,
45
1997:2) found that individuals under the influence of drugs may
react in a violent or irrational manner, while it was also found
that drugs are used to minimise nervousness and fear and boost
self-confidence while committing illegal acts.
A study conducted among Mexican-American drug dealers found that
it is not uncommon for drug users to become drug dealers
themselves to sustain their habits. This type of dealer would
either be paid with drugs or money (Valdez & Sifaneck, 2004:86).
The same tendency was found among the addict-dealers of this
Johannesburg study. Further research needs to be conducted to
ascertain whether there is a higher tendency of drug abuse among
Johannesburg drug dealers compared to international trends.
7.11.4 The impact of drug dealing on dealers’ personal life
a. Social relationships
One of the aims of this study was to establish whether drug
dealing had any impact on the dealers’ personal life. Some
respondents stated that they kept their friends and some declared
that the friends or acquaintances they made due to drug dealing
were “fake” as they were only after the money and life styles of
the dealers. Some of the respondents said during interviews that
their friends would sit or stand with them at their corners and
thus drug dealing did not have a negative impact on their social
life. A former dealer told this researcher that the more
successful he became the more popular he was at clubs and social
46
events. He described how people would part the way for him when
he entered a room or club. People were always buying him drinks,
food and drugs to be in his presence. Due to his influence and
connections he became well acquainted with organised crime and
became even more popular. He developed a serious drug addiction
and lost all his money and influence. He told this researcher
that when he lost all his money and started looking physically
unwell due to his addiction nobody paid him attention anymore and
he nearly lost his family as well.
b. Family relationships
During interviews the respondents admitted that they tried to
keep their drug dealing a secret from their families and would
not tell them where the money comes from. In the end the families
would find out one way or another about the drug dealing. The
respondents affirmed that it affected their family negatively.
There would be many arguments, ultimatums and hurt. Some barely
saw their families and it made the one dealer’s child very
insecure. One respondent was imprisoned for drug dealing which
caused his family distress.
During interviews this researcher noticed that the respondents
seemed to be very protective of their families, whether it was
their parents or siblings, wives, girlfriends or children. They
tried to protect these individuals from the reality of what they
47
were doing or going through even when they knew or suspected that
the respondents were drug dealers. For many their main motivation
to relinquish drug dealing or actually leaving drug dealing is
mainly for their children, if their partners’ lives are in danger
or if the partner wants to leave the relationship.
8. Discussion8.1 Drug dealing as a victimless crime
From field experience this researcher has observed that both drug
users and drug dealers are victimisers and victims. Based on the
findings of the present study drug dealers engage in acts of
violence among themselves and the drug user; informants and
possibly the police. Bystanders may be injured or killed if they
get caught in the cross-fire between drug dealers’ disputes. Drug
dealers would usually steal from each other or the drug user.
Drug dealers who are high up in the chain of drug trafficking may
engage in other forms of organised crime as well. Drug users, on
the other hand, engage in a variety of drug-related crimes
ranging from violence, domestic violence, theft, robbery,
juvenile delinquency and child abuse (de Wet, 2003:168-169; Reiss
& Roth, 1994:377-405; Siegel, 2010:449-450).
One may argue that the victim pool and effects are far larger and
far-reaching from a single drug user’s criminal behaviour than
that of a drug dealer. The other side of the argument may be that
48
drug dealers are the cause of the drug user’s criminal behaviour
as it is the drug dealer who is supplying the drugs.
8.2 Combating drug dealing
In all the studies and reports on drug dealers the focus is on
punishment as a way to combat drug dealing. A few studies mention
some of the causes of drug dealing and some effects such as
violence but none address these causes and effects as a focus to
combat drug dealing.
All previous studies as well as the findings of this study have
found that individuals turn to drug dealing due to economic need,
such as a drug addiction, or poverty and unemployment. Harsher
punishments do not address the causes and individuals may turn to
other forms of crime such as theft to make a living. Current
treatment programmes only address drug addiction but not drug
dealing and its effects. A more holistic approach should be
implemented in prevention, intervention and re-integration back
into the community aimed specifically at drug dealers. This study
has indicated that drug dealers undergo various traumatic
experiences and these individuals struggle with issues such as
guilt, shame, drug addiction and possible Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder. Person-based treatment programmes, including skills
training, may assist in re-integrating these individuals back
into the community and prevent them from going back to drug
dealing or turn to other forms of crime. Another problem is that
49
many of these individuals have criminal records or are known in
the community as criminals and thus it is very difficult for them
to find sustainable employment or thus inhibiting them from
completing their education (Kennedy & Wong, 2009:10). High point
Police Department in North Carolina in The USA has developed a
strategy to eliminate the drug market in that area with
considerable success which has been adopted by other cities in
the USA They have created swift consequences for existing drug
cases, addressed the racial conflict between the community and
law enforcement, created strong community and family standards
against dealing and involved the dealers’ family members. By
offering, as well, education, job training, job placement and
other social services enabled that police department to close
down the local drug market (Kennedy & Wong, 2009:5).
A pertinent feature that emerged from this study is that
communities, especially impoverished and minority communities
tend to tolerate drug dealers and criminality. As this study has
high lighted, the drug dealers would financially support the
community and dealers would achieve status. This tendency was
also found to be the case in the Western Cape (Standing, 2006)
and the USA (Kennedy & Wong, 2009:16). By implementing programmes
to address the root cause for this mindset as well as
Braithwhite’s theory of Reintegrative Shaming aimed at drug
50
dealers law enforcement may gain community support and assistance
in combating the drug problem (Webb, 2003:1-327).
9. ConclusionThis study has revealed that most drug dealers may not conform to
the stereotype assigned to them. These individuals would
typically only behave in a violent or threatening manner when
their business interests or lives are threatened. Based on
Zimbaro’s (2007) Stanford Prison experiment and his research
conducted on the behaviour of the American officers in Abu Ghraib
prison one may argue that drug dealers are placed in a situation
due to either circumstances or personal choice where they would
behave in a way they would not normally do. The longer they are
in the sub-culture of drug dealing the more likely that they
would become desensitised to violent behaviour and the personal
and social effects of their products. This would exclude those
dealers who may have personality disorders and be prone to
violence and exploitive behaviour in all areas of their lives.
This study has also indicated the need for more in-depth research
into the personality profiles of drug dealers and how drug
dealing has affected and changed them as individuals. It has
high-lighted that drug dealing has a negative impact
psychologically, physically and socially on dealers and they
themselves may become victims of crime due to their profession.
51
By being aware of this impact on these individuals effective
rehabilitation programmes may be developed for the use by
Correctional Services, SAPS, health professionals and drug
rehabilitation centres.
By paying more attention to drug dealers as role players in the
victimless crime of substance abuse it may assist in a more
effective legislation and combating the rising drug problem world
wide. It may also provide more realistic information for the
debate of decriminalising drug abuse.
A former drug lord said “we all thought that we were doing it for
the money but we were just fooling ourselves”.
52
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APPENDIX 1
DRUG DEALER QUESTIONNAIRE
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This questionnaire is part of a university research article to better understand drug dealers as people, their experiences as drug dealers and how it has affected them. This study is approached from a completely objective point of view with no judgement on the identity or life styles of the respondents. The respondents will stay anonymous to protect their identity for security reasons. This information CAN NOT be used as evidence inpolice investigations or court hearings etc under any circumstances.
If you do not feel comfortable answering some of the questions you may skip them.
1. Why did you start dealing drugs?
_________________________________________________________________________________
2.1 Has drug dealing improved your life? YES/NO
2.2 Please state why:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3.1 Do you give back some of your profits to the community or your family? YES/NO
3.2 Please state why:
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4.1 Do you have any fears as a drug dealer? YES/NO
4.2 If you have any fears please say what fears you have and howit has affected you as a person?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5 Why do you think there is such a rising drug problem?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6 People describe drug dealers as evil, what do you think of this statement?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7 Why is there so much violence associated with drug dealing?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8.1 Have you ever been threatened while being a drug dealer? YES/NO
8.2 If YES who has threatened you? (Please make a cross next to relevant answer)
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Other drug dealers Drug users Family Friends Police Community members Other
8.3 Why were you threatened?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9.1 Have you ever threatened anybody while being a drug dealer? YES/NO
9.2 If YES who did you threaten? (Please make a cross next to therelevant answer)
Other drug dealers Drug users Family Friends Police Community members Other
9.3 Why did you threaten the person/s?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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10.1 Have you ever been injured/assaulted because you were a drugdealer? YES/NO
10.2 If YES how were you injured?
Gun Knife Beaten Other
11.1 Have you ever assaulted anybody in your line of work as drugdealer? YES/NO
11.2 If YES please make a cross next to relevant answer
Murder Attempted murder Assault GBH Assault common
11.3 What type of weapon was used?
Gun Knife Fists and feet Other
11.4 Why did you injure the person/s?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What do you think of drug users/addicts?
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. If you would want to stop drug dealing what would be your reason for stopping?
_________________________________________________________________________________
14. What actions or programmes would you like to see from government or local community structures to address the growing drug problem in your area?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. What is the best thing that has happened to you while dealing drugs?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. What is the worst thing that has happened to you while dealing drugs?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17.1 Do you have any guilt or regrets as a drug dealer? YES/NO
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17.2 Please state why.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18 Does drug dealing make you happy? YES/NO19 How has drug dealing affected your family life?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20 Do you have many friends because you are a drug dealer? YES/NO
21 Who are the people you are the closest to? (Please make a cross next to the relevant answer)
Other dealers Friends Family Husband/wife/girlfriend/boyfriend Your children Other
Thank you for participating in this research project, your input is of great value.
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